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for evidence with oration. roofs from

characters The

cult ranges Late

500 The style Artemis

century row century Dach" (Geometric

the "building

-

wall

Araxos

Stratos: Kato

Kalydon:

Kallipolis: Western

(fortification

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of

cults

Kolonas the later,

activity

(six

first

elliptical

evidence

only

cases).

wooden

on

or flimsy,

with which

categories

BC)

was

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widely

location

belonging

consists

their

Chrysovitsa

like,

strongly

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at

BC

temple,

cases)

stone

has

temple)

category,

and

so

(the

and

Old

and

one

after

H"

of

the refined

slopes reused):

According

called

in

Laphrion-hill

1991,

open-air

are to naiskos?

Hill shown several

location

predecessor

1996)

well-documented

the

temple

peristyles

in

(small

Mycenaean

from

for

all, all

possible

Zeus bases,

walls

or

large

not

of

the

situated

which

3

see

fortified

the

0

sanctuary

are

nature

of

on "red

a

,

1

to

cults

eigth

and

tentatively

period

Rakita

992)

Altar

erection

certain): survey

of of that single

above).

(ancient

themselves:

temple

Palaiokastro:

ante-temple?)

see sanctuaries,

a

Classical

situated long

the

with

structures largely

these hypothetical

to

roof"

delicate

exception

in are

cults

places

covered

even

on above)

of

to

(see

edge

sherd cities.

(see

this

finds and

fortification

(a

of wooden

similar

(see

the

the

(Schwandner the

Sykia

of hills

;

Koronto?) falls

long

29

just

above)

the

called

though (ea.

period

period

above)

of

of narrow

fortifica­

in fictile

All

cults the

nuterial

cults and

indicating Classical slopes above)

to

by

and

were

hilltops worship into

Spolaita evidence

-

outside

and

to

spring

temples

with

cults "Bunte the

600-

peri­

tile 7'"

Aigeira they 'sub­

vary

differ

the

those

-

dec­

the

of

7'" nar­

in­

3

1

relatively or fied of excavated is,

the be remains of have bronze which

for legend the trally The

should

to often in question distance cities almost sanctuaries late. oped

landscapes

difference Doorn that Lang graves, from places mains fortified

areas

eas The

•

•

Archaic

however,

the

Classical

these,

use

fi·om

naean

not Perhaps

Lousoi Geometric

tuary 1997)

1992;

'urban'

foundations

evidence

in

as

As

the

third

been

second

in

never

in

major, the

were

(this

statuette

indicating

the even

the later

of

located):

as be all farmsteads

statuette

just

(1987),

of Ambrakia

relation

the

inunediate

of

the

of

cities.

common Mitsopoulos-Leon are

a

worship

surveys

it

which

of

category

mentioned

perirranteria

sense cropolis observed.

from

acropolis

(ancient cults, volume)

what

which

Aigeira

lavishly

fully

in

period.

not Lousoi

became developed stated, is

after

5'"

im.portant

shown

cult category

these

is

with

this

and

Thus

in Morgan-Hall

very

and

known.

Archaic

of

the

of

that

that

may

developed to

are

the

that

on

made

were

relation

which

and

category "rural"

Archaic

however, at

34

two

feature

Zeus (see

(Hyperasia;

city (Mitsopoulos-Leon

nucleated

repaired.

the

consists

surroundings cults

33

4'"

, previous in

of

cities.

evasive.

dated

Mt

settlements

is

In

emergence as

which

be

they

The

connected

consists

into

other

Fig.

Helike

cults

centuries

small cities.

city

never above).

by

became

At

not and

Chalkis

temple

Oite an

Fulgur

may

lie

cults As

in to

Bommelje­

,

to

were exact

the

settlement

3

im

Trachis.

acropolis

of

never

recognizable located):

louteria

place An the

The

located

in

. und

settlement

floating temples

category

these

mentioned

(1996),

In

In

the settlements

really

.

lie

(Pyra)

portant

of

in

evidence

the site

"rural"

continued

Archaic

on

evident

is

fi·agments decisive

addition, situated

addition

in

location

at

Achaea,

BC,

thirteen

Ladstatter close through

cults Archaic

of

devel­ scanty

said

Late

identi­

ruins

some

32

Myce­

these

deso­

cen­ the

are

and Sanc­

wall

were

lay-

and

is

or

in

is

ar­

261

to

to

re­

a

in

suburban suburban

gories gories

t

finds finds

and and

cal-Early cal-Early sion sion

are are of of

pl

the

periods periods some some

Th

Tn Tn

250 250

Hellenistic Hellenistic

The The

from from

for for

interesting interesting

m see see

chitectural chitectural

and and perhaps perhaps

dated dated

contemporary contemporary

old old

and and

Dach", Dach",

protomes)

konina konina of of

with with temples temples

Lepenou Lepenou ("archaic" ("archaic"

and and

(reparations (reparations

All All

other other

function function

don don

acteristic acteristic

elaborately elaborately

a

ers ers

lization lization

es es

en

city city

Apollo Apollo

Again

~r1r

s

e e

well well

investment investment

e e

above). above).

stemming stemming

in in

4'h 4'h

Zeus-temple Zeus-temple

were were

ts

triglyphs; triglyphs;

is is

male male

a a

majority majority

(two (two

-

of of

cults cults

metope metope

l

templ

e

. .

BC) BC)

---

to to

ltlnn ltlnn

things things

hypothetical hypothetical

of of

that that

all, all,

walls walls

x

Classical Classical

centuries centuries

metopes, metopes,

continued continued (terr

architectural architectural

tent tent

preserved preserved

Lousoi Lousoi

with with

, ,

around around

cult cult

Hellenistic Hellenistic

and and

of of

need need

-

as as

feature feature

built built

(small (small

he

38

the the

Lykeios Lykeios stone-built stone-built

stonebuilt stonebuilt

located located

.. ..

th

many many

terracotta terracotta es es

, ,

decorated decorated

nnitP nnitP

ac

urban urban

in in

-

a a

of of

Taxiarches Taxiarches

.J. .J.

even even

from from

a

nd nd

ds; ds;

now now

extra-urban. extra-urban.

kalypter kalypter

decoration)

are are

of of

erection erection

see see

t t

otta otta

from from

---

with with

in in

the the

in in

not not

existing existing

the the

("Ostbau")

period period

oiko

see see

cults cults

th

550 550

BC. BC.

of of

reused reused

were were

only only

erected erected

sacred sacred

this this

above), above), '::1 '::1

into into

and and

shrine?; shrine?;

the the

functions functions

outside outside

into into

become become

e e

kalypter kalypter

pre

be be

temple temple

most most

nnn,hPr nnn,hPr

the the

and and

the the

the the

above), above),

period, period,

growing growing

s s

members, members,

BC BC

temple temple

Due Due

of of

temples: temples:

v

period

es

purely purely

or or

tile-roofs tile-roofs

so so

with with

known known

the the

Hellenistic Hellenistic

built built

of of

ious ious

Classic

templ

(two (two

tablish

acropolis, acropolis,

6th 6th

Lebenou Lebenou

sphinx sphinx

stoneblocks)

architecture architecture

solid solid

37

in in

called called

in in

?), ?),

Nikol

shrines shrines

Early Early

nucl

with with

general general

see see

to to

, ,

known known

39

(ea. (ea.

century

distinct: distinct:

Thermon Thermon

probably probably

silen

anti

period

this this

rvF rvF

during during

thr Santameri Santameri

in in

, ,

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with with

small small

sacred.

es, es,

the the

monumen­

Stratos Stratos

Most Most

a

ed ed

from from

above) above)

temple temple

evidence evidence

ea

<:t("\nP <:t("\nP

ee ee

l l

but but

a

the the

"Blassgelbe "Blassgelbe

or or

s s

female female

is is

ikon ikon

period period

erection erection

's 's

and and

500

-

ted ted

temple temple

in in

with with

erection erection

temple temple

but but

metopes metopes

cate­

a a

times

head head

impres­

gorgon; gorgon;

, ,

among among

in in

: :

Cla

a a

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of of

urban, urban,

it it

the the

stray stray

char­

35 35

earlier earlier

Kaly­

36

settle­

to to

t-p..,.-n_ t-p..,.-n_

stems stems

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-

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antis antis

and and

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their their

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walls walls

above). above).

characterized characterized which which

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ari

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about about irlPnt-ihPrl irlPnt-ihPrl

it it urban. urban. ple

position position

co

liter

the the

Aphrodite-Enyalos-Artemis-cult Aphrodite-Enyalos-Artemis-cult in in

at at

"s

above. above.

Krokyleion). Krokyleion).

and and

a

Mak

on?)4

G ples, ples,

appeared appeared and and

the the

Lousoi). Lousoi).

cults cults (Kallipolis: (Kallipolis:

Gr

rooms rooms sanctuaries sanctuaries city-walls city-walls

tors, tors,

to to paired paired

Lousoi

is is the the

through through still still

gan gan

bl

ub-urban ava

difficult difficult

untrysid

es.46 es.46

the the

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noticeable noticeable

Stratos, Stratos,

·-·-

s s

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a

accomodate accomodate

Dealing Dealing

surrounding surrounding

na na

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4

thus thus

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y

outside outside

lly lly

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sometimes sometimes

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4 4

ity-wall ity-wall

of of

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were were

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th th

ssion ssion

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nia

250 250

---· ---·

very very

4th 4th

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and and

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outside outside

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the the

century century

the the

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became became

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statues statues

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;

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ceased ceased

4

century, century,

right right

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even even

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to to

and and

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e

of of

Demeter Demeter

ri

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border border

cult cult

other other

first first

only only

Malevros

ma

li

addition addition

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but but

s

than than

category category

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and and

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45 45

N

building building

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e.g. e.g.

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cults cults

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more more cl

to to

b

of of that that

a

flourishing flourishing

t t

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blished blished

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to to

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other other

apparently apparently

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outside outside

replaced replaced

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----·

romanna romanna

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votive votive

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housing housing

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Strato

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built built

become become

plains plains

fine fine

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of of

southwestern southwestern

be be

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period, period,

true true

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north north

e e

l)h...,~

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(ancient (ancient

42

to to

th

and and

cultic cultic

e e hand, hand,

th

th

e

a

arc

s

equipment equipment

the the the the

of of

into into

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right right ; ;

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establishes establishes

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40 40

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suburban suburban

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city city

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become become

th

cult cult

43

Aphitou­

city city

view view

speaking speaking

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city-walls city-walls

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15. 15.

11. 11.

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Rakita Rakita

13. 13.

4 4

6. 6.

4. 4.

9

Fig. Fig.

to to

5. 5.

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nistic nistic

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12.Analip

17. 17.

kms kms

14. 14.

Angelokastro Angelokastro

A A

Neromanna Neromanna

Lithovounion Lithovounion

26. 26.

Sitarolona Sitarolona

major major

Paravola Paravola

ia ia

Gavalou Gavalou

no no

3. 3.

8. 8.

Site Site

and and

P

cults cults

to to cities cities

K

Th

22. 22.

Vlocho

(

apadates apadates

K

An

30. 30.

31. 31.

eryneia eryneia

(600-5

1 the the

C

ato ato

e e

Achaea Achaea

(Palaiokarya)B

18. 18.

23. 23.

in in 38. 38.

2. 2.

9. 9.

33. 33.

21. 21.

a a

(green (green

l

Chrysovitsa

di

assica

se se

(red (red

(Bouk

16. 16.

10.Analipse 10.Analipse

Santameri Nikolaika

Taxi Taxi

4

(Trich 7

northwest northwest

36

Mazarakis) Mazarakis)

P

tobacco-field tobacco-field

Chrysovitsa Chrysovitsa

s 29. 29.

39. 39.

3. 3.

(Pamph 28

s s

Thermon

Kryo Kryo

27

25

24. 24.

35

. .

U. U.

tribution tribution

3

(K

Kynaithra Kynaithra

alaiokastro alaiokastro

Pits Pits

Koniska

(

(Phistyon) (Phistyon)

Ambrakia Ambrakia

Metapa?

(Thestiai) (Thestiai)

(

4. 4.

. .

1. 1.

Malevro

00 00

L

37

A

Stratos

squares)

(Akrai?) (Akrai?)

.Aig

(

(A

Lousoi. Lousoi.

.

Rhyp

. . oronto?) oronto?)

.Dy

Helik

a a

l-H

Kleitor Kleitor

Pellen

dots) dots) Aigion Aigion

Ihta

epenou epenou

in in

Pha

rche

a-cav

astio

rs Strat

P

onion) onion)

krai?

. .

Nero Nero

BC

atras atras

ino

Elis Elis

rela­

e

eira eira

ia?

me me

ll

s

rai rai

ea ea

es es

9

93 93

e) e)

92 92

of of

n) n)

90 90

88 88

91 91

e) e) 87 87

os os

e

in in

of of

), ),

e e

e e

4 4

9 9

) )

) )

) )

s s

­ . . Gulf

of

Patras

•

•

•

•

•

• •

• •

s

Aigeira: Malevros:

Araxos Artemis-cult ofLousoi Lousoi

Stratos:

Sykia Kalydon: Kato

Kallipolis:

Palaeokastro:

"o

id

ld e

fortification

"

Chrysovitsa

spring

cult

20

:

(city

Hell

Aphitou-Aphrodite-Enyalos­

"Cult

18

The

Architectural

1.

en

not

Demeter

'

I

Cu

I

""

I

Laphrion

on

i

s

"'-

ti

lt

identified

25

• wa

c c

",/

M

(ancient

near

\

•

ll

7

~

ycenaean

ult

•

34

J

and

I

'

m I

21

at

Spol

hill.

em

):

Grana

Koronto?)

Kore

Sanctuary

a

b

it

acrop e

a

r

s

a

out­ nd

olis

: 2.

32

"

:1,

cha

fl

distribution ti

T 0~/

t

•

•

•

•

ance

o

.j

c

h

2

uri

Pharai: wa

Architectural Makynia:

Palaiokatunon

N

t

e

period,

v"-'

i

ec

c c

"rural"

------

e

40

s

ll

tural

fiom

romann

la •

h

39

ult

e

d

s )

26

.

vot

in

as

~

m con

fortified,

i sa

"te

s s s

e

i

a

the

a

ve

n

mb

llud

ti

h

c

mpl

(ancient

nued

tuarie

members

ow

d

C

e

(anc

epos

e

r

l

d

e" s

n

ass

import

(?)

to

in

at

ient

s

outside

ical

it

l

n

above

y Phistyon):

Lebenou

Fig.

in

ear

-Early

Krokyleion):

nearby

g a g

a

nt

4.

N

fortification

t

and

Thus,

ero

c

some

ities

Hellenis­

•

a

33

mann

Archi­

nd

th

Ar­

ei

also

dis­

in

r

a

29

•

~

/

likely likely

in in parish parish

the the

built built

local local

which which

can can

P Since, Since,

minor minor

been been the the

characterized characterized

sive sive

tance tance

Also, Also,

"rural" "rural"

bronze bronze

Malevro

ourgion ourgion

Dyme

house house dence dence

Less Less

near near

and and

ral" ral"

(ancient (ancient

blocks blocks

Velvitsianico Velvitsianico

Kopoulia Kopoulia

ing ing

in in

also also

sical sical

Velvina

Phistyon)

at at

Tritaea Tritaea known known

blocks blocks

near near

Thermon Thermon

Rakita, Rakita,

some some Kryo Kryo These These

temple

the the

::Jtr

the the

Riolo

It It

the the

object object

case case

::J<

hardly hardly

Demeter) Demeter)

valley valley

sanctuary sanctuary

and and

cults cults

remains remains certain certain

pedimental pedimental

in in ought ought

respectively respectively

function function

Chalkis Chalkis

situated situated

the the

J

a

that that

Nero,Taxiarches, Nero,Taxiarches,

distance distance

54 54

however, however,

ne

. .

churches churches

for for

a

settlements settlements

were were

territory territory

t t

are are

s s

and and

reused reused

inrlir

47 47

sanctuaries sanctuaries

statuette statuette

t t

in in

the the

to to

and and

s s

Lebenou, Lebenou,

Thestiai) Thestiai)

with with

s

and and

are are

huge huge

some some

ares

Frangoscala Frangoscala

52 52

fine, fine,

48

are are

and and

and and

near near

cult cult

Achaea. Achaea.

they they

between between

of of

first first

and and

have have

be be

, ,

sherds sherds

and and

to to

city-state city-state

built built

lavishly lavishly

on on

remains remains

Pitsa. Pitsa.

t t ::J

to to from from

worship worship

in in

those those

river river

ti

by by

many many

clos

said said

cities. cities.

Kolopyrgos Kolopyrgos

those those

Early Early

fortified fortified

in in at at

be be

comparable comparable and and

kilometres kilometres activity activity

no- from from

Petrochorio

near near

and and

enjoyed enjoyed

the the

the the

several several

Aetolia, Aetolia,

the the

existed existed

of of

..., ...,

of of

found found

Haghios Haghios

sculptures sculptures

fine fine

a a

the the

in in

noted noted

e e

is is

Moreover, Moreover,

th

found found

50 50

Kopoulia Kopoulia

a a

to to

or or

votive votive

in in

our our

church church

are are

the the

Varassova Varassova

observed observed

to to

foremost foremost

southwest southwest

Lebenou Lebenou

They They

inscriptions inscriptions

so so

Neromanna Neromanna

other other

known known

::~

Classical Classical

small small

the the

repaired repaired

the the

Moreover, Moreover,

from from

fortified fortified

t t

Achaea,

have have

and and

farmsteads farmsteads

shrines shrines

period, period,

from from

Classica

known known

hereY hereY

thi

"

far far

site site

time. time.

in in

city city

Pyra, Pyra,

fi.·om fi.·om

49 49

support support

rural" rural"

that that

countryside countryside

fortified fortified

at at

< <

material material

Haghios Haghios

from from

are are

Ioannis Ioannis

"

the the

and and

Hellenistic Hellenistic

"rural" "rural"

in in

the the

served served

at at to to

identifi

.

m::~v m::~v

rural

found found

53

the the

people people

at at

from from

and and

Rather

some some

Thermon, Thermon,

Aetolia. Aetolia.

by by

T

Mokista Mokista

mountain mountain

the the

new, new,

or or

and and

the the

femal

51 51

these these

and and

e.g. e.g.

thus thus

Ano Ano

l-H

town town

' '

site site

only only

of of

in in

to to

cults cults

here here

Larisa Larisa

temples temples the the

the the

Wood­

" " h

even even

(mention­

and and

outside outside

(for (for

(ancient (ancient

Patras. Patras.

temples temples

high-clas­

a a

::~vP ::~vP

have have

cities. cities.

the the

temple­

temples temples

a a cults. cults.

e

Stratos, Stratos,

temples temples

near near

at at

of of

e

Vla

"rural" "rural"

elegant elegant

found found

Vlochos Vlochos

ll

of of

e e

living living

church church

cults cults

d d

impres­

purely purely

ev

tiles

, ,

are are

Kain­ are are

enis

the the

were were

it it

56 56 at at

in­

h

as as

"ru­

re­

these these

s

i­

near near

river river

ios ios

PPn PPn

is is

55 55

, ,

are are

tic tic

at at

at at

at at

Lousoi, Lousoi,

d

lasting lasting

literature. literature. metric

L

Sykia Sykia

sometimes sometimes

high high

i

which which

For For

The The

general general

Hellenistic Hellenistic

the the

temple temple

most most

and and

city-walls. city-walls. non-urban non-urban

ing ing

Ar

by by that that

well-preserved well-preserved

the the

probably probably

from from

In In

ry).

date date

Pleuron

excavated excavated Aetolia, Aetolia,

more more

fied fied

Lithovounion Lithovounion

of of

century century

local local

ban ban

farther farther

the the

The The

in in

urban

ze

ence ence

e

- - -

benou, benou,

d d

h

Helike

conclusion, conclusion,

the the

an an

61 61

archaeological archaeological

most most

monumentalization monumentalization ~P~n ~P~n

like like

several several

a a

cults, cults,

contemporary contemporary

as as

kastro kastro

to to

degree degree

third third

function

costly costly

the the

spring, spring,

In In

large large

" "

on on

for for

/Ea

earthquake earthquake

several several

are are

location location

sense sense

simply simply

constructions constructions

Pits Pits

away. away. sanctuaries sanctuaries

the the

6

have have

BC BC

columns, columns,

Achaia, Achaia,

0 0

rnlt

64 64

"acropolis" "acropolis"

62 62

to to

conspicious conspicious

the the

Kallipolis, Kallipolis,

Archaic Archaic rly

a a

and and

consists consists

in in

----· ----·

too too

In In

category category

the the

a). a).

reasons, reasons,

period

conclusion conclusion of of

cults cults

First, First,

scale scale

Early Early

pattern pattern

and and

temples temples

be be

of of

was was

that that

< <

Rakita, Rakita,

the the

fact, fact,

Haghia Haghia

been been

Malevros Malevros

centuries centuries

Even Even

"

r r

nn

in in

developed developed

-

(Akrai? (Akrai?

it it

case case

continuity continuity

temples, temples,

dispersed dispersed

identified identified

as as

a a

continue continue

also also

building building

i

-----

is is

at at

market market

excavated excavated

floating floating

they they

Hellenistic Hellenistic

n

. .

in in

triglyfs

l

small small

of of

is is

record record

argesca

t t

in in

found found interesting interesting

with with

several several

the the

comprising comprising

in in

of of

Thermon, Thermon,

from from

of of

still still

tn tn

Araxos, Araxos,

well-known well-known

the the

of of

a a

served served

Irini Irini

period, period,

are are

traces traces

relation relation

-

recent recent

Pol.V13);

sanctuaries, sanctuaries,

handful handful

rn

------·---

sanctuaries: sanctuaries:

early early

Chalkis Chalkis

(e.g. (e.g.

(S'h (S'h

which which

temple temple

of of

apart apart

appear appear

place place

second second

both both

, ,

settlements" settlements"

hard hard

the the

to to

layers layers

r

as as

le, le,

until until

inside inside

simablocks simablocks

of of

in in

to to

n

peak peak

places places

urb

at at

n

century),

and and

be be

the the as as

Aigeira, Aigeira,

Kal

truly truly

Aetolian Aetolian

city-walls, city-walls,

>nnit

period. period.

cult cult

l

there there

scholarly scholarly

Late Late

from from

eave eave

the the

an an

to to

an an

Taxiarches, Taxiarches,

to to

to to

in in

"extra­

have have

of of

the the

"nucleated "nucleated

character­

destroyed destroyed

stemming stemming

outside outside

y

of of

(4'h (4'h

acropolis acropolis

59 59

by by

or or

the the

Aigeira, Aigeira,

cities cities

increas­

don, don,

trace trace

observe observe

functions functions

there there

activity, activity,

several several

i

--

place place

cases. cases.

urban urban

P< P<

Geo­ further­

the the

behind behind

is is

Early Early

first first

their their

far far

centu­

63 63

forti­

been been

58 58

evi­

and and

as as

and and

ur­

in in

the the

is is

of of

In In

is is

a a

a a

cults cults

cities cities

Classical-Hellenistic, Classical-Hellenistic,

16. 16.

15. 15.

11

Class

13. 13.

6. 6.

4. 4.

51. 51.

Fig. Fig.

38. 38.

9. 9.

5. 5.

(green (green

32

. .

1i·eis 1i·eis

12.Analip

Angelokastro Angelokastro 14. 14.

Ana Ana

Neromanna Neromanna

24.1i·achis 24.1i·achis

(red (red

27. 27.

Lithovouni

43. 43.

Sitarolona Sitarolona

Paravol

Gavalou Gavalou

. .

Haghia Haghia

Church Church

ical-

4. 4.

29. 29.

8. 8.

"Near" "Near"

36. 36.

Pap

Keryneia Keryneia

Site Site

The The

Ecclesie square

dots) dots)

Vlocho

Kato Kato

30. 30.

H

Ha

2 2

Mt. Mt.

adates adates

25. 25.

3

21. 21.

37. 37.

a a

2. 2.

46. 46.

ellen

34. 34. 8. 8.

in in

1

distribution distribution

22. 22.

35. 35. 20. 20.

ghios ghios

se se

Ioannis Ioannis

26. 26.

(Boukastion) (Boukastion)

Kainourgion Kainourgion

33

on on

18. 18.

in in

10. 10.

. .

7.Ambrakia 7.Ambrakia

(Ihchonion) (Ihchonion)

s

Neromanna Neromanna

andAchaia. andAchaia.

Palaiokastro Palaiokastro

41. 41.

near near

19. 19.

Frankoscala Frankoscala

23. 23.

Chrysovitsa Chrysovitsa

3. 3.

17. 17.

on on

45. 45.

44.Aigeira 44.Aigeira

(Pamphia?) (Pamphia?)

47. 47.

s s

) )

(Herakleia) (Herakleia)

50. 50.

Kolopyrgos Kolopyrgos

Kryo Kryo

48. 48.

tobaccofield tobaccofield

Naupaktos Naupaktos

42.Aigion 42.Aigion

s s

Molykrion Molykrion

Oite: Oite:

39. 39.

(Koronto?) (Koronto?)

Taxiarches Taxiarches

Kynaithra Kynaithra

..f

(Me

(Phistyon) (Phistyon)

i

relation relation

mountain mountain

. .

in in

(Thestiai) (Thestiai)

varassova varassova

Thennon Thennon

stic stic

Eupalion Eupalion

Makynia Makynia

(Arsinoe) (Arsinoe)

1

(Phana?) (Phana?)

G

1\!Ialevros 1\!Ialevros

Ana

Lebenou Lebenou

Kalydon Kalydon

(Helike) (Helike) Mokista Mokista

49. 49.

(Akrai?) (Akrai?)

(Akrai?) (Akrai?)

Rhypes Rhypes

Chalkis Chalkis

. .

Pleuron Pleuron

Kallion Kallion

. .

Pellene Pellene

1i

Kleitor Kleitor

Aetolia Aetolia

Vlasios Vlasios

Pharai Pharai

"rural" "rural"

Dyme Dyme

Stratos Stratos

Stratos Stratos

Dyme Dyme

J

tapa?) tapa?)

·=

·

major major

Nero Nero

itaea itaea

t

Pyra Pyra

near near

Elis Elis

u.ra.'J u.ra.'J

/ip

se se

to to ~f ~f 55. 56.

54

53.

52.

f

~

.

Ternple-site

Veh;it

Lousoi

Kopoulia

(Riolo

Sit

e

at

s

ianico

s)

Lari

57.

~

near 6

s

Pitsa

SW

a

river

riv

Petrochorio

\-

of

e

cm;e,

r

Patras

Gulf

of

Patras

may

Rather,

terpreted urban

extent

apparently

with

the

develop Hellenistic which

the

hill-habitation

Archaic

Late

be

M

suburban

cults

in

becomes

revealed

the

~

into

Archaic

as

the

persistent

------

period

should

distinct

period,

a

31

a

Classical

sign

-

series

sanctuaries.

relatively

to

cult

period.

34

of

these

not

be

and

s

uburb

lack

of

l

situated

ack

------~- 8

•

a

period,

50

necessarily

•

•

54

7

fortified

even

til

characteristic

•

hill-settlements

>

~

.

In

2

\,

of

)

ss

of

distinct

40

an

In

the

priority

urbanization.

to

sanctuary

fact,

at

of

Classical­

some

its

c

distinct

iti

during

be

the

fringe"

es

in

in­

of

58

41

•

ple

Stratos?,

taken

Aigeira/Pellene?).

to

at

(e.g

turies

cult

Western

"nucleated

of ond,

0

qJ

·

several

be

<::'

a

o

building

.

v

in

more ""

Kalydon,

there

place

the

----

BC

42

·

its

56

-

Rakita).

4

~

Greek

_

7

sites

f

result

~

'

territory"

a

developed

•

~------

are

43

lr

habitation

in

programme

eady

\

Thermon,

the in

signs

of"dispersed

urban

In

the

Third,

appear

6th

fact,

in

(Stratos,

7th

pattern

century

36

-

organization.

the

'Y

cult

and

~

a appears Lebenou,

the

too

l

Archaic

•

argesca

I

early

at

cu

Kalydon?,

consisting

settlement"

sophisticated

BC

lt

its

~

to

buildings

l

fringe involv-

6th

e

period

-----J

have

Sec­

57

tem­

cen­

of

~

- •

45 ing among other things the erections of urban when the settlement expanded dur­ elaborate shrines in Stratos and Kalydon. ing synoecism (compare Stratos,Araxos). These indications of a society organized on a more advanced level than has some­ Written sources times been thought are supported by re­ cent excavations in Chalkis that point to In many ways, a quick scanning of the the existence of town-planning in the Ar­ written sources for synoecism processes in chaic period. 65 On the whole, scholars Achaia add to the impression just gained from especially Germany and Austria have from the archaeological remains, even recently drawn attention to evidence of though a direct connection between the early (Archaic) signs of a more advanced two types of sources is rarely to be found. society in Northwestern Greece. For in­ Homer mentions ftve places in a region stance they have pointed to a possible Ar­ called "Aigaleos" all of which were situat­ chaic lighthouse at Vigla (the harbour of ed in the eastern half of Achaea and later Palairos),66 to late Geometric and Archaic became important cities: Pellene, Hypera­ votives, burials, and architectural fragments sia (later called Aigeira), Aigai, Helike and from Elis indicating settlement and central Aigion (IJ. 2. 573-75). He refers to a dis­ administration well before 471 BC, when trict, "Bouprasion", in the western half of Elis is said to be founded 67 and to written the region (11. 2. 615; compare Strabo 8. 3. evidence for well-developed political or­ 8), perhaps to be located between the ganizations and polis-imitating structures Mycenaean strongholds at Araxos and already in the Early Classical period . 68 Chlemoutsi .69 Herodotos (1.145) gives the On the other hand, it has to be admit­ earliest and most complete list of cities in ted that the cults described above present Achaea. This list comprises twelve cities: an uneven picture. Large scale investments Pellene, Aigeira, Aigai, Boura, Helike, Ai­ in cultic architecture seem to be confined gion, Rhypes, Patras (Patrees), Pharai to particular areas, such as highly impor­ (Pharees), Olenos, Dyme, Tritaia. In nam­ tant routes of communication between in­ ing twelve cities, Herodotos is no doubt land and the coast (e.g the Selinous river guided by his view that the Ionians of Asia valley and confluence of rivers in the Eu­ Minor originated from the northern Pelo­ venos river), to the coastal region with its ponnese and, accordingly, by his wish to constant exposure to sea traffic, and to explain why the Ionians restricted mem­ natural border zones (e.g. the Acheloos, bership of the Panionion to twelve cities.7° Euvenos and Mornos rivers) . The lack of Nevertheless, later authors give more or finds and cults in large parts of the moun­ less the same list of cities71 and archaeolo­ tainous regions point to isolation, remote­ gy has so far not demonstrated that the list ness and backwardness. In other words, is distorted. there is likely to have existed a high de­ gree of discrepancy between levels of de­ The synoecism processes of Dyme and velopment among Aetolian-Achaean corn- Patras have especially caught the interest

-· --'·'~· :.• ~-~ __ _.] .t.~·--~~ ..•.. : • ..J C' •••• - .C " - L - 1 - -~- A - - - -- .J ~-- - J.._- 'T'L __ -~_ .J.: .J - - I C' ..LJ.J.. \..f. J...LJ.>....LV .J .J..I.J.. ...__,.1..1."- G..I...L\...1. '-'...l..LV .) u...L..L..L'-' .t''-'..L ..L'o....l\.-l- o -...) J ..L..L- 1J.l.. 0 VJ.J. \J..l U J..j • .L ..I..VV V J..\.A...l.J.J.5 l.. V _.L ..l.J..Lj. \_.. J U..lU\,.... J \-'. oecisms may have taken place relatively 52. 2), Alkibiades tried to persuade the in­ early in one area, while dispersed settle­ habitants of Patras to extend their city ments continued in other regions. Rural walls down to the sea. This event can be cults visited by people from scattered placed in 419 BC and implies that Patras communities in the vicinity may have at this time was a fortified city. According changed status when synoecisms took to Strabo (8. 3. 2) , Patras was formed by place, in the sense that they became extra­ seven demes and Pausanias (7. 18. 2-6) urban sanctuaries in relation to the new gives a lengthy description of the founda­ nucleated settlements and cities.Likewise, tion myth of the city. These passages have cults lying at the fringe or at some dis­ led scholars to reconstruct two synoecism tance from a habitation may have become waves prior to the Augustan one. The ear-

266

communities communities

shipped shipped

and and

Dionysos Dionysos

Mesoa Mesoa

and, and,

co111111on co111111on above) above)

found found

identified identified

l

chos chos

originating originating

theia theia

the the

ing ing

time time

people people

be be

lowed lowed

or or

cults cults

serve serve

to to

mentioned mentioned

aria aria

time. time.

which which

bo bo

Olenos Olenos

a

pear, pear,

ry ry

Dyme Dyme

by by

ponnesian ponnesian

erated erated

Herodotus, Herodotus,

battle battle

Teuthra. Teuthra.

dem.es dem.es

records, records,

Boline, Boline,

ed ed

dated dated

C

area area

lages lages

Patras Patras

liest liest

l

In In

so so

l

In In

copied copied

have have

worshipped worshipped

BC.7

Aroeus.7

assical assical

With With

communities communities

cu

the the

(8. (8.

finally, finally,

into into

cult cult

some some

seems seems

river river

and and

which which

to to

however, however,

of of

this this

that that Other Other

consisted consisted

lt

at at

Aroe, Aroe,

and and

at at

up up

7. 7.

between between

in in

to to

reasons reasons

by by

s s

had had

as as

and and

5'" 5'"

one one

5 5

Patras: Patras:

been been

were were

Aroe Aroe

Argyra Argyra

the the

Patras_7

were were

which which

or

precinct precinct

that that

with with

4) 4)

As As

Apart Apart

h

regard regard

with with

the the

context context

the the

by by

period. period.

respectively respectively

east east

by by

each each

Epam.inondas/

ad ad

cases, cases,

and and

was was

a a

i

to to

in in

fleet fleet

8 8

by by

been been

apparently apparently

gina

Velvitsianiko Velvitsianiko

tells tells

Antheia Antheia

eit

of of

the the

in in

conununities, conununities,

appear appear

cult cult

Dyme Dyme

the the

Dyme Dyme

incorporated incorporated

obviously obviously

transferred transferred

5'" 5'"

new new

in in

Mesoa,

have have

worshipped worshipped

of of

the the

h

Strabo Strabo

an an

which which

the the

Olenos Olenos

to to

4'" 4'"

related related

in in

Patras, Patras,

of of

of of

from from

2 2

and and

place place

er er

the the

ll

city city

to to

near near

however, however,

that that

the the

for for

century century

Patras Patras

formed. formed.

of of

y y

new new

Artemis Artemis

During During

for for

stem stem

their their

it it

the the

surname surname

centuries centuries

the the

became became

pedimental pedimental

c

Dyme, Dyme,

l

taken taken

Athenian Athenian

Aroe, Aroe,

ity

to to

ocated ocated

Arba Arba

and and

is is

was was

Late Late

figures figures

and and

Dionysos Dionysos

the the

being being

7

Aroe, Aroe,

Rhion

it it

was was

6 6

a a

(9. (9.

Mesateus, Mesateus,

unification unification

communities communities

. .

c

interesting interesting

to to

have have

la

took took

Thus, Thus,

fron1 fron1

ity ity

an an

original original

(and (and

later later

been been

functioned functioned

y y

Patras Patras

formed formed

inhabit

to to

Mesatis Mesatis

5. 5.

4 4

Archaic Archaic

a c a

place place

BC, BC,

riv

were were

Mesoa, Mesoa,

Its Its

the the

cu

Limnatis Limnatis

Artemis Artemis

the the

in in

Strabo Strabo

such such

or or

indicating indicating

in in

Antheia Antheia

transferred transferred

at at

as as

Aesynmetes;

mentioned mentioned

19) 19)

Dyme Dyme

continued continued

73 73

in in

BC, BC,

er er

place place

ult ult

lt

perhaps perhaps

synoecism synoecism

the the

city city

ruins ruins

the the

moved moved

Pausanias' Pausanias'

and and

s s

continued continued

the the

well. well.

second second

the the

polichne polichne

and and

wor

sculptures sculptures

mentioned mentioned

the the

possessed possessed

incorporat­

since since

of of

for for

are are

as as

ants ants

places places

Antheus Antheus

the the

3'd 3'd

by by

to to

follow­

walls walls

and and

Meili­

to to

(8. (8.

or or

of of

villages villages

in in

the the

the the

Larisa, Larisa,

­

was was

Trik­ naval naval

for for

in in

likely likely

as as

and and

cult cult

swal­

form form

centu­

eight eight

ob­

the the

of of

Early Early

city city

3. 3.

the the

Stra­

fi:om fi:om

to to

wave, wave,

that that

An­

his his

Pelo­

old old

a a

to to

by by

in in

ap­

lib­

by by

2) 2)

77 77

be be

vil­

to to

of of

of of

Asclepius Asclepius

tant tant

probably probably

tu

Theoxenia Theoxenia

nias nias

from from

t

l

ll vi

found found

tion tion

Dyme. Dyme.

Olenos Olenos

isa isa

but but

the the

conun

originally originally

us us

temple temple

ioned ioned

clepius" clepius"

ene ene

Olenos Olenos

saw saw

the the

stat

Demeter Demeter

Late Late

probably probably

the the

tian tian

C

in in

known known

the the

in in

Originally, Originally,

doubt doubt

and and

tras, tras,

laria laria

tions. tions.

to to

whi

neighbourhood neighbourhood

bearing bearing

functioned functioned

For For

tuary tuary

ary ary

their their

l

A A

age age

With With

river river

assical assical

(if (if

the the

relation relation

u

formation formation

be be

to to

(7. (7.

their their

lla vi

expansion expansion

and and

ofPellene. ofPellene.

acropolis acropolis

a a

l

s s

close close

city city

his his

for for

Gaia Gaia

instance, instance,

described described

Hellenistic Hellenistic

Artemis Artemis e

seem seem

there there

in in

uniti

temple temple

to to

Pellene Pellene

a

original original

[kom

In In

connected connected

27. 27.

in in

area area

precedes precedes

lr

of of

and and

he he

ge ge

(7 (7

to to

Aigion Aigion

description description

a a

(8. (8.

Mysian Mysian

regard regard

eady eady

Strabo's Strabo's

a a

ca

relation relation

Demeter" Demeter"

southwest southwest

times, times,

addition, addition,

relation relation

confined confined

and and

have have

.17. .17.

Larisaean Larisaean

parallel parallel

spring-cu

sanctuary sanctuary

8-11) 8-11)

in in

Teuthea, Teuthea,

suburban suburban

es es

have have

ll

saw saw

e

from from

Teuthea Teuthea

was was

to to

7

it it

of of

] ]

ed ed

as as

. .

honour honour

of of

ca

for for

was was

ofPatras ofPatras

Athenaeus Athenaeus

4), 4),

by by

Gaia Gaia

of of

and and

5). 5).

one one

Patras, Patras,

of of

location location

a a

Strabo Strabo

"the "the

been been

by by

Cyrus

ll

Linmatis Linmatis

to to

the the a a

Antheia, Antheia,

which which

existed existed

the the

Demeter Demeter

times, times,

refers refers

ed ed

kind kind

Dyme Dyme

Pausanias' Pausanias'

Artemis Artemis

and and

and and

Pindar. Pindar.

These These

[ [

no no

village village

Patras Patras

to to

chora] chora]

to to

to to

therefore therefore

Dyme, Dyme,

Pausanias,

near near

of of

the the

to to

sanctuary sanctuary

worshipped worshipped

at at lt

whi

of of

city city

Pellene Pellene

Athena" Athena"

-

were were

for for

notable notable

formation formation

cu

their their

the the

doubt doubt

related related

this this

perhaps perhaps

Pausan

of of . .

Pausanias' Pausanias'

the the

the the

was was of of

All All

(8. (8.

the the

to to

oracu

-

lt. lt.

however, however,

(Aroe?). (Aroe?).

l

it it

and and

on on

Poseidon, Poseidon,

sanctuaries sanctuaries

Apollo Apollo

during during

toward toward

of of

8

e e

the the

Teuthea Teuthea

new new

and and

of of

4 4

extra-urban extra-urban

of of

as as

s

refers refers

7. 7.

"Nemydia" "Nemydia"

Pose

old old

swallowed swallowed

Strabo Strabo

a a

itu

area area

orig

near near

of of

sixty sixty

acropo

Further, Further,

the the

Patras Patras

the the

decription decription

sh

Antheia, Antheia,

sanct

we we

this this

between between

5) 5)

a a

i

thus thus

80 80

to to

l

harbour harbour

temple temple

at

as as these these

by by

Artemis Artemis

ar ar

changed changed

"rura

ifted ifted

communities communities

city city

the the

idion

in

i

seat seat

wit

of of

mentions mentions

on on

the the

slopes slopes

the the

of of

can can

to to

noted noted

w

stades stades

Even Even

Demeter Demeter

men­

the the

name

descrip­

in in

the the

a

u

the the

(8. (8.

li

l l

to to

and and

hich hich

was was

the the

one one

ary ary

hout hout

Patras. Patras.

a a

a a

of of

is is

s. s.

lo

l" l"

three three

after after

for for

the the

old old

Pausa­

ruins ruins

, ,

gather gather

must must

sea sea

"cup­

81 81

sanc­

La La

have have

of of

79 79

3

ca­

up up

Vene­

P

Pel­

of of

cult cult

83

Trik­

sanc­

in in

. .

82 82

Lar­

of of

With With

"a "a

of of

dis­

atras. atras.

ris­

in in

As­

the the

sti

11

), ),

in in

a a

Pa­

in in

by by

ll ll

a a

of of ) ) Before

ban

Again, Dyme

cult ban they for ofPellene

of

result

lat cities mes, Pausanias the of the

noecism

si diately

and

close

gy. tury

developed kept much from uban example ment. ed heard become his political the 18. that

sos periods Aigeira. that stable the not

this 268 cults

lC:i.

um.

ed

which

highly

Finally,

That

Arterni

on

.,-

time

8)

Eileithyia and

main

border

sanctuaries

sanctuaries

VV

town

places

"'l'T

always describes

conmmnity,

a

the belonged

which phenomenon

changing

85

in

to

T" was

Lousoi parallel

sanctuaries

of

ll.ll

As

,

settlement of

straight later and

the

and

as

inside

however

1

In

Arternis,

relation

the have

is

sanc

synoec

extra-urban s

the

of

a

of

was

already

are

J. gate

important

tatus,

mentions

a

(polisma)

s,

Pausanias'

C

fringe

in

that

a

Phelloe

clearly

into

city

Patras,

inhabited.

(

t,c:t1U

times

Pellene

recent

Pausanias

the

orois) deme

Dionysos

case

sanctuary

tuary

Strabo

reflected

(suburban?)

functioned to

the

the

cult

as

to

road

to

territorial

1

case

Lousoi,

the

is

in

in

an

way

,

the

lo to

l..U

,

must m.

which the

in

mentioned, Pellene

of

are

at

small

and

case gate

of

functioned

their

relation

rel

of

cated

(8.27

one

h

important

of

revealed

(7.

sanctuaries

T'\

l..

the

lead

and

's

we

Phelloe which

after

a

a

Probably,

characteristic

suburban

Kleitor.

in

1

HL-.llV\...,

remark

synoecism a

often

d

Poseidion, in

86

and

,

habitation

Phelloe

saw

tion

how

26.10)

with

Athena therefore

in also

of

c

which 11

which but

city

demes,

s

are

In

.

relation

Pausanias were

hanged

tatus

8)

fi

below

the

as

(8.

their

:

status, to

Lo

om Pausanias'

directly

view

to

to

a

predate

cults located

faced in

states

extra-urban

of cults

~

by

.l

and

Kleitor

This

27.

u

on late

Eileithyia

Pausanias

dU

important offers perhaps

the

city. as

as

Aigeira soi

the

fact

which

arose sanctuaries

sanctuaries

Hellenistic and

for

epithets. the

archaeolo­

the

.:>d.

Lousoi

of

which even

for of 1-4), relation

extra

are extra-ur

to

its

that

develop­

near

with

lies

that

U

new

suggest

cluster

saw

6ch

extra­

Diony­

outside

.

.Lc:l

Pellene

names

the

" Her­

inml.e­

the

the

gymna­

inferior

a

long

situat­ as

and

.l time

later -ur­

was

on

cen­

in

and

good

to

in

.:ld.J:J

re­

in

a

city

a

un­

lat- sy­

cult has

(8.

­

.

~

l

in Throughout

building

suburban aries restaurations tested inscriptions tlements non-urban nate Conclusion view they

pennanently honour no and For city. Achaea tr highly

Polignac

.LI.,....c:lUJ..lJ.5 Demeter sources unprotected drawn Patra be "ex impression, Greek Arternis well

ed l tre

stood (1984, played and towards tus communities

to not

enistic

.,~

a

Aetolia

-urb

s

It

the '

J: as

the

means

tra-urban"

Achaea

transfer

these least and

In

not

the

..

may

s

and lying

is

on

.

vital

in

_

a

It

an" acropolis

city 1995)

significant

to

for

oldest

with

many

period

nd

-

have

.__ of LV

later

the

least

Laphria

archaeol

programmes

are the

was

rural

in

during to

ones. cu

change the

reasons,

an

and

meant

-st

Arternis,

for

on

the

Dyme

in

....

LJ.J.I...-

sanctuaries,

L

as

lts

detail

prove cannot

of originate

significance

a

"ex

this .

the

cults

of

ates

~ area

been

as

a

sub-urban

cases,

outside

relation and preceding fact Rather,

,

.

Artemis,

the

the

Achaea

characteristic

Aetolians

sanctuaries,

J.VJ...J...i.J..<11....LVJ.J. .C

indirectly These

the

political

rur

Even

"urban",

older

-

tra-urban"

of

synoecism

..

Geometric-Early

background

ogical

, a

and

to

as

status

not

·--- for

fringe -

most

sanctuaries

that

outside

a

new

th

seen

s

Patras l

nd

the

always uburban

Dionysos

argued

challenge

the

e

sanctuaries

'-~

when

Dionysos

the city

temples

.

conclusions

in

attention of

,

treated to

rural

---

probabl

In

a

Dionysos continue

cities.

votive

picture

important

and

to act,

t l t

maintainance

the

c and

smaller temples which

"surburban"

of one

can

development

VJ.

ult

fact has

_

walls

habitation

east

and

be

supplement

C

sanctuary

by

nucleated

cities

processes.

cults

highly

become

phenomenon

s

synoecims

....

I..J.J..I...-

cult

the

L

Written

be

particular

by

to

in that

or

had

classified

y large

are

material

the

in

___

de

not

a

at

,: was

has

non-urban

"''•

Pellene

or

Aetolia

lthough

be

rural

shown

Achaians,

Demeter.

de

to

'

and

Aetolia­

to

of

and

appea

best

Polignac

Augus­

Kalydon

are

always

1.,.- current

cults

_

Hel­

least

sensitive

sanctu­

;.._.:

..

1.1,....1..1..-J.

been

under­

scale

domi­

be

regard­

"ex

cen

as

__

or

by

set

of

at­

this in r,

and

of

in

to

as

­

­

­

, Daux

Mastrokostas

NOTE Vroom

107. Benton NOTE Themelis

merly NOTE the Kjrsten 135-136 Bonmlelje NOTE NOTE

NOTE Dyggve observation. wo NOTE publications

Osanna AJcock For more tioned. It Roman Bommelje

NOTE NOTE

Rizakis Moschos1998.

1998, 177; NOTE

Notes

i

s

rk

site

su

beyond

Petropoulos

s

1964,

detailed

gave

259

ppl

by Antonetti

9 8

10

7

6

5 4

3 2

Inst 199

with

1

1941a

1

1931

1996.

1989;Alcock

1948,

finds

with

993,172-214.

ementary

1998;

and

&

3,

ead, &

rise

760-762;

and the

/32,

C

1966;

Doom

133.

,

Doorn

in

references

pl.

description

halki

116.

2000;

to

Mazarakis ref

Aetolian aims

de

38.

and

238-39;

erences

th

Mastrokostas

sc

lit

s.

1990,

e

Dietz

1987 riptions

fuzaki

erature 198

of

Rizakis

1993,

false

.

this

7,

C

thi Rizakis

Ainian ,

ar

of

id 86-89;

and

22

h

s

e

132-145,

s

paper

alkis:

the

I ent

of

1992,

g

1994

material

fig

refer

iven

ifi

the

1967

sites

.

1997,

Eiring

personal 1995

cat

2

to

;

1 .

lack

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