Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures V

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EDITORIAL BOARD

E Alarcon M Erdik Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Bogazici University SPAIN TURKEY

S A Anagnostopoulos M N Fardis University of Patras University of Patras GREECE GREECE

H Antes L Gaul Technische Universitat Braunschweig Universitat Stuttgart GERMANY GERMANY

D Aubry M Hamada Ecole Centrale de Paris Earthquake Hazard Prevention Institute FRANCE JAPAN

D E Beskos M Iguchi University of Patras Science University of Tokyo GREECE JAPAN

C Blasi D L Karabalis Universitá di Firenze University of Patras ITALY GREECE

P G Carydis E Kausel National Technical University of Athens Massachusetts Institute of Technology GREECE USA

M C Constantinou K Kawashima State University of New York at Buffalo Tokyo Institute of Technology USA JAPAN

G Degrande H Klapperich Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Technical University of Freiberg BELGIUM GERMANY

J Dominguez S Kobayashi University of Seville Graduate School of Engineering SPAIN JAPAN A N Kounadis A M Reinhorn National Technical University of State University of New York at Buffalo Athens USA GREECE C W Roeder W B Kratzig University of Washington Ruhr Universitat Bochum USA GERMANY J T Roesset W D Liam Finn Texas A+M University The University of British Columbia USA CANADA M Rojansky A A Liolios EQE International Inc Democritus University of Thrace USA GREECE M Saiidi J E Luco University of Nevada-Reno University of California at San Diego USA USA F J Sanchez-Sesma G D Manolis Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo Aristotle University of Thessaloniki MEXICO GREECE A Santini K Miura Universitá di Reggio Calabria Kajima Corporation ITALY JAPAN

G Oliveto S A Savidis Universitá di Catania Technische Universitat Berlin ITALY GERMANY

E Onate A C Singhal Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya Arizona State University SPAIN USA

A S Papageorgiou P D Spanos Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Rice University USA USA

G G Penelis H Takemiya Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Okayama University GREECE JAPAN I Takewaki T P Tassios Kyoto University National University of Athens JAPAN GREECE

J L Tassoulas J P Wolf University of Texas at Austin Ecole Polytechnique Federale de USA Lausanne SWITZERLAND FIFTH WORLD CONFERENCE ON EARTHQUKE RESISTANT ENGINEERING STRUCTURES

ERES V

CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC A DVISORY COMMITTEE

N. Ambraseys A.J. Kappos M. Papadrakakis S.A. Anagnostopoulos D.L. Karabalis K. Pitilakis G. Athanasopoulos J.T. Katsikadelis A.M. Reinhorn I. Avramidis H. Kawakami C.W. Roeder P.G. Carydis P. Komodromos M. Saiidi M.C. Constantinou A.N. Kounadis S.A. Savidis G. Degrande A.A. Liolios A.C. Singhal P.J. Dowling N. Makris O. Sircovich Saar S. Dritsos G.C. Manos I. Takewaki K. Fuchida M. Maugeri T.P. Tassios P. Gulkan A. Mita J.L. Tassoulas M. Hamada G. Oliveto T. Triantafillou M. Iguchi T. Triantafyllidis

Organised by Wessex Institute of Technology, UK., University of Patras, Greece Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures V

Editors

C. A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK D. E. Beskos University of Patras, Greece G. D. Manolis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece C. C. Spyrakos National Technical University of Athens, Greece C. A. Brebbia Wessex Institute of Technology, UK D. E. Beskos University of Patras, Greece G. D. Manolis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece C. C. Spyrakos National Technical University of Athens, Greece

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ISBN: 1-84564-018-7 ISSN: 1746-4498 (print) ISSN: 1743-3509 (on-line)

The texts of the papers in this volume were set individually by the authors or under their supervision. Only minor corrections to the text may have been carried out by the publisher.

No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher, the Editors and Authors for any injury and/ or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Preface

Earthquake mitigation remains an engineering topic of paramount scientific importance, as demonstrated by the tragic events following the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of December 24th, 2004 that reverberated across the globe and generated world-wide sympathy for the victims and their plight. The problem of protecting the built environment in earthquake-prone regions of the world is multi-faceted since it involves not only innovative design and construction of new facilities, but also upgrading and rehabilitation of existing structures and infrastructure. The latter is a daunting and expensive task, which can only be accomplished gradually. Given however the inestimable loss of life and huge financial cost associated with major earthquakes in densly populated areas, it becomes clear that earthquake mitigation is an important challenge for the global engineering community and a major social priority for national goverments in seismically-prone countries. The ultimate goal is earthquake prepardness, which broadly speaking has to do with the construction and maintenance of earthquake- resistant infrastructure, functioning earthquake warning systems, a post-earthquake recovery apparatus, and an educated citizenry capable of reacting rationally in the face of seismic danger. ERES 2005 is the fifth such international conference focusing, as its name implies, on earthquake-resistant engineering structures. The first took place in Thessaloniki, Greece in 1996 and the other three in Catania, Italy in 1999, in Malaga, Spain in 2001 and in Ancona, Italy in 2003. As originally envisioned, these scientific meetings provided a forum for the discussion of basic and applied research in earthquake engineering that is relevant to improved structural design. All the conferences have spawned volumes with proceedings that have generated substantial interest in the engineering community, plus a number of specialized volumes comprising the series on ‘Advances in Earthquake Engineering’ issued since 1996 by WIT Press of Southampton. This conference aims to project state-of-the-art information regarding the analysis and design cycle of structures subjected to earthquakes. This includes a wide list of topics, which can be summarized as follows: geophysical and geotechnical aspects; seismic behavior and vulnerability; structural dynamics; seismic isolation and control; monitoring and testing; risk reduction; and earthquake-resistant design. In terms of applications, we have issues such as the following: site effects; building safety; heritage buildings; bridges; underground structures; lifeline systems; foundations; energy absorption systems; retrofit and rehabilitation; seismic codes and regulations. The editors of this volume are grateful to all the authors and to all the participants, as well as to the International Scientific Advisory Committee, for their support of the conference. The Conference has been co-organised by the Wessex Institute of Technology, the University of Patras, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the National Technical University of Athens.

The Editors, 2005 Contents

Section 1: Site effects and geotechnical aspects

Seismic wave scattering by inhomogeneous geological deposits with cracks G. D. Manolis, P. S. Dineva & T. V. Rangelov...... 3

Settlements and pore pressure generation in sand during earthquakes – physical phenomena and their 1-D description A. Niemunis, T. Wichtmann & Th. Triantafyllidis ...... 13

Accelerograms for building design for hard soil in Mexico City M. A. Jaimes Téllez, E. Reinoso Angulo & M. Ordaz Schroeder...... 23

Empirical Arias Intensity attenuation relationships for the seismic hazard analysis of Greece G.-A. Tselentis, L. Danciu & F. Gkika...... 33

Evaluation of the liquefaction potential of soil deposits based on SPT and CPT test results A. M. Hanna, D. Ural & G. Saygili ...... 43

Critical evaluation of near-field seismic records in Greece C. C. Spyrakos, Ch. A. Maniatakis & J. Taflambas...... 53

An application of the seismic microzonation to the critical facilities in the city of Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico J. Soares & J. Acosta-Chang...... 63

Site effect evaluation in Sellano (Italy) by 1-D and 2-D numerical analyses P. Capilleri, G. Lanzo, M. Maugeri & A. Pagliaroli ...... 73

Simulation of earthquake ground motion for generation of artificial accelerograms J. A. Abdalla & Y. M. Hag-Elhassan ...... 83 Section 2: Earthquake resistant design

Damage controlled seismic design of quasi-brittle beam structures G. D. Hatzigeorgiou & D. E. Beskos ...... 95

Seismic design of braced frame gusset plate connections C. W. Roeder, D. E. Lehman, A. Christopolus, I. Gunnarson, S. Johnson & J. H. Yoo ...... 105

Earthquake analysis of multidrum columns D. Konstantinidis & N. Makris ...... 115

An aseismic design method for preventing damage of a soil-pile foundation-super structure system K. Fuchida & T. Akiyoshi ...... 127

Seismic analysis and design of a precast concrete framed structure A. G. Vlassis, C. C. Spyrakos & S. Tsoukantas...... 137

Improvement of seismic capacity of external beam-column joints using rectangular spiral shear reinforcement C. Karayannis, G. Sirkelis & P. Mavroeidis...... 147

Seismic design of steel frames with partial strength joints G. Rizzano...... 157

Incorporation of the soil-structure interaction into performance-based design J. Avilés & L. E. Pérez-Rocha ...... 171

Section 3: Seismic behaviour and vulnerability

Variation of response with incident angle under two horizontal correlated seismic components A. M. Athanatopoulou, A. Tsourekas & G. Papamanolis ...... 183

Studying the educational places in the earthquake-prone southern regions of the Khorasan province S. A. R. Shojaee...... 193

On the pushover analysis as a method for evaluating the seismic response of RC buildings P. P. Diotallevi & L. Landi...... 203

The effect of column shape on seismic performance of 3D RC framed structures with and without infill walls using pushover analysis B. Shah & P. Patel...... 219

An immediate evaluation method of earthquake damage of dams by utilizing real-time earthquake information Y. Ariga, Y. Fujinawa, N. Kawakami, T. Ohsumi & T. Nishino...... 229

Behavior of rigid bodies in buildings C. A. Arredondo Vélez, E. Reinoso Angulo & E. Miranda ...... 239

Inelastic seismic response comparison of two 15 and 25 level buildings of reinforced concrete with and without shear walls J. A. Avila & E. Martinez...... 249

Seismic response of a single story innovative steel frame system M. Dicleli & A. Mehta ...... 259

A study on hysteretic plastic energy input into single and multi degree of freedom systems subjected to earthquakes K. Sawada, A. Matsuo & K. Ujiie...... 269

Required rotational and horizontal stiffness of lateral support for H-shaped compression members with eccentric braces Y. Kimura...... 281

Effects of configurations of shear walls on system behavior under seismic load U. Topal...... 291

Evaluation of economic loss for structures in the area struck by the 7/9/1999 Athens earthquake and comparison with actual repair costs V. A. Lekidis, Ch. Z. Karakostas, I. I. Sous, A. Anastasiadis, A. Kappos & G. Panagopoulos...... 301

Section 4: Structural dynamics

Analysis of earthquake wave propagation in buildings H. Kawakami, M. Oyunchimeg & E. A. J. Tingatinga...... 313

Dynamic poroelastic soil pressures on a pair of rigid retaining walls experiencing base rotation D. D. Theodorakopoulos & D. E. Beskos ...... 323

Seismic response analyses of rocking structural systems with yielding base plates by the finite element method M. Midorikawa, T. Azuhata, T. Ishihara & A. Wada...... 333

The seismic energy dissipation mechanism of rocking structural systems with yielding base plates T. Azuhata, M. Midorikawa & T. Ishihara...... 343

Dynamic analysis of beams including warping and shear deformation effects: application in bridge deck analysis E. J. Sapountzakis, V. G. Mokos & A. D. Koroneou...... 355

Investigation of the perturbing natural frequencies through an evolutionary material trimming process Y.-M. Chen & C. Hsiao...... 365

Simplified non-linear time-history analysis based on the Theory of Plasticity J. L. Domingues Costa, R. Bento, V. Levtchitch & M. P. Nielsen...... 375

Damping and its importance to structure M. Rak, D. Mestrovic & A. Nizic ...... 387

Earthquake resistant design of a transformer A. D. Shendge ...... 395

Modeling of higher-mode effects using an optimal multi-modal pushover analysis T. Attard & A. Fafitis...... 405

Section 5: Monitoring and testing

The dynamic and earthquake response of a bridge pier model at the Volvi European test site G. C. Manos, V. Kourtides & V. J. Soulis...... 417

Behavior of bare and masonry infilled R/C frames under cyclic loading: experiments and analysis Ch. G. Karayannis, D. J. Kakaletsis & M. J. Favvata...... 429

Cyclic load behaviour of reinforced concrete beam-column subassemblages of modern structures A. G. Tsonos...... 439

Shaking table dynamic tests of a granular deposit J. Estaire & V. Cuéllar ...... 451 Section 6: Bridges

Innovative materials for bridge seismic design M. Saiidi & H. Wang ...... 463

Numerical study on the behavior of cables of cable-stayed bridges P. G. Papadopoulos, J. Arethas & P. Lazaridis ...... 473

The problem of minimum cost for structural members of earthquake resistant bridges E. Gavaise, K. Papaefthimiou, T. Tzaveas, K. Stylianidis & J. Tegos...... 485

Short wall-like piers of R/C monolithic bridges under seismic loading: EC8 provisions and experimental results T. Salonikios ...... 497

Reduction of inertial seismic forces in bridges by using the abutment backwall as a “yielding” stopper S. Mitoulis & J. Tegos...... 507

Section 7: Heritage buildings and masonry construction

Seismic analysis and retrofit of a historic masonry building C. C. Spyrakos, P. Touliatos, D. Patsilivas, G. Pelekis, A. Xampesis & Ch. A. Maniatakis ...... 523

Developments in the architecture of earthquake resistant high-rise buildings in the period from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century T. Slak & V. Kilar ...... 533

Static and dynamic analysis of masonry buildings by a nonlinear 3-D FEM H. A. Agelopoulou, M. G. Sfakianakis, G. D. Hatzigeorgiou & D. E. Beskos...... 545

Section 8: Retrofitting

Design of seismic retrofitting of reinforced concrete structures S. Dritsos ...... 557

Investigation of the effectiveness of two styles of R/C jackets in pre-earthquake retrofitting of columns and b/c joints of R/C structures A. G. Tsonos & I. P. Rentzeperis ...... 567 Ductility performance of RC beams strengthened with CFRP sheets F. Ceroni & M. Pecce...... 579

Strengthening of infilled RC frames by CFRP G. Erol, K. Taskın, E. Yuksel & H. F. Karadogan...... 591

Experiments on seismic retrofitting of in-plane loaded masonry walls with fibre composites C. Wallner & L. Stempniewski...... 601

Static cyclic tests on URM walls after retrofitting with hardwires and GFRP M. ElGawady, P. Lestuzzi & M. Badoux ...... 611

Section 9: Passive protection devices and seismic isolation

Analysis and assessment of a seismically isolated bridge A. J. Kappos & E. Dimitrakopoulos ...... 625

Seismic protection of bridges using viscous dampers M. Spizzuoco, G. Serino & C. Onorii ...... 637

Using mushroom shaped basements under buildings as an isolator in order to reduce the earthquake effect on structures A. Beirami Shahabi & M. Barghian...... 651

A Generalized Translational-Rotational Tuned Mass Damper (T-R TMD) system for passive control of vibrations in structures E. A. Mashaly, M. H. El-katt, A. I. M. AL-Janabi & I. M. Abubakar...... 661

Response analysis of a building loaded by technical seismicity propagating from a tube railway structure D. Makovička & D. Makovička Jr...... 675

Towards an industrialisation and standardisation of earthquake isolators: a case study M. C. Phocas & A. Pocanschi ...... 685

Section 10: Lifelines

Methodology for design of earthquake resistant steel liquid storage tanks M. A. Haroun & M. A. Al-Kashif ...... 699

Assessment of Monar Arch Dam under extreme seismic and thermal loads A. Manafpour, S. Gallocher, D. Kourepinis & A. C. Morison...... 709

The seismic risk of the lifeline in small communes: the cross-correlation effects C. Vardanega, A. Raffetti & G. Valfrè...... 721

Section 11: Design codes and response spectra

Elastic and inelastic spectra for Greek earthquakes, based on a representative set of records C. Athanassiadou, A. Kappos, C. Karakostas, N. Klimis, V. Lekidis, V. Margaris & N. Theodulidis ...... 733

Behaviour factor of RC structures: a probabilistic approach G. C. Thomos & C. G. Trezos...... 745

Comparison of seismic demands determined by nonlinear static analysis according to ATC-40, FEMA-356 and EC-8 V. S. Tsiggelis, A. M. Athanatopoulou & I. E. Avramidis...... 755

Remarks regarding FEMA 368 seismic analysis guidelines O. A. Mohamed...... 765

Investment appraisal with respect to EC8 behaviour factor ‘q’ in reinforced concrete buildings A. G. Papachristidis, G. N. Vadaloykas & V. I. Sogiakas...... 775

Methods for the evaluation of the damage limit state and stiffness regularity in elevation of frame systems in seismic areas N. Caterino & E. Cosenza ...... 785

Suggested changes to the non-conservative low frequency criteria for the seismic design spectrum used in intraplate regions J. M. Nichols...... 797

Assessment of the floor response spectra of the Ignalina nuclear power plant R. Baušys, G. Dundulis, R. Kačianauskas, R. Markauskas, S. Stupak & E. Ušpuras ...... 809

Author Index ...... 817