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MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS in a POTATO-APHID SYSTEM ASAD ALI B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Hons) a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doct

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MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS in a POTATO-APHID SYSTEM ASAD ALI B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Hons) a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doct MULTITROPHIC INTERACTIONS IN A POTATO-APHID SYSTEM ASAD ALI B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Hons) A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Imperial College London and the Diploma of Imperial College London Division of Biology Silwood Park Campus Imperial College London November 2010 Dedication This research work is dedicated to my worthy parents, My loving wife Gul Naz & Sweet son Asjad Ali 2 Declaration The work presented in this thesis is entirely my own and has not been submitted anywhere else. Signed............................................................................................Asad Ali Certified..........................................................................................Professor Denis J. Wright (PhD Supervisor) 3 Acknowledgements All praises and appreciations are for ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most merciful and compassionate, the greatest source of knowledge and wisdom, who bestowed upon me skill and intellect to conduct and accomplish the assigned project in the most humble manner. The deepest love and inspirations are due to Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (Peace be Upon Him), who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my worthy supervisor Prof. Denis J. Wright for his substantial guidance, continuous inspiration and invaluable assistance in bringing this dissertation to its present form. Without his encouragement and constant guidance, I could not have finished this dissertation. I am also greatly thankful to members of my PRP, Prof. Jim Hardie and Dr. Glen Powell for their valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and encouragement throughout my research endeavour. I wish to thank Syngenta, Jealott‟s Hill, UK for supplying me with the culture of Meloidogyne javanica for this research. I am also thankful to my colleagues; Dr. Khalid Farooq, Mr. Malik Muhammad Masud and Mr. Shahid Riaz at National Potato Programme, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan, for their help and assistance in establishing and data collection of potato field trials at Pakistan. This study was made possible through the financial support of Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan. I am also grateful to the PARC Islamabad, Pakistan for granting study leave to complete this task. I don‟t have the words to acknowledge the fascinating love, encouragement, support both moral and financial of my beloved parents. Thanks BABA and MOOR for giving me life, for educating me with aspects from both arts and sciences, for unconditional support and encouragement to pursue my interests, even when the interests went beyond boundaries of language, field and geography. Their prayers are the root of my success. 4 I am grateful to my wife GUL NAZ for her sincerity which was continuous push for me and the joy she gave me in the form of Asjad Ali, my beloved son, my asset, and much more. Thank you both for your time and patience. My thanks are also due to the kindness and love of my family members, especially my Bibi Gulaney, Masher baba, Daji, Kaji and family, brothers, Yousaf Ali, Ashraf Ali, Waqas Ali and sister, Nazia Farooq. I am also grareful to my In-laws who added charm to my life, especially Haji saib and Sheena aunty, Amjad Islam, Fazal Karim, Jaini, Bushi, Lado and Uzmi the great, for her amusing chat. Friends are co-sharer of my struggle and my work. I am also grateful to all my friends during my stay at Imperial College especially Asim Gulzar, Muhammad Tariq, Anjum Aqueel, Rahim Shah, Muhammad Adrees, Farida and Sofia, Khalid Zafar, Ziab Khan at Leicester, Dr. Syed Meher Ali Shah and Maqsood Shah at Pakistan and Asim Khan at Bradford. Also thanks to the folks at the Silwood Park Campus for interesting discussions and being fun to be with. Thanks, Silwoodians! I am also Thankful to all of my teachers in life who put me on the track for success especially Prof. Muhammad Naeem, Prof. Mian Inayatullah, Dr. Sajjad Ahmad, Dr. Imtiaz Ali Khan and Mr. Salim Jan for getting me interested in Entomology and for their continuous encouragements during the course of my studies. All errors and limitations remaining in this thesis are mine alone. 5 Abstract In interactions between plants, insect herbivores and natural enemies, resistant plant varieties and soil abiotic/biotic factors can affect natural enemies through changes in the plant or host insect. Interactions can be negative, neutral or positive in relation to herbivore populations. The majority of studies have used above-ground plant–insect–parasitoid systems and relatively few studies have included below- ground effects on above-ground tritrophic interactions. The aim of the present project was to understand how soil-based stress factors (nutrient availability and root pathogens) influence multitrophic interactions in a potato-aphid (Myzus persicae)-parasitoid (Aphidius colemani) system. Specific objectives were: to assess aphid performance on different potato cultivars under laboratory and field conditions; use aphid resistant and susceptible cultivars to assess the effects of soil nutrition and a plant pathogen (root-knot nematode) on aphid performance; conduct multifactorial ditrophic (aphid performance) and tritrophic (parasitism success) experiments with selected combinations of soil treatments; use olfactometry to determine whether plant volatiles are involved where significant tritrophic interactions occur between treatments. Potato cv. Anya, a cv derived from Desiree and Pink Fir Apple, was found to be consistently resistant to M. persicae compared with the three other cultivars tested (Desiree, Santé and Pink Fir Apple) in both laboratory experiments (UK) and field trials (Pakistan and UK). For Anya (resistant) and Desiree and Pink Fir Apple (susceptible), high levels of soil nutrients enhanced aphid performance, their parasitism by A. colemani, and adult parasitoid emergence. Root-knot nematodes had a negative effect on aphid performance at both low and high soil nutrition but had a positive effect on parasitism at low soil nutrition. Olfactometry showed Desiree to be more attractive to M. persicae compared with Anya. The work is discussed in relation to the development of pest management strategies for the control of M. persicae on potato. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication.........................................................................................................2 Declaration........................................................................................................3 Acknowledgements.......................................................................................... 4 Abstract........................................................................................................... 6 Table of Contents............................................................................................ 7 CHAPTER 1: Introduction 1.1 Background……………………………………………………………….....13 1.2 Aims and objectives…………………………………………………….…..16 1.3 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………….....…17 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review 2.1 Multitrophic interactions……………………………………………..……..18 2.2 Soil Nutrition and insect-plant interactions…………………….…...…….20 2.2.1 Effect of soil nutrition on plants………………………………..…..21 2.2.2 Indirect effects of soil nutrition on insect herbivores……….....…22 2.2.3 Indirect effects of soil nutrition on parasitoids…………………....24 2.3 Potato………………………………………………………………………...25 2.4 Aphids…………………………………………………………………….….26 2.4.1 Myzus persicae……………………………………………….…..…30 2.4.2 Host plant resistance……………………………………….……….31 2.5 Parasitoids…………………………………………………………...……...32 2.6 Plant parasitic nematodes………………………………………….……...34 2.6.1 Meloidogyne spp…………………………………….….…………..34 7 CHAPTER 3: General Materials and Methods 3.1 Plant production……………………………………………………………..37 3.1.1 Potato cultivars……………………………………………….…......37 3.1.2 John Innes compost…………………………………………..…....38 3.2 Insect culture……………………………………………………….…….….39 3.3 Parasitoids…………………………………………..……………………….39 3.4 Plant parasitic nematodes………………………………………………….40 3.5 Data analysis……………………………………………..……………....…40 CHAPTER 4: The performance of Myzus persicae on potato cultivars at different soil nutritional levels 4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………….….41 4.2 Materials and Methods……………………………………………………..42 4.2.1 Plant production…………………………………………………..…42 4.2.2 Insect culture…………………………………………………....…..43 4.2.3 Performance experiments……………………………………..…..43 4.2.4 Data analysis………………………………………………………..45 4.3 Results…………………………………………………………………….…45 4.3.1 Developmental time……………………………………………..….45 4.3.2 Fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase…………………………..46 4.4 Discussion…………………………………………………………………...49 CHAPTER 5: Field performance of Myzus persicae on potato cultivars in Pakistan and the UK 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..52 5.2 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………..…53 8 5.2.1 Field sites and farming practices………………………………….53 5.2.2 Aphid survey……………………………………………..................55 5.2.3 Data analysis………………………………………….....................56 5.3 Results………………………………………………………………………..56 5.3.1 Meteorological data for Silwood Park…………………….............56 5.3.2 Meteorological data for Pakistan…………………………………..57 5.3.3 Field performance of M. persicae on potato cultivars: Silwood Park 2008….........................................................................................59 5.3.4 Field performance of M. persicae on potato cultivars: Pakistan 2009………..................................................................................60 5.3.5 Performance of M. persicae on potato cultivars in pots (semi-field):
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