Image by Sander Mulders BK4070 – Parametric Design Technisch Ontwerp en Informatica Bige Tuncer Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Generation/description of form Informatica L - BK4070
• All starts with a 3D representation of design
1. Creating 3D geometry through the direct interaction of the designer with the design software 2. Creating 3D geometry by digitalizing a physical 3D design 3. Creating 3D geometry through the use of a set of mathematical formulas
+ combinations of these
[ Alan H. Watt, 3D Computer Graphics, 1999 ] Design Informatics
2/97 Creating 3D geometry through direct Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 1 interaction with design software Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
San Francisco Federal Building, Morphosis
3/97 Creation of 3D geometry by digitalizing a Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 2physical model Informatica L - BK4070
Paul de Ruiter
Design Informatics
4/97 Creation of 3D geometry by digitalizing a Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 physical model Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
5/97 Creating 3D geometry through the use of Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 3a set of mathematical formulas Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
The Great Court British Museum Foster & Partners and Buro Happold
6/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design Informatica L - BK4070
• Parametric design • Associative design • Parameters
• It’s a way of thinking rather than using a software
Design Informatics
7/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design Informatica L - BK4070
• Everyone can draw by hand
• Everyone can draw using a modeling software
• How about giving the pen or mouse pointer some more intelligence?
Design Informatics
8/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
• Geometric entities • Their properties
• For example, a room has a height, width and depth h = 3 w = 6 d = 4
• The room has 4 walls, a, b, c, and d • The door of the room is in wall c Design Informatics • The window of the room is in wall a • The door and the window also have dimensions • … 9/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
• The properties of objects are defined as parameters (variables) that can be adjusted
• Objects are related to each other with explicit relationships
• For example, the height of the tower can never be taller than 200m. The area of the circulation core of the tower cannot be bigger than 1/3 of the floor plan area at any given floor. or • The façade needs to subdivided to fit a number of panels. These panels will be manufactured and it’s a lot cheaper to have them the Design Informatics same size. But the façade is somehow irregular.
10/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
• Definition of concepts • System is a collection of concepts
Design Informatics
11/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Object-oriented Also called features, components, assemblies, parts, etc. Everything is an object and everything is modeled as an object e.g. A line, a wall, a building are all objects.
An object can have properties, relationships and behavior e.g. A line has a length, a wall can be connected to the roof, a building can be opened by opening the door
Design Informatics
12/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Parametric In essence means that the object has properties which the user can edit.
Many systems in essence has parameters and could be considered parametric
Parameters are not only numbers, but can be points, point sets, curves, functions, etc.
Design Informatics
13/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Associative In essence means that the object has relationships which the user can define and edit.
Together with the parameters it is possible to define a (design) logic which the system can “understand”
Design Informatics
14/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
A parametric and associative system therefore is in essence a system where the user can define and edit the properties of and the relationships between the objects
Excel in essence is a parametric associative system, only Excel only works with numbers, not with every possible object
Design Informatics
15/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
• Generate a lot of design alternatives within a self-defined range of possibilities
• Design exploration • Looking at various formal possibilities
• Working out specific design issues
Design Informatics
16/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 NURBS Informatica L - BK4070
• Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines • Resulting from from an initial control-polygon to a curve • Bézier curves • Useful for computational design due to • Easy controllability • General applicability • Smoothness • Continuity possibilities • Degree, control points, knots, and an evaluation rule Design Informatics • Description knowledge to be found in mathematics / geometry books and TOI-pedia
17/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
18/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
19/97 By Florian Heinzelmann
Spiral Tower – Form & Structure Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Repetition Informatica L - BK4070
• Make one object use it as a reference in a repetitive way according to some composition
Design Informatics
30/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Populating a surface Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
31/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design Informatica L - BK4070
• A design passes through a lot of phases • And a lot of changes and revisions • Therefore needs to be modeled many times
• A simple project (or geometry) can de redrawn and remodeled easily • A complex (geometry) building is a killer to be remodeled many times
Design Informatics
32/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 National Stadium, Beijing, China Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
33/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
34/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
35/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
36/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Manpower Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
37/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
38/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design: Performative design Informatica L - BK4070
• Performative architecture
• Performance
Design Informatics
39/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
Light, acoustics, thermal, wind, structural, … 40/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics structural
41/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
Light
Design Informatics
42/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
Acoustics
Design Informatics
43/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
Heat transfer
Design Informatics
44/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
Wind • CFD
Design Informatics
45/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Kangaroo in Rhino / Grasshopper Informatica L - BK4070
• Live 3D physics
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
46/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070
surface strategies – in combination with structural optimization
f-u-r.de
Design Informatics
47/97 Arup Amsterdam / Guangzhou TV & Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Sightseeing Tower Informatica L - BK4070 Direct (live) interfacing between parametric and analysis software
Design Informatics
48/97 UNStudio by Florian Heinzelmann
Omotesando Façade and Structure
Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling: examples Informatica L - BK4070
http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/ http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/waterloo/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/
Design Informatics
Waterloo Station International Terminal by Nicholas Grimshaw
pro.corbis.com 66/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
67/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
68/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Frank O. Gehry, DG Bank, Berlin, Germany
Design Informatics
69/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
• It is the parameters of a particular design that are declared, not its shape. By assigning different values to the parameters, different objects or configurations can be created. • Parameters shaping the form of the exhibition space were the movement of the visitors and the cars, in the form of ‘curves’.
Design Informatics
Dynaform-Franken 70/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Lars Hesselgren (KPF) Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
BishopsGate Tower, London, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates http://www.architectureweek.com/2008/0924/tools_1-2.html skyscrapernews.com 71/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Kas Oosterhuis (ONL) Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
72/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Swiss Re Tower, Foster, London “The Gherkin”
Design Informatics
73/97 Parametric Design Generative components (Microstation) Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
74/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Grasshopper (Rhino) Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/ghcomp-1?context=featured 75/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
76/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Uses of parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070
• File to Factory processes
• Building Information Modeling (BIM) – to be covered in last lecture in 2nd quarter
Design Informatics
77/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 BIM Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
78/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 File to Factory Informatica L - BK4070
Designing – Calculating – Producing by using the computer (Tekenen – Rekenen – Maken)
Applied to complex (form) buildings where traditional design and production methods are inadequate or too expensive
Design Informatics
79/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 File to Factory Informatica L - BK4070
• Complex geometry buildings • Generation depends on computer programs • Materialization calls for new logics, techniques, means and equipment of construction/fabrication – CNC • Difficult to be represented by conventional drawings to enable constructors/fabricators to accurately ‘translate’ them into actual spatial products • A need to make connections between designers and the industries for information to be exchanged
[ http://f2f-continuum.eu/f2fDefinitions.html ] Design Informatics
80/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
81/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
82/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
83/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
84/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
85/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
86/97
Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Assembly Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
BMW Welt Munich COOP Himmelb(l)au, Vienna Double cone and facade Bollinger+Grohmann, Frankfurt 96/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Autonomy of Architecture Informatica L - BK4070
[ movie ]
Design Informatics
97/97 Parametric Design Robot arm, Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070
Design Informatics
98/97 THREE EXAMPLES OF PARAMETRIC MODELLING FOR PERFORMANCE ORIENTED DESIGN
Michela Turrin
TUDelft/BuildingTechnology [email protected]
Delft University of Technology Challenge the future THREE EXAMPLES OF PARAMETRIC MODELLING
TheVelaroof RadioDome SolSt
PARAMETRICMODELLING Evaluationofdesignalternatives basedonperformancesimulations Generationofdesignalternatives
2 THE VELA ROOF
Largeroofdesigns:
¾ geometryplaysakeyroleincontrollingthemicroclimatebeneathlargeroofstructures
Theexamplefocusesontherelationsbetweengeometryandthermalcomfort
3 Architects: OpenProjectOffices.r.l THE VELA ROOF Client: Unipol Gruppo Finanziario S.p.A. StructuralEngineers: StudioTecnico Majowiecki Summer Passive Thermalcomfort: TUDelft,interdisciplinary team
VelaͲRoof isa3.400sqm structurepartiallycoveringthesquareandthelowͲrisebuildings
¾Theroofsdesign takesinto accountonͲsiterenewableenergyresources
4 GEOMETRY AND PASSIVE THERMAL COMFORT
Summerconditions areestimatedthemostcritical
¾ Geometryisexploredto improvesummerthermalcomfortwithpassivestrategies
Geometry ishereinvestigatedwithrespectto:
ventilation solarenergytransmission (LARGESCALEGEOMETRY) (SMALLSCALEGEOMETRY)
Temperature gradient Transmitted and reflected solar energy Rooftemperature
Airflow:heatexhaustand increasingairspeed
Coolingthroughventilation. Solarenergytransmission,reflection,absorption. 5 LARGE SCALE GEOMETRY: INCREASING AND CONTROLLING AIR FLOW
IfwindͲdrivenventilation isgoingtobeusedforpassivecooling,windanddraftsneedstobedirectedinorderto providesomecoolingeffect
alternatively,stackeffectͲdrivenventilation canbeinduced
option1Ͳ windͲdrivenventilation option2Ͳ stackeffectͲdrivenventilation
'h
6 LARGE SCALE – parametric overall geometry of the roof
SETOFVARIBALES
OVERALLSHAPE
STRUCTURAL MORPHOLOGY
7 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology
Thestructuralgeometryisparametricallymodelled basedonanarrayofpoints: thesurfacecanbepopulatedwithpoints
byusingthepointsasnodes,variouspatternscanbedrawn
8 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)
PointsaredefinedbasedonUVcoordinatesandareparametricallycontrolled
Independentparametersare:
Ͳ DensityofthepointsintheUandVdirections
Ͳ Proportions betweenthe2densities
9 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)
Byusingthepointsasnodes,variousstructuraltessellationscanbeexploredbasedondifferentpatterns Eachpatternmaintainstheparametricvariabilitygivenbythe arrayofpoints
10 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)
Thechosenstructuralgeometryisdiagonallyoriented AscriptbasedonPitagoras relationsisusedtoreͲorientthegridofpints
pts[i][j] = new Point(); double u = ((1/(row-1))*i*Sqrt(3))-0.5-(1/(2*(row-1))); double v = (1-(1/(col-1))*i*Sqrt(3))-0.5-(1/(2*(col-1))); u = u + (1/(col-1))*j; v = v + (1/(col-1))*j; pts[i][j].ByUVParametersOnSurface(bsp, u,v);
11 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)
Additionalindependentparametersareaddedto:
¾ regulatetheinternalproportionsofthetessellationpolygons ¾ movethetessellationgridonthesurfaceallowingoperationslikethesearchforalignments
pptt[i][j] = new Point(); double u = ((1/(row-1))*i*aFact)-0.5-(1/(2*(row-1))*bFact); double v = (1-(1/(row-1))*i*aFact)-0.5-(1/(2*(row-1))*bFact); u = u + (1/(row-1))*j; v = v + (1/(row-1))*j; pptt[i][j].ByUVParametersOnSurface(bsp, u,v);
12 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology
doublelayerspaceframe
Theapproachcanbeduplicatedinasecondlayertogenerateadoublelayerspaceframe
13 LARGE SCALE – conclusions
Theparametricmodelwellsupportedtheexplorationsofdesignalternativesoftheoverallshapeoftheroofin combinationwithitsstructuralgeometry
Howeverchangesinthegeometrysuitableforventilationforcoolingresultedconflictingwithotherdesignrequirements, suchhas:
¾structuralstabilityincaseofwindstorm ¾proportionsoftheroofheighttoitssurrounding
14 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight
Thecladdingsystem hastolimittheroofssolarheattransmissionbyallowingsunlighttransmission
ETFEwithprintedNorthͲSouthorientedpattern isparametricallyexplored:
¾ absoluteorientationwithrespecttocardinaldirections ¾ independentparameter:openingangle
15 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight
Thecladdingsystem limitstheroofssolarheattransmissionbyallowingsunlighttransmission
ETFEwithprintedNorthͲSouthorientedpattern isparametricallyexplored:
¾ absoluteorientationwithrespecttocardinaldirections ¾ independentparameter:openingangle
16 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight
Differentopeningangleshavebeenevaluated between50and90degrees
17 SMALL SCALE – performances (with Eric Van Den Ham)
• Comparingdifferentopeningangles
PETwithselectedETFE(60degrees)
PET[°C] PET[°C] averagedayJuly averagedayJuly
24.00h 23.00h 22.00h 21.00h 20.00h 42Ͳ44 42Ͳ44 42 19.00h 38 38Ͳ42 18.00h 38Ͳ42 34 34Ͳ38 17.00h 34Ͳ38 30 30Ͳ34 16.00h 30Ͳ34 26 15.00h 26Ͳ30 26Ͳ30 22 14.00h 22Ͳ26 22Ͳ26 18 13.00h 24.00h 14 18Ͳ22 12.00h 18Ͳ22 20.00h 10 14Ͳ18 11.00h 14Ͳ18 1 16.00h 10.00h 3 5 10Ͳ14 10Ͳ14 7 12.00h 9.00h 9 11 13 8.00h 8.00h 15 17 19 1234567891011121314151617181920
Crosssection Crosssection 18 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight
19 THE RADIODOME (With M.V.VanEmbden Andres)
Thestructuralmorphologyofadomeisexploredbytakingnaturalstructuresasinspiration.
Theformisbasedonalogicextractedfromradiolarianstructures
20 PARAMETRIC MODEL
SETOFVARIBALES
21 PARAMETRIC MODEL
Thestructuralgeometryofthedomeismodelledbasedonpoints distributedalongcoplanarrings
Independentparametersregulate: ¾ thenumberofrings ¾ thenumberofpointsperring
Alternativespatternscanbegeneratedbasedondifferentdensitiesanddistributionsofpoints
Eachalternativeisprojectedontothesemispherical dome
STRUCTURALMORPHOLOGY
SETOFVARIBALES
22 PARAMETRIC MODEL - examples of genereted alternatives
23 PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS – examples (with PetervonBuelow)
24 SolSt – SOLAR ENERGY TRANSMISSION
SolSt isafreeͲformroof
¾ covering anareaapproximately50mx50m ¾ locatedinMilan,Italy
SolSt isexpectedtocontributetotherequiredthermalanddaylightcomfortinthecoveredspaces
¾Focusing ontemperingthelocalclimatetoavoidtheriskofsummeroverheating
25 PARAMETRIC SHAPE AND STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY (with Axel Kilian)
Thestructuralgeometryoftheroofismodelledbasedonpoints
ThepositionsofthepointsaremathematicallydescribedbasedonCartesiancoordinates
Independentparametersregulate: ¾ thedensityofthepointgrid ¾ thedistributionofpointsinthetwodirections ¾ theheightofthepeaks
Thepointsareusedtotessellatetheroofbasedonquadrangular,triangular,hexagonalpolygonsorcombinations
26 PARAMETRIC CLADDING
Thecladdingisamodularsystem,propagatedbasedonthestructuraltessellations ¾ itaimsatlimitingtheincidentradiationsonthecoveredspacesbyallowingtheincomeofindirectlight
Variouscladdingoptionsareexploredbasedon: ¾ differenttessellations ¾ differenttopologiesofmodulesforeachsingletessellation ¾ differentgeometricalvariationsofeachsingletopology
Hereanexamplebasedonhexagons ¾ withparametricheight
27 PAERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS (with Peter von Buelow)
28