Analyse Exploratoire Des Variables Structurant La Capacité Des

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Analyse Exploratoire Des Variables Structurant La Capacité Des microscopiques que l’on retrouve en communautés dans les tantes baisses de rendement. Pour caractériser le risque de nautés indigènes en France afi n d’identifi er celles capables de shortly after an introduction. We fi rstly described PPN com- species richness observed across the fi elds sampled, we high- en termes de richesse spécifi que mais variables en termes d’abondance. Si les variables environnementales expliquent le échelle géographique, certaines pratiques culturales (labour, application de produits phytosanitaires) infl uencent fortement compétition. Il semble que les communautés possédant les and functioning of PPN communities in French fi elds and their pour pouvoir prédire le risque Nathan GARCIA • 19 décembre 2017 sites, prévention du risque, agrosystèmes, compétition Thèse AGROCAMPUS OUEST ÉCOLE DOCTORALE • Écologie, Géosciences, Agronomie et sous le label de l’Université Bretagne Loire Alimentation (EGAAL) pour obtenir le grade de LABORATOIRE D’ACCUEIL • INRA - Institut de génétique, DOCTEUR D’AGROCAMPUS OUEST environnement et protection des plantes (IGEPP) ANSES - Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV) / à limiter l’implantation du nématode de quarantaine quarantaine de nématode du l’implantation à limiter Spécialité Biologie des organismes Unité de Nématologie Anne LE RALEC Analyse exploratoire Professeure, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, UMR IGEPP / présidente Institut supérieur des sciences agronomiques, • Caroline DJIAN-CAPORALINO des variables structurant la Ingénieure de recherche, INRA Tours / rapporteure Wim WESEMAEL • capacité des communautés Professeur, ILVO Merelbeke / rapporteur Thierry MATEILLE de nématodes phytoparasites Directeur de recherche, IRD Montpellier / examinateur Pascal BOIREAU à limiter l’implantation du Directeur de recherche, ANSES Maison-Alfort / examinateur Éric GRENIER nématode de quarantaine Chargé de recherche, INRA Rennes / directeur de thèse Laurent FOLCHER Meloidogyne chitwoodi Chef d’unité, ANSES Rennes / co-directeur de thèse Analyse exploratoire des variables structurant la capacité des communautés de nématodes phytoparasites à limiter l’iplatatio du atode de quarantaine Meloidogyne chitwoodi Nathan Garcia 19 Décembre 2017 Thèse AGROCAMPUS OUEST sousàleàlaelàdeàl’UiesitàdeàBetageàLoie pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEURàD’áGROCáMPU“àOUE“T Spécialité Biologie des organismes Laboratoires d’Aueil UMR INRA - Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP) ANSES – Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux (LSV) – Unité de Nématologie Composition du jury Caroline Djian-Caporalino Ingénieure de recherche, INRA Sophia Antipolis Rapportrice Wim Wesemael Professeur, ILVO Merelbeke Rapporteur Thierry Mateille Directeur de recherche, IRD Montpellier Examinateur Pascal Boireau Directeur de recherche, ANSES Maison-Alfort Examinateur Anne Le Ralec Professeure, Agrocampus-Ouest Rennes Présidente du jury Éric Grenier Chargé de recherche, INRA Rennes Directeur de thèse Laurent Folcher Chefàd’uit,àáN“E“àRees Co-directeur de thèse Notes Notes Résumé : Les nématodes phytoparasites (NPP) sont des vers ronds généralement microscopiques ueà l’oà retrouve communément en communautés dasàlesàsolsàagioles.àLesàNPPàlesàplusàousà’oasioetà pas, ou très peu, de dégâts sur les cultures malgré leur mode de vie. En revanche, il existe certaines espèces, notamment les Meloidogyne spp. (aussi appelés nématodesà à galles,à uià peuetà egedeà d’ipotatesà diiutiosà deà edeetà eà seà ultipliatà suà deà tsà oeusesà platesà d’ittà agooiue.à Durant cette thèse, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement focalisés sur M. chitwoodi, un nématode de quarantaine, gleetààl’helleàeuopee.àEàFae,àetàogaiseà’aàpouàl’heueàtàrecensé que dans quelques foyers maintenant sous contrôle et un plan de surveillance du territoire est mis en place chaque année pour détecter d’etuellesà itodutions. De par sa gamme de plantes hôtes extrêmement large, son mode de reproduction à parthénogénèse facultative et son cycle de vie de quelques semaines, ce nématode peut se ultiplieàapideetàetàs’tedeàpaàdispesioàpassieàdasàlesàultues.àAfin de mieux caractériser le risque d’iplatatioàdeàM. chitwoodi nous nous sommes intéressés aux communautés natives présentes en France afiàd’idetifieàlesàouautsààeàdeàliiteàleàdeloppeetàpost-introduction de M. chitwoodi et d’idetifieàlesàvariables environnementales et pratiques agricoles impactant le plus ces communautés. Nous avons dans un premier temps décrit les communautés de NPP à l'échelle d'un paysage agricole correspondant à laà zoeà d’tudeà INRáà deà Fa,à puis à l'échelle de neuf régions françaises correspondant à des parcelles prospectées dans le cadre du plan de surveillance national. Ces investigations ont montrées des communautés peuà diffeiesà eà teesà deà ihesseà spifiueà aisà aialesà eà teesà d’aodae.à “ià lesà aiables eioeetalesà epliuetà leà ieuà laà stutueà deà esà ouautsà deà NPPà à l’helleà desà à giosà investiguées, certaines pratiques culturales (labour, produits phytosanitaires) influencent fortement les communautés à une échelle plus locale pouvant correspondre à un bassin de production. Dans un second volet, ayant identifié des leviers capables de modifier la structure des communautés de NPP, nous avons étudié le potentiel de différentes communautés à limiter le développement de M. chitwoodi notamment par la compétition. Ilà seleà ueà lesà ouautsà possdatà lesà plusà hautsà ieauà d’aodaeà gloale,à indépendamment des taxa présent et de leur mode de parasitisme, soient les plus à même diminuer la multiplication de M. chitwoodi. Cette thèse apporte donc des éléments de réponse sur le fonctionnement des communautés de NPP dans les agrosystèmes français et leur potentiel àliiteàl’iplatatioàde M. chitwoodi pour pouvoir améliorer la prévention contre ce nématode via laàoaissaeàetàl’utilisation des communautés déjà présentes dans les sols. Abstract: Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are microscopic worms that occur in almost every agricultural soils in communities. Commonly found PPN are usually harmless for the plants despite their feeding habit. However, several species, such as Meloidogyne spp. (root-knot nematodes) can induce important yield losses by infesting many crops. During this PhD thesis, we mainly focused on M. chitwoodi, a quarantine nematode that is highly regulated in EU. In France, this organism has only been found in few spots that are now under control and a monitoring plan takes place every year over the country to detect potential new introductions. Because of its wide host range, facultative parthenogenesis reproduction and short life cycle (only few weeks), this nematode can rapidly multiply and spread through passive dispersion. In order to improve risk assessment of M. chitwoodi implantation, we studied French native PPN communities to identify those that can limit its development shortly after an introduction and the environmental variables and cultural practices that most impact the PPN communities structure. We firstly described PPN communities in various agrosystems, at a landscape scale, in the Fénay production area that is monitored by INRA, and then in 9 French regions corresponding to fields targeted by the national monitoring plan. Despite the quite homogeneous species richness observed across the fields sampled, we highlighted strong PPN taxa abundance variations. Environmental variables seemed to mainly drive the PPN communities structure at the 9 regions scale but cultural practices (tillage and pesticides uses) seemed to explain the communities variation at a more local (a production area) scale. Secondly, after having highlighted the variables that modify the PPN communities, we studied the capacity of different PPN communities to limit M. chitwoodi development using an original experimental design. Thus, the capacity of the communities to limit M. chitwoodi implantation through competition was investigated. It appeared that PPN communities with high global abundance, regardless of the taxa present or their parasitic mode, are able to decrease M. chitwoodi multiplication. The results of this PhD thesis bring some elements about the structure and functioning of PPN communities in French fields and their ability to reduce the M. chitwoodi implantation risk in order to improve preventive strategies via the knowledge and use of already present PPN communities. áat-popos Cetteàthseàaàfiiàd’uàfiaeetàdeàl’áN“E“àetàdeàlaàRgioàBetageàduatààas.àElleà s’està douleà sousà la double affiliation, à la fois de l’uipeà Rsistaeà età ádaptatioà deà l’IGEPPà (INRA) et de l’uitàdeàatologieàduàLaoatoieàdeàlaà“atàdesàVgtauàdeàl’áN“E“.àCeàtaailàdeà thèse a été co-encadré par Éric Grenier (INRA) et Laurent Folcher (ANSES). Reeieets Voilà u’apsà à as,à etteà thseà touheà à saà fià età jeà souhaiteaià eecier ici toutes les personnes qui, de près comme de loin, ont pu contribuer à ce que cette expérience soit un succès et un enrichissement personnel. Je voudrais, en tout premier lieu, remercier mes deux encadrants Éric et Laurent, simplement pour tout ce que vous avez fait avec moi, pour moi durant ces 3 ans. Bien évidemment, merci pour la ualitàdeàl’eadeet,àaàsiàj’aiàeuàleàsetietàagaleàd’ueàetaieàlatitudeàdasàlaàoduiteà deàeàpojetàpoutatàieàfielààl’oigie,àjeàeàeàsuisàjaais senti livré à moi-même sans savoir comment avancer. Nos discussions ont toujours été enrichissantes, tout particulièrement durant ces derniers mois où les idées ne se couchaient pas toujours spontanément sur le papier. Et tant que je parle de ces derniersàois,àuàgadàeiàgaleetààousàdeuàpouàleàsoutieàoalàuià’aà itàplusieusàfoisàdeàalaeàl’odiateu,àleàueauàetàtoutàeàuiàaàaeàpaàlaàfete.àVousàaezà
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