Image by Sander Mulders BK4070 – Parametric Technisch Ontwerp en Informatica Bige Tuncer Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Generation/description of form Informatica L - BK4070

• All starts with a 3D representation of design

1. Creating 3D geometry through the direct interaction of the with the design software 2. Creating 3D geometry by digitalizing a physical 3D design 3. Creating 3D geometry through the use of a set of mathematical formulas

+ combinations of these

[ Alan H. Watt, 3D Computer Graphics, 1999 ] Design Informatics

2/97 Creating 3D geometry through direct Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 1 interaction with design software Informatica L - BK4070

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San Francisco Federal Building, Morphosis

3/97 Creation of 3D geometry by digitalizing a Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 2physical model Informatica L - BK4070

Paul de Ruiter

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4/97 Creation of 3D geometry by digitalizing a Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 physical model Informatica L - BK4070

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5/97 Creating 3D geometry through the use of Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 3a set of mathematical formulas Informatica L - BK4070

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The Great Court British Museum Foster & Partners and Buro Happold

6/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design Informatica L - BK4070

• Parametric design • Associative design • Parameters

• It’s a way of thinking rather than using a software

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7/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design Informatica L - BK4070

• Everyone can draw by hand

• Everyone can draw using a modeling software

• How about giving the pen or mouse pointer some more intelligence?

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8/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

• Geometric entities • Their properties

• For example, a room has a height, width and depth h = 3 w = 6 d = 4

• The room has 4 walls, a, b, c, and d • The door of the room is in wall c Design Informatics • The window of the room is in wall a • The door and the window also have dimensions • … 9/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

• The properties of objects are defined as parameters (variables) that can be adjusted

• Objects are related to each other with explicit relationships

• For example, the height of the tower can never be taller than 200m. The area of the circulation core of the tower cannot be bigger than 1/3 of the floor plan area at any given floor. or • The façade needs to subdivided to fit a number of panels. These panels will be manufactured and it’s a lot cheaper to have them the Design Informatics same size. But the façade is somehow irregular.

10/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

• Definition of concepts • System is a collection of concepts

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11/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

Object-oriented Also called features, components, assemblies, parts, etc. Everything is an object and everything is modeled as an object e.g. A line, a wall, a building are all objects.

An object can have properties, relationships and behavior e.g. A line has a length, a wall can be connected to the roof, a building can be opened by opening the door

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12/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

Parametric In essence means that the object has properties which the user can edit.

Many systems in essence has parameters and could be considered parametric

Parameters are not only numbers, but can be points, point sets, curves, functions, etc.

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13/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

Associative In essence means that the object has relationships which the user can define and edit.

Together with the parameters it is possible to define a (design) logic which the system can “understand”

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14/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

A parametric and associative system therefore is in essence a system where the user can define and edit the properties of and the relationships between the objects

Excel in essence is a parametric associative system, only Excel only works with numbers, not with every possible object

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15/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

• Generate a lot of design alternatives within a self-defined range of possibilities

• Design exploration • Looking at various formal possibilities

• Working out specific design issues

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16/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 NURBS Informatica L - BK4070

• Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines • Resulting from from an initial control-polygon to a curve • Bézier curves • Useful for computational design due to • Easy controllability • General applicability • Smoothness • Continuity possibilities • Degree, control points, knots, and an evaluation rule Design Informatics • Description knowledge to be found in mathematics / geometry books and TOI-pedia

17/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070

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18/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070

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19/97 By Florian Heinzelmann

Spiral Tower – Form & Structure Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric settings in grasshopper Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Repetition Informatica L - BK4070

• Make one object use it as a reference in a repetitive way according to some composition

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30/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Populating a surface Informatica L - BK4070

[ movie ]

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31/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design Informatica L - BK4070

• A design passes through a lot of phases • And a lot of changes and revisions • Therefore needs to be modeled many times

• A simple project (or geometry) can de redrawn and remodeled easily • A complex (geometry) building is a killer to be remodeled many times

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32/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 National Stadium, Beijing, China Informatica L - BK4070

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36/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Manpower Informatica L - BK4070

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38/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric design: Performative design Informatica L - BK4070

• Performative

• Performance

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39/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

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Light, acoustics, thermal, wind, structural, … 40/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

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41/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

Light

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42/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

Acoustics

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43/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

Heat transfer

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44/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

Wind • CFD

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45/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Kangaroo in Rhino / Grasshopper Informatica L - BK4070

• Live 3D physics

[ movie ]

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46/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Performance analysis Informatica L - BK4070

surface strategies – in combination with structural optimization

f-u-r.de

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47/97 Arup Amsterdam / Guangzhou TV & Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Sightseeing Tower Informatica L - BK4070 Direct (live) interfacing between parametric and analysis software

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48/97 UNStudio by Florian Heinzelmann

Omotesando Façade and Structure

Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling: examples Informatica L - BK4070

http://www.lookingatbuildings.org.uk/ http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/waterloo/ http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/

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Waterloo Station International Terminal by Nicholas Grimshaw

pro.corbis.com 66/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070

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68/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

Frank O. Gehry, DG Bank, Berlin, Germany

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69/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

• It is the parameters of a particular design that are declared, not its shape. By assigning different values to the parameters, different objects or configurations can be created. • Parameters shaping the form of the exhibition were the movement of the visitors and the cars, in the form of ‘curves’.

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Dynaform-Franken 70/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Lars Hesselgren (KPF) Informatica L - BK4070

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BishopsGate Tower, London, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates http://www.architectureweek.com/2008/0924/tools_1-2.html skyscrapernews.com 71/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Kas Oosterhuis (ONL) Informatica L - BK4070

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72/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

Swiss Re Tower, Foster, London “The Gherkin”

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73/97 Parametric Design Generative components (Microstation) Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070

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74/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Grasshopper (Rhino) Informatica L - BK4070

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http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/ghcomp-1?context=featured 75/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

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76/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Uses of parametric modeling Informatica L - BK4070

• File to Factory processes

• Building Information Modeling (BIM) – to be covered in last lecture in 2nd quarter

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77/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 BIM Informatica L - BK4070

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78/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 File to Factory Informatica L - BK4070

Designing – Calculating – Producing by using the computer (Tekenen – Rekenen – Maken)

Applied to complex (form) buildings where traditional design and production methods are inadequate or too expensive

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79/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 File to Factory Informatica L - BK4070

• Complex geometry buildings • Generation depends on computer programs • Materialization calls for new logics, techniques, means and equipment of construction/fabrication – CNC • Difficult to be represented by conventional drawings to enable constructors/fabricators to accurately ‘translate’ them into actual spatial products • A need to make connections between and the industries for information to be exchanged

[ http://f2f-continuum.eu/f2fDefinitions.html ] Design Informatics

80/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070

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81/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070

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82/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Parametric modeling example Informatica L - BK4070

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Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Assembly Informatica L - BK4070

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BMW Welt Munich COOP Himmelb(l)au, Vienna Double cone and facade Bollinger+Grohmann, Frankfurt 96/97 Parametric Design Lezing week 1.1 Autonomy of Architecture Informatica L - BK4070

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97/97 Parametric Design Robot arm, Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich Lezing week 1.1 Informatica L - BK4070

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98/97 THREE EXAMPLES OF PARAMETRIC MODELLING FOR PERFORMANCE ORIENTED DESIGN

Michela Turrin

TUDelft/BuildingTechnology [email protected]

Delft University of Technology Challenge the future THREE EXAMPLES OF PARAMETRIC MODELLING

TheVelaroof RadioDome SolSt

PARAMETRICMODELLING Evaluationofdesignalternatives basedonperformancesimulations Generationofdesignalternatives

2 THE VELA ROOF

• Largeroof:

¾ geometryplaysakeyroleincontrollingthemicroclimatebeneathlargeroofstructures

• Theexamplefocusesontherelationsbetweengeometryandthermalcomfort

3 Architects: OpenProjectOffices.r.l THE VELA ROOF Client: Unipol Gruppo Finanziario S.p.A. StructuralEngineers: StudioTecnico Majowiecki Summer Passive Thermalcomfort: TUDelft,interdisciplinary team

• VelaͲRoof isa3.400sqm structurepartiallycoveringthesquareandthelowͲrisebuildings

¾Theroof’sdesign takesinto accountonͲsiterenewableenergyresources

4 GEOMETRY AND PASSIVE THERMAL COMFORT

• Summerconditions areestimatedthemostcritical

¾ Geometryisexploredto improvesummerthermalcomfortwithpassivestrategies

• Geometry ishereinvestigatedwithrespectto:

ventilation solarenergytransmission (LARGESCALEGEOMETRY) (SMALLSCALEGEOMETRY)

Temperature gradient Transmitted and reflected solar energy Rooftemperature

Airflow:heatexhaustand increasingairspeed

Coolingthroughventilation. Solarenergytransmission,reflection,absorption. 5 LARGE SCALE GEOMETRY: INCREASING AND CONTROLLING AIR FLOW

• IfwindͲdrivenventilation isgoingtobeusedforpassivecooling,windanddraftsneedstobedirectedinorderto providesomecoolingeffect

• alternatively,stackeffectͲdrivenventilation canbeinduced

• option1Ͳ windͲdrivenventilation • option2Ͳ stackeffectͲdrivenventilation

'h

6 LARGE SCALE – parametric overall geometry of the roof

SETOFVARIBALES

OVERALLSHAPE

STRUCTURAL MORPHOLOGY

7 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology

• Thestructuralgeometryisparametricallymodelled basedonanarrayofpoints: • thesurfacecanbepopulatedwithpoints

• byusingthepointsasnodes,variouspatternscanbedrawn

8 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)

• PointsaredefinedbasedonUVcoordinatesandareparametricallycontrolled

• Independentparametersare:

Ͳ DensityofthepointsintheUandVdirections

Ͳ Proportions betweenthe2densities

9 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)

• Byusingthepointsasnodes,variousstructuraltessellationscanbeexploredbasedondifferentpatterns • Eachpatternmaintainstheparametricvariabilitygivenbythe arrayofpoints

10 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)

• Thechosenstructuralgeometryisdiagonallyoriented • AscriptbasedonPitagora’s relationsisusedtoreͲorientthegridofpints

pts[i][j] = new Point(); double u = ((1/(row-1))*i*Sqrt(3))-0.5-(1/(2*(row-1))); double v = (1-(1/(col-1))*i*Sqrt(3))-0.5-(1/(2*(col-1))); u = u + (1/(col-1))*j; v = v + (1/(col-1))*j; pts[i][j].ByUVParametersOnSurface(bsp, u,v);

11 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology (with Axel Kilian)

• Additionalindependentparametersareaddedto:

¾ regulatetheinternalproportionsofthetessellationpolygons ¾ movethetessellationgridonthesurfaceallowingoperationslikethesearchforalignments

pptt[i][j] = new Point(); double u = ((1/(row-1))*i*aFact)-0.5-(1/(2*(row-1))*bFact); double v = (1-(1/(row-1))*i*aFact)-0.5-(1/(2*(row-1))*bFact); u = u + (1/(row-1))*j; v = v + (1/(row-1))*j; pptt[i][j].ByUVParametersOnSurface(bsp, u,v);

12 LARGE SCALE – parametric structural morphology

• doublelayerspaceframe

Theapproachcanbeduplicatedinasecondlayertogenerateadoublelayerspaceframe

13 LARGE SCALE – conclusions

• Theparametricmodelwellsupportedtheexplorationsofdesignalternativesoftheoverallshapeoftheroofin combinationwithitsstructuralgeometry

• Howeverchangesinthegeometrysuitableforventilationforcoolingresultedconflictingwithotherdesignrequirements, suchhas:

¾structuralstabilityincaseofwindstorm ¾proportionsoftheroofheighttoitssurrounding

14 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight

• Thecladdingsystem hastolimittheroof’ssolarheattransmissionbyallowingsunlighttransmission

• ETFEwithprintedNorthͲSouthorientedpattern isparametricallyexplored:

¾ absoluteorientationwithrespecttocardinaldirections ¾ independentparameter:openingangle

15 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight

• Thecladdingsystem limitstheroof’ssolarheattransmissionbyallowingsunlighttransmission

• ETFEwithprintedNorthͲSouthorientedpattern isparametricallyexplored:

¾ absoluteorientationwithrespecttocardinaldirections ¾ independentparameter:openingangle

16 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight

• Differentopeningangleshavebeenevaluated between50and90degrees

17 SMALL SCALE – performances (with Eric Van Den Ham)

• Comparingdifferentopeningangles

• PETwithselectedETFE(60degrees)

PET[°C] PET[°C] averagedayJuly averagedayJuly

24.00h 23.00h 22.00h 21.00h 20.00h 42Ͳ44 42Ͳ44 42 19.00h 38 38Ͳ42 18.00h 38Ͳ42 34 34Ͳ38 17.00h 34Ͳ38 30 30Ͳ34 16.00h 30Ͳ34 26 15.00h 26Ͳ30 26Ͳ30 22 14.00h 22Ͳ26 22Ͳ26 18 13.00h 24.00h 14 18Ͳ22 12.00h 18Ͳ22 20.00h 10 14Ͳ18 11.00h 14Ͳ18 1 16.00h 10.00h 3 5 10Ͳ14 10Ͳ14 7 12.00h 9.00h 9 11 13 8.00h 8.00h 15 17 19 1234567891011121314151617181920

Crosssection Crosssection 18 SMALL SCALE – solar exposure and daylight

19 THE RADIODOME (With M.V.VanEmbden Andres)

• Thestructuralmorphologyofadomeisexploredbytakingnaturalstructuresasinspiration.

• Theformisbasedonalogicextractedfromradiolarianstructures

20 PARAMETRIC MODEL

SETOFVARIBALES

21 PARAMETRIC MODEL

• Thestructuralgeometryofthedomeismodelledbasedonpoints distributedalongcoplanarrings

• Independentparametersregulate: ¾ thenumberofrings ¾ thenumberofpointsperring

• Alternativespatternscanbegeneratedbasedondifferentdensitiesanddistributionsofpoints

• Eachalternativeisprojectedontothesemispherical dome

STRUCTURALMORPHOLOGY

SETOFVARIBALES

22 PARAMETRIC MODEL - examples of genereted alternatives

23 PERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS – examples (with PetervonBuelow)

24 SolSt – SOLAR ENERGY TRANSMISSION

• SolSt isafreeͲformroof

¾ covering anareaapproximately50mx50m ¾ locatedinMilan,Italy

• SolSt isexpectedtocontributetotherequiredthermalanddaylightcomfortinthecoveredspaces

¾Focusing ontemperingthelocalclimatetoavoidtheriskofsummeroverheating

25 PARAMETRIC SHAPE AND STRUCTURAL GEOMETRY (with Axel Kilian)

• Thestructuralgeometryoftheroofismodelledbasedonpoints

• ThepositionsofthepointsaremathematicallydescribedbasedonCartesiancoordinates

• Independentparametersregulate: ¾ thedensityofthepointgrid ¾ thedistributionofpointsinthetwodirections ¾ theheightofthepeaks

• Thepointsareusedtotessellatetheroofbasedonquadrangular,triangular,hexagonalpolygonsorcombinations

26 PARAMETRIC CLADDING

• Thecladdingisamodularsystem,propagatedbasedonthestructuraltessellations ¾ itaimsatlimitingtheincidentradiationsonthecoveredspacesbyallowingtheincomeofindirectlight

• Variouscladdingoptionsareexploredbasedon: ¾ differenttessellations ¾ differenttopologiesofmodulesforeachsingletessellation ¾ differentgeometricalvariationsofeachsingletopology

• Hereanexamplebasedonhexagons ¾ withparametricheight

27 PAERFORMANCE EVALUATIONS (with Peter von Buelow)

28