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Home , Abyla (genus), Abylopsis, Aglantha digitale, Apseudes (mythology), Callinectes arcuatus, Carpilius corallinus

Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America

Edited by Ingo S. Wehrtmann and Jorge Cortés CIMAR and Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Editors Ingo S. Wehrtmann Unidad Investigación Pesquera y Acuicultura (UNIP) of the Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), and Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa Rica 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica [email protected]

Jorge Cortés Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR), and Escuela de Biología Universidad de Costa Rica 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica [email protected]

ISBN: 978-1-4020-8277-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8278-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931008

© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

Cover page: Seagrass habitat at Parque Nacional Cahuita, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Ingo S. Wehrtmann) Back cover, photo 1: A green algae, Acetabularia calyculus, from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Ingo S. Wehrtmann) Back cover, photo 2: Carpilius corallinus, a brachyuran crab occurring in the Parque Nacional Cahuita, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Photo: Ingo S. Wehrtmann) Back cover, photo 3: A black turtle, Chelonia agassizi, observed in waters around the offshore island, Isla del Coco, Pacific Costa Rica (Photo: Jaime Nivia)

Printed on acid-free paper

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Contents of CD – Rom

Part 1 Phytoplankton Roxana Víquez and Paul E. Hargraves Species List 1.1 List of phytoplankton species from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 1 Species List 1.2 Phytoplankton species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 4

Part 2 Marine Benthic Algae Andrea Bernecker Species List 2.1 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 17 Species List 2.2 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 53

Part 3 Seagrasses Jorge Cortés and Eva Salas Species List 3.1 Seagrasses found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 71 Species List 3.2 Seagrasses found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 72

Part 4 Mangroves Ana Margarita Silva-Benavides Species List 4.1 Mangrove species occurring along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 73 Species List 4.2 Mangrove species occurring along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 75

Part 5 Foraminifera Jorge Cortés, Claudia Mora-Baumgartner, and Vanessa Nielsen Contents of CD – Rom v

Species List 5.1 Foraminifera of the Caribbean of Costa Rica ...... 79 Species List 5.2 Foraminifera of the Pacific of Costa Rica ...... 79

Part 6 Sponges Jorge Cortés, Noam Van Der Hal, and R.W.M. Van Soest Species List 6.1 Sponges reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 83 Species List 6.2 Sponges from the Pacific of Costa Rica ...... 88

Part 7 Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) Karina Rodríguez-Sáenz and Lourdes Segura-Puertas Species List 7.1 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Caribbean of Costa Rica ...... 94 Species List 7.2 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Pacific of Costa Rica ...... 95

Part 8 Siphonophores Karina Rodríguez-Sáenz and Rebeca Gasca Species List 8.1 Siphonophores collected in Caribbean of Costa Rica ...... 101 Species List 8.2 Siphonophores collected in Pacific waters of Costa Rica ...... 102

Part 9 Zoanthids, Sea Anemones and Corallimorpharians Jorge Cortés Species List 9.1 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 105 Species List 9.2 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 107

Part 10 Octocorals Odalisca Breedy Species List 10.1 Octocorals from Caribbean shallow waters of Costa Rica ...... 108 Species List 10.2 Octocorals from Pacific shallow waters of Costa Rica ...... 110

Part 11 Stony Corals Jorge Cortés Species List 11.1 Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 112 vi Contents of CD – Rom

Species List 11.2 Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Pacific of Costa Rica ...... 116

Part 12 Sipunculans José A. Vargas and Harlan K. Dean Species List 12.1 List of sipunculans reported for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, ...... 119 Species List 12.2 List of sipunculan species reported for the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 120

Part 13 Polychaetes and Echiurans Harlan K. Dean Species List 13.1 Polychaetes from the Caribbean of Central America...... 122 Species List 13.2 Polychaeta and Echiura from the Pacific of Central America ...... 132

Part 14 Stomatopods Rita Vargas Species List 14.1 Stomatopod taxa from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 160 Species List 14.2 Stomatopod taxa from Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 161

Part 15 Euphausiids Iván Castellanos, Eduardo Suárez-Morales, and Álvaro Morales-Ramírez Species List 15.1 Euphausiid species recorded in Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ...... 164 Species List 15.2 Euphausiid species recorded in Costa Rican waters of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean...... 165

Part 16 Decapod Crustaceans Rita Vargas and Ingo S. Wehrtmann Species List 16.1 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura ...... 167 Species List 16.2 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura ...... 170 Species List 16.3 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Anomura ...... 178 Species List 16.4 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Anomura ...... 179 Species List 16.5 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura ...... 185 Species List 16.6 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura ...... 188

Part 17 Shallow Water Mysids W. Wayne Price, Richard W. Heard, and Rita Vargas Contents of CD – Rom vii

Species List 17.1 Mysida reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 199 Species List 17.2 Mysida reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 200

Part 18 Cumaceans Iorgu Petrescu, Richard W. Heard, Rita Vargas, and Odalisca Breedy Species List 18.1 Cumaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ...... 201 Species List 18.2 Cumaceans from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica ...... 202

Part 19 Tanaidaceans Richard W. Heard, Odalisca Breedy, and Rita Vargas Species List 19.1 Tanaidaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ...... 204 Species List 19.2 Tanaidaceans from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica ...... 205

Part 20 Isopods Richard C. Brusca and Ingo S. Wehrtmann Species List 20.1 Isopods reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 206 Species List 20.2 Isopods reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 209

Part 21 Gammaridean Amphipods John M. Foster, Sara E. LeCroy, Richard W. Heard, and Rita Vargas Species List 21.1 Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 212 Species List 21.2 Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 214

Part 22 Hyperiid Amphipods Rebeca Gasca Species List 22.1 Hyperiid amphipods recorded from the Pacific waters of Costa Rica ...... 217

Part 23 Barnacles Robert Van Syoc Species List 23.1 Barnacles from the Caribbean of Costa Rica ...... 219 Species List 23.2 Barnacles from Pacific Costa Rica ...... 221 viii Contents of CD – Rom

Part 24 Copepods Álvaro Morales-Ramírez and Eduardo Suárez-Morales Species List 24.1 Copepod species of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 224 Species List 24.2 List of copepod species of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 228

Part 25 Sea-Spiders Roger N. Bamber Species List 25.1 Pycnogonids recorded from Caribbean waters of Costa Rica ...... 237 Species List 25.2 Pycnogonids recorded from Pacific Costa Rica ...... 238

Part 26 Marine Insects Monika Springer Species List 26.1 Marine Collembola and Hemiptera (Class Insecta) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 239

Part 27 Chitons Enrico Schwabe and Ingo S. Wehrtmann Species List 27.1 Chitons known to occur along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 240 Species List 27.2 Chitons known to occur along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 241

Part 28 Benthic, Shelled Gastropods Leonora Rodríguez-Sevilla, Rita Vargas, and Jorge Cortés Species List 28.1 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 243 Species List 28.2 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 275

Part 29 Pelagic Gastropods Eduardo Suárez-Morales, Rebeca Gasca, and Iván Castellanos Species List 29.1 Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Caribbean Sea...... 326 Species List 29.2 Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Pacific Ocean...... 328 Contents of CD – Rom ix

Part 30 Benthic Opisthobranchs Yolanda E. Camacho-García Species List 30.1 Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 330 Species List 30.2 Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from Pacific Costa Rica...... 338

Part 31 Bivalves Julio A. Magaña-Cubillo and José Espinosa Species List 31.1 Bivalves from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 348 Species List 31.2 Bivalves from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 358

Part 32 Squids and Octopuses Frederick G. Hochberg and Yolanda E. Camacho-García Species List 32.1 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 379 Species List 32.2 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters in the Pacific of Costa Rica and Isla del Coco ...... 381

Part 33 Phoronids Christian C. Emig Species List 33.1 Phoronida species reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 383 Species List 33.2 Phoronida species reported from Pacific Costa Rica Central America ...... 384

Part 34 Bryozoans Jorge Cortés, Vanessa Nielsen, and Amalia Herrera-Cubilla Species List 34.1 Bryozoans from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 385 Species List 34.2 Bryozoans from the Pacific of Costa Rica ...... 386

Part 35 Brachiopods Christian C. Emig Species List 35.1 Brachiopoda species reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 389 Species List 35.2 Brachiopoda species reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 390

Part 36 Echinoderms Juan José Alvarado and Jorge Cortés x Contents of CD – Rom

Species List 36.1 List of echinoderms from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 392 Species List 36.2 List of echinoderms from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 396

Part 37 Chaetognaths or Arrow Worms Eduardo Suárez-Morales, Rosa Ma. Hernández-Flores, and Álvaro Morales-Ramírez Species List 37.1 Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 409 Species List 37.2 Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 410

Part 38 Appendicularians (Urochordata) Iván A. Castellanos, Álvaro Morales-Ramírez, and Eduardo Suárez-Morales Species List 38.1 List of appendicularian species recorded in Costa Rican waters (eastern tropical Pacific) ...... 411

Part 39 Marine Fish William A. Bussing and Myrna López Species List 39.1 Fishes reported and expected from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 412 Species List 39.2 Fishes reported and expected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 439

Part 40 Marine Reptiles and Amphibians Mahmood Sasa, Gerardo A. Chaves, and Lisa D. Patrick Species List 40.1 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Caribbean coast ...... 474 Species List 40.2 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Pacific Ocean...... 475

Part 41 Birds in Coastal and Marine Environments Gilbert Barrantes and Johel Chaves-Campos Species List 41.1 Coastal and marine birds in Costa Rica (Pacific and Caribbean) and Central America...... 479

Part 42 Marine Mammals Laura May-Collado Species List 42.1 Marine mammals reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 485 Contents of CD – Rom xi

Species List 42.2 Marine mammals reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 488

Part 43 Other Taxonomic Groups (Fungi, Kinorhynchs, Invertebrate Chordates) Jorge Cortés Species List 43.1 Marine fungi collected in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 491 Species List 43.2 Salps collected off the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 491 Species List 43.3 Kinorynchs and invertebrate chordates collected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica...... 492

Part 44 Marine Fish Parasites Jorge Cortés Species List 44.1 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica...... 493 Species List 44.2 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 494

Part 45 Sea Turtle Parasites Mario Santoro and Simonetta Mattiucci Species List 45.1 Parasites reported from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) of the Parque Nacional Tortuguero, north Caribbean coast of Costa Rica ...... 497 Species List 45.2 Parasites reported from the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica ...... 500

Phytoplankton 1 c (continued) References for world reports [3, 33, 72] [36, 90] [19, 20, 21, 41, 77, 90] [20, 21, 33, 72, 96] [3, 21, 32, 72, 96] [3, 8, 10, 18, 19, 21, 41, 77, 90] [10, 18, 19, 72, 77, 90, 96] [43, 72] [3, 10, 18, 19, 72, 79, 85, 96] [3, 20, 79, 85, 88] [19, 20, 72, 79, 85, 90, 96] [18, 19, 79, 90, 96] [20, 21, 72, 79, 96] [10, 18, 19, 85] b NEA,NWA,SEP SEP EC,GM,NEP,SEP World reports World CTP,IO Ca,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, NWACa,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, [8, 18, 19, 72, 73, 90] Car,IO,GM,Med,NEA Car,EC,GM,IO,Med Ca,Car,IO,SEP NWA,SEPCa,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA [3, 8, 10, 18, 19, 72, 77, 90, 96] Car,EC,ETP,GM,NEA,NWA,SA Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,Med, [8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 37, 72, 77, 88] Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,SA,SEP [3, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 72, 90, 96] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med, NWPCa,Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med, Ca,TP [18, 19, 20, 21, 45, 72, 96] Ca,Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA, Car,GM,Med,NWA,SEP Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NWA Car,ETP,GM,IO,NWA,SEPCar,ETP,GM,IO [3, 18, 19, 21, 79, 85, 90, 96] Ca,Car,IO,Med ETP,GM,NEA,NWA a [98] Reports for C.R. [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] List of phytoplankton species from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. For diatoms, grouping of genera into Orders follows Hasle &

Coscinodiscus curvatulus Grunow Rhizosolenia stolterfothii Peragallo Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell Syn. Syn. Syn. Syvertsen Syvertsen (1996), dinoflagellates are grouped according to (1996) Steidinger & Tangen Species and common synonyms Species List 1.1 Phylum CHRYSOPHYTA Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Order COSCINODISCALES Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch Cyclotella Kutzing meneghiniana Gossleriella Schütt tropica Melosira moniliformis (O. Müller) Agardh Pseudosolenia calcar - avis (Schulze) SundströmRhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell [98] Coscinodiscus centralis Gran & Angst. alata Proboscia (Brightwell) Sundstrôm Skeletonema Skeletonema costatum (Greville) cleve Order RHIZOSOLENIALES striata Guinardia (Stolterfoth) Hasle Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell Order BIDDULPHIALES Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve Cerataulina Cerataulina dentata Hasle Lauder affinis Chaetoceros Schütt brevis Chaetoceros Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder Lauder coarctatus Chaetoceros curvisetus Chaetoceros Cleve diversus Cleve Chaetoceros Chaetoceros dianicus Chaetoceros Cleve 2 Species List c 101] [3, 19, 72] [65, 72, 81] References for world reports [9, 10, 18, 21, 72, 96] [7, 18, 19, 20, 65, 72, 78] [19, 65, 88, 96] [3, 19, 21, 29, 72, 80, 90, 96] [19, 21, 65, 72, 88, 90, 96] [3, 8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 21, 72, 90, 96, [21, 82] [3, 18, 19, 21, 96] [21, 82] [90] [9, 10, 45, 86] [21] [21, 82, 88] n.a. [88] n.a. [96] b Med,NEA,NWA,SA,SEP Car,EP,NEA Ca,GM,SEP World reports World Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NWA [18, 19, 41, 79, 85, 90, 96] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, SA,SEPCar,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, [3, 8, 9, 18, 19, 72, 80, 90, 96] Car,EC,GM,IO,SEP Car EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA,SEPCar,EC,ETP,IO,SA,NEA Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,Med [3, 10, 18, 72, 85, 88, 96] GM,IO,NEA IO Car,GM,IO,NEA,NWP Car,EC,CNP,ETP,GM,IO, Car,ETP,GM,IO,SEP Car Ant,NEA,SA,SEP IO Car Car,GM n.a. GM n.a. a [98] [98] Reports for C.R. [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] (continuied)

(Ehrenberg) W. Smith Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow Nitzschia paradoxa (Gmel.) Grun. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmel. Syn. Asterionella japonica Gran. Syn. Syn. Syn. Lewin. Nitzschia Nitzschia delicatissima Cleve Chaetoceros peruvianus Chaetoceros Brightwell Species List 1.1 gracilis Schütt Chaetoceros Species and common synonyms Chaetoceros socialis Chaetoceros Lauder Mastogloia Mastogloia biapiculata Schmith Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow Lithodesmiun undulatum Ehrenberg Order FRAGILARIALES Asterionellopsis glacialis (Catrascane) Round Syn. Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Haellegraeff [98] Bacillaria paxillifera (Müller) Hendey Mastogloia biformis Grun. Order BACILLARIALES Achnanthes longipes Agardh closterium Cylindrotheca (Ehrenberg) Reinman & (West) Grunow Ditylum brightwellii (West) Amphora granulata Greg. Nitzschia Nitzschia longissima (Brebisson) Ralfs elongatum Pleurosigma Wm. Smith Nitzschia Nitzschia bilobata Wm. Smith Grev. Navicula irrorata Navicula hustedtii Krasske Navicula distans Cleve Navicula disparata Hustedt nitzschia Pseudo - nitzschia delicatissima Heiden. (Cleve) Syn. Phytoplankton 3 n.a. [5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 51, 52, 52, 64, 66] n.a. [5, 9, 19, 20, 21, 46, 52, 66] [34, 62, 73] [73] [7, 26, 71, 101] [19, 53] SWA,TA NWA,SA,SEA,SWA Au,Car,CTP,EC,GM,SA,SEP [9, 19, 21, 30, 40, 41, 72, 86, 88] n.a. n.a. Ca,Car,Med,NEA,NWA, SWA,TPCa,Car,Med,NEA,NWA, [5, 21, 22, 23, 52, 53, 66] Ca,Car,GM,GM,Med,NEA,NEA, Au,Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med, Au,Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med, EC,Med NWA GM Au,CNP,EC,Med [98] [98] [98] [98] [98] [35] [NR] [NR] [98] Dinophysis Nitzschia Nitzschia pungens Grunow ex Cleve Syn. homunculus Stein Ant = Antarctic, Au = Australia, BI = British Isles, Ca = Gulf of California and coast Pacific of México, Car = Caribbean, EC = East coast of USA, CNP = CR = Costa Rica, NR = New record References are indicated by numbers according to the references list. Central North Pacific, CTP = Central Tropical Pacific, ETP = Eastern Tropical Pacific, GP = Gulf of Panamá, IO = Indian Ocean, GM = Gulf of México, Med México, of Gulf = GM Ocean, Indian = IO Panamá, of Gulf = GP Pacific, Tropical Eastern = ETP Pacific, Tropical Central = CTP Pacific, North Central Tropical = TP Atlantic, = Tropical = Mediterranean and TA adjacent Pacific, seas, NEA Western South = = SWP Atlantic, North Eastern Western South Atlantic, = NEP = SWA North Pacific, Eastern South Eastern = SEP = Pacific, Africa, NWA South North = SA Atlantic, Western Pacific, NWP = North Western Pacific nitzschia Pseudo - nitzschia pungens Hasle.(Grunow ex Cleve) [98] lemmermanni Surirella Hustedt a b c Surirella angusticostata Surirella Hustedt DINOPHYTA Class DINOPHYCEAE Order PROROCENTRALES gracile Schütt Prorocentrum Order GONYAULACALES Claparede Ceratium furca & Lachmann Order DINOPHYSIALES Dinophysis caudata Syn. Saville-Kent. CYANOBACTERIA Spirulina subsalsa Ørsted ex Gomont & Johannesbaptista pellucida Drouet (Dickie) Taylor sp. Trichodesmium DINOPHYTA Class (Silicoflagellates) DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE Ehrenberg Dictyocha fibula 4 Species List c [36, 90] References for world reports [17, 21, 33, 36, 77, 102] [3, 17, 21, 33, 77, 90, 96] [3, 21, 33, 36, 90] [8, 21, 36, 41, 89] [72, 90] [9, 17, 19, 90] [20, 21, 33, 72, 96] [41, 65, 90] [21, 33, 96] [19, 20, 21, 41, 77, 90] [50,] [3, 8, 20, 21, 72, 88, 90, 96] [9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 75, 77, 96] [20, 21, 33, 72, 90, 96] [3, 19, 21, 72, 88, 90, 96] [3, 21, 32, 72, 96] b SEP SEP CTP,IO World reports World Ca,Car,CTP,GM Car,GM,IO,SEP Ca,CTP,EC,ETP,NEA,SEP [3, 10, 20, 41, 72, 73] Ca,Car,GM,IO,NEP Ca,Car,NEA,NEP, Ca,IO IO,GM,SA Car,EC,GM,IO,Med CTP,IO,NEA Car,GM,IO Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA Ca,EC,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SA [9, 19, 21, 36, 41, 72, 90, 96] Ca Car,EC,GM,IO,Med Car,EC,GM,IO,SEP Ca,Car,IO,SEP Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,Med,SA, Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,Med,SA, Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA, a [100,103] [103] Reports for C.R. [100,103] [100] [103] [100,103] [100] [100] [NR] [100,103] [100,103] [100,103] [100,103] [103] [100,103] [NR] [NR] [100,103] Actinocyclus Coscinodiscus Phytoplankton species from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. For diatoms, grouping of genera into Orders follows Hasle & Syvertsen (1996), Syvertsen & Hasle follows Orders into genera of grouping diatoms, For Rica. Costa of coast Pacific the from species Phytoplankton

Scrhroederella delicatula (Peragallo) Pavillard Scrhroederella Lauderia Gran borealis Ralfs erhernbergii curvatulus Grunow Actinoptychus Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey) Ralfs Syn. Syn: Actinocyclus octonarius Ehrenberg. Syn. Species List 1.2 List Species Phylum CHRYSOPHYTA Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Order COSCINODISCALES Actinocyclus curvatulus Janisch Syn. dinoflagellates are grouped according to (1996), Steidinger Ebriidae & as Tangen (2002) in Hargraves Species and common synonyms Actinoptichus Actinoptichus senarius Syn. (Ehrenberg) Ehrenb. Actinoptichus Actinoptichus splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs Coscinodiscus wailesii Gran & Angst. Cyclotella Kutzing meneghiniana Coscinodiscus perforatus Ehrenberg Asteromphalus cleveanus Grunow Asteromphalus Asterolampra marylandica Ehernberg Asterolampra Cyclotella striata (Kutzing) Grun. Corethron hystrix Cleve Corethron Coscinodiscus centralis Gran & Angst. Coscinodiscus granii Gough heptactis Ralfs Asteromphalus (Breb.) Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve Leptocylindrus mediterraneus (Peragallo) Hasle. [103] Gossleriella Schütt tropica Detonula pumila (Catrascane) Schütt. Lauderia annulata Cleve. Phytoplankton Syn. Dactyliosolen mediterraneus (Peragallo) Peragallo Leptocylindrus minimus Gran [103] Ca,EC,ETP,GM,IO [20, 72, 88, 96] Melosira moniliformis (O. Müller) Agardh [NR] EC,GM,NEP,SEP [3, 33, 72] Paralia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve. [NR] Ca,Car,GM,IO,NEA,NWA [8, 21, 65, 72, 77, 88, 96] Syn. Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kützing Planktoniella muriformis (Loeblich, Wight & Darley) [100,103] GM,NEA, [18, 68] Round. Syn. Coenobiodiscus muriformis Loeblich, Wight & Darley Planktoniella sol (Wallich) Schütt [103] Car,ETP,GM,IO,CTP,Med,NEA, [3, 8, 18, 20, 21, 33, 41, 90, 96] NWA,SEP Skeletonema costatum (Greville) cleve [100,103] Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA, [3, 8, 10, 19, 20, 72, 77, 90, 96] SEP Skeletonema tropicum Cleve [NR] Ca,GM [15, 33] Stephanopyxis turris (Greville & Arnott) Ralfs [100,103] EC,ETP,IO,Med,SA,SEP [3, 9, 20, 20, 72, 96] Thalassiosira binata Fryxell [103] Ca,GM,NWP [25, 33, 72] Thalassiosira bioculata (Grun.) Ostenfeld [NR] Ca,NEA,NWA [65, 72] Thalassiosira conferta Hasle [NR] NWP [25] Thalassiosira decipiens (Grun.) Jorg. [103] Ca,Car,CTP,GM,IO,NEA,Med, [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 41, 72, 88, SA,SEP 96] Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve [103] Car,EC,GM,IO,Med,NWP,SA [1, 9, 20, 21, 25, 72, 88, 90] Thalassiosira exigua Fryx. & Hasle [103] Ca,GM [1, 33, 72] Thalassiosira leptopus (Grun.) Hasle & Fryxell [NR] Ca,Car,CTP [1, 21, 41, 72] Thalassiosira mala Tak. [103] Ca,NWP [1, 25, 72] Thalassiosira minima Gaarder [NR] NEA,NWP [25, 38] Thalassiosira oceanica Hasle [PNR] NEA [39] Thalassiosira oestrupii (Ostenfeld) Proshkina-Lavrenko [NR] Ca,CTP,IO,NWP [1, 25, 41, 72, 90] Thalassiosira rotula Meunier [NR] Ca,EC,GM,Med [7, 33, 72, 75] Thalassiosira subtilis (oestenfeld) Gran [NR] Ca,ETP,GM,IO,Med,SEP [3, 20, 21, 41, 75, 90, 96] Order RHIZOSOLENIALES Dactyliosolen fragilissimus (Bergon) Hasle [35,103] Ca,EC,ETP,GM,Med,NEA,NWA [8, 10, 20, 37, 72, 88]

(continued) 5 6 Species List c 96] 96] 88] [91] [3, 8, 10, 19, 20, 21, 72, 78, 90, [20, 21, 75, 79, 96] [26] [20, 21, 75, 79, 96] [21, 72, 75, 78, 90, 91] [3, 8, 19, 20, 21, 41, 75, 77, 90, [19, 20, 72, 75, 77, 90, 96] [8, 19, 20, 41, 75, 88, 90] [8, 19, 20, 21, 37, 77, 90, 96] [3, 10, 18, 20, 21, 41, 77, 90] References for world reports b SEP NWA,SEP NWA NWA SEP BI Ca,Car,ETP,IO Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NWPMed [19, 20, Ca,Car,IO,Med 21, 45, 72, 75, 96] BI,Ca,Car,EC,IO Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA,NWP, Ca,Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, Ca,Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, Ca,Car,GM,IO,NEA,SA, SEPCa,Car,GM,IO,NEA,SA, Ca,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,SA,SEP [3, 9, 10, 19, Med 20, Ca,Car,EC,GM,IO, 21, 75, 90, 96] [3, 9, 10, 19, 21, 75, 90, 96] NEACar,EC,ETP,GM,IO, [10, 19, 20, 72, 77, 90, 96] Ca,CTP,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, Ca,CTP,Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, Ca,ETP,GM,NEA, NWACa,ETP,GM,NEA, [8, 19, 20, 75] Car,EC,ETP,NEA,NWA,SA,SEP [8, 9, 20, 21, 72, 75] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA, Car,EC,ETP,GM,NEA,NWA,SA [8, 9, 10, 18, 19, 21, 37, 72, 77, World reports World Ca,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA [8, 19, 20, 72, 75, 90] Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA, a [100,103] [103] [100,103] [NR] [NR] [100,103] [100] [35,100,103] [NR] [100,103] [35,100,103] [35,100,103] [35,100,103] [NR] Reports for C.R. [35,100,103] [100,103] [35,100,103] (continued)

Rhizosolenia flaccida Catrascane Rhizosolenia alata Brightwell Rhizosolenia stolterfothii Peragallo Rhizosolenia delicatula Cleve Rhizosolenia stolterfothii Peragallo Biddulphia pulchella Gray (H. Cerataulina bergonii Peragallo) Schütt Syn. Syn. Syn. Syn. Syn. Order BIDDULPHIALES Aulacodiscus kittonii Arnott ex Ralfs in PritchardBacteriastrum comosum Pavillard [NR] Bacteriastrum Pavillard elegans Bacteriastrum delicatulum Cleve Bacteriastrum hyalinum Lauder Biddulphia biddulphiana (J.e. Smith) Boyer Syn. Cerataulina pelagica Hendey 1937. (Cleve) Syn. Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell Norman Rhizosolenia robusta Rhizosolenia styliformis Brightwell Rhizosolenia setigera Brightwell Rhizosolenia hebetata var. hebetata Bailey Rhizosolenia hebetata var. Rhizosolenia Perag. bergonii Guinardia striata Guinardia (Stolterfoth) Hasle Species List 1.2 Pseudosolenia calcar-avis (Schulze) Sundström [35,100,103] Rhizosolenia acuminata (Perag.) Pav. Guinardia delicatula Hasle Guinardia (Cleve) Species and common synonyms H. flaccida Guinardia Per. (Catr.) alata Proboscia (Brightwell) Sundström. Phytoplankton Cerataulina bicornis (Ehrenberg) Hasle. [100,103] Ca,TP [42, 43, 75] Syn. Cerataulina daemon (Greville)Hasle Cerataulina dentata Hasle [100,103] Ca,TP [43, 75] Chaetoceros affinis Lauder [35,100,103] Ca,Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA, [3, 10, 19, 20, 75, 79, 85, 96] NWA,SEP Chaetoceros affinis var. circinalis (Meunier) Hustedt [103] Ca [75] Chaetoceros anastomosans Grunow [35,103] Ca,Car,GM,Med [20, 21, 33, 75, 79] Chaetoceros brevis Schütt [35,100,103] Car,GM,Med,NWA,SEP [3, 20, 79, 85, 88] Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder [35,100,103] Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NWA [19, 20, 75, 79, 85, 90, 96] Chaetoceros compressus Lauder [35,100,103] Car,ETP,GM,IO,Med,NEA,NWA, [3, 19, 20, 21, 75, 79, 85, 90, 96] SEP Chaetoceros concavicornis Mang. [35,103] Ca [75] Chaetoceros constrictus Gran [35,103] Car,ETP,GM,NEA,NWA,SA, SEP [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 79, 85] Chaetoceros curvisetus Cleve [35,103] Car,ETP,GM,IO,NWA,SEP [3, 19, 20, 21, 79, 85, 90, 96] Chaetoceros decipiens Cleve [35,100,103] Car,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP [3, 10, 19, 20, 21, 85, 90] Chaetoceros danicus Cleve [100] ETP,GM,NEA,NWA [10, 19, 20, 85] Chaetoceros didymus Ehrenberg [35,100,103] ETP,Car,GM,IO,NWA,SA,SEP [3, 9, 19, 20, 21, 85, 90, 96] Chaetoceros diversus Cleve [35,100,103] ETP,Car,GM,IO,NEA [19, 20, 65, 79, 90, 96] Chaetoceros diversus f. laevis (Leuduger-Fortmorel) [103] Ca,EP,ETP [18, 20, 21, 75] Moreno-Ruiz et al. Chaetoceros eibenii (Grunow) Meunier [35,100,103] Ca,Car,IO,NWA [75, 79, 85, 96] Chaetoceros gracilis Schütt [NR] Ca,GM,SEP [3, 19, 75] Chaetoceros laciniosus Schütt [35,100,103] Ca,Car,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP [3, 10, 21, 75, 79, 85, 96] Chaetoceros lauderi Ralfs [35,103] Ca,Car,GM,IO,NWA [75, 79, 85, 88, 96] Chaetoceros lorenzianus Grunow [35,100,103] Ca,Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,SA,NWA [9, 19, 20, 21, 41, 75, 79, 85, 90, 96] Chaetoceros messanensis Catrascane [NR] GM,IO [19, 90, 96] Chaetoceros pelagicus Cleve [NR] Car,IO,GM [19, 79, 88, 96] Chaetoceros pendulus Karsten [103] Car,EC,ETP [20, 21, 72] Chaetoceros perpusillus Cleve [35,103] Ca,NWA [75, 85] Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell [35,100,103] Car,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,NWA [19, 20, 41, 79, 85, 90, 96] Chaetoceros radicans Schutt [35,100,103] Ca,ETP,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP [3, 10, 20, 75, 85, 90] 7 (continued) 8 Species List c [3, 10, 19, 21, 78, 88, 90] [10, 65, 72, 85] [3, 85, 96] [19, 72, 78, 88] [19, 20, 20, 21, 78, 90, 96] [9, 19, 21, 41, 90] [18, 96] [19, 65, 88, 96] [20, 88, 90, 96] References for world reports [3, 72, 96] [20, 21, 78, 90, 96] [77] [19, 21, 37, 77, 88] [3, 8, 9, 19, 20, 72, 80, 90, 96] [19, 65, 90, 96] [21, 90] [8, 19, 21, 72, 96] [19] b SEP Car,GM,IO,NEA,SEP EC,NEA,NWA IO,NWA,SEP Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO Car,GM,IO,Med CTP,GM,IO,Med,SA EC,IO GM,IO,NEA ETP,GM,IO EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,NWA,SEP [3, 10, 20, 72, 85, 88, 96] World reports World EC,IO,SEP Car,EC,ETP,IO,NEA,SACar,ETP,GM,IO,SEP Car,ETP,GM,IO,SA,SEPCar Car,GM [9, 10, 20, 21, 72, 96] Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,Med [3, 9, 19, 20, 21, 90, 96] [7, 19, 20, 65, 72, 78] Ca,Car,EC,GM,IO,Med,NEAGM,IO,NEA [8, 19, 20, 36, 72, 78, 90, 96] Car,IO Car,EC,GM,IO,NEA GM Car,EC,ETP,GM,IO,NEA,SA, a [NR] [NR] [100] [100,103] [100,103] [NR] [NR] [NR] [103] [100] [100] [103] [100,103] [100,103][35,103][35,100,103] Ca,Car,IO,NWA NEA,NWA [75, 79, 85, 90] [10, 85] Reports for C.R. [100,103] [NR] [NR] [100,103] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] [100,103] (continued)

Streptotheca tamesis Streptotheca Shrubsole Biddulphia mobiliensis Bailey Biddulphia rhombus (Ehrenberg) Smith Biddulphia alternans (Bail.) V.H. (Lyngbye) Biddulphia Brevisson & aurita Godey (Lyngbye) Syn. Syn. Syn. Syn. Syn. Asterionella japonica Gran. Chaetoceros wighami Chaetoceros Brightwell Climacodinium frauenfeldianum Grunow Chaetoceros subtilis Chaetoceros Cleve Hemiaulus sinensis Greville Hemidiscus cuneiformis Wallich Isthmia nervosa Kützing Lithodesmiun undulatum Ehrenberg Odontella aurita Agardh Odontella longicruris (Greville) Hoan (West) Grunow Ditylum brightwellii (West) Eucampia cornuta Grunow (Cleve) Eupodiscus radiatus Bailey Hemiaulus membranaceus Cleve Species List 1.2 Lauder rostratus Chaetoceros Chaetoceros simplex Ostenfeld Chaetoceros socialis Chaetoceros Lauder Species and common synonyms Odontella mobiliensis Grunow Hemiaulus hauckii Grunow Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg Helicotheca tamesis (Shrubsole) Ricard Odontella rhombus (Ehrenberg) Kützing Roperia tesselata (Roper) Grunow musica Ehrenberg Terpsinoe Trigonium alternans (Bailey) Trigonium Mann Order FRAGILARIALES Asterionellopsis glacialis (Catrascane) Round Syn. Phytoplankton Asterionellopsis kariana (Grunow) Round [NR] Ca,Car,NEA [21, 65] Bleakeleya notata (Grunow) Round [NR] Ca,Med,NEA [20, 75, 91] Syn. Asterionella bleakeleyi W. Smith, Asterionella formosa var. bleakeleyi Van Heurck Climacosphenia moniligera Ehrenberg [NR] Car,GM,IO [21, 80, 88, 96] Grammatophorta marina (Lyngbie) Kützing [NR] Car,GM,IO,SEP [3, 80, 90] Lioloma pacificum (Cupp) Hasle [100,103] Car,EC,GM,IO,Med [19, 20, 72, 80, 88, 90] Syn. Thalassiothrix mediterranea Pavillard Rhabdonema adriaticum Kützing [NR] Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,NEP [65, 80, 88, 90] Striatella unipunctata (Lyngbye) Agardh [NR] Car,GM,SA [9, 19, 80] Thalassionema frauenfeldii (Grunow) Haellegraeff [100,103] Car,EC,GM,IO,NEA,SEP [3, 19, 21, 29, 65, 72, 80, 90, 96] Syn. Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) [100,103] Car,CNP,CTP,ETP,GM,IO,Med, [3, 9,10, 19, 20, 21, 41, 80, 90, Mereschkowsky. NEA,SA,SEP 96, 101] Syn. Thalassiothrix nitzschioides Grunow Thalassionema nitzschioides var. parva Heiden [100,103] n.a. n.a. & Kolbe Thalassionema pseudonitzchioides (Schuette [NR] TP [44] & Schrader) Hasle Class BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Order BACILLARIALES Achnanthes longipes Agardh [103] Car,EP,GM,NEA [8, 65, 72, 88] Amphora spp. [NR] n.a. [90] Bacillaria paxillifer (Müller) Hendey [100,103] Car,GM,IO,NEA,NWP [19, 21, 65, 72, 87, 90, 96] Syn. Nitzschia paradoxa (Gmel.) Grun. Syn. Bacillaria paradoxa Gmelin Cocconeis placentula Ehreberg [NR] Car,EC,IO [21, 72, 90] Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Reinman [100,103] Car,EC,CNP,ETP,GM,IO,Med, [3, 9, 10, 19, 20, 21, 72, 90, 96, & Lewin. NEA,SA,SEP 101] Syn. Nitzschia closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith Entomoneis alata (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg [NR] Car [8] Haslea gretharum Simonsen [103] IO [90] 9 (continued) 10 Species List c References for world reports [82, 87, 90] [20, 65, 87] [41, 90, 101] [21] [3, 19, 20, 21, 96] [41] [87, 96] n.a. [90] [90] [8, 21, 72, 88] [96] [18] [21] [9, 10, 45, 64, 86] [39, 86] [90, 39] [86] [19, 21, 88, 90] b World reports World Car,GM,IO ETP,GM,NEA CNP,CTP,IO Car Car,ETP,GM,IO,SEP CTP GM,IO n.a. IO IO Car,EC,GM IO EC Car Ant,NEA,SA,SEP Ant,SEP Au,Car,CTP,EC,GM,SA,SEPGM,IO [9, 19, 21, 30, 40, 41, 72, 86, 88] SE Car,GM,IO a [100,103] Reports for C.R. [100,103] [100,103] [100] [100,103] [103] [100] [NR] [NR] [103] [NR] [100,103] [103] [103] [100] [100,103] [103] [100,103] [NR] Navicula subsalsa Cleve (continued)

Tropidoneis maxima var. Tropidoneis Nitzschia Nitzschia lineola Cleve Nitzschia pungens Grunow ex Cleve Nitzschia Nitzschia fraudulenta Cleve wawrikae Hustedt Syn. Nitzschia Nitzschia panduriformis Gregory Nitzschia delicatissima Cleve Syn. Syn. Nitzschia subfraudulenta Hasle Syn. Species List 1.2 Haslea wawrikae (Hustedt) Simonsen. Syn. Species and common synonyms Navicula membranacea Cleve Nitzschia Nitzschia bicapitata Cleve Nitzschia bilobata Wm. Smith Nitzschia Nitzschia longissima (Brebisson) Ralfs Pleurosigma angulatum Pleurosigma Wm. Smith Nitzschia Nitzschia pacifica Cupp Nitzschia panduriformis Greg. Nitzschia plana Wm. Smith gerlachii Simonsen Pachyneis subalata Paddock (Cleve) Plagiotropis Pleurosigma elongatum Pleurosigma Wm. Smith nicobaricum Pleurosigma Grunow Psammodictyon panduriforme (Gregory) Mann Syn. Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima Heiden. (Cleve) Syn. Pseudo-nitzschia fraudulenta Cleve. Pseudo-nitzschia Pseudo-nitzschia pungens Hasle.(Grunow ex Cleve) [NR] Pseudo-nitzschia subfraudulenta (Hasle) Hasle. Syn. Surirella fastuosa Surirella (Ehrenberg) Kützing Pseudo-nitzschia Pseudo-nitzschia lineola Hasle. (Cleve) DINOPHYTA Phytoplankton Class DINOPHYCEAE Order PROROCENTRALES Prorocentrum aporum (Schiller) Dodge [NR] Car,Med,NEA,TA,TP [23] Prorocentrum balticum (Lohmann) Loeblich III Syn. [99,100,104] Ca,EP,GM,NEA,NWA,SWA, [5, 10, 23, 41, 52, 63, 66] Exuviaella baltica Lohmann NWP,NEP Prorocentrum compressum (Bailey) Abé ex Dodge [NR] Au,Ca,Med,NEA,NWA,NWP, SWA [5, 23, 47, 48, 52, 66] Prorocentrum dentatum Stein [NR] BI,Ca,Med,TA,TP,NWA,NWP [22, 23, 52, 53, 66] Prorocentrum gracile Schütt [35,99,100] Ca,Car,Med,NEA,NWA,SWA, TP [5, 21, 22, 23, 48, 52, 53, 66] Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge [NR] Au,Ca,Car,EC,GM,NEA [21, 23, 30, 48, 52, 63, 66, 72] Prorocentrum maximun (Gourret) Schiller [99] Ca,Car,EP,IO,Med,GP,TP [21, 22, 23, 36, 41, 52, 53, 66] Syn. Prorocentrum mexicanum Osorio-Tafall Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg [35,99,100] Ca,Car,Med,SA,SEP,SWA,TP [2, 5, 9, 20, 21, 52, 53, 66, 76] Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller [NR] Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEP,NWP,NWA,S [6, 21, 22, 23, 27, 30, 53, 61, 63] WA,TP Prorocentrum rostratum Stein [NR] Au,Ca,Car,IO,Med,TA,TP,SWA [5, 21, 22, 23, 48, 52, 53, 66] Prorocentrum triestinum Schiller [NR] BI,Med,NWA,NWP,SEA,TP [21, 22, 23, 53, 69] Order DINOPHYSIALES Amphisolenia bidentata Schröder [NR] Ca,Car,TP,TA,TP [21, 48, 52, 66] Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg [NR] Au,Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,SWP [10, 12, 21, 23, 30, 63, 84] Dinophysis caudata Saville-Kent. [35,99,100] Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,SWA,TA [5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 51, 52, 64, 66] Syn. Dinophysis homunculus Stein Dinophysis fortii Pavillard [NR] Ca,Med,SA,SWA,SWP,TA,TP [5, 9, 12, 48, 52, 66] Dinophysis hastata Stei n [NR] Ca,Car,BI,GM,TA,TP,NEA,SWA [5, 21, 52, 66, 84] Dinophysis ovum Schütt [99] Ca,Car,NEA,NWA,SWA,SWP [12, 21, 23, 52, 66] Dinophysis tripos Gourret [NR] Ca,Car,GM,NWA,SWA,SWP [5, 6, 12, 19, 21, 51, 52, 66] Ornithocercus magnificus Stein [NR] Ca,Car,Med,GM,TA,TP [21, 48, 52, 66, 83] Phalacroma mitra Schütt [NR] Car,SWA [5, 21] Phalacroma rotundatum (Claparede & Lachmann) [99] Au,Car,NEA,NWP,NWA,SA, [5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 21, 30] Kofoid & Michener SWA,SWP Syn. Dinophysis rotundata Claparede & Lachmann Order GONYAULACALES

Alexandrium catenella (Whedon & Kofoid) Balech [100,104] Au,Ca,NEP,NEA,NWA,NWP, [6, 9, 23, 30, 52, 106] 11 NWA,SA,SEP,TP (continued) 12 Species List c [5, 20, 21, 30, 41, 46, 52, 66, 94] [5, 20, 21, 52, 66] [10, 20, 21, 23, 52, 66, 108] [7, 23, 52, 66] [5, 19, 20, 21, 23, 46, 48, 52, 66] [5, 9, 21, 23, 46, 48, 52, 66] [5, 21, 52, 66] [5, 10, 19, 20, 21, 41, 52, 66] [5, 52] [5, 9, 19, 20, 21, 46, 52, 66] [5, 9, 16, 47, 48, 108] [5, 8, 20, 21, 23, 46, 48, 52, 66] [10, 21, 23, 52, 66] References for world reports b TA,TP,SWA SEA,SWA,SWP SEA,SEP,SWA SWA SEA,SWA SWP,TP Ca,Car,Med,SWA,TA Ca,Med,NEA,SEA,SWAAu,Ca,Car,EP,GM,IO,Med,NEA, [5, 7, 23, 52, 66] Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA Au,Ca,Med,NEA,NWA Ca,Car,EP,GM,Med,SWACa,Car,GM,Med,NEA,SEP,SWA [5, 19, 20, 21, 46, 48, 52, 66] [5, 19, 20, 21, 41, 48, 52, 66] Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SEP, Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SEP, Ca,Car,TP,SWA Ca,Car,GM,SWA Au,Ca,SA,SWA,TP Ca,Car,BI,GM,NEA,SWA,TA,TP [5, 19, 21, 23, 48, 52, 66,] Au,Ca,Car,BI,NEA,NWA,SA, Au,Ca,Car,BI,NEA,NWA,SA, Ca,Car,EP,GM,Med,NEA,TA,TP, Au,Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NWA,SA, Ca,Car,NEA Ca,Car,IO,Med,NEA,SEP,SWA, Ca,Car,EP,Med,NEA,TA,SWA [5, 20, 21, 23, 41, 48, 52, 66] World reports World a [35,99] [100] [NR] [99] [99] [NR] [NR] [NR] [100] [NR] [35,100] [NR] [35,100] [100] [NR] Reports for C.R. [99,100,104][NR] [NR] Ca,Car,GM,NWA,SEP [6, 21, 52, 54, 66, 105] (Schöeder) ex hircus Margaleff (continued)

(Claparede reticulatum & Protoceratium Gonyaulax catenella Whedon & Kofoid Gessnerium monilatum (Howell) Loeblich Gonyaulax triacanta Jörgensen Lachmann) Butschli. Syn. Sournia Syn. Syn. Syn. Gonyaulax digitale (Pouch.) Kofoid Ceratium Ceratium tripos (Müller) Nitzsch Ceratocorys horrida Stein Gonyaulax polygramma Stein Gonyaulax Reinecke grindleyi Ceratium Ceratium pentagonum Gourret Ceratium Ceratium minutum Jörgensen (Ehrenberg) Vanhöffen Ceratium macroceros Ceratium massiliense (Gourret) Jörgensen [100] Ceratium Ceratium lineatum (Ehrenberg) Cleve Ceratium Ceratium kofoidii Jörgensen Ceratium Ceratium fusus (Ehrenberg) Dujardin Ceratium furca var. Ceratium furca Claparede & Lachmann Ceratium Ceratium candelabrum (Ehrenberg) Stein Ceratium dens Ostenfeld & Schmidth Species List 1.2 Alexandrium Alexandrium monilatum (Howell) Balech Species and common synonyms Amylax triacanta (Jörgensen) Sournia Ceratium azoricum Cleve Phytoplankton Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparede & Lachmann) Diesing [99] Ca,EC,NEA,Sa,SWA,TP,TA [5, 9, 10, 23, 52, 66, 72] Gonyaulax turbynei Murray & Whiting [NR] Au,NEA,SWA [5, 23, 108] Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge [99] Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SWA,TP [2, 5, 7, 9, 10, 20, 23, 27, 47, 52, 66] Syn. Gonyaulax polyedra Stein Oxytoxum scolopax Stein [NR] EP,GM,NEA,SWA,SWP [5, 19, 23, 41, 82] Pyrocystis lunula (Schütt) Schütt [NR] Ca,Med,SWA [5, 20, 23, 52, 66] Pyrocystis noctiluca Murray ex Schütt [NR] Ca,Med,NEA,SWA,SEA [5, 20, 23, 52, 65, 66] Syn. Pyrocystis pseudonoctiluca Wyville-Thompson Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Böhm) [35,72,99,100] Au,Ca,Car,IO,SWP,TP [4, 30, 52, 66, 70] Steidinger Tester & Taylor Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense (Plate) [NR] Car [4, 21] Pyrophacus horologium Stein [NR] Au,BI,Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA, [5, 20, 21, 23, 46, 52, 53, 66] SEA,SWA Order GYMNODINIALES Akashiwo sanguinea (Hirasaka) Hansen & Moestrup [NR] Au,BI,Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA, [7, 23, 27, 30, 48, 52] Syn. Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka Gymnodinium splendens Lebour Cochlodinium catenatum Okamura [35,100] NWP,NEP [59] Gymnodinium catenatum Graham [100,104] Au,Ca,Car,NEA,TP,NEP,NWP, [5, 21, 27, 30, 52, 62, 63, 66] SEP,SWA Gymnodinium biconicum Schiller [NR] Au [31] Gymnodinium micrum (Leadbeater & Dodge) Loeblich [99] NEA [23] Gymnodinium paulseni Pavillard [NR] Med [7] Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka [NR] Au,BI,Ca,Car,GM,NEA [7, 23, 31, 66] Syn.Gymnodinium splendens Lebour Gymnodinium simplex (Lohman) Kofoid & Swezy [NR] Ca,Med,NEA [7, 23, 52] Gymnodinium veneficum Ballantine [99] NEA,NWA,SWA [6, 23] Gyrodinium fusiforme Kofoid & Swezy [NR] Car,NEA [21, 23] Gyrodinium instriatum freudenthal & Lee [99] NEA,NWA,NWP [25, 97] Gyrodinium spirale (Bergh) Kofoid & Swezy Syn. [NR] Ca,Car,GM,Med,NEA,NEP [21, 52, 59, 66] Gymnodinium spirale Bergh Gyrodinium estuariale Hulburt [NR] EC,NEA,NWA [55, 72, 95] 13 Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton [NR] NEA,NWA,SEP [11, 23, 76] (continued) 14 Species List c [5, 20, 21, 23, 48, 52, 66] [5, 10, 20, 21, 46, 49, 52, 66] [5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 21, 46, 49] [5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 48, 49] [9, 23] [5, 9, 20, 21, 23, 30, 52, 63] [21, 48, 52, 66] [5, 92] [5] [7, 23, 72, 108] [21, 23] References for world reports [24, 49, 67] [23, 109] [5, 7, 10, 23, 25, 52, 72] [41, 52, 66] [5, 21, 47, 52, 66, 72] b WA SWA SWA SWA,SWP Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SWA NEA,SA Ca,Car,TP NEA,SWA GM,Med,SWA Ca,Car,IO,Med,NEA,NWA,SEP,S AU,Ca,Car,Med,NEP,NEA,NWA, Ca,Car,GM,IO,Med,NEA,SA, Au,EC,Med,NEA Car,NEA Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SEP, Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SEP, World reports World Ca,GM Car,NEA Ca,EC,Med,NEA,SWA Ca,ETP Ca,Car,EP,Med,NEA,SWA [5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 41, 48, 52, 66] Ca,Car,EC,SWA a [99] [99] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] [99] [NR] Reports for C.R. [35] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] [NR] Cachonima Cachonima niei Loeblich Katodinium (Lohmann) rotundatum Fott triquetrum (Ehrenberg) Lebour Peridinium Dissodinium assimetricum (Manguin) Loeblich Protoperidinium biconicum Protoperidinium Dangeard & Balech Syn. & Cachon Syn. Syn. Syn. Syn. Protoperidinium conicum Protoperidinium (Gran) Balech (Bailey) Balech depressum Protoperidinium (Ehrenberg) Balechdivergens Protoperidinium [NR] Order PERIDINIALES splendormaris Blepharocysta (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg [99] Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) Cachon Protoperidinium bispinum Protoperidinium (Schiller) Balech cassum Protoperidinium (Balech) Balech claudicans Protoperidinium (Paulsen) Balech [NR] Protoperidinium abei Protoperidinium (Paulsen) Balech Diplopelta asymetrica (Manguin) Lebour Diplopsalis lenticula Bergh Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Order NOCTILUCALES Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Ehrenberg (Lohmann) rotundata Hansen Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Balech Heterocapsa Oxytoxum scolopax Stein Podolampas palmipes Stein Podolampas Heterocapsa niei Heterocapsa (Loeblich) Morrill Phytoplankton Protoperidinium elegans (Cleve) Balech [NR] Ca,Car,TA,TP,SWA [5, 21, 48, 49, 52, 66] Protoperidinium excentricum (Paulsen) Balech [100] Ca,IO,NEA,SA,SEP,SWA,SWP [5, 23, 46, 49] Protoperidinium leonis (Pavillard) Balech [NR] Ca,Car,IO,Med,NEA,SEP [21, 46, 48, 52, 66] Protoperidinium mediterraneum (Kofoid) Balech [99] Ca [49] Protoperidinium ovum (Schiller) Balech [NR] Au,Ca,Med,SWA [5, 20, 52, 66, 108] Protoperidinium pellucidum Bergh [99] Ca,Med,NEA,SWA [5, 7, 10, 23, 48, 49, 66] Protoperidinium pentagonum (Gran) Balech [99] AU,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SWA [5, 9, 20, 21, 46, 49] Protoperidinium punctulatum (Paulsen) Balech [99] Ca [49] Protoperidinium pyriforme (Paulsen) Balech) [99] Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SWA [5, 7, 9, 21, 23, 49] Protoperidinium quarnerense (Schröder) (Ballech) [99] Ca,Car,NEA,SWA [5, 21, 23, 48, 49, 66] Syn. Peridinium globulun (Stein) Ballech Protoperidinium quinquecorne Abé [99] Car,NEA,NWP [21, 23, 92] Protoperidinium solidicorne (Manguin) Balech [NR] Car,IO,SWA,TA,TP [5, 21] Protoperidinium steinii (Jörgensen) Balech [NR] Ca,IO,Med,NEA,NWP [10, 21, 46, 48] Protoperidinium venustum (Matzenauer) Balech [99] Ca [49, 66] Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III [100] Au,Ca,Car,Med,NEA,SA,SEP, [5, 9, 10, 20, 21, 30, 46, 48, 52, SWA 76] CYANOBACTERIA Anabaena sp. [NR] NWP [25] Johannesbaptistia pellucida (Dickie) Taylor & Drouet [NR] NWA [73] Merismopedia sp. colonies [NR] n.a. n.a. Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ehrenberg) Gomont [NR] GM [19] Class PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE Phaeocystis pouchetti (Hariot) Lagerheim [NR] Ant,Au,NA,NEA,NWA,NWP,TA [8, 25, 28, 30, 57, 63] Class RAPHIDOPHYCEAE (Chloromonadophyceae) Chattonella marina (Subrahmanyan) Hara & Chihara [NR] NWP [25] Class DICTYOCHOPHYCEAE (Silicoflagellates) Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg [100,104] Au,EC,CNP,Med [7, 26, 71, 101] Dictyocha speculum Ehrenberg [NR] Au,Med [7, 63, 69] Syn. Distephanus speculum (Ehrenberg) Haeckel (continued) 15 16 Species List c [33] References for world reports b EC,GM,NWP,TP Au,Ca,NEA,NWA,SEP,SWP [14, 30, 56, 58, 74, 93, 107] EC,GM,Med,NWP,TP,NWP [25, 33, 60, 72] World reports World a [100,104] [NR] Reports for C.R. [NR] Mesodinium rubrum (Lohmann) Jankowski Halteria pulex Claparéde & Lachmann Syn. Syn. Ant = Antarctic, Au = Australia, BI = British Isles, Ca = Gulf of California and coast Pacific of México, Car = Caribbean, EC = East c coast of USA, CNP NR = New record. References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. Phylum PROTOZOA Phylum Class CILIATA Order GYMNOSTOMATIDA Myrionecta rubra (lohmann) Jankoski Hermesinum adriaticum Zacharias = Central North Pacific, CTP = Central Tropical Pacific, ETP = Eastern Tropical Pacific, GP = Gulf of Panamá, IO = Western North Indian = NWP Atlantic, Ocean, GM = Western North Gulf = of México, NWA Pacific, Eastern North = NEP Atlantic, Eastern North = NEA seas, adjacent and Mediterranean = Tropical Med = TP Atlantic, Tropical = TA Pacific, Western South = SWP Pacific, Eastern South = SEP Atlantic, Western South = SWA Africa, South = SA Pacific, Pacific Species List 1.2 (continued) Species and common synonyms Phylum NEOMONADA Class EBRIDEA Ebria tripartita (Schumann) Lemmermann a b c Marine Benthic Algae 17 c (continued) 24, 26, 27, 31] 16, 19, 23] 16, 19, 23, 24, 26, 27, 35] References [3, 6–8, 13, 16, 23, [6, 8, 13, 15, [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 15, roots, sunken logs, dead coral and other hard substrates or epiphytic roots, wood, or epiphytic in brackish water of estuaries roots, epiphytic, and tangled with other algae Substrate Mangrove prop Mangrove Mangrove prop Mangrove Epiphytic [8, 13, 15, 16] shallow shallow calm water 10 m, calm 10 water Habitat m 7 To Intertidal to mIntertidal to 10 Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27] b B Central America G,P Intertidal in B,G,Pm Intertidal to 5 prop Mangrove a C,NWP,NEP,I SWP,NWP,I I,AA,NEP,SEP, NWA,RS,NWP,CEP,A HW,NWP,SWP,SEP, NEP,I,AA NEA,M,SEA,NWA, CEP,NEA,M,SWA, NEA,SEA,M,C,SWP, NEA,SEA,M,C,SWA, NEA,C,NWP,SWP,SWA B P . P. Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Enteromorpha Enteromorpha (Reinke) (Reinke) Höhnel ex Marchewianka (as udoteae (Børgesen) Taylor) “ scuttata ”) (13 as J. Agardh flexuosa (Wulfen) Enteromorpha J. Agardh) Hayden, Blomster, Maggs, P.C. Hayden, Maggs, Blomster, P.C. Silva, M.J. Stanhope & J.R. (6, 8, 13, Waaland 15, 16, 19, 23 as chaetomorphoides Børgesen) Enteromorpha lingulata Enteromorpha Ulva (as flexuosa Wulfen Species List 2.1 Phylum CHLOROPHYTA Order CHAETOPHORALES Family CHAETOPHORACEAE Pringsheimiella scutata * * Order ULVALES Family ULVACEAE Species distribution World Ulva chaetomorphoides (Børgesen) Ulva fasciata Delile 18 Species List c 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 35] 19–21, 23, 31, 35] 24, 35] 23, 27, 35] [1, 3, 6–8, 13, 16, References [5, 6, 8, 13] [8, 15, 16, 19, 23] [6–8, 13, 15–17, [1, 5–8, 16, 23, [8, 7, 23, 35] [8, 15, 16, 23] substrates (often in shallow coves or harbors) shells roots, coral, rocks, or other hard substrates algae algae on man- prop grove roots or soft bottom Coral rubble, hard Substrate Rocks Mangrove prop Mangrove Rocks Tangled with other Tangled protected calm water within fresh water influence 90 m 90 beaten water Intertidal to 2 mIntertidal to 2 Epiphytic or on Habitat Upper intertidal, Shallow, in calm Shallow, mIntertidal to 50 with other Tangled Intertidal Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 16, b G,Pm, Intertidal to 10 B ES Central America B,H,N,P Lower intertidal to ES,G,N,P Intertidal, wave- P B P a C,SWA,RS,NWP,SWP,CEP, SEP,I,AA,A,RS SEP,CEP,NEP,I,AA AA,A CEP,SWP,AA,HW,NWA NEP,SWP,HW,AA NWP,SWP,AA,A C,M,I,NWP,SWP,AA,A SEA,NEA,M,NWA, NEA,SEA,M,C,NWA,NWP,SWP, World distribution World NEA,M,I,SWP,AA NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,SWP, NEA,SEA,SWA,C,RS,I,NWP, SEA,NWA,SWA,C,I,NWP, NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,

(continued)

C. media (C.Agardh) Kützing) Crouan Blomster, Maggs, P.C. Silva, M.J. Maggs, Blomster, P.C. Stanhope (as & J.R. Waaland kylinii Bliding) Enteromorpha Agardh Saint-Vincent) Kützing (5, Saint-Vincent) 6, 7, 23, 27 as Harvey (C. Agardh) Kützing gracilis Kützing Ulva lactuca Linnaeus Family Family ULVELLACEAE Crouan & Ulvella H.M. lens P.L. Species List 2.1 Species Ulva kylinii (Bliding) Hayden, * Order CLADOPHORALES Family ANADYOMENACEAE Anadyomene stellata C. (Wulfen) Family Family CLADOPHORACEAE * Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Chaetomorpha brachygona Chaetomorpha crassa Chaetomorpha Marine BenthicAlgae Chaetomorpha indica RS,I,SWP,CEP,HW,AA P Shallow Rocks [4, 6, 8, 13] (Kützing) Kützing Chaetomorpha linum NEA,SEA,NWA,C,M, B,P To 3 m In high nutrient [6–8, 13, 15, 16, (O.F. Müller) Kützing SWA,RS,I,NWP,NEP, areas 23, 27, 35] SWP,CEP,SEP,AA,A Cladophora coelothrix Kützing NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, P Shallow Dead coral; [7, 8, 13, 23, 35] (7 as C. repens (J. Agardh) SWP,CEP,AA rocks Harvey) *Cladophora prolifera NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, B,ES To 70 m Fixed or floating, [3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 23, (Roth) Kützing C,M,RS,I,SWP,CEP,AA eutrophic environ- 24, 26] mental conditions Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus) NEA,SEA,SWA,NWA, B Subtidal to 2 m Rocks, tree trunks or [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, Hoek (6 as C. fascicularis M,RS,C,NWP,NEP,HW, other hard 23, 31] (Mertens ex C. Agardh) Kützing) SEP,SWP,I,AA surfaces Rhizoclonium africanum NEA,SEA,C,I,SWP, N,P Intertidal Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 21, 23, 35] Kützing (6, 7, 13, 21 as HW,AA R. hookeri Kützing) *Rhizoclonium riparium NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, B,G Intertidal to 1 m Rocks or other [1, 6, 8, 15, 16, (Roth) Harvey C,M,I,NWP,NEP,SWP, hard surfaces 18, 23, 31] CEP,HW,AA,A *Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) SEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,AA, G,P Intertidal to 2 m n.a. [1, 4, 6–8, 13, 23, Kützing (13, 4, 7 as R. kochianum CEP,SWP,NEA,M,CWP 31] Kützing; 23, 6, 31 as R. “kocki- anum” Kützing; 1, 6, 13, 31 as R. kerneri Stockmayer *Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C, Intertidal n.a. [3, 6, 13, 23, 26, 31] Kützing (3, 26 as R. lubricum M,RS,I,NWP,NEP,SWP,SEP, Setchell & N.L. Gardner) AA,A,CEP Family BOODLEACEAE *Phyllodictyon anastomosans (Harvey) NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP, B,ES,N,P To 1 m Mangrove prop [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, Kraft & M. J. Wynne (6, 19 as CEP,HW,SWP,AA,RS,M roots, rocks, or 19, 23, 33]

Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) other hard sub- 19 Piccone & Grunow ex Piccone) strates (continued) 20 Species List c 35] 23, 35] 31, 35] 23, 31, 35] 16, 23, 35] 23, 35] [8, 13, 16, 22, 23, [6–8, 13, 15–17, 19, [6–8, 13, 15–21, References [6, 8, 13, 15, [7, 8, 15, 16, 18, stone surfaces wood or other hard substrates roots, coral fragments or other hard substrates roots or other hard substrates roots, coral fragments and other hard substrates, or epiphytic [8, 13, 14, 16] Generally on lime- Rocks, submerged Rocks, dead coral [6–8, 13, 15–20, 23, prop Mangrove Substrate Mangrove prop Mangrove prop Mangrove coral rubble calm water bays m, wavebeaten 1 Rocks, dead coral or m 25 To m; Intertidal to 10 m, protected 45 To Habitat Lower Lower intertidal to b 20–90 m, 20–90 exclusively deepwater (17) B,H,N,Pm 80 To 2 m (13); 2 P B,P B,H,N,Pm 40 To 2–90 m2–90 Rocks or dead coral [8, 14, 16, 23] Central America B,P a SWP,HW,AA C,M,SWP,CEP,HW,AA SWP,HW,AA SWA,M,RS,I,CEP, HW,SEP,AA SEA,C,M,I,NWP, C,SWA NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, SEA,SWA,C,RS,I,NWP, NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,SWP B,P C,I,SWP,AA World distribution World NEA,C,I,SWP NEA,SEA,NWA,C,

J. Agardh) (continued)

Struvea ramosa Dickie) Valonia ventricosa Valonia Solander) Kuntze (Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Børgesen (Forsskål) Børgesen J.L. Olsen (6, & 19, J.A. 21, West 31 as (Kützing) Børgesen (23 as J.V. Lamouroux J.V. Family Family SIPHONOCLADACEAE Chamaedoris peniculum (J. Ellis & membranacea Cladophoropsis Dictyosphaeria cavernosa ventricosa (J. Agardh) Ventricaria Family VALONIACEAE Ernodesmis verticillata Struvea Børgesen elegans Species List 2.1 Species Phyllodictyon pulcherrimum J.E. Gray Order BRYOPSIDALES Family BRYOPSIDACEAE Bryopsis hypnoides Marine BenthicAlgae *Bryopsis pennata var. leprieurii SWA,C,I,CWP Intertidal Rocks [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] (Kützing) Collins & Hervey Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, B,P Intertidal to 1 m Hard substrates or [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, C. Agardh C,M,RS,I,NWP, epiphytic 18, 23, 31, 35] NEP,SEP,SWP,AA Trichosolen longipedicellata n.a. n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23] (H.L.Blomquist & Diaz-Pifferer) D.M. John (6, 13 as Pseudobryopsis longipedicellata Blomquist & Díaz-Pifferer; 23 erroneously as Trichosolen duchassaingii (J. Agardh) W.R. Taylor) Family CODIACEAE Codium decorticatum (Woodward) NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, B Lower intertidal Rocks or other hard [6, 8, 13, 15, M.A. Howe C,M,RS,I,CEP,HW,A to 15 m substrates 16, 18] Codium intertextum F.S. NEA,SEA,SWA,C B,H,P Subtidal to 20 m Rocks or other hard [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, Collins & Hervey substrates 18–20, 23, 27, 31, 35] Codium isthmocladum Vickers SEA,NWA,SWA,C B,H,N,P To 15 m Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 16, roots, coral rub- 20, 21, 23, 27, ble or other hard 31, 35] substrates Codium taylorii P.C. Silva NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA, B To 10 m Mangrove prop [8, 15, 16, 18, 23] C,I,SWP roots, coral rubble or other hard substrates Family CAULERPACEAE Caulerpa cupressoides (Vahl) NEA,SEA,SWA,C,RS,I, B,H,N,P To 3 m Epiphytic, rocks, [7, 8, 13, 15–19, 21, C. Agardh NWP,SWP,HW,AA sandy bottom or 23, 30, 35] fine sediments (mud in man-

groves) 21 (continued) 22 Species List c 30, 31, 35] 23, 35] 23, 35] 23, 27, 31, 35] 27, 35] 27, 31, 35] 18–20, 23, 24, 27, 32, 35] [8, 16, 23, 35] [8, 16, 20, 23, 35] [8, 13, 15–21, 23, References [7, 8, 16, 17, [8, 13, 16, 20, 22, [6–8, 13, 15–19, 21, [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, [3, 5–8, 13, 15, 16, substrates, also in sea grass beds hard substrates often present in sea grass beds or muddy bottom sandy bottom seagrass beds habitats roots or other hard substrates roots, or other hard substrates Sandy bottom, hard Sandy bottom or Sand, rocks [8, 13, 15, 30, 31] Substrate Sandy bottom in Rocks or sandy Hard substrates prop Mangrove [8, 13, 16, 18, 20, prop Mangrove 50 m 50 To 5 m 5 To Shallow Habitat b H,PB,P m 10 To B,H,N,Pm, calm 15 To Coral rubble, sandy, Central America H,N,PB,N,Pm 15 To Intertidal to B,ES,H,Pm 80 To B,H,Pm 3 To a SWP,AA SWP I,CEP,SWP,AA,HW CEP,AA,SWA,NWA SEP,I,AA World distribution World SWA,C,RS,I,NWP,SWP,AA P SWA,C,I,SWP,AA SWA,C NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, C,I,NWP,SWP,CEP,HW,AA H,Pm Shallow to 110 Hard substrates, NEA,SEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,RS, NEA,SWA,SEA,C,M,RS, NEA,C,RS,I,NWP,SWP, SWA,C,I,RS,NWP,SWP B,H,P Shallow C,NWP,SWP,NEP,CEP,

mamillosa turneri peltata Caulerpa macrophysa laetevirens (continued) uvifera

C. racemosa var. Weber-van Bosse lycopodium Weber-van (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse Weber-van ex ex Kützing Bosse) Feldmann J. V. Lamouroux J. V. J. Agardh (27 also as racemosa var. (C. Agardh) J. Agardh) (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse) (Montagne) Weber-van (Sonder ex Kützing) W.R. Taylor (Sonder ex Kützing) W.R. Lamouroux) Eubank (23 (J.V. as occidentalis (J. Agardh) Børgesen Species List 2.1 Species Caulerpa cupressoides var. Caulerpa cupressoides var. Caulerpa cupressoides var. Caulerpa mexicana Sonder (Weber-van Caulerpa (Weber-van microphysa (Forsskål) Caulerpa prolifera Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) Caulerpa racemosa var. Caulerpa racemosa var. * Caulerpa racemosa var. Marine BenthicAlgae Caulerpa sertularioides NEA,SEA,SWA,C,RS,I, B,H,N,P To 10 m Sandy bottom, man- [6–8, 13, 15–21, (S.G. Gmelin) M. Howe NWP,CEP,SWP,HW,AA grove prop roots, 23, 27, 35] often present in seagrass beds Caulerpa sertularioides f. brevipes SWA,C,I,SWP P To 4 m Rocks [7, 8, 23, 27, 35] (J. Agardh) Svedelius Caulerpa sertularioides f. farlowii SWA,C,I,SWP B To 15 m Coral fragments [8, 16, 19, 23, 27] (Weber-van Bosse) Børgesen Caulerpa sertularioides f. longiseta SWA,C,I,NWP,SWP P Intertidal to 10 m Sandy or muddy [6, 8, 13, 16, (Bory de Saint-Vincent) Svedelius bottom 23, 27, 31, 35] Caulerpa taxifolia (M.Vahl) NEA,C,M,SEA,RS,I, B,P To 15 m, protected Sandy bottom or [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, C. Agardh NWP,SWP,HW,AA to moderately other fine sedi- 35] wave exposed ments Caulerpa verticillata SEA,SWA,C,I,NWP, B,H,P To 30 m Mangrove prop [6, 8, 15–20, J. Agardh SWP,HW,AA roots, coral, or 23, 31, 35] other hard substrates, often present in seagrass beds Caulerpa webbiana NEA,SEA,SWA, To 50 m Sandy bottom, rocks, [8, 13, 16, Montagne C,RS,I,SWP,SEP,HW,AA dead coral or 23, 30, 31] other hard substrates Caulerpella ambigua (Okamura) SEA,C,I,NWP,SWP,AA B,ES,P Intertidal to 20 m, Mangrove prop [5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, Prud’homme van Reine & Lokhorst protected roots, coral 23, 27, 35] (12 as Caulerpa biloba Kemperman rubble or other & Stegenga; 5, 6, 13, 27 as hard substrates Caulerpa vickersiae Børgesen) Family UDOTEACEAE Avrainvillea longicaulis (Kützing) NWA,C,SWP B,P Intertidal to 4 m Sandy bottom, [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, G. Murray & Boodle rocks 19, 23, 31, 35]

Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne SWA,C,I,NWP,SWP B,H,N,P To 30 m Sandy habitats [8, 13, 15–17, 20, 23 21, 35] (continued) 24 Species List c 18–21, 23, 24, 26, 35] 20, 21, 23, 27, 31, 35] 20, 21, 23, 31, 35] 31, 35] 23, 35] 20, 21, 35] 35] [3, 6–8, 15, 16, [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 19, [6–8, 13, 15–21, 23, [7, 8, 16, 17, [7, 8, 13, 15–17, 19, [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 31, [6, 8, 13, 16, 23] References sand-covered sand-covered hard surfaces dead coral hard substrates bottom prop roots, in seagrass beds or on limestone seagrass beds hard substrates (mud) Hard substrates [22, 23, 35] Coral fragments or Sand, rocks, Rocks or other Sandy or muddy Coral fragments [8, 13, 23, 31] Rocks, sand, often in Sandy habitats or Substrate 2–15 m 2–15 To 15 m 15 To mIntertidal to 11 Shells, mangrove To 25 m 25 To mIntertidal to 1 Fine sediments Habitat b P B,H,N,Pm 25 To B,H,N,Pm 15 To B,H,ES,N,Pm 80 To B,H,N,Pm 70 To B,P B,H,N,Pm 20 To P Central America a HW,AA SWP,HW,AA AA,A CEP,SWP,SEP, NWP,SWP,AA SWA,C,M,I,NWP,CEP,SWP, C NEA,SWA,C,M I,SWP,HW,AA,RS,NWP NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,CEP, NEA,SEA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, C C C,I SEA,NWA,SWA,C,I, World distribution World

(continued) Udotea javensis

Udotea cf. “ favensis ” Gepp) Siphonoclathrus stri J. V. Lamouroux J. V. (Montagne) A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp; 13 as J.V. Lamouroux J.V. (13, 23, 31 as & Farghaly Denizot S.Earle & J.R.Young) (J. Ellis & Solander) Kützing M.A. Howe W.R. Taylor, A.B. Joly & Taylor, W.R. Bernatowicz Halimeda discoidea Decaisne Halimeda opuntia (Linnaeus) Halimeda hummii D. L. Ballantine Halimeda tuna (J. Ellis & Solander) capitatus Lamarck Penicillus Rhipidosiphon javensis Montagne Rhipiliopsis stri (Earle & J.R.Young) (7 as Rhipocephalus cf. phoenix Avrainvillea rawsonii (Dickie) Avrainvillea * (F.S. Collins) Boodleopsis pusilla (F.S. Species List 2.1 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne C,SWA B,H,N,P To 30 m Sandy areas [8, 15–21, 23, 35] Udotea flabellum (J. Ellis SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,NWP, B,N,P To 15 m Sandy areas or sea- [7, 8, 13, 15–19, 21, & Solander) M.A. Howe SWP,AA grass beds 22, 23, 35] Order DASYCLADALES Family DASYCLADACEAE Neomeris annulata Dickie C,RS,I,NWP,HW,SWP,AA B,H,P Intertidal to 30 m Mangrove prop roots, [6–8, 115, 17–20, coral fragments 23, 31, 35] or rocks Family POLYPHYSACEAE Acetabularia calyculus SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M, G To 5 m Mangrove prop roots, [1, 6, 13, 16, J.V. Lamouroux RS,I,NWP,SWP,AA coral rubble, shell 23, 31] fragments or other hard substrates Acetabularia crenulata C,I,SWP,NWP,AA B,G,N,P To 3 m, in protected Mangrove prop roots, [6–8, 16, 17, J.V. Lamouroux areas rocks, shells, or 19, 21, 23, 30, coral fragments 35] Acetabularia farlowii C Intertidal Hard substrates [6, 8, 13] Solms-Laubach Acetabularia schenckii C,SWA,CEP B,P Shallow to 2 m, in Rocks, shells or coral [8, 15, 16, 30, 35] K. Möbius (30 as Acicularia protected areas fragments schenckii (K. Möbius) Solms- Laubach) Parvocaulis polyphysoides SEA,NEA,C,RS,I, B,H,P To 15 m Coral fragments, [8, 16, 19, (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) NWP,HW,SWP rocks, or epi- 20, 23, 35] S. Berger, U. Fettweiss, phytic S. Gleissberg, L. B. Liddle, U. Richter, H. Sawitsky, H. & G.C. Zuccarello (16, 19, 20 as Acetabularia polyphysoides P.L. Crouan & H. M. Crouan, 23 as Polyphysa polyphysoides (P. Crouan

& H. Crouan) Schnetter) 25 (continued) 26 Species List c 20, 23, 24, 26, 31, 34] 30, 31, 34] 31, 13, 23, 16] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23] [6, 8, 13, 16, 18, 23] [6, 8, 13, 23] [8, 23] [3, 6–8, 13, 16, 19, [8, 13, 16, 20, 23, [8, 13, 15, 16, 23, References rocks, or other hard substrates or epiphytic hard substrates other hard substrates, epiphytic substrates substrates n.a. Coral reef [6, 8] Epiphytic or on hard Substrate to 35 m to 35 Less than 1 mLess than 1 prop Mangrove roots, mLess than 1 Epiphytic or on Intertidal Rocks n.a. Shallow Subtidal to 15 mSubtidal to 15 Epiphytic or on hard Habitat b B B,H,Pm Intertidal to 15 Coral fragments or H,P Lower intertidal B Central America a NWP,NEP,HW, SWP,AA NWP,NEP,HW, WP,NEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA SWP,AA,A NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA,A NEP,SEP, CEP,HW,SWP,AA NEP,SEP, NEA,SEA,SWA,M,C,RS,I, NEA,EA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, SEA,NEA,I,C,NWP,SWP NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,SEP,HW, SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,I NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,WP, SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I World distribution World

cf. Giffordia Giffordia Giffordia (continued) Giffordia rallsiae Giffordia

G. Hamel (6, 13 as Taylor) conifera (Børgesen) W.R. Taylor) (Vickers) Silva in P.C. Silva, Meñez & R.L. Silva in P.C. Moe (6, 13, 23 as Silva, Meñez & R.L. in Moe P.C. (6, 13, 23 as Gerloff Kuckuck ex G. Hamel Roth) Derbès & Solier in Castagne (Harvey) mitchellae G. (Harvey) Hamel) Børgesen Phylum Phylum HETEROKONTOPHYTA Class PHAEOPHYCEAE Order ECTOCARPALES Family ACTINOSPORACEAE (Kützing) irregularis Feldmannia (Harvey) P.C. Hincksia mitchelliae P.C. (Harvey) Silva P.C. Hincksia rallsiae (Vickers) Family PYLAIELLACEAE Bachelotia antillarum (Grunow) Bachelotia fulvescens (Bornet) Family SCYTOSIPHONACEAE * Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens ex Rosenvingea intricata Rosenvingea (J. Agardh) Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis Rosenvingea Børgesen Species List 2.1 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Order SCYTOTHAMNALES Family SCYTOTHAMNACEAE Asteronema breviarticulatum (J. SEA,NEA,SWA,I,C,HW,SWP, ES Intertidal, exposed Rocks [5–8, 13, 23, 27] Agardh) Ouriques & Bouzon NWP,NEP, AA to spray (6, 13, 23, 27 as Ectocarpus brevi- articulatus J. Agardh) Order SPHACELARIALES Family SPHACELARIACEAE *Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing NEA,SEA,NWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, Intertidal Epiphytic, rocks or [3, 6, 8, 13, 23, 27] (3, 6 as S. furcigera Kützing) NEP,HW, SWP,SEP,AA,A to 3 m other hard substrates Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, B Intertidal to 3 m Epiphytic or on [8, 13, 15, 16, 19, SEP,HW,SWP,AA hard substrates 23] Order DICTYOTALES Family DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris delicatula SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,NEP,NWP, B,H,N,P Intertidal to 30 m Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 19–21, J.V. Lamouroux SWP,AA roots, coral frag- 23, 27, 31, 34] ments or other had substrates, epiphytic Dictyopteris justii J.V. Lamouroux. SWA,C P Intertidal to 50 m Coral fragments, [8, 16, 23, 34] shells, or other hard substrates Dictyota bartayresiana J.V. Lamouroux NEA,SEA,SWA,C,I,NWP,HW, B,P To 1 m, protected Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 34] (6, 7, 13, 23 as D. bartayresii J.V. SWP,AA roots, coral frag- Lamouroux nom. illeg.) ments or other hard substrates Dictyota cervicornis Kützing SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,RS,NWP,SWP B,H,P To 3 m Rocks, coral [7, 8, 15–19, 23, 31, fragments, shells, 34] or other hard substrates (continued) 27 28 Species List c 24, 26, 27, 34] 31] 34] 23, 31, 34] 20, 21, 23, 31, 32, 34] 18, 19, 21, 23, 31, 34] [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 31] [8, 13, 16, 23, 30, [8, 15, 23, 27] References [3, 5–8, 13, 15–21, [8, 13, 15, 16, 19, [3, 5–9, 13, 15, 16, [7, 8, 13] rocks, or other hard substrates ments roots, coral rubble, rocks, or other hard substrates ments substrates Hard substrates [3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, Rocks Coral fragments, Rocks, coral frag- Epiphytic [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 31, Substrate Epiphytic or on hard often wave often wave exposed moderately wave exposed calm water To 15 m 15 To Shallow Intertidal to 10 m, Intertidal to 10 m, Intertidal to 15 Habitat 0.5–12 m0.5–12 n.a. b H,PB,P m 25 To B B,P Central America B,H,ES,N,Pm Shallow to 120 prop Mangrove B,ES,N,Pm, Intertidal to 70 P a SWP,HW,AA CEP,SEP,SWP SEP,NWP,HW,SWP,AA World distribution World SEA,NEA,SWA,C,RS,I,NWP, NEA,SEA,SWA,C,I,NEP,NWP, C SEA,NEA,SWA,C SEA,NEA,C,NWP,SWPSEA,NEA,C,I,NWA,SWA P B,N,Pm Shallow to 26 Rocks, coral frag- SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,M,RS,NEP, SEA,NEA,C SEA,NEA,C

D. divaricata D. dichotoma J.V. D. dentata J.V. (continued) Dilophus alternans

variegata Pocockiella Lamouroux) J . Agardh) Crouan & H.M. Crouan (30 as Dilophus guineensis (Kützing) J. Agardh) Kützing (6, 31 as 20, 21, 31 as Lamouroux) Womersley ex Oliveira ex Oliveira Lamouroux) Womersley (6, 31 as Lamouroux) Papenfuss) (J.V. (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux) (Hudson) J.V. (5, 6, 7, 13, 23, 31 as Lamouroux; 13, 15, 19, 23 J.V. as D. linearis (C. Agardh) Greville; 6, 13, 19, 21, 23, 31 as (J.V. (J.V. Lobophora variegata Species List 2.1 Species Dictyota ciliolata Kützing * Dictyota crenulata * Dictyota J . crenulata Agardh Dictyota guineensis (Kützing) P.L. Taylor Dictyota jamaicensis W.R. Dictyota mertensii (Martius) Dictyota pinnatifida Kützing (15, 19, Dictyota pulchella Hörnig & Schnetter Dictyota volubilis Kützing Marine BenthicAlgae Padina gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,WP,HW, B,H,P Intertidal to14 m Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 20, (6 also as Padina vickersiae Hoyt) SWP,AA roots, rocks, or 23, 27, 31, 34] coral rubble Padina pavonica (Linnaeus) Thivy NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, B,H Lower intertidal to Mangrove prop [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, SWP,NWP 20 m roots, rocks, or 20, 23, 31] coral (rubble) Padina sanctae-crucis Børgesen (as SWA,C,I,NWP,HW,SWP,AA B,H,N,P To 5 m Rocks, shells, dead [8, 13, 15–18, 20, P. “sanctae-crucis”) (23 as P. coral, coral rubble 21, 23, 34] jamaicensis (Collins) Papenfuss Spatoglossum schroederi (C. Agardh) SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,I P 2–46 m Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27, Kützing 31, 34] Order FUCALES Family SARGASSACEAE Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) SEA,NEA,C,M,I,RS B To 3 m Sandy areas in [8, 15, 16, 23] Setchell coral reef, around mangrove islands or in mangrove lagoons Sargassum cymosum C. Agardh SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I n.a. [8, 13, 23, 31] Sargassum filipendula C. Agardh SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,I B,N,P Subtidal to 33 m Sandy bottom, rocks, [6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 21, shells, or dead 23, 31, 34] coral Sargassum fluitans (Børgesen) NWA,C,I,SWP,NWP B,N,P Pelagic Beach drift [6–8, 13, 16, 18, 19, Børgesen 21, 27, 34] Sargassum hystrix J. Agardh SEA,NEA,SWA,C B,P To 137 m Rocks or coral frag- [6, 8, 16, 19, 23, 27, ments 34] Sargassum hystrix var. buxifolium NWA,SWA,C B,H To 15 m Rocks or coral frag- [8, 16, 19, 20, 23, Chauvin ex J. Agardh ments 27] Sargassum hystrix var. spinulosum SWA,C N Shallow Calcareous rocks [8, 21, 23, 27] (Kützing) Grunow Sargassum polyceratium Montagne SWA,C,SWP,NWP B,G,H,N,P About 14 m Hard substrates [1, 7, 8, 13, 15, 19,

20, 21, 34] 29 (continued) 30 Species List c 23, 31] 23, 27] 22, 23, 34] [6, 8, 13, 16, 18, 19, References [8, 16, 23] [8, 23] [8, 13, 15, 16, 21, rubble ments in seagrass beds Rocks or coral Substrate n.a. lagoons Mangrove or Hard substrates [8, 15, 16, 18–20, Silt bottom [6, 8] Epiphytic, epizoic [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] 14 m 14 reef crest in areas of strong turbulence Lower Lower intertidal to m Shallow to 5 Rocks or coral frag- Habitat Shallow 2–5 m 2–5 Shallow b B Central America B,Nm 2 To B,H,Pm, behind 5 To B a SWP,NWA HW,SWP,SEP,AA World distribution World C,NWP,SWP,NWA SWA,C NEA,SEA,SWA,C,NWA NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,NWP, SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP NEA,SEA,C,M,NWA NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I,RS,

ovatum Goniotrichum Goniotrichum alsi- (continued)

(Collins) W.R. Taylor (Collins) W.R. illeg. illeg. (according to Silva et al. (1996) considered an illegitimate name with no replacement at present time) Kuntze Drew Drew (6, 13 as dii (Zanardini) M.A. Howe; 3 as (Chauvin) Goniotrichum elegans Zanardini) Martius Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M. Species List 2.1 Species polyceratium Sargassum var. Grunow pteropleuron Sargassum Sargassum rigidulum Sargassum Kützing C. vulgare Sargassum Agardh nom. turbinata (Linnaeus) Turbinaria Class XANTHOPHYCEAE Order VAUCHERIALES Family VAUCHERIACEAE dichotoma (Linnaeus) Vaucheria Phylum RHODOPHYTA Class BANGIOPHYCEAE Order PORPHYRIDALES Family PORPHYRIDIACEAE * Marine BenthicAlgae Order ERYTHROPELTIDALES Family ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE * Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) NEA,NWA,SWA,M,RS,C,NWP,I, G Shallow Epiphytic or on [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 23] J. Agardh NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,A,AA rocks Sahlingia subintegra (Rosenvinge) SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I,NEP, ES Shallow to 16 m Epiphytic [5, 6, 8, 13] Kornmann (5, 6, 13 as NWP,SWP,A,AA Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenvinge; 7, 23 erroneously as Erythrocladia irregularis Rosenvinge) Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE Order ACROCHAETIALES Family ACROCHAETIACEAE Acrochaetium caespitiforme Børgesen C Shallow Epiphytic [8, 23, 25] Acrochaetium crassipes (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,M,RS,I, Shallow, exposed to Epiphytic [8, 13, 25] Børgesen (including “var. typica”) NWP,SWP,CEP waves (13, 25 as Chromastrum crassipes (Børgesen) Papenfuss) Acrochaetium hallandicum (Kylin) NEA,NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M, Shallow Epiphytic [6, 8, 25, 32] G. Hamel (6, 25 as Acrochaetium NWP,SWP dufourii Collins, synonym of Audouinella dufourii (Collins) Garbary) Acrochaetium opetigenum Børgesen C To 20 m Epiphytic [8, 13, 25] Acrochaetium phacelorhizum Børgesen C,AA Shallow Epiphytic [6, 8, 31] Acrochaetium ryukyuensis (Nakamura) SWP,NWP Shallow, exposed Epiphytic [8, 13, 23, 25] Papenfuss Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) NEA,SEA,NWA,M,I,RS,CEP, Shallow, exposed Epiphytic [8, 13, 25] Nägeli (13, 25 as Chromastrum NWP,AA tenuissimum (Collins) H. Stegenga & T. C. M. Kemperman) 31 (continued) 32 Species List c 27, 31] 27, 31] 23, 31] 23] [8, 16, 23] [6–8, 13, 15–21, 23, [6–8, 13, 15, 17, 19, References ytic or on rocks intermixed intermixed with other algae or seagrass neogams Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 19, 25] Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 16, 20, 23, Hard substrates often Among marine pha- Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 16, 19, 20, Rocks, coral [6, 8, 13, 23] Substrate or exposed waves subtidal, exposed 10 m10 Epiph n.a. Epiphytic [13, 25] Intertidal to Intertidal to 15 mIntertidal to 15 Epiphytic [8, 13, 23] Habitat b H,Pm, exposed to 2–10 B,H,N,Pm 60 To B,H,PB,H,P Shallow m 10 To Central America a NWP,AA,A I,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA SWP,AA NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,HW,SWP BC,I,NWP,SWP,AA protected Shallow, NWA,SWA,C,I Pm Intertidal to 30 Rocks or dead coral [7, 8, 16, 23] To C,NWP,SWP NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I, NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,I,HW,NEP NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS, SEA,NEA,C,M,I,NEP,HW, C,I,SWP World distribution World

. ”) “ subulata H antillana (continued)

Howe) E.Y. Dawson (7 as Howe) E.Y. episporum Archaeolithothamnion M.A. Howe) J.V. Lamouroux J.V. Lamouroux J.V. Solander) Johansen (as Børgesen sp. Chromastrum Order CORALLINALES Family SPOROLITHACEAE episporum Sporolithon (M.A. Acrochaetium seriatum Børgesen Acrochaetium Family Family CORALLINACEAE brasiliana Decaisne Amphiroa Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus) Amphiroa Taylor hancockii W.R. Amphiroa rigida Amphiroa var. tribulus (J. Amphiroa Ellis & Solander) Linnaeus Corallina officinalis Haliptilon subulatum (J. Ellis & Species List 2.1 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Hydrolithon farinosum (J.V. NWA,NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, B,P To 15 m Epiphytic, coral [6–8, 13, 16, 18, 19, Lamouroux) D. Penrose & Y.M. SWP,CEP,AA,A fragments, shells, 23, 27, 31] Chamberlain (6, 7, 13, 19, 23, or other hard sub- 27, 31 as Fosliella farinosa (J. V. strates Lamouroux) M.A. Howe) Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie) Foslie SEA,NEA,C,SWP,NWP B Subtidal to 67 m Dead coral [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, (27 as Goniolithon boergesenii 23, 27] Foslie) Hydrolithon munitum (Foslie & AA,C Subtidal Dead coral [6, 8, 13, 23, 31, 32] M.A. Howe) Penrose (6, 13 as LithophylIum munitum Foslie & Howe; 23 as Neogoniolithon munitum (Foslie et Howe) Adey; 31 erroneously as Lithothamnium munitum Foslie & Howe) Jania adhaerens J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, B,H,N To 35 m Hard substrates or [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, CEP,HW,SWP,AA epiphytic 20, 21, 23, 27] *Jania capillacea Harvey SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I, B,ES,N,P To 15 m Epiphytic [3, 5–8, 13, 15, 16, CEP,SWP 19, 27] Jania pumila J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,RS,I, to 5 m Epiphytic [8, 16, 23] HW,SWP *Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow SEA,NEA,I,RS,NEP,SEP,SWP ES 2 m Epiphytic or on [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23] rocks Mesophyllum incertum (Foslie) M. NWA,C Intertidal to 3 m Hard substrate [6, 8, 23] Lemoine (6 as “Lithothamnium” incertum Foslie) Mesophyllum mesomorphum (Foslie) C,I,HW,AA B,P To 35 m Coral, rocks or [6–8, 13, 16, 18, 23] Adey (6, 7, 13, 23 as Lithothamnion epiphytic mesomorphum Foslie) Neogoniolithon erosum (Foslie) Adey C Intertidal Coral [6, 8, 23] (6 as Lithophyllum erosum Foslie)

(continued) 33 34 Species List c 21, 32] 27] 31] 26, 27] [6, 8, 13, 23] References [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, [6, 8, 13] [3, 5–8, 13, 16, 23, other hard substrates other hard substrates Substrate EpiphyticEpiphytic [1, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, Rocks, dead coral or [8, 29] Rocks, shells or Epiphytic [6] wave exposed wave wave exposed wave Tide poolsTide Rocks Habitat To 5 m 5 To m, Intertidal to 8 Intertidaln.a. Rocks n.a. Shallow, exposedShallow, Epiphytic [5, 6, 8, 23] b B,G,Nm 10 To P Central America B ES,Pm, Intertidal to 8 a CEP,AA SWP,AA,A HW,SWP,AA,A CEP,HW,SWP,AA NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP, World distribution World I,NWP,SWP,CEP CEP,AANEA,M,I,SWP,NWP, ES n.a. C NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,RS,NEP, NWA,C,NEA,SWA NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,CEP, NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,RS,I,NEP,

sp.) Heteroderma Heteroderma Heteroderma (continued)

Pterocladia americana Pterocladia Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Fosliella Lithophyllum trichotomum lejolisii (Rossanoff) Foslie) 21 as M.A. Howe. 6 as Y.M. Chamberlain (5, 6 as Y.M. minutula Heteroderma (Foslie) Foslie) (Heydrich) (Heydrich) Setchell & Mason (6, 13 as (Heydrich) M. Lemoine) Taylor) Lamouroux) Nägeli (6, 13 as Dermatolithon pustulatum (J.V. Lamouroux) Foslie) Santelices (23 as G. americana Santelices; 6, 13, Taylor) (W.R. 27, 31 as Gaillon Le Jolis Pneophyllum fragile Kützing (1, 13, Pneophyllum confervicolum (Kützing) Species List 2.1 Species * Neogoniolithon trichotomum Pneophyllum sp. (6 as (J.V. pustulatum (J.V. Titanoderma Order GELIDIALES Family GELIDIACEAE Taylor) Gelidium americanum (W.R. Gelidium crinale (Hare ex Turner) Taylor Gelidium floridanum W.R. * Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Marine BenthicAlgae Pterocladia pinnata (Hudson) SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,SWP,NWP Intertidal to 5 m Rocks, sponges or [6, 13, 8, 27, 31] Papenfuss other hard substrates Pterocladiella bartlettii (W.R. C G Shallow Hard substrates [1, 6, 13, 23, 29] Taylor) Santelices (1, 6, 13, 23 as Pterocladia bartlettii W.R. Taylor) **Pterocladiella beachii Freshwater Costa Rica Intertidal Hard substrate [29] Pterocladiella capillacea (S.G. Gmelin) NEA,SWA,C,M,RS,CEP,SEP,HW, Intertidal to 5 m Rocks, sponges or [6, 8, 16, 23, 27, 31, Santelices & Hommersand (6, 23, SWP,AA other hard sub- 32] 27 as Pterocladia capillacea (S.G. strates Gmelin) Bornet) Pterocladiella melanoidea (Schousboe SEA,NEA,M n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23] ex Bornet) Santelices & Hommersand (6, 23, 13 as P. melanoidea (Schousboe ex Bornet) Dawson, Fredriksen & Rueness) Pterocladiella melanoidea var. gracilis SEA,NEA,M n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23, 32] (Feldmann & G.Hamel) M.J. Wynne (6, 23, 13as Pterocladia melanoidea var. gracilis (Feldmann et Hamel) Dawson) Pterocladiella melanoidea var. SEA,NEA n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13, 23] filamentosa (Bornet) M.J. Wynne (6, 23, 13 as Pterocladia melanoidea var. filamentosa (Bornet) Dawson) Family GELIDIELLACEAE Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,RS,I, B,H,P Intertidal to 7 m Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 20, & G. Hamel CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,AA 23, 27, 31] Gelidiella trinitatensis W.R. Taylor SWA,C B To 1 m Mangrove prop [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, roots or other 27]

hard substrates 35 (continued) 36 Species List c 24] 23, 26] 20, 23, 24, 26, 31] [1, 3, 6–8, 13, 23, [8, 16, 19, 23] [3, 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, [3, 6–8, 13, 16, 19, [8, 16, 23] References ments ments in sandy protected areas fragments ments Rocks or coral frag- Rocks and coral frag- Coral rubbleRocks or coral [8, 13, 23, 31] Coral or shell frag- Substrate pools) to 2 m, pools) to 2 often wave exposed To 10 m 10 To Shallow m 10 To Habitat b ES,G,P Intertidal to subtidal Rocks B,H,P Intertidal (tide B B,H,Pm 20 To Central America a NEP,AA,A HW,SWP,AA CEP,AA NWP,SWP,HW,AA NEA,SWA,C,M,I,NWP,CEP, SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,CEP, SWA,NWA,C,M,I,RS,HW,SWP, NEA,EA,NWA,C,I SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,CEP, SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP World distribution World G . “ fari-

Liagora Liagora fari- (continued)

H. Nardo) prototypus ”) L . (23 “ schrammi also as Meneghini Meneghini (as ”) “ Hildenbrandtia (6, 24 as J.V. Lamouroux) nosa J.V. K.C. Fan & Y.C. Wang (as Wang K.C. Fan & Y.C. nosa ”) (16, 19, 23 as Lamouroux ex Duby) Setchell (23 as “ L. ” ceranioides J.V. Lamouroux) H.M. Crouan) Doty & I.A. Abbott (as (P.L. Crouan Nemalion (P.L. schrammii & H.M. Crouan) Børgesen) Hildenbrandia Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Order HILDENBRANDIALES Family HILDENBRANDIACEAE * Order NEMALIALES Family LIAGORACEAE Lamouroux) Ganonema farinosum (J.V. Helminthocladia calvadosii (J.V. Lamouroux * Liagora ceranoides J.V. * Liagora valida Harvey Crouan & (P.L. schrammi Liagoropsis Species List 2.1 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Family GALAXAURACEAE *Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,HW, B,H,P Shallow to 10 m Mangrove prop [6, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, Solander) J.V. Lamouroux (6 as SWP,SEP,CEP,AA roots, rocks, on 23, 27, 31] G. arborea Kjellman; 13, 31 as shallow reef flats G. frutescens Kjellmann; 3 as G. or in tide pools veprecula Kjellmann; 3 as G. stupocaula Kjellman; 26 as G. stupocaulon Kjellman) Galaxaura rugosa (J. Ellis & SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,RS,I, B,N,P To 12 m, protected Mangrove prop [6–8, 13, 15, 18, 16, Solander) J.V. Lamouroux (6, 7, CEP,HW,SWP,AA roots, coral frag- 20, 21, 23, 31] 13, 23, 31 as G. lapidescens (Ellis ments or rocks & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux; 6, 7, 13, 20, 21, 31 as G. squalida Kjellman) *Scinaia complanata (F.S. Collins) NEA,NWA,SWA,M,I,CEP To 30 m Coral fragments on [3, 8, 13, 16, 23, 26, A.D. Cotton sand plains 30, 31] Tricleocarpa cylindrica (J. Ellis & SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,RS, B,P,N Intertidal to 15 m, Coral fragments or [6–8, 13, 16, 19, 27] Solander) Huisman & Borowitzka HW,SWP,AA protected rocks in sandy (6, 7, 13, 19, 27 as Galaxaura areas cylindrica (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux) Tricleocarpa fragilis (Linnaeus) SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,RS, B,H,P Protected, to 30 m Coral fragments or [6–8, 13, 15, 16, Huisman & Townsend (6, 7, 13, 19, SWP,SEP,HW,AA rocks 18–20, 23, 27] 23, 27 as Galaxaura oblongata (J. Ellis & Solander) J.V. Lamouroux Order BONNEMAISONIALES Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE *Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, B,G,N To 1–14 m Mangrove prop [1, 8, 16, 19, 21, 23, Trevisan de Saint-Léon (by 1, 23 SEP,NEP,HW,SWP,AA roots, coral, rocks, 24] found only as Falkenbergia hil- or epiphytic lebrandii – sporophytic stage)

(continued) 37 38 Species List c 21, 23] 27] 19, 23, 27, 31] 19–21, 23, 27, 31] References [6–8, 15, 16, 18, 19, [5, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, [6, 8, 13, 23, 31] [1, 6, 8, 13, 15, 16, [5–8, 13, 15, 16, [8, 23] roots, rocks, or coral fragments roots, rocks, or coral fragments epiphytic ments or epiphytic Hypnea musciformis Substrate Hard substrates [8, 16, 23] Coral fragments [8, 16, 19, 20, 23] Hard substrates or Hemiparasitic on 26 m 26 Habitat Intertidal prop Lower intertidal Mangrove to Lower intertidal Rocks n.a. b Central America B,Hm 20 To ES N B,G,PB,ES,H,N,Pm 26 m To Intertidal to 30 Rocks, coral frag- a SEP I,HW,AA SWP,NWP,I,RS,AA I,HW,SWP,SEP,AA World distribution World NEA,SWA,M,C,SWP,NWP,I,SEP B,N,P Intertidal prop Mangrove SEA,NEA,NWA,C SEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP, C,NWA NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,SWP,NWP, SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,HW, SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,RS, SEA,NEA,C

(continued) C. opuntia Greville) C. (Lightfoot) repens

L.M. Irvine in Parke & P.S.Dixon L.M. Irvine in Parke & P.S.Dixon (7, 19, 21 as Batters; 6 as J. Agardh J. Agardh Fredericq (6, 13, 23, 31 as Gigartina acicularis (Roth) Lamouroux) J.V. Lamouroux J.V. (5, 6, 7, 13, 19, 21, 23, 31 also as Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh) Species List 2.1 Species Order GIGARTINALES Family CAULACANTHACEAE * Catenella caespitosa (Withering) * Catenella impudica (Montagne) Family CORYNOMORPHACEAE Corynomorpha clavata (Harvey) Family DUMONTIACEAE crassa M.A. Dudresnaya Howe Family GIGARTINACEAE Chondracanthus acicularis (Roth) Family HYPNEACEAE Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) * Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing Hypneocolax stellaris Børgesen Marine BenthicAlgae Family PEYSSONNELIACEAE Peyssonnelia armorica (P.L. Crouan SEA,NEA,SWA,C,M,I,AA To 27 m Hard substrates [6, 8, 16, 23] & H.M. Crouan) Weber-van Bosse (cited by 23 as published by 6 as Cruoriella armorica P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan (No. 24214), but in 6 appears only No. 14214a published as Gymnothamnion elegans (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) J. Agardh. Therefore this report remains unclear. Peyssonnelia dubyi P.L. Crouan & NEA,SWA,M,RS,I,SWP,NWP,I, P Lower intertidal Calcareous encrust- [4, 6–8, 13] H.M. Crouan (as “Peyssonelia”) AA ing algae on (4, 6, 7, 13 as Cruoriella dubyi Laminaria hyper- (P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan) F. borea holdfasts Schmitz) *Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) NEA,NWA,C,M,RS,HW,SWP,I, P Intertidal Rocks in subdued [6–8, 23, 24, 27, 31] J. Agardh AA light conditions Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne) C B,P To 15 m, exposed Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18, M.A. Howe 19, 23, 27, 31] Family SOLIERACEAE Meristiella gelidium (J. Agardh) NWA,SWA,C P Shallow n.a. [7, 8, 13] D.P. Cheney & Gabrielson (13 as Eucheuma acanthocladum (Harvey) J. Agardh; 13, 7 as Eucheuma gelidium (J. Agardh) J. Agardh) Meristiella echinocarpum (Areschoug) SEA,NEA,SWA,C B To 20 m Coral [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, D.P.Cheney & Gabrielson in 23] Gabrielson & D.P.Cheney (13, 23 as Eucheuma echinocarpurn

Areschoug) 39 (continued) 40 Species List c 31] 31] 27] 31] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, [6, 8, 16, 23, 31] [8, 13, 23, 30, 31] References [6, 8, 13, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 23, 27] [1, 5–8, 13, 16, 23, [8, 16, 21, 23] on sand plains rubble or other hard substrates Rocks Rocks or coral rubble Rocks Substrate Corals or rocksRocks [6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 23, n.a. Rocks, corral rubble moderate current subtidal, exposed to surf 30 m 30 exposed To 40 m, in 40 To 10–30 m 10–30 Intertidal to Lower intertidal to Habitat Deeper than 3 m, Deeper than 3 n.a. Shallow to 10 m Shallow to 10 Rocks or coral [6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 23, 5–40 m 5–40 b B ES Central America ES,G,Pm Intertidal to 20 Rocks or coral H N a RS,SEA,NEA,SEP,HW SWP,AA World distribution World C C,WA SEA,NEA,NWA,C,AA SEA,NEA,C,SWP,I,SWA,NWA H NEA,M,SWP,NWP,C C,SWP,NWP,I,A,SEA A,M,C,SWA,NEP,SWP,NWP,I, C,I,SEA,NEA SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, tenera

S. tenera (continued) Agardhiella

H. Crouan) D. P. Cheney & P. Cheney & H. P. Crouan) D. P. Gabrielson (6, 13, W. 23, 31 as Crouan & Eucheuma (P. schrammii H. Crouan) J. Agardh) (J. Agardh) M.J. Wynne & W.R. (J. Agardh) & M.J. W.R. Wynne 31 as Taylor; (J. Agardh) Schmitz) Gabrielson (5, 6, 13 as J. Agardh J. Agardh C. Agardh Kylin C. Agardh Species List 2.1 Species Crouan & Meristiella (P. schrammii Solieria filiformis (Kützing) Order HALYMENIALES Family HALYMENIACEAE Taylor Cryptonemia bengryi W.R. Cryptonemia (J. crenulata Agardh) Cryptonemia luxurians (C. Agardh) Grateloupia dichotoma J. Agardh Lamouroux) Grateloupia filicina (J.V. Halymenia duchassaingii (J. Agardh) Halymenia (Clemente) floresia Marine BenthicAlgae Sebdenia flabellata (J. Agardh) SWA,NWA,C,NEP,I,AA,EA,SWP H 10–55 m Rocks or coral [8, 16, 20, 23] P.G.Parkinson (23 as Halymenia rubble agardhii De Toni) Order GRACILARIALES Family GRACILARIACEAE Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S.G. NEA,M,C,NEP,SWP,NWP,I,SWA, To 5 m, exposed to Coral rubble, shell [8, 16, 23] Gmelin) P.C. Silva NWA,RS moderate surf fragments or other hard substrates Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey C,SWP,NWP,I,AA 1–2 m, protected Rocks, coral frag- [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] (6, 13, 23, 31 as G. cylindrica ments or other Børgesen) hard substrates in sand plains or seagrass beds Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J. SEA,NEA,M,C,I,SWA B,P To 10 m Coral rubble, shell [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23, Agardh (6, 7, 13, 31 as G. ferox fragments or 27, 31] J. Agardh) other hard substrates Gracilaria cuneata Areschoug C,SWA,NWA Shallow to 20 m Coral rubble, shell [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] fragments or other hard substrates Gracilaria curtissiae J. Agardh C Coral fragments [8, 23] Gracilaria damaecornis J. Agardh C,SWP,NWP,SEA,NEA To 10 m Rocks, coral frag- [8, 16, 23] ments or other hard substrates Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen SWP,NWP,I,RS,C Shallow Coral rubble [38, 13, 31, 21a] (23 as Gracilaria wrightii (Turner) J. Agardh) Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) C,SWA H To 15 m Coral fragments or [6, 8, 13, 16, 20, 23, Sonder ex Dickie other hard sub- 27] strates 41 (continued) 42 Species List c 20, 23, 31] 23, 31] References [6–8, 13, 23] [1, 6–8, 13, 21, 23] [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18, [6, 8, 13, 23, 31] [1, 8, 13, 16, 31] [8, 23] [8, 13, 23, 31] [6] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23] ments or shells roots, rocks, or other hard substrates ments ments often in seagrass beds Substrate Mangrove prop Mangrove Rocks or coral frag- n.a. n.a. Coral or shell frag- in calm estuaries and bays Habitat Intertidal to 2 mIntertidal to 2 Coral m, Intertidal to 10 n.a. n.a. m 30 To mIntertidal to 9 Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 20, b Central America G,N,P Intertidal to subtidal Rocks B,H,Pm 60 To G ES B,P a WP,SWP,C,CEP,AA,A SWP SWA,NWA,HW World distribution World C,RSNEA,M,SWA,SWP,I, G,Pm Intertidal to 2 Rocks, coral frag- M,NEP,NWP,I,RS,NEA,SEA, SWA,NWA,C,NEP,SEA,NEA, C,SWP NWA,C,NEP SWA,C,HW SWA,C C,SWP,NWP,SEA,NEP,I,AA,SEP, C

G. verrucosa Gracilaria Gracilaria Gracilaria Gracilaria Gracilaria Gracilaria crassis- Gracilaria aff. (continued)

usneoides (C. Agardh) G. foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen W.R. Taylor) angustissima W.R. Børgesen Steentoft, L.M. Irvine & Farnham (1, 6, 7, 13, 21, 23 as (Hudson) Papenfuss) (Bory) Weber-ván lemaneiformis (Bory) Weber-ván Bosse; 6, 7, 8, 13 as sjoestedtii (Kylin) Dawson) M.A. Howe 31 as J. Agardh (23 as Dawson, Acleto E.Y. Saint-Vincent) & Foldvik (6, 23 as & H.M. Crouan) (6, M.J. 7, Wynne 13, 20, 23, 31 as var. usneoides (Mertens) J. Agardh) Crouan & H.M. sima Crouan) P.L. Crouan & H.M. Crouan P.L. in Schramm & Mazé) Species List 2.1 Species Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Gracilaria Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) Gracilaria Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) Gracilaria ornata Areschoug Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan (1, 13, Gracilaria aff. Taylor Gracilaria venezuelensis W.R. Gracilaria sp. Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory de Crouan crassissima (P.L. Hydropuntia Marine BenthicAlgae Order RHODYMENIALES Family CHAMPIACEAE *Champia parvula (C. Agardh) Harvey M,SWA,NWA,CEP,I,AA,NEA,S B,H,N To 15 m Sandy rocks or epi- [3, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19– WP,HW phytic 21, 23, 30, 31] Champia vieillardii Kützing SEA,NEA,C,SWP,I,AA,HW To 5 m Epiphytic [8, 16, 23] Family LOMENTARIACEAE Botryocladia occidentalis (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,C,SWA,NWA Subtidal to 55 m Rocks or other hard [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, Kylin substrates 31] Botryocladia shanksii E.Y. Dawson C B Intertidal to 55 m Rocks, coral or [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, other hard sub- 23] strates *Gelidiopsis intricata (C. Agardh) SEA,NEA,C,M,I,AA,SWA,NWA, B Intertidal to 10 m Mangrove prop [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, Vickers HW,SWP roots or other 23, 27] hard substrates Gelidiopsis planicaulis (W.R. Taylor) SEA,NEA,C,SWA,NWA B To 1 m, exposed to Mangrove prop [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 27, W.R. Taylor moderate surf roots, rocks, or 31] other hard substrates Gelidiopsis scoparia (Montagne & C,SWP,I,AA,SWP,NWP,HW B Intertidal to 10 m Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23] Millardet) De Toni Order CERAMIALES Family CERAMIACEAE Acrothamnion butleriae (Collins) SEA,NEA,C,I,HW,SWP B n.a. On a nullipore [6, 8, 13, 17, 23] Kylin (6 as Antithamnion butleriae Collins) Aglaothamnion cordatum (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C, To 30 m Epiphytic [8, 16, 23] Feldmann-Mazoyer (23 as SWP,NWP,NEP,I,HW,AA Callithamnion cordatum Børgesen) Aglaothamnion halliae (F.S. Collins) C,NEA B 3 m Epiphytic [8, 13, 17, 23, 31] Aponte, D.L. Ballentine & J.N. Norris (8, 13, 23, 31 as CalIithamnion halliae F. S. Collins) 43 (continued) 44 Species List c 23] 21, 23, 27, 31] 31] 16, 18, 19, 21, 23] [6, 7] [13] [3, 5–8, 13, 15–19, [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 23] [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, References roots, rocks, and other hard substrates, or epiphytic or epiphytic sunken sunken logs Epiphytic [1, 6, 8, 13, 16, 19, n.a. n.a. Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 15, 23] Submerged Submerged woods [1, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, Epiphytic [1, 8, 13] Epiphytic or on Epiphytic [6, 8] Substrate To 1 m 1 To n.a. n.a. Intertidal to 1 mIntertidal to 1 prop Mangrove roots Intertidal Rocks, coral [6, 8, 13, 23] n.a. Shallow Habitat b B,Gm 30 To B P B,ES,G,N,P Intertidal prop Mangrove B B,ES,Nm 22 To Central America a SWA,NWA,RS SWA,NWA,HW,SWP CEP,I,SEA,SEP,AA,SWP,HW WA,SEA,NEA HW,SWP,SEP,AA,CEP M,C,CEP,I,SEA,SWP,HW,AA, SEA,NEA,M,C,CEP,I,AA, M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP, SWP,I C,SWP,I M,C,SWP,NWP,I,AA,A,HW,RS,S NWA,SWA,M,C,NEA,I,SEA, NEA,M,C,NEP,NWP,I,AA,SEP B,Gm 40 To I,SWA,NWA World distribution World

byssoideum ; flaccidum C. fastigiatum (continued) Griffithsia tenuis Griffithsia C.

C. taylorii Dawson) C. Schm.) leutzelbergii (6, 13, 23 as Agardh) & H.M. Crouan) Bornet ex Nasr Montagne Hervey Roth Ardissone (3, 5, 6 as C. gracillimum var. 3, 5 as Harvey in Harvey Hooker; 31 also as C. fastigiatum f. Petersen) (1, 6, 13, 23 as (6 as Anotrichium Anotrichium tenue (C. Agardh) Nägeli (P.L. Crouan Antithamnion lherminieri (P.L. Antithamnion sp. Antithamnionella sp. clavulatum (C. * Centroceras Agardh) H.E. Ceramium Petersen brevizonatum F.S. Collins Ceramium & cruciatum F.S. Ceramium diaphanum (Lightfoot) * Ceramium flaccidum (Kützing) Ceramium Ceramium cimbricum H.E. Petersen O.C.Schmidt Ceramium leutzelburgii Species List 2.1 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Ceramium nitens (C. Agardh) C,SWP,NWP,SEA,NEA B,H To 15 m Dead corals or [6, 8, 13, 15–20, 23, J. Agardh epiphytic 31] Ceramium subtile J. Agardh C Shallow Submerged logs [6, 8, 13, 23, 27, 31] Ceramium sp. n.a. n.a. [13, 31] Crouania attenuata (C. Agardh) C,M,NEA,NWP,SWP,I,AA, B,N To 20 m Epiphytic [8, 13, 16, 19, 21, J. Agardh SEP,CEP,RS 23] Crouania pleonospora W.R. Taylor C To 20 m Epiphytic [8, 13, 16, 23] Dohrniella antillana (W.R. Taylor) SEA,SWA,NWA,C Shallow Epiphytic or on [8, 23] Feldmann-Mazoyer hard substrates Griffithsia schousboei Montagne M,C,SWA,NWA,I,HW,SEA To 23 m Rocks or epiphytic [8, 13, 16] Griffithsia sp. n.a. n.a. [13] Gymnothamnion elegans M,CEP,SWP,NWP,I,SEA,AA, n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 13] (Schousboe ex C. Agardh) SWA,NWA,C,SEP,HW J. Agardh Haloplegma duperreyi Montagne C,I,SWP,AA,SWA,NWA,HW H To 15 m Hard substrates in [8, 16, 20, 23] shaded habitats Monosporus sp. n.a. n.a. [13] Pleonosporium caribaeum (Børgesen) M,SWP,NWP,I,C,SEA,HW Shallow Epiphytic [8, 13] R.E. Norris (13 as Mesothamnion caribeum Børgesen) Ptilothamnion speluncarum (Collins SEA,NEA,C,SWP,NWP,I ES Surfy shore Rocks, coral [5, 6, 8, 13, 23] & Hervey) D.L. Ballantine & M.J. Wynne (5, 6, 13, 23 as Spermothamnion speluncarum (Collins & Hervey) M.A. Howe) Spermothamnion investiens (P.L. C,SEA,NEA,I B Shallow n.a. [8, 13, 19] Crouan & H.M. Crouan) Vickers Spyridia clavata Kützing SWA,NWA,C,SEA,NEA,I,RS Shallow protected Hard substrates [8, 13, 23, 31] *Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) M,C,NEA,I,AA,SEA,SWA, B,ES,H,N,P To 8 m, calm pro- Hard substrates [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15– Harvey in W.J. Hooker NWA,RS,CEP,HW,SWP tected 21, 23, 24, 27] (continued) 45 46 Species List c 20, 23, 27, 31] 23] [8, 13, 16, 18] References [8, 13, 15–17, 23] [8, 13, 16, 22, 23] [8, 15, 16, 23] [8, 13, 16, 17, 22, roots, rocks, or other hard substrates or epiphytic substrates rocks, shell fragments or other hard substrates coral fragments or other hard substrates n.a. Substrate Rocks or epiphytic [4, 6–8, 13, 16, 19, Mangrove prop Mangrove Epiphytic [8, 13, 16] Epiphytic [8, 15, 16, 23] Rocks or other hard peat, Mangrove protected areas 30 m 30 To 8 m, in calm 8 To Habitat To 10 m 10 To To 40 m 40 To To 20 m 20 To mIntertidal to 3 Epiphytic [6, 8, 13, 23] Lower Lower intertidal to m, protected 20 To peat, Mangrove m 6 To b B B,H,Pm 10 To Central America B B B B a P,RS AA NWA,RS World distribution World SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,I,SW SEA,NEA,C SEA,NEA,C,SWA,NWA,I,SWP, SEA,NEA,CEP,C,HW C,SWP,NWP,I SEA,NEA,M,I,C C,I M,C,SWP,I,AA,SEA,SWA, C,SWP,SWA,NWA S.

(continued)

(Schimp.) Kützing var. aculeata (Schimp.) Kützing var. hypnoides J. Agardh) Vincent) Papenfuss (13 Vincent) as & Meñez Montagne Gardner) Doty & Meñez M.J. Wynne Falkenberg Species List 2.1 Species Spyridia hypnoides (Bory de Saint- (Montagne) gorgonea Doty Tiffaniella (Montagne) Wrangelia argus Tiffaniella saccorhiza (Setchell Tiffaniella & N.L. Wrangelia Wrangelia bicuspidata Børgesen Family Family DASYACEAE Dasya rigidula (Kützing) Ardissone Dictyurus occidentalis J. Agardh crispella Heterosiphonia (C. Agardh) gibbesii Heterosiphonia (Harvey) Marine BenthicAlgae Family DELESSERIACEAE *Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) SWA,NWA,C,SEA,SWP, B,ES,G,P Intertidal, Mangrove prop [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, G. Martens NWP,I,SEP,AA protected areas roots, rocks, or 18, 19, 23, 24] other hard substrates *Caloglossa stipitata E. Post SWP,NWP,I,AA n.a. n.a. [6, 8, 16, 23] Martensia fragilis Harvey (16, 19, 23 SWP,C,I,AA,HW B To 30 m Epiphytic [8, 16, 19, 23] as M. pavonia (J. Agardh) J. Agardh) Family RHODOMELACEAE Acanthophora muscoides (Linnaeus) SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,M,C,SWP, P Intertidal to 18 m Early colonizer on [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27] Bory de Saint-Vincent NWP,I,AA hard substrates Acanthophora spicifera (M. Vahl) C,SEA,NEA,I,SWA,NWA,HW,S B,H,N,P Intertidal to 8 m Early colonizer on [6–8, 13, 15, 16, 18– Børgesen WP,AA hard substrates 21, 23, 27, 31] Amansia multifida J.V. Lamouroux C,SWA,NWA,I P Intertidal – 5 m, Rocks [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27, calm to exposed 30, 31] to waves *Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex C,SEA,I,SWP,AA,NWA,SWA,N G Upper intertidal Mangrove prop [1, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] Kützing) J. Agardh WP roots, rocks, or sea walls *Bostrychia radicans (Mantagne) C,SEA,NEA,CEP,I,SWP,SWA,S ES,G Mid to lower inter- Mangrove roots, [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, Montagne (6, 13, 27 as B. rivularis EP,AA tidal calm water rocks, mud, 23, 27] Harvey) floating logs or sea walls; in saline or brackish water *Bostrychia tenella (J.V. Lamouroux) C,SEA,I,SWA,NWA,CEP,SWP,A B,ES,N,P Upper intertidal Mangrove prop [1, 3, 5–7, 13, 15, J. Agardh (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 23 as A,SEP roots, rocks, or 16, 18, 19, 21, Bostrychia binderi Harvey) sea walls 23, 24, 27] Bryothamnion seaforthii (Turner) C,SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,I Intertidal to shallow Coral [6, 8, 13, 23, 27, 31] Kützing

Bryothamnion triquetrum (S.G. C,SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA P Shallow to 20 m Hard substrates [6–8, 13, 16, 23, 27, 47 Gmelin) M.A. Howe 31] (continued) 48 Species List c 23] 23] 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31] 16, 18–20, 23, 24, 26, 31] [8, 13, 16, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 17, 16, 23] [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 19, [7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 21, [1, 3, 6, 7, 13, 15, References rocks or other hard substrates fragments substrates epiphytic seagrass beds rocks, or other hard substrates Hard substrates or Coral fragments in Coral fragments, Substrate 20 m 20 Intertidal to 5 mIntertidal to 5 Epiphytic or on mIntertidal to 5 Coral rubble or mIntertidal to 80 Rocks or other hard m 18 To mIntertidal to 1 Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 16, 23, 31] Habitat b B B B,N,PB,H,Pm 20 To m Intertidal to 7 B,G,H,P Hard substrates [6, 7, 8, 13, 17, 15, Lower intertidal to Central America a SEP,SWP HW RS,SWP SWA,NWA,RS,SWP C,SWP,NWP NEA,M,C,CEP,I,SWA,NWP, C,SWA,NWA M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP,I, M,C,SWP,NWP,I,NEA,RS SEA,NEA,C,SWP,NWP,I B,GC,SWA,NWA SEA,NEA,M,C,I,AA,SWA,NWA, m Intertidal to 3 Rocks, coralSEA,NEA,M,C,CEP,I,AA, [1, 6, 8, 13, 23, 31] World distribution World

C. tenuis- simplex (continued)

as Laurencia as papillosa Laurencia Laurencia Harvey) gemmifera Laurencia Laurencia corallopsis Laurencia Harvey C. Agardh M.A. Howe Hervey (6, 13, Wynne 23, 31 as sima (Goodenough & Woodward) C. Agardh) (Montagne) Nam (1, 6, 13, 23, 31 as (Montagne) M.A. Howe) (C. Agardh) Garbary & Harper (6, 7, 13, 17, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31 (C. Agardh) Greville) (6, 19, 31 as ” “ Digenia (Wulfen) C. (Wulfen) Agardh) Garbary & Harper (7, 8, 15, 16, 21, 23 as Chondria (Montagne) baileyana (Woodward) Chondria dasyphylla (Woodward) Collins) Chondria floridana (F.S. Collins Chondria & polyrhiza F.S. Chondria capillaris (Hudson) M.J. corallopsis Chondrophycus papillosus Chondrophycus C. * Digenea simplex (Wulfen) Agardh Chondrophycus gemmiferus (Harvey) Chondrophycus Species List 2.1 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Dipterosiphonia dendritica M,SEP,AA,SWA,NWA,SEA,SW 2 m Epiphytic [8, 23] (C. Agardh) F. Schmitz P,C Herposiphonia pecten-veneris C B,N To 2 m Hard substrates or [8, 13, 15, 16, 18, (Harvey) Falkenberg epiphytic 19, 21, 23] *Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) C,SWA,NWA,SEA,NEA,M, B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 2 m Hard substrates or [3, 5, 7, 8, 17, 16, Ambronn CEP,SWP,NWP,I,HW,AA epiphytic 19, 21, 23] *Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C, ES Intertidal to 2 m Coral or epiphytic [3, 5, 8, 16] (C. Agardh) M.J. Wynne (3, 5 as SWP,CEP,I,AA,RS,SEP Herposiphonia tenella (C. Agardh) Ambronn) Laurencia brongniartii J. Agardh SEA,NEA,SWP,NWP,I,AA N 15 m Rocks [8, 21, 23] Laurencia filiformis (C.Agardh) C,SWP,NWP,I,AA,SWA,NWA, B To 2 m Mangrove prop [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, Montagne (6, 13 also as SEA,NEA roots or other 23, 27] L. scoparia J. Agardh) hard substrates Laurencia intricata J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,M,C,SWP,NWP,I,AA, B,H To 3 m Rocks, shells or [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, RS,CEP coral fragments 20, 23, 27] in protected sandy areas Laurencia c.f. lata M.A. SWA,NWA,SEA,NEA n.a. n.a. [8, 13] Howe & W.R. Taylor Laurencia microcladia Kützing SEA,NEA,M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP B,P Intertidal Rocks [6–8, 13, 15, 23, 27] Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) M,C,NEA,SEA,SWA,NWA,RS, B,H,N,P Intertidal to 8 m, Rocks or dead coral [6–8, 13, 15, 16, J.V. Lamouroux HW,SWP,AA exposed to 18–21, 23, 31] waves or currents Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Børgesen) SEA,NEA,M,HW,C,SWP,I,AA B Lower intertidal Hard substrates or [8, 13, 16, 19, 23] M.S. Kim & I.E. Lee (8, 13, 16, 19, to 8 m, wave epiphytic 23 as Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa exposed areas Børgesen) Osmundaria obtusiloba (Mertens ex C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP,HW Lower intertidal to Rocks [8, 16, 23, 30] C. Agardh) R.E. Norris (23, 30 as 5 m, exposed to Vidalia obtusiloba (Mertens ex moderate wave

C. Agardh) J. Agardh) action 49 (continued) 50 Species List c 21, 23, 31] 23, 27] 23] [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, References [8, 13, 16, 23, 31] [6, 8, 13, 16, 17, 19, [8, 13, 16] [1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, substrates frag ments or epiphytic epiphytic epiphytic substrates or epiphytic Rocks or other hard Substrate Hard substrates or Hard substrates or Rocks or other hard Rocks or coral 36 m 36 areas subtidal Intertidal Hard substrates [6, 8, 13, 23] m 9 To Habitat Lower Lower intertidal to m, protected 3 To Surfy shore Edge of reef [8, 16, 19, 23] b Central America B G,P Intertidal to B a NWP,I,AA A,CEP,HW World distribution World SEP,CEP,NEP C NEA,M,C,SEA,NEA,AA B,Nm 1 To C,SWP,NWP,I,SEA,NEA,RS SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,SWP, SWA,NWA,C,SEA,NEA,SWP,I,A C,CEP,SWP,I,SEP,NEP

villum

P. macro- P. villum ) (continued) Lophosiphonia sp.

P. setacea Hollenberg as P. (No.24356), but in 6 L. villum (J. Agardh) Setchell Gardner) K.W. Nam (6, Gardner) 13, K.W. 23 as sinicola Laurencia Setchell & N.L. Gardner) J.N. Norris (6, 13, 31 as nom. illeg.) carpa Harvey, J. Agardh Taylor W.R. (J. Agardh) Hollenberg (in 23 reported as found by 6 published as near & N.L. Gardner). It remains unclear if that specimen is either setacea or Polysiphonia scopulorum var. P. Species List 2.1 Species Osmundea sinicola (Setchell & N.L. Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun & Polysiphonia Harvey binneyi Polysiphonia Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr ex * Polysiphonia Harvey gorgoniae Polysiphonia howei Hollenberg in * Polysiphonia Polysiphonia scopulorum var.Polysiphonia Marine BenthicAlgae *Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne M,C,SWA,SWP,NWP,I,AA,SEA, ES,G Intertidal Mangrove prop roots [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, NEA,HW 23] Polysiphonia sp. n.a. n.a. [31] Phylum CYANOBACTERIA Order NOSTOCALES Family RIVULARIACEAE *Calothrix crustacea Thuret C,I,NEA,M,RS,CEP,SWP,AA N Intertidal to 30 m Epiphytic, mangrove [3, 6, 8, 11, 21] prop roots, fine sediments (sand or mud) *Calothrix pilosa Harvey C,CEP,I,SWA,NWA,SEP,SWP,AA Intertidal Rocks [3, 6, 8] Order OSCILLATORIALES Family OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn) Harvey NEA,C,CEP,I,AA,RS,HW,SWP B Intertidal to 2 m Coral fragments, [8, 15, 16, 23, 31] ex Gomont other hard substrates or floating *Lyngbya polychroa (Meneghini) SWP,RS,C,I B,ES,G Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic, rocks, [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, Rabenhorst (1, 3, 5, 6 as L. sordida washed-up logs 18, 31] Gomont; 31 as “Lingbya” sordida (Zanardini) Gomont) Family PHORMIDIACEAE Microcoleus chthonoplastes (Mertens) SEA,NEA,M,C,AA ES,G Intertidal to 3 m Rocks, coral [1, 5, 6, 8, 31] Zanardini ex Gomont Phormidium corallinae (Kützing) NEA,I,RS,AA Intertidal n.a. [6, 8] Anagnostidis & Komárek (6 as Oscillatoria corallinae (Kützing) Gomont) *Symploca hydnoides (Harvey) Kützing NEA,C,CEP,I,HW,SWP,AA To 20 m Rocks or sandy habi- [3, 6, 8, 16, 24] tats Symploca hydnoides var. fasciculata n.a. n.a. n.a. [6] (Kützing) Gomont 51 (continued) 52 Species List c References [1, 6–8, 11, 16, 18] [6, 8, 11, 16, 18, 31] other hard substrates prop roots, rocks, pilings, wood, or other hard substrates Substrate Intertidal Rocks, sea walls [6, 8] Habitat Intertidal Epiphytic, mangrove b Central America a World distribution World I C,I,AA,NEA,M,HW,SWP B,G,Pm Intertidal to 2 Epiphytic, rocks or NEA,SWP,NWP,C,I,AA B

(continued)

Phormidium crosbyanum (6 as Tilden) Gomont ex Gomont & Flahault A = Antarctic; AA = Australasia; C = Caribbean; CEP = Central East EA/EP Pacific; = eastern HW Atlantic/Pacific; = Islands; Hawaiian I = Indian Ocean; B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List 2.1 Species Family PSEUDOANABENACEAE Silva P. (Tilden) crosbyanus Spirocoleus Family SCHIZOTRICHACEAE * Schizothrix calcicola (C. Agardh) a b c M = Mediterranean; NEA/NEP = northeastern Atlantic/Pacific; NWA/NWP = northwestern Atlantic/Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEA/SEP = southeastern Atlantic/ southeastern = SEA/SEP Sea; Red = RS Atlantic/Pacific; northwestern = NWA/NWP Atlantic/Pacific; northeastern = NEA/NEP Mediterranean; = M = southwestern = TEP = Atlantic/Pacific; tropical = western west Atlantic/Pacific tropical SWA/SWP Pacific; Atlantic; eastern TWA WA/WP Pacific; Order STIGONEMATALES Family MASTIGOCLADACEAE quoyi Brachytrichia (C. Agardh) Bornet n.a. = information not available *Species occur also at the coast Pacific **Indicates endemic species Marine BenthicAlgae Species List 2.2 Marine benthic algae and Cyanobacteria reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica Central Species World distributiona Americab Habitat Substrate Referencesc Phylum CHLOROPHYTA Order ULVALES Family MONOSTROMATACEAE Monostroma c.f. ecuadoreanum W.R. SEP N Intertidal Fine sediments [3, 6, 8] Taylor (mud flats) Family ULVACEAE *Enteromorpha lingulata J. Agardh CEP,NEA,M,SWA,SWP,I,NWP G,P Intertidal in shallow Mangrove prop [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, calm water roots, sunken 23, 24, 26, 27, logs, dead coral 31, 33] and other hard substrates or epiphytic Ulva compressa Linnaeus SWP,EA,NEA,SEA,SWP,NWA, Intertidal to 25 m Epiphytic, mang- [3, 8, 16] (3 as Enteromorpha compressa SWA,C,M,RS,I,NWP,NEP,CEP, rove prop roots, (Linnaeus) Nees) AA,SEP,HW,WP,A, rocks, or other hard substrates *Ulva flexuosa Wulfen (as NEA,SEA,M,C,SWP,I,AA,NEP, B, G,P Intertidal to 5 m Mangrove prop [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 15, Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) SEP,NWA,RS,NWP,CEP,A roots, wood, or 16, 19, 23, 24, J. Agardh) epiphytic in 26, 27, 33] brackish water of estuaries *Ulva lactuca Linnaeus NEA, NWP,NEP,CEP,SWP,SEP,M, G,P Intertidal to 10 m, Coral rubble, hard [1, 3, 6–8, 13, 16, C,SEA,NWA,SWA,RS,I,AA,A protected calm substrates (often 23, 24, 26, 27, water in shallow coves 31, 35] or harbors) (continued) 53 54 Species List c 28, 33] 31] 24] 24, 26] References [1, 6, 8, 15, 16, 18, [1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 23, [3, 8] [3, 8, 33] [1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 23, [5, 6, 8, 33] [3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 23, [1, 5, 6, 8] [4, 8] estuary eutrophic environmental conditions Mangrove prop Mangrove roots Rocks Hard substrate [3] Fixed Fixed or floating, Rocks Substrate beaten Intertidal trees Mangrove in 1–3 m 1–3 Intertidal to 2 mIntertidal to 2 n.a. To 8 m 8 To Intertidal Rocks Habitat b Central America G,P B,G,P Upper intertidal ES,G,N,P Intertidal, wave- ES,P Intertidal Rocks B,ESm 70 To a SWP,NEA,M,CWP NEP,CEP,CWP,I,A,HW,AA NWA,SWP,C,I,AA P,CEP,SWP,CWP I,SWP,CEP,AA SEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,AA,CEP, M,SEA,SWP,I,AA,CWP,CEP P NEA,M,C,SEA,NWA,SWA,NWP, TEP NEA,SWA,RS,NEP,CEP,SEP,HW, SWP,I,SEP,SWP,AA M,NWA,I,AA,NEA,SEA,C,RS,NE NEA,M,I,SEA,AA,SWP,C NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS, NWA,M,C,RS,SWP,I,AA ES,Gm, calm water 14 Rocks World distribution World

R . “ kocki- R. kochianum (continued) C. rudolphiana

C. media (C.Agardh) Kützing) Kützing; 23, 6, 31 as anum ” Kützing; 1, 6, 13, 31 as R. kerneri Stockmayer Kützing (13, 4, 7 as Harvey Saint-Vincent) Kützing (5, Saint-Vincent) 6, 7, 23 as (C. Agardh) Kützing) Kützing (3 as (Lindenberg) (Lindenberg) Kützing (6 as C. utriculosa Kützing) Kützing Kützing * Rhizoclonium implexum (Dillwyn) Cladophora Cladophora socialis Kützing * Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Family Family CLADOPHORACEAE * Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory de Chaetomorpha javanica Kützing Species List 2.2 Species Order CLADOPHORALES Family ANADYOMENACEAE mexicana Dawson Willeella Cladophora Cladophora sericea (Hudson) Cladophora Cladophora lehmanniana (Roth) * Cladophora prolifera Cladophora Cladophora crystallina (Roth) Marine BenthicAlgae *Rhizoclonium tortuosum (Dillwyn) NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,M,I, Intertidal n.a. [3, 6, 13, 23, 26, 31] Kützing (3, 26 as R. lubricum NWP,NEP,SEP,SWP,AA,A, Setchell & N.L. Gardner) CEP Family BOODLEACEAE Boodlea composita (Harvey) C,NEP,I,NWP,CEP,CWP,HW, P To 10 m Hard substrates [3, 8, 33] F. Brand (3 as B. siamensis SWP,AA,SEA,RS, Reinbold) *Phyllodictyon anastomosans NEA,C,NWP,M,SEA,I,CEP,HW, B,ES,N,P To 1 m Mangrove prop [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, (Harvey) Kraft & M. J. Wynne SWP,AA,RS roots, rocks, or 19, 23, 33] (6, 19 as Struvea anastomosans other hard sub- (Harvey) Piccone & Grunow) strates Family SIPHONOCLADACEAE Cladophoropsis gracillima E.Y. CWP, AA To 2 m, calm Coral fragments [3, 8] Dawson Cladophoropsis peruviana Howe SEP,TEP ES Shallow Fine sediments [5, 6] (mud) Cladophoropsis sundanensis I,C,NWP,AA,CWP,HW,SWP ES Shallow Sandy habitats, [3, 5, 8] Reinbold seepages BRYOPSIDALES Family BRYOPSIDACEAE *Bryopsis pennata var. leprieurii SWA,I,C,CWP Intertidal Rocks [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] (Kützing) Collins & Hervey Family CODIACEAE Codium sp. n.a. n.a. [3] Family CAULERPACEAE *Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata NEA,NWP,I,AA,RS,C,SWA, B,ES,H,P To 80 m Mangrove prop [3, 5–8, 13, 15, 16, (J.V. Lamouroux) Eubank (23 as NWA,CEP,SWP roots, or other 18–20, 23, 24, C. racemosa var. laetevirens hard substrates 32, 33] (Montagne) Weber-van Boss) Family UDOTEACEAE Boodleopsis verticillata E.Y. Dawson C,SWP,SEP P Upper intertidal Mangrove prop [28, 33] roots 55 (continued) 56 Species List c 27] 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 33] 19, 20, 23, 24, 26, 31] [3, 8] [4, 8] [3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, [3, 5, 8] [3, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, [3, 8, 26] [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, [3, 5, 8] References surfaces other hard substrates or other hard substrates, epiphytic or sand-covered hard Rocks n.a. Rocks Coral fragments Substrate wave exposed wave Intertidal to 3 mIntertidal to 3 Epiphytic, rocks or Subtidal to 2 m, Subtidal to 2 Subtidal m 6 Intertidal to 14 mIntertidal to 14 Rocks Intertidal to 2 mIntertidal to 2 Rocks Habitat b B,H,Pm Intertidal to 15 Coral fragments P B,H,ES,N,Pm 80 To Central America a WP,NEP,HW,SWP,SEP,AA,A WP,NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP, AA,A AA W,AA NEA,EA,SEA,NWA,C,M,RS,I, NEA,NWP,I,CWP,HW,SWP,AA ES NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, I,RS,NWP,CWP,HW,SWP,AA CEP NWA,C,NWP,I,CWP,HW,SWP, NEA,SEA,C,I,NWP,CEP,SWP,H I,CWP,NWP,HW,SWP,AA ES World distribution World

(continued)

Kützing) S. furcigera (3, 6 as Børgesen ex ex Roth) Derbès & Solier J. Agardh Børgesen & E.S.Gepp Order SPHACELARIALES Family SPHACELARIACEAE * Sphacelaria rigidula Kützing Order DICTYOTALES Family DICTYOTACEAE Dictyopteris (Okamura) repens * Colpomenia sinuosa (Mertens Phylum Phylum HETEROKONTOPHYTA Class PHAEOPHYCEAE Order ECTOCARPALES Family CHNOOSPORACEAE Chnoospora implexa Hering ex Family SCYTOSIPHONACEAE Taylor Colpomenia ramosa W.R. orientalis Rosenvingea (J. Agardh) * Halimeda discoidea Decaisne Chlorodesmis hildebrandtii A.Gepp Chlorodesmis Species List 2.2 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Dictyota binghamiae J. Agardh NEP,CEP,NWP,CI,SEP,HW P 21 m Rocks [3, 7, 8, 24, 26] (3, 7, 24, 26 as D. flabellata (F.S. Collins) Setchell & N.L. Gardner) *Dictyota crenulata J. Agardh (23, 27 NEA,SEA,SWA,C,I,NEP,NWP, B,P To 15 m Hard substrates [3, 6, 8, 13, 16, 23, also as D. jamaicensis Taylor) CEP,SEP,SWP,I 24, 26, 27] Dictyota c.f. friabilis Setchell NWP,I,CWP,SWP,HW P Subtidal to 2 m Rocks [3, 8] Dictyota masonii Setchell & Gardner CEP Intertidal n.a. [4] Dictyota divaricata J.V. Lamouroux M,SEA,C,SWA,NWP,CEP,I,CWP, B,ES,N,P 1–3 m Rocks and dead [3, 8] (according to De Clerck (pers. com. HW,AA coral 2004), name should be restricted to Mediterranean specimens, Pacific specimens require revision) Dictyota stolonifera E.Y. Dawson HW N Intertidal Rocks [6] *Lobophora variegata (J.V. EA,SWA,C,I,M,RS,NEP,SEP, B,H,ES,N,P Shallow to 120 m Mangrove prop [3, 5–7, 13, 15–21, Lamouroux) Womersley ex WP,HW,SWP,AA roots, coral 23, 31, 34] Oliveira (6, 31 as Pocockiella rubble, rocks, variegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss) or other hard substrates Padina caulescens Thivy CEP N 5–9 m Rocks [3, 6, 8] Padina crispata Thivy CEP ES Subtidal to 2 m, surf Rocks [3, 5, 8, 24, 26] exposed Padina durvillaei Bory SEA,CEP N 0.5–2 m Rocks [3, 6, 8, 24, 26] Order LAMINARIALES Family SARGASSACEAE Sargassum liebmannii J. Agardh SEP,CEP ES,N Subtidal Rocks [3, 5, 6, 8, 21a] Phylum RHODOPHYTA Class BANGIOPHYCEAE Order PORPHYRIDALES Family PORPHYRIDIACEAE

(continued) 57 58 Species List c [3, 8, 26] [24] [4, 8] [3, 8] References [1, 3, 6, 8, 13, 23] [8, 26] rocks rocks Shells Endozoic in hydroids n.a. Rocks On barnacles on Epiphytic, epizoic [3, 6, 8, 13, 23] Epiphytic or on Substrate to surf n.a. m 3 n.a. Shallow, exposed Shallow, Shallow Subtidal Shallow Habitat b Central America B G a AA,A,CWP,SEP,HW HW,SWP,SEP,AA NEP,CEP,SEP,HW,SWP,A,AA n.a. NEA CEP NEA,M,SEA,SWA,C,I,NWP,NEP, NEP,CEP NEA,SEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,I,RS, NEA,NWA,SWA,M,RS,C,NWP,I, World distribution World

B. fuscopurpurea Goniotrichum Goniotrichum (continued)

A. penetrale (Drew) & Hoyt (3 as Papenfuss) Agardh (3, 26 as (Dillwyn) (Dillwyn) Lyngbye) G.J. Hollenberg (26 as Porphyra naiadum C.L. Anderson) Drew Drew (6, 13 as alsidii (Zanardini) M. Howe; 3 as G. (Chauvin) elegans Zanardini) Agardh sp. Porphyra Class FLORIDEOPHYCEAE Order ACROCHAETIALES Family ACROCHAETIACEAE infestans M.A. Acrochaetium Howe vagum (Drew) Jao Acrochaetium Order CORALLINALES Family SPOROLITHACEAE Order BANGIALES Family BANGIACEAE (Roth) C. Bangia atropurpurea Order ERYTHROPELTIDALES Family ERYTHROPELTIDACEAE Smithora naiadum (C.L. Anderson) Species List 2.2 Species * Stylonema alsidii (Zanardini) K.M. Family Family ERYTHROTRICHIACEAE carnea (Dillwyn) * Erythrotrichia J. Marine BenthicAlgae **Sporolithon pacificum Dawson Costa Rica Intertidal Rocks [4, 8] Family CORALLINACEAE Amphiroa annulata M. Lemoine SEA,CEP,CWP,SWP Intertidal Rocks [3, 8, 26] Amphiroa c.f. annulata var. pinnata CEP Intertidal Rocks [3, 8] E.Y. Dawson Amphiroa beauvoisii J.V. Lamouroux SEA,M,C,SWA,SWP,I,A,CWP B To 2 m Hard substrates [3, 8, 15, 16] Amphiroa dimorpha M. Lemoine CEP ES,N Tide pools [3, 5, 6, 8] Amphiroa foliacea J.V. Lamouroux NWP,CEP,I,SWP,HW,CWP,AA ES Exposed to waves Rocks [5, 6, 8] Amphiroa minutissima W.R. Taylor CEP Intertidal Rocks [3, 8, 26] **Amphiroa polymorpha M. Lemoine CEP Intertidal, tide Hard substrate [8, 26] pools Amphiroa taylorii E.Y. Dawson CEP N Intertidal to Rocks [3, 6, 8] shallow Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) NEA,C,SEA,CEP,HW,NWP,I,AA, Intertidal n.a. [4, 8] Penrose & Woelkerling (4 as SWP,RS Porolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie) *Jania capillacea Harvey SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I,CE B,ES,N,P To 15 m Epiphytic [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, P,SWP 16, 19, 27] Jania longiarthra E.Y. Dawson M,CEP,SWP,I 0.5–1 m Rocks [3, 8] *Jania tenella (Kützing) Grunow SEA,NEA,I,RS,NEP,SEP,SWP ES 2 m Epiphytic or on [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 23] rocks Jania tenella var. zacae Dawson CEP,SWP N To 2 m Epiphytic [3, 6, 8] Lithophyllum canescens (Foslie) CEP ES Intertidal to 10 m Dead coral or [3, 5, 6, 8] Foslie (3, 5, 6 as Dermatolithon epiphytic canescens (Foslie) Foslie) Lithothamnion c.f. heteromorphum Costa Rica Shallow Rocks [3, 8] (Foslie) Foslie Lithothamnion validum Foslie M,CEP 18 m n.a. [3, 8, 26] (continued) 59 60 Species List c 26] 23, 26, 27] [3, 8] [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 23, 24, References [3, 5, 8, 26] [4, 8] [3, 8] [4, 8] [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, [3, 5, 6, 8, 26] [6, 8, 13, 23] fragments other hard substrates Rocks Rocks Rocks Rocks, shells or Hard substrates [3, 5] Coral fragments [3, 8] Rocks Substrate subtidal subtidal wave exposed wave protected IntertidalIntertidal to Rocks or shell Intertidal to 2 m 2 Intertidal Rocks Shallow Intertidal to 8 mIntertidal to 8 Coral Subtidal, Tide poolsTide Rocks Habitat b ES,G,P Central America P ES ES ES,Pm, Intertidal to 8 ES ES,Nm 5 P a NEP,AA,A WP CEP,HW,SWP,AA NEA,SWA,C,M,I,NWP,CEP, CEP SEA,M,I,AA,HW,SWP NEA,M,SWP,I,AA,SEA,SWA,C Costa Rica NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,RS,I,NEP, Costa Rica NEP,I CEP I,NWP,SWP,CEP Costa Rica World distribution World

Lithophyllum (continued) H. Nardo) prototypus

Lithophyllum trichotomum decipiens (Foslie) Foslie) Meneghini Meneghini (as ”) “ Hildenbrandtia (6, 24, 26 as Feldmann & G. Hamel (3 as G. tenuissima Feldmann & G. Hamel) Chamberlain (3 as c.f. Jolis (Heydrich) (Heydrich) Setchell & Mason (6, 13 as (Heydrich) M. Lemoine) Order HILDENBRANDIALES Family HILDENBRANDIACEAE * Hildenbrandia rubra (Sommerfelt) Family Family GELIDIELLACEAE Dawson Gelidiella hancockii E.Y. Dawson Gelidiella machrisiana E.Y. Gelidiella pannosa (Feldmann) W.R. Taylor musciformis Pterocladia W.R. (Foslie) Y.M. Spongites decipiens (Foslie) Y.M. Order GELIDIALES Family GELIDIACEAE * Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le mcnabbiana Pterocladia Dawson W.R. Taylor Gelidium W.R. sclerophyllum Species List 2.2 Species * Neogoniolithon trichotomum Porolithon castellum Dawson ** Porolithon Marine BenthicAlgae Order NEMALIALES Family LIAGORACEAE *Liagora ceranoides J.V. Lamouroux SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,I,CEP, B,H,P To 20 m Rocks or coral frag- [3, 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, (23 as “L. ceranioides” J.V. WP,SWP,HW,AA ments 23, 26] Lamouroux) *Liagora valida Harvey SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,CEP, B,H,P Intertidal (tide pools) Rocks or coral frag- [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, HW,SWP,AA to 2 m, often ments 19, 20, 23, 24, wave exposed 26, 31] Family GALAXAURACEAE Galaxaura filamentosa R. Chou ex SEA,CEP,NWP,I,AA,SWP, Intertidal Rocks [3, 8, 26] W.R.Taylor CWP,HW *Galaxaura marginata (Ellis & SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,RS,I, B,H,P Shallow to 10 m Mangrove prop [6, 7, 13, 15, 18, 20, Solander) J.V. Lamouroux (6 as HW,SWP,SEP,CEP,AA roots, rocks, on 23, 27, 31] G. arborea Kjellman; 13, 31, as shallow reef flats G. frutescens Kjellman; 3 as G. or in tide pools veprecula Kjellman; 3 as G. stupocaula Kjellman; 26 as G. stupocaulon Kjellman) Galaxaura ramulosa Kjellmann CEP P 1–3 m Rocks, dead coral [3, 7, 8] *Scinaia complanata (F.S. Collins) NEA,NWA,SWA,M,I,CEP To 30 m Coral fragments on [3, 8, 13, 16, 23, 26, A.D. Cotton sand plains 30, 31] Scinaia confusa (Setchell) CEP,NEP 25–30 m n.a. [4, 8] Huismann (4 as Gloiophloea confusa Setchell) Scinaia johnstoniae Setchell SEA,CEP 10 m n.a. [3, 8, 26] Order BONNEMAISONIALES Family BONNEMAISONIACEAE *Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) SEA,NEA,NWA,SWA,C,M,RS,I, B,G,N To 14 m mangrove prop [1, 8, 16, 21, 23, 24] Trevisan (by 1, 23 only found as SEP,NEP,HW,SWP,AA roots, coral, Falkenbergia hillebrandii – sporo- rocks, or phytic stage) epiphytic

Order GIGARTINALES 61 Family CAULACANTHACEAE (continued) 62 Species List c 31] 16, 19, 20, 23, 27, 31] 19, 21, 23, 28] [6, 7, 8, 23, 24, 27, [3, 4, 8] [3, 8] [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 24] [5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, [3, 4, 7, 8] [6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, [3, 8] [5, 6, 8, 27, 28] References light conditions ments or epiphytic rocks, or coral fragments roots Rocks Hard substrates [3, 8, 16] Rocks Rocks Rocks Rocks Substrate subtidal to surf subtidal Intertidal Rocks in subdued 20–60 m 20–60 Intertidal to 0.5–2 m 0.5–2 Intertidal to Upper intertidal prop Mangrove Subtidal Habitat b P ES,N,PB,ES,H,N,P Subtidal, exposed m Intertidal to 30 Rocks, coral frag- P ES Central America a AA HW,AA P,HW HW,SWP,SEP,AA SEP CWP,HW,AA,NEP,I NEA,NWA,C,M,RS,HW,SWP,I, NWA,C,RS,I,CWP,CEP,SWP, NEP,CEP,I,AA,SEA,RS,CWP,SW SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,M,RS,I, CEP CEP,CWP NEA,SWA,M,C,SWP,NWP,I,SEP B,N,P IntertidalSEA,NEA,SWA,C,I,SWP,NWP, prop Mangrove roots, M,NEP,NWP,I,AA,A,CEP,CWP NEA,M,SWA,SEA,NWP,CEP, World distribution World H.

C. repens C. opuntia indicus Cruoriopsis mexi- (continued) C . c.f.

Agardh Grunow E.Y. Dawson) cana E.Y. (5, 6, 7, 13, 19, 23, 31 also as cervicornis J . Agardh) Denizot (3, 4 as L.M. Irvine (7, 19, 21 as (Lightfoot) Batters; 6 as Greville) J. Agardh nom. illeg. Weber-van Bosse) Weber-van Kützing (3 as Catenella caespitosa (Withering) Catenella impudica (Montagne) Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. * Peyssonnelia Family PHYLLOPHORACEAE Peyssonnelia conchicola Piccone & Peyssonnelia Hypnea pannosa J. Agardh * Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh) Kützing Dawson) Cruoriella mexicana (E.Y. Family Family PEYSSONNELIACEAE Dawson Cruoriella E.Y. fissurata * * Family Family HYPNEACEAE Hypnea esperi Bory de Saint-Vincent Caulacanthus ustulatus (Turner) Species List 2.2 Species Marine BenthicAlgae Gymnogongrus johnstonii (Setchell & CEP ES Tidal estuary n.a. [4, 8] Gardner) E.Y. Dawson Family SOLIERACEAE Sarcodiotheca ecuadoreana W.R. CEP 10–50 m n.a. [3, 26] Taylor Family WURDEMANNIACEAE Wurdemannia miniata (Sprengel) NEA,NWA,SWA,M,C,CEP,SWP, B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 30 m Mangrove prop [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 19, Feldmann & G. Hamel HW,I,AA,A roots, rocks, or 21, 26] coral fragments Order HALYMENIALES Family HALYMENIACEAE Cryptonemia angustata (Setchell & CEP ES 5–30 m n.a. [4, 5, 8] N.L. Gardner) E.Y. Dawson nom. illeg. Cryptonemia limensis (Kützing) J.A. CEP 8 m n.a. [4, 8] Lewis (4 as C. guaymasensis (E.Y. Dawson) E.Y. Dawson) Halymenia actinophysa M.A. Howe SEA,CEP,HW 25–100 m n.a. [4, 8] Order GRACILARIALES Family GRACILARIACEAE Gracilaria crispata Setchell & CEP,SEP ES Intertidal, tide pools Rocks [3, 5, 8] Gardner **Gracilaria crockeri E.Y. Dawson Costa Rica n.a. n.a. [2, 3] Gracilaria tepocensis (E.Y. Dawson) CEP,SEP,C ES Subtidal to 5 m Hard substate [5, 8, 19a] E.Y. Dawson Gracilariopsis costaricensis E.Y. CEP Intertidal to 10 m Mud flats [2, 3, 8] Dawson (3 also as Gracilaria costaricensis E.Y. Dawson) Gracilariopsis panamensis (W.R. CEP P 3.5–36 m n.a. [3, 8, 26] Taylor) E.Y. Dawson

(continued) 63 64 Species List c 21, 23, 30, 31] 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 27, 31] 23, 27] References [3, 8, 13, 16, 19, 20, [4, 8] [3, 8] [3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, [6, 8, 13, 15, 16, 18, [4, 8] [4, 8] [4, 8] [8, 26] phytic tom rocks, and other hard substrates, or epiphytic or other hard substrates Sandy rocks or epi- cobble and shell bot- Mangrove prop Mangrove roots, n.a. n.a. n.a. Epiphytic [3, 5, 7, 8] Substrate 6–7 m 6–7 intertidal to 10 mintertidal to 10 prop mangrove roots m 3 m 5–15 mSubtidal to 2 Rocks 8–15 m 8–15 subtidal to 3 msubtidal to 3 rocks, dead coral [3, 5, 8] dredged, to 57 m dredged, to 57 Habitat b Central America B,H,Nm 15 To B B,ES,G,N,P Intertidal ES B a WP,HW HW,SWP CEP,I,SEA,SEP,AA,SWP,HW WP, NWP WP, Costa Rica M,SWA,NWA,CEP,I,AA,NEA,S SEA,NEA,C,M,I,AA,SWA,NWA, I NEA,SEA,NWA,C,M,CEP,SWP,I P,ESCEP m 1–13 M,C,SWA,NWA,SWP,NWP, CEP,SWP CEP,SEP SEA,NEA,SWA,NWA,C,I,CEP,S M,NWP,NEP,CEP,SWP,HW,AA World distribution World

(continued)

Dawson Harvey Vickers J.H. Price & D.M. (3, 5, 7 as E.Y. Antithamnion breviramosus Dawson) Dawson Montagne Family Family LOMENTARIACEAE ** Botryocladia beaudettei E.Y. Species List 2.2 Species Order RHODYMENIALES Family CHAMPIACEAE * Champia parvula (C. Agardh) * Gelidiopsis intricate (C. Agardh) E.Y. Dawson Ceramium avalonae E.Y. Order CERAMIALES Family CERAMIACEAE Antithamnionella (Berthold) elegans Callithamnion marshallense E.Y. clavulatum (C. * Centroceras Agardh) Dawson Ceramium equisetoides E.Y. Gelidiopsis tenuis Setchell & Gardner (Harvey) Lomentaria Farlow (Harvey) baileyana Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo Marine BenthicAlgae *Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex NWA,SWA,M,C,NEA,I,SEA,HW, B,ES,N To 22 m Epiphytic or on [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, Kützing) Ardissone (3, 5, 6 as SWP,SEP,AA,CEP sunken logs 16, 18, 19, 21, C. gracillimum var. byssoideum; 23, 31] 3, 5 as C. taylorii Dawson) Ceramium marshallense E.Y. Dawson SWP,I,AA Subtidal to 2 m n.a. [3, 8] Ceramium mazatlanense E.Y. Dawson SEA,CEP,SWP,I,AA,HW ES n.a. n.a. [3, 5, 8] Ceramium nakamurae E.Y. Dawson NWP Intertidal rocks [3, 8] Ceramium personatum Setchell & N.L. CEP,SWP, n.a. Epiphytic [3, 8, 26] Gardner Ceramium procumbens Setchell & N.L. NWP,CEP,I ES 3–9 m n.a. [4, 5, 8] Gardner Ceramium vagans P.C. Silva in SWP,HW,I ES Intertidal Epiphytic or on [3, 5, 8] P. Silva, Meñez, & Moe (3, 5 rocks as C. vagabunde E.Y. Dawson) Griffithsia ovalis Harvey CEP,SWP,I,AA Intertidal Rocks [6, 8] Pleonosporium globuliferum Levring CEP,SWP,SEP ES Subtidal to 2 m Rocks [3, 4, 5, 8] *Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey M,C,NEA,I,AA,SEA,SWA,NWA, B,ES,H,N,P To 8 m, calm pro- Hard substrates [3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, RS,CEP,HW,SWP tected 17, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27] Wrangelia dumontii (E.Y. Dawson) CEP,SWP P Intertidal Coral fragments [4, 7, 8] I.A. Abbott (4, 7 as Antithamnion dumontii Dawson) Family DASYACEAE Dasya sp. n.a. Intertidal to 2 m Rocks [3] Heterosiphonia crispella var. laxa NWA,SEA,C,I,AA,NEA,SWP B Subtidal to 2 m Rocks [3, 8, 19] (Børgesen) M.J. Wynne (3, 19 as H. wurdemannii var. laxa Børgesen) (continued) 65 66 Species List c 23, 27, 28] 16, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27] 18, 19, 23, 24, 28] References [3] [3, 8, 26] [6, 7, 8, 28] [8, 28] [3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, [3, 8] [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 13, 15, [1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 16, [6, 8, 28] [8, 28] [8, 28] roots roots rocks, mud, floating logs or sea walls; in saline or brackish water groves”) rocks, or sea walls roots, rocks, or other hard substrates roots roots roots n.a. prop Mangrove Mangrove roots, Mangrove Mangrove propMangrove Substrate tidal calm water 24 m 24 Intertidal Rocks or mangrove Intertidal Mud? (“under man- IntertidalmIntertidal to 2 Rocks prop Mangrove Upper intertidal prop Mangrove Upper intertidal Upper intertidal Habitat b Central America N,P G ES,G Mid to lower inter- B,ES,N,P Upper intertidal prop Mangrove roots, B,ES,G,P Intertidal prop Mangrove a WP EP,AA A,SEP EP,AA SEP,CEP C,SEA,CEP,SWP,I C,SEA,I,SWP,AA,NWA,SWA,N C,SEA,NEA,CEP,I,SWP,SWA,S SEA,NWP,I,SWP,AA C,SEA,I,SWA,NWA,CEP,SWP,A SWA,NWA,C,SEA,SWP,NWP,I,S C,SWP,I,NWASWP,NWP,I,AA n.a. n.a. [3, 8] n.a. NWP,AA,SWP C,SEA,SWA World distribution World

B. rivularis hookeri Post (continued)

Montagne Kützing) J. Agardh Montagne (6, 13, 27 as Harvey) J. Agardh J. Agardh (1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 23 as B. binderi Harvey G. Martens Chijara Hypoglossum Hypoglossum abyssicolum Taylor Family RHODOMELACEAE Bostrychia calliptera (Montagne) * Bostrychia moritziana (Sonder ex * Bostrychia radicans (Mantagne) Bostrychia Bostrychia simpliciuscula Harvey ex (J.V. Lamouroux) * Bostrychia tenella (J.V. Species List 2.2 Species Family DELESSERIACEAE * Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne) Caloglossa Caloglossa leprieurii var. * Caloglossa stipitata E. Post Cryptopleura sp. Bostrychia & pinnata M. J. Tanaka Bostrychia pilulifera Montagne Marine BenthicAlgae Chondria californica (Collins) Kylin CEP,SEP Dredged Shells, hard sub- [26, 8] strates Chondria lancifolia Okamura NWP Subtidal to 2 m Rocks [3, 8] Chondria repens Børgesen SWP,I,AA,NWP Intertidal Rocks [3, 8] Chondria platyclada Taylor CEP Dredged, 18 m n.a. [26, 8] *Digenea simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh SEA,NEA,M,C,CEP,I,AA,SWA, B,G,H,P Lower intertidal to Coral fragments, [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 15, (6, 31 as “Digenia” simplex NWA,RS,SWP 20 m rocks, or other 16, 18, 23, 24, (Wulfen) C. Agardh) hard substrates 26, 31] *Herposiphonia secunda (C. Agardh) C,SWA,NWA,SEA,NEA,M,CEP, B,ES,N,P Intertidal to 2 m Hard substrates or [3, 5, 78, 16, 19, 21, Ambronn SWP,NWP,I,HW,AA epiphytic 23] *Herposiphonia secunda f. tenella SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,SWP, ES Intertidal to 2 m Coral or epiphytic [3, 5, 8, 16] (C. Agardh) M.J. Wynne (3, 5 as CEP,I,AA,RS,SEP H. tenella (C. Agardh) Ambronn) Herposiphonia subdisticha Okamura CEP,NWP,AA,SWP,SEP ES Intertidal to 2 m Rocks [3, 5, 8] Lophosiphonia reptabunda (Suhr) Kylin NEA,M,SEA,SWP,I ES Intertidal Epiphytic [3, 5, 8] Polysiphonia beaudettei Hollenberg SWP,HW,AA 4–60 m Fine sediments [10] (sand), rocks, or shells Polysiphonia bifurcata Hollenberg CEP 9–92 m Fine sediments [3, 26] (sand, mud) *Polysiphonia ferulacea Suhr ex J. SEA,NEA,M,SWA,NWA,C,SWP, B Lower intertidal to Hard substrates or [6, 8, 13, 17, 16, 19, Agardh NWP,I,AA 36 m epiphytic 23, 27, 31] *Polysiphonia howei Hollenberg SWA,NWA,C,SEA,NEA,SWP,I,A G,P Intertidal to subtidal Rocks or other hard [1, 6, 7, 8, 13, 16, A,CEP,HW substrates or 23] epiphytic Polysiphonia mollis J.D. Hooker & NEP,SEP,SWP,I,AA Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic, rocks, [3, 8] Harvey coral Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey (3 NEA,SEA,M,C,NEP,SWP,I,HW B Deeper tide pools Rocks [3, 8] as Lophosiphonia scopulorum ,AA (Harvey) Wormsley) Polysiphonia sertularioides M,NWA,C,SEA,I,SWP,AA,NEA B To 50 m Epiphytic [8, 10, 16] (Grateloup) J. Agardh (10, 16 as 67 P. flaccidissima Hollenberg) (continued) 68 Species List c 23] [1, 3, 7, 8, 11] [8, 24, 26] [8, 10] [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 13, 16, [3, 6, 8, 11, 21] [11, 24, 26] [3, 7, 8, 11] References coral roots habitat prop roots, fine sediments (sand or mud) sediments (sand, mud) Rocks, wood, shells, Rocks Rocks, epiphytic [26, 24] Substrate Intertidal to 30 mIntertidal to 30 Epiphytic, mangrove n.a. IntertidalSubtidal Epiphytic or fine Intertidal? Rocks n.a. Habitat b ES,G Intertidal prop Mangrove N P G Central America a NEA,HW SWP,AA ,AA NEA,I,CEP,AA M,C,SWA,SWP,NWP,I,AA,SEA, CEP,HWNEA,CEP Intertidal Rocks or sandy C,I,NEA,M,RS,CEP, NEA,SEA,SWA,C,M,RS,I,SWP C,M,NEA,I,SEA,RS,SWP,AA G,P I,NEA,HW,AA World distribution World

(continued)

& H.M. Crouan) & Komárek Anagnostidis (11, 24, 26 as Crouan Dermocarpa violacea P.L. & H.M. Crouan) & Thuret F.E.Drouet & W.A.Daily F.E.Drouet Dailey Drouet & W.A. Kützing Entophysalis granulosa Kützing Polysiphonia subtilissima Montagne * Polysiphonia Phylum Phylum CYANOBACTERIA Order CHROOCOCCALES Family DERMOCARPELLACEAE Crouan Cyanocystis violacea (P.L. Order NOSTOCALES Family RIVULARIACEAE * Calothrix crustacea Thuret in Bornet Polysiphonia simplex Hollenberg Polysiphonia Family Family ENTOPHYSALIDACEAE Entophysalis conferta (Kützing) Entophysalis deusta (Meneghini) F.E. Family MERISMOPEDIACEAE Merismopedia glauca (Ehrenberg) Species List 2.2 Species Marine BenthicAlgae *Calothrix pilosa Harvey C,CEP,I,WA,SEP,SWP,AA Intertidal Rocks [3, 6, 8] Isactis plana (Harvey) Thuret ex NEA,CEP,I,AA Intertidal, exposed Rocks [3, 8, 26] Bornet & Flahault Family SCYTONEMATACEAE Plectonema norvegicum Gomont n.a. Intertidal Rocks, tree trunks [3] Order OSCILLATORIALES Family OSCILLATORIACEAE Lyngbya aestuarii (Mertens) Liebman NEA,CEP,AA B,ES,G Intertidal On mangrove prop [1, 3, 5, 8] roots Lyngbya confervoides C. Agardh ex EA,C,SEP,I B,P Intertidal to 2 m Rocks or other hard [3, 7, 8, 16] Gomont surfaces, mangrove prop roots Lyngbya gracilis (Meneghini) I,CEP G Intertidal Rocks, mangrove [1, 3, 8, 11] Rabenhorst prop roots Lyngbya gracilis var. monilis (Setchell CEP Intertidal, tide pools Rocks [8, 26] & N.L. Gardner) Drouet Lyngbya semiplena (C. Agardh) J. NEA,C,RS,CEP,I,SWP,AA Intertidal to 2 m Hard or soft sub- [3, 8, 16, 26] Agardh (3 as L. semiplena Gomont) strates *Lyngbya polychroa (Meneghini) SWP,RS,C,I B,ES,G Intertidal to 2 m Epiphytic, rocks, [1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, Rabenhorst (1, 3, 5, 6 as L. sordida washed-up logs 18, 31] Gomont; 31 as Lyngbya sordida (Zanardini) Gomont) Planktothrix planctonica (Elenkin) NEA,C,NEP,HW,AA,CEP Intertidal to 2 m Hard substrates [3, 8, 16] Anagnostidis & Komárek (3 as Hydrocoleum lyngbyaceum Kützing) Family PHORMIDIACEAE Hydrocoleum glutinosum (C. Agardh) NEA,I,AA Intertidal Mud [3, 8] Gomont (continued) 69 70 Species List c 18] References [3, 8] [3, 6, 8, 16, 24] [1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, Atlantic/Pacific habitats other hard substrates Rocks Rocks or sandy Substrate water level water (spray) level To 20 m 20 To 1–2 m above m low above 1–2 Habitat b Central America a NEA,C,CEP,I,HW,SWP,AA C,I,AA,NEA,M,HW,SWP B,G,Pm Intertidal to 2 Epiphytic, rocks or n.a. World distribution World

(continued)

Gomont ex Gomont & Flahault Indicates endemic species

Species occur also at the Caribbean coast

Symploca hydnoides Kützing (Harvey) B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama A = Antarctic; AA = Australasia; C = Caribbean; CEP = Central East EA/EP Pacific; = eastern HW Atlantic/Pacific; = Islands; Hawaiian I = Indian Ocean; References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list n.a. = information not available * Species List 2.2 Species * a b c Family Family SCHIZOTRICHACEAE * Schizothrix calcicola (C. Agardh) Amphithrix violacea (Kützing) Bornet ** M = Mediterranean; NEA/NEP = northeastern Atlantic/Pacific; NWA/NWP = northwestern Atlantic/Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEA/SEP = southeastern Atlantic/ southeastern = SEA/SEP Sea; Red = RS Atlantic/Pacific; northwestern = NWA/NWP Atlantic/Pacific; northeastern = NEA/NEP Mediterranean; = M /SWP = southwestern = TEP /WP Atlantic/Pacific; tropical = SWA Pacific; west tropical western Atlantic; east TWA WA Pacific; Seagrasses 71 f 9, 10, 11] [3, 6, 9, 13] References e Habitat/ Community d 0-–5 cr,rb,rub,sb [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9] 0-–30 cr,sb 0-–15 cr,mb,rb,sb [3, 6, 9] Depth (m) 0-–10 cr,mb,rb,rub,sb [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, c Oceanic distribution b B,N,P st B,N,P st Central America a Car,GM B,N,P st ct ct World World distribution Seagrasses found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

ALISMATALES ANGIOSPERMAE B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panamá Uppermost and lowermost ocurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; GM = Gulf of Mexico st = Subtidal cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. Syringodium filiforme Kützing, 1860 Species List 3.1 Class a b c d e f Order Family HYDROCHARITACEAE decipiens Ostenfeld, 1902 Halophila Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König, 1805 Car,GM B,G,H,N,P st Order NAJADALES Family CYMODOCEACEAE Halodule wrightii Ascherson, 1868 72 Species List g [1, 3, 6, 9] References [1, 3, 6, 9, 12] f Habitat/ Community e 3–10 sb Depth (m) 1–3 sb d Oceanic distribution c PM st Costa Rica Pacific PM st b Central America CA a World World distribution Seagrasses found on the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama st = subtidal Reference s are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; EP = Eastern Pacific PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrence (in meters) sb = sandy bottom Species List 3.2 Order NAJADALES Family RUPPIACEAE Ruppia maritima Linnaeus, 1753 cp a b c d e f g Order ALISMATALES Family HYDROCHARITACEAE baillonis Ascherson, 1874Halophila Car,EP P Mangroves Species List 4.1 Mangrove species occurring along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica World Oceanic Habitat/ Nuclear Associated Species distributiona Central Americab distributionc communityd vegetation vegetation Referencese Family AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia germinans (L.) Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Stearn, 1958 Family COMBRETACEAE Conocarpus erecta L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Gaertn.f., 1805 Family RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Family APOCYNACEAE Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Car,WP CA st sb X [3, 5] Muell. Arg., 1860 Family ARACEAE Montrichardia arborescens Car,WP CA st mb X [3] (L.) Schott, 1854 Family EUPHORBIACEAE Hippomane mancinella L., cp CA st sb X [3, 5] 1753 Family FABACEAE Mora oleifera (Triana) Car,WP CA st mb X [1–3, 5] Ducke, 1925 (continued) 73 74 Species List [1,–3, 5] [3] [1–3, 5] [1–3, 5] [3] X X X X X sb sb sb sb sb st st st st it CA CA Car,WP CA WA,WP CA ct Car,WP CA cp 1775 Mart., 1828 1753 Langsd. & Fisch., 1810 CA = all Central American countries mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; = ct western = Atlantic; circumtropical; WP WA = western Pacific it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Family Family MELIACEAE Carapa guianensis Aubl., a b c d e Family Family ARECACEAE Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Family PTERIDACEAE L., aureum Acrostichum danaeifolium Acrostichum Family TYPHACEAE latifolia L., Typha 1753 Mangroves Species List 4.2 Mangrove species occurring along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica World Oceanic Habitat/ Nuclear Associated Species distributiona Central Americab distributionc communityd vegetation vegetation Referencese Family AVICENNIACEAE Avicennia bicolor Standl., 1923 WP CA it mb X [2, 3, 5] Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn, Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] 1958 Family COMBRETACEAE Conocarpus erecta L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Car,WP CA it mb X [1–5] Gaertn. f., 1805 Family PELLICIERACEAE Pelliciera rhizophorae Triana & WP CR,P it sb X [1–5] Planch., 1862 Family RHIZOPHORACEAE Rhizophora mangle L., 1753 Car,WP CA it mb X [1–5] Rhizophora racemosa WP CA it mb X [1–5] G. Mey., 1818 Rhizophora x harrisonii WP CA it mb X [1–3, 5] Leechman, 1918 Family ANNONACEAE Annona glabra L., 1753 WP CA st mb X [3] Family APOCYNACEAE Rhabdadenia biflora (Jacq.) Car,WP CA st sb X [3, 5] Muell. Arg., 1860 Family ARACEAE

Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Car,WP CA st mb X [3] 75 Schott, 1854 (continued) 76 Species List e Associated vegetation References X [3] X [3] X [3] X [3, 5] X [3] X [3] X [3] Nuclear vegetation d Habitat/ community sb sb mb sb sb sb sb c Oceanic distribution st st st st st st st b Central America CA CA CA CA CA CA CA a WPWP CAWP CAWP CA stWP st CA st sb st sb sb sb X X [3, 5] X [3, 5] X [3] [3] World World distribution WP WP cp WP WP WP (continued)

(Hemsl.) Sandw., 1941 (Hemsl.) Sandw., 1753 1805 1900 Meyer) Meyer) Steudel., 1841 1833 Hitchc., 1920 1876 Species List 4.2 Family BIGNONIACEAE palustris Hemsl., 1882 Tabebuia Phryganocydia phellosperma Family BOMBACACEAE aquatica Aubl., 1775 Pachira Family BORAGINACEAE curassavicum L., Heliotropium Family CYPERACEAE spadicea Fimbristylis (L.) Vahl., Species Mariscus ligularis (L.) Urb., Scirpus californicus (C.D. Family Family EUPHORBIACEAE Hippomane mancinella L., 1753 Family Family GRAMINEAE colonum Echinochloa (L.) Link, Echinochloa polystachya Echinochloa (Kunth) Jouvea Jouvea straminea E. Fourn., Mangroves Family FABACEAE Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb., WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] 1832 Dalbergia brownei (Jacq.) WP CA st mb X [1–3, 5] Schinz, 1898 Mora oleifera (Triana) Ducke, Car,WP CA st mb X [1–5] 1925 Muellera frutescens (Aubl) WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Stand., 1933 Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq., WP CA st mb X [1–3, 5] 1763 Family AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum erubescens Aitan, 1789 WP CA st sb X [3] Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq.) WP CA st sb X [3] Salisb., 1812 Family MALVACEAE Hibiscus pernambucensis WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Arruda, 1810 Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 1753 WP CA st sb X [5] Thespesia populnea (L.) ct CA st sb X [1–3, 5] Solander ex Correa, 1807 Pavonia paludicola Nicolson, Car,WP CA st sb X [1–3, 5] 1989 Pavonia spicata Cav. 1787 Car,WP CA st sb X [1, 5] Family MELIACEAE (continued) 77 78 Species List e Associated vegetation References X [3] X [3, 5] X [1–5] X [1–3, 5] X [3] X [3] X [3] X [3] X [3] Nuclear vegetation d Habitat/ community sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb sb c st Oceanic distribution st st st st st st it st b CA Central America CA CA CA CA CA CA CA a WP World World distribution WA,WP CA ct WP WP WP WP cp WP (continued)

1791 1828 Langsd. & Fisch., 1810 CHRYSOBALANACEAE Hemsl., 1879 1940 CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; = ct western = Atlantic; circumtropical; WP WA = western Pacific it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List 4.2 Family ARECACEAE Manicaria saccifera Gaertn., a b c d e Species Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart., Family Family PTERIDACEAE L.,1753 aureum Acrostichum Acrostichum danaeifolium Acrostichum Family Family Chrysobalanus icaco L., 1753 Family Family RUBIACEAE Rustia occidentalis (Benth.) Family Family TYPHACEAE dominguensis Pers., Typha 1807 Typha latifolia L., Typha 1753 Family Family VERBENACEAE pittieri Clerodendrum Moldenke, Foraminifera 79

Species List 5.1 Foraminifera of the Caribbean of Costa Rica Location References Phylum PROTOZOA Class SARCODINA SubClass GRANULORETICULOSEA Order FORAMINIFERIDA Family AMPHISTEGINIDAE Amphistegina spp. Cahuita 9°44’N 82°49’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Globigerinoides ruber (d’Orbigny, 1839) Cahuita 9°44’N 82°49’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] Orbulina universa d’Orbigny, 1839 Cahuita 9°44’N 82°49’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter] Family NUMMULITIDAE Heterostegina depressa d’Orbigny, 1826 Cahuita 9°44’N 82°48’W [Mora-Baumgartner, this chapter]

Species List 5.2 Foraminifera of the Pacific of Costa Rica Location References Phylum PROTOZOA Class SARCODINA SubClass GRANULORETICULOSEA Order FORAMINIFERIDA Family AMMODISCIDAE Glomospira gordialis (Jones Santa Elena Bay [3] and Parker, 1860) Family ANOMALINIDAE Hanzawaia nitidula (Bandy, 1953) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15′N 84°15′W; Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48'W Family BAGGINIDAE Cancris panamensis Natland 1938 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Cancris sagra (d’Orbigny, 1839) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84° 15′W; [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Family BOLIVINITIDAE Bolivina advena Cushman, 1925 Salinas Bay [5] Bolivina alata Seguenza, 1862 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Bolivina argentea Cushman, 1926 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina costate d’Orbigny, 1839 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina costata var. bicostata Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Cushman, 1926 (in ref.: Bolivina bicostata) Bolivina humilis Cushman Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] and McCulloch, 1942 Bolivina laevigata Brady, 1881 Isla del Coco [5] Bolivina minuta Natland, 1938 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina plicata d’Orbigny, 1839 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Bolivina pygmaea Brady, 1881 Culebra Bay [5] Bolivina seminuda Cushman, 1911 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1, 2] and Golfo Dulce Bolivina striatula (Cushman, 1922) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] (continued) 80 Species List

Species List 5.2 (continued) Location References Bolivina subadvena var. acuminata Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] Cushman, 1926 (in ref.: 9°15′N 84°15′W Bolivina acuminata) Bolivina subadvena var. spissa Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Cushman, 1926 (in ref: Bolivina spissa) Bolivina subexcavata (Cushman Salinas Bay [5] and Wickenden, 1929) Bolivina tongi var.filacostata Isla del Coco [5] (Cushman and McCulloch, 1942) Bolivina vaughani (Natland, 1938) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84° 15′W; [1] Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Family BULIMINIDAE Bulimina pagoda Cushman, 1927 Off Costa Rica 8°40N 84°20′W [1] Bulimina pagoda var. denudata Off Costa Rica 9°15Ń 84°15′W; [1] Cushman, 1927 (in ref.: Costa Rica 10°33Ń 85°48′W Bulimina denudata) Bulimina tenuata Cushman, 1927 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Globobulimina pacifica Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Cushman, 1927 Family CASSIDULINIDAE Cassidulina delicata Cushman, 1927 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15′N 84°15′W Cassidulina oblonga Reuss, 1850 Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1][ Cassidulina suglobosa (Brady, 1881) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15Ń 84°15´W Cassidulina subglobosa var. Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] subcalifornica Drooger, 1953 (in ref.: Cassidulina. Subcalifornica) Family CIBICIDIDAE Cibicides fletcheri Galloway Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] and Wissler, 1927 Family EGGERELLIDAE Eggerelloides advenus Isla del Coco [3] Cushman, 1922 (in ref.: Eggerella advena) Family ELPHIDIIDAE Elphidium crispum (Linné, 1758) Salinas Bay, Playa Blanca, [4] Culebra Bay Elphidium simplex simplex Salinas Bay [4] Cushman, 1936 Epistominella bradyana Off Costa Rica 8 40′N 84 20′W; [1] (Cushman, 1927) 9° 15Ń 84°15´W Epistominella smithi Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] (R.E. and K.C. Stewart, 1930) Family FUSENKOINIDAE Virgulina schreibersiana Czjzek Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W; [1] 1848 (in ref.: Fursenkoina Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W schreibersiana) Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Globigerinoides sacculifer (Brady, 1884) Golfo Dulce [2] (continued) Foraminifera 81

Species List 5.2 (continued) Location References Family HAPLOPHRAGMOIDIDAE Haplophragmoides columbiense Playa Blanca [3] var. evolutum Cushman and McCulloch, 1939 Haplophragmoides planissimum Santa Elena Bay [3] Cushman, 1927 Family HAUERINIDAE Massilina annectens Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Schlumberger, 1893 Massilina robustior Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] Cushman and Valentine, 1930 Family HETEROHELICIDAE Bifarina hancocki Cushman and Salinas Bay [5] McCulloch, 1942 Bifarina pacifica Cushman Santa Elena Bay and Salinas Bay [5] and McCulloch, 1942 Family HORMOSINIDAE Reophax curtus (Cushman, 1920) Playa Blanca [3] Reophax scorpiurus Denys de Santa Elena Bay [3] Montfort, 1808 Family LAGENIDAE Lagena amphora Reuss, 1863 Playa Blanca and Off Costa Rica [1, 7] 9°15′N 84°15′W Lagena hispidula Cushman, 1913 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15′N 84°15′W Lagena leaveis (Montagu, 1803) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Lagena striata (d’Orbigny, 1839) Salinas Bay [7] Lagena sulcata (Walker and Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Jacob, 1798) Family LITUOLIDAE Ammobaculites foliaceus var. Salinas Bay and Playa Blanca. [3] recurva Earland, 1934 Family LOXOSTOMATIDAE Loxostomun limbatum (Brady, 1881) Santa Elena Bay and Culebra Bay [5] (in ref.: Loxostoma limbatum) Family MILIOLIDAE Ammofrondicularia compressa Isla del Coco [3] Cushman and McCulloch, 1939 Quinqueloculina dutemplei Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48´W [1] (d’Orbigny, 1846) Quinqueloculina lamarckiana Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′σW [1] (d’Orbigny, 1839) Family NONIONIDAE Nonionella atlantica (Cushman, 1947) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15′N 84°15′W and Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Nonionella incisa (Cushman, 1926) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Nonionella stella (Cushman Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84° 15′W; [1] and Moyer, 1930) Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Family PLANORBULINIDAE Planorbulina mediterranensis Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] (d’Orbigny, 1826) (continued) 82 Species List

Species List 5.2 (continued) Location References Family PLANULINIDAE Planulina limbata Natland, 1938 Off Costa Rica 9°04′N 84°17′W [8] Planulina ornata (d’Orbigny, 1839) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15′N 84°15′W Family REUSELLIDAE Reusella aequa Cushman Culebra Bay [6] and McCulloch, 1948 Reusella pacifica Cushman and Culebra Bay [6] McCulloch, 1948 Family SACCAMMINIDAE Saccammina atlantica Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] (Cushman, 1944) Family SPHAEROIDINIDAE Lagenammina hancoki (Cushman Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W; [1] and Mc Culloch 1948) Costa Rica 10°33N 85°48′W Family SPIROLOCULINIDAE Spiroloculina dentata Cushman Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48´W [1] and Tood, 1944 Family TEXTULARIIDAE Textularia foliacea Heron-Allen Off Costa Rica 9 15′N 84° 15′W; [1] and Earland, 1915 Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W Textularia vola Lalicker Costa Rica 10°33′N 85°48′W [1] and McCulloch, 1940 Family TROCHAMMINIDAE Trochammina charlottensis Bay Salinas, Isla del Coco [3] Cushman, 1925 Trochammina nitida Brady, 1881 Cocos Island [3] Trochammina pacifica Salinas Bay, Santa Elena Bay and [3] Cushman, 1925 Culebra Bay Trochammina rotaliformis Isla del Coco [3] J. Wright, 1911 Family TURRILINIDAE Buliminella curta (Cushman, 1925) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Buliminella elegantisima Playa Blanca and 9°15′N 84°15′W [1, 6] (d’Orbigny, 1839) Buliminella parallela Cushman Culebra Bay [6] and Parker, 1931 Family UVIGERINIDAE Angulogerina bella Phleger Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′σW [1] and Parker, 1951 Trifarina bella (Phleger y Parker, 1951) Off Costa Rica 9°15′N 84°15′W [1] Trifarina carinata (Cushman, 1927) Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Uvigerina excellens Tood, 1948 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] Uvigerina incilis Tood, 1948 Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W; [1] 9°15´N 84°15´W Uvigerina peregrina Off Costa Rica 8°40′N 84°20′W [1] (Cushman, 1923) Family VAGINULINIDAE Vaginulina exilis Cushman Isla del Coco [7] and McCulloch, 1950 Family VALVULINIDAE Gaudryina pauperata Earland, 1934 Salinas Bay [4] Sponges 83 e (continued) [14] [16, 20] References [4, 14, 16] d Habitat/ Community cr,rb,rub [18] c be,st cr eb,st cr,rb,rub,sg [5, 9, 20] be,steb,st cr,rb,rub cr,rb [13, 20] Oceanic distribution st be,steb,st cr eb,st cr,boring cr,boring [4, 5, 14–,15,16] [14] b n.a. Central America n.a. B B,P n.a. a Car,FLCar,ChileCar P Car B,PCar,EACar,FL be,st B,P n.a. B cr,rb,rub st [5, 13, 16, 20] rub cr,rb [5, 9, 16, 20] CARCarCar,WP P n.a. n.a. be,st be,st be,st cr cr cr [4, 5, 9, 14] [4] [4] World World distribution CarBA n.a. be,st cr [11, UCR127] Car Car Car Sponges reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Classification as in Hooper & van Soest (2002)

Penares dominicana (Pulitzer & Finali Penares 1986) 1977) Stelletta pudica (Wiedenmayer, Spheciospongia vesparium (Lamarck, 1815) Placospongia intermedia (Sollas, 1888) Placospongia 1867) melobesioides (Gray, coccinea (Duchassaing Spirastrella & Michelotti, 1864) sp. Tethya Family Family TETHYIIDAE Family Family PLACOSPONGIIDAE Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE Order ASTROPHORIDA Family ANCORINIDAE Kilian, Ecionemia 1984 megastylifera cortius de Laubenfels, 1930 Penares Species List 6.1 Class DEMOSPONGIAE SubClass TETRACTINOMORPHA Order SPIROPHORIDA Family TETILLIDAE alloclada (Uliczka, Cinachyrella 1929) * * * * * * * Cliona laticavola Pang, 1971 Family Family GEODIIDAE Geodia (Lamarck, gibberosa 1814) Order HADROMERIDA Family CLIONAIDAE Cliona caribbaea 1882 Carter, 84 Species List e [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] References [4, 9, 16, 21] [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] [16, 20] [16, 20] [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] [16, 20] [4, 5, 16] d Habitat/ Community cr,rb c be,st sg Oceanic distribution be,st cr,rb be,stst cr be,stbe,st cr,rb cr,rb be,st cr b Central America B,P B B B B,P a World World distribution Car,FL BCar Car eb,stCar cr,rbCar,WACar,WA B [16, 20] B,PCar Car B,P be,st be,stCar,WA cr B,H,P cr,rb be,st [16, 20] [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] cr,rb Car Car,EP,WA,WP B,P (continued)

& Michelotti, 1864) Chondrosia collectrix Chondrosia Schmidt, 1870 Eurypon laughlini (Diaz, Alvarez & van Soest, 1987) Biemna cribaria (Alcolado & Gotera, 1986) Clathria (Thalysias) schoenus (de Laubenfels, 1936) Clathria (Thalysias) (Lamarck, virgultosa 1814) Family Family MICROCIONIDAE Species List 6.1 SubClass CERACTINOMORPHA Order CHONDROSIDA Family CHONDRILLIDAE * * * * * Family Family DESMACELLIDAE Order POECILOSCLERIDA SubOrder MICROCIONINA Family RASPAILIIDAE Ectyoplasia (Duchassaing ferox & Michelotti, 1864) Family IOTROCHOTIDAE (Higgin, birotulata 1877) Iotrochota Family TEDANIIDAE ignis (Duchassaing & (Tedania) Michelotti, 1864) Tedania SubOrder MYCALINA Family MYCALIDAE laxissima Mycale (Duchassaing (Arenochalina) SubOrder MYXILLINA Family CRAMBEIDAE arbuscula Monanchora (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Family DESMACIDIDAE Desmapsamma 1882) (Carter, anchorata Sponges Mycale (Mycale) laevis (Carter, 1882) Car B,P be,ep,st cr [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] Mycale (Zygomycale) angulosa (Duchassaing & Michelotti, Car B,P be,st cr [4, 5, 14, 16] 1864) Order HALICONDRIDA Family AXINELLIDAE Dragmacidon reticulatam (Ridley & Dendy, 1886) Car,EA,WA P be,st cr,rb,sb [4, 5, 9, 14, 21] + Ptilocaulis walpersi (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) BA,Car,FL B,P eb,st cr,rb [5, 9, 16, 21, UCR26] Family DICTYONELLIDAE Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977) Car B,P be,st cr [4, 5, 16] Family HALICHONDRIIDAE *Amorphinopsis atlantica Carvalho, Hajdu, Mothes SWA n.a. st cr,rb [20] & van Soest, 2004 *Axinyssa lithophaga (Wiedenmayer, 1977) BA n.a. eb,st cr,rb,rub,sg [18] *Halichondria (Halichondria) magniconulosa Car B,P eb,st cr,rb [5, 10, 16] Hechtel, 1965 Halichondria (Halichondria) melanodocia de Car,WA P be,st cr,m,sg [4, 5, 21] Laubenfels, 1936 *Hymeniacidon caerulea Pulitzer-Finali, 1986 EA B st cr,rb [16, 20] Order AGELASIDA Family AGELASIIDAE Agelas clathrodes (Schmidt, 1870) Car,WA B,P be,st cr,rb [4, 9, 21] Order HAPLOSCLERIDA SubOrder HAPLOSCLERINA Family CALLYSPONGIIDAE Callyspongia (Callyspongia) pallida Hechtel, 1965 Car n.a. be,st cr,rub [4, 14, 21] Callyspongia (Cladochalina) vaginalis (Lamarck, 1814) Car,WA B,G,P be,st cr [4, 7, 9, 16, 21] Family NIPHATIDAE Amphimedon viridis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864 Car,WA n.a. be,st sg [14, 21] Niphates alba Van Soest, 1980 Car n.a. be,st cr [4, 21]

(continued) 85 86 Species List e 16, 21] References [20] [4, 7, 9, 16, 21] [4, 7, 9, 13, 16, 21] [16, 21] [5, 9, 21] d Habitat/ Community c be,eb,st cr,rb,rub,sg [21] be,eb,st cr,rb,rub,sg [5, 9, 16, 21] Oceanic distribution eb,st cr,rb eb,st cr,rb be,st cr,boringeb,st [15] be,eb,st cr,rb cr,rb,rub [5, 16, 21] b Central America n.a. B,G,PB be,stn.a. cr,rb P B,P a Car P be,st cr [9, 14] World World distribution Car Car Car,WACar Car B,G,PCar be,stCar n.a.CarCar cr,rb Car PBA,Car,FL eb,st B,PCar PCar n.a. Car,WA cr,rb,rub n.a. be,stCar eb,st B,H,P [12] Car eb,st cr,boring cr,rb,rub,sgCar be,st B,PCar,WA [9, 12, 16] [9, 15] rb,rubBA,Car,EP B,PCar cr,rb,rub,sg B eb,be,st B,P B,P [4, 5, 7, [20] 9, cr,rb be,st B,P [9, 17] be,st eb,st cr,rb [5, 9, 16, 20] be,eb,st cr cr,rb cr,rb,rub,sg [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] [16, 20] [5, 9, 16, 21] [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] (continued)

Niphates caycedoi (Zea & van Soest, 1986) Haliclona (Reniera) implexiformis (Hechtel, 1965) Soest, 1980) Haliclona (Soestela) piscaderaensis (Van Calyx podatypa (de Laubenfels, 1934) Oceanapia bartschi (de Laubenfels, 1934) carbonaria Neopetrosia (Lamarck, 1814) subtriangularis Neopetrosia (Duchassaing, 1850) (de pellasarca Laubenfels, 1934) (Petrosia) Petrosia van Soest, weinbergi 1980 (Petrosia) Petrosia Xestospongia (Duchassaing proxima & Michelotti, 1864) Dysidea janiae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) felix Ircinia (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) (Lamarck, strobilina 1816) Ircinia Species List 6.1 1977 Niphates amorpha Wiedenmayer, * * * * * * * * * * * * * (Rützler, Aka 1971) coralliphagum (Rützler, Xestospongia muta (Schmidt, 1870) SubOrder PETROSINA Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE (Pang, 1973) Aka brevitubulata Family PETROSIIDAE Order DICTYOCERATIDA Family DYSIDEIDAE Dysidea etheria de Laubenfels, 1936 Family IRCINIIDAE campana Ircinia (Lamarck, 1816) Niphates digitalis (Lamarck, 1814) Niphates Duchassaing erecta & Michelotti, 1864 Family CHALINIDAE Sponges Family SPONGIIDAE Hyattella cavernosa (Pallas, 1766) Car,IP,WA P be,st cr,m [4, 5, 9, 21] Order VERONGIDA Family APLYSINIDAE Aiolochoroia crassa (Hyatt, 1875) Car,WA B,P be,st cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 14, 21, 116] Aplysina cauliformis (Carter, 1882) Car,WA P be,st cr [5, 9, 14, 21] Aplysina fistularis insularis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) Car B,P be,st cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 20] Aplysina fulva (Pallas, 1776) Car,WA B,P be,st cr,sb [4, 5, 9, 14, 16, 21] Aplysina lacunosa (Pallas, 1776) Car P be,st cr,rb [4, 5, 9, 21] Verongula rigida (Esper, 1794) Car B,P be,st cr [4, 5, 9, 16, 21] n.a. = Information not available *New report for Costa Rica by Noam van der Hal +New report for Costa Rica (Sponge Collection, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica) aBA = Bahamas; Car = Caribbean; FL = Florida; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; FL = Florida; IP = Indo-Pacific; SWA = southwestern Atlantic; WP = western Pacific bB = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; P = Panama cbe = benthic; eb = epibenthic; st = subtidal dcr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass eReferences are indicated by numbers according to the references list 87 88 Species List g References [20, UCR42] [11] f r sb Habitat/ Community e 0 Depth (m) 1790 mb245245245 [19, USNM8307] r,sh245 r,sh r,sh [19, USNM8573] 245 r,sh [19, USNM8586] [194, USNM8579] r,sh [19, USNM8572] [19, USNM8300] d eb eb eb eb eb eb Oceanic distribution c IC IC Costa Rica b n.a. IC P P n.a.n.a. IC IC Central America a EP,NPEP EP n.a.EP IC EP EP World World distribution Car,EPCar,EP n.a. n.a. PM PM it be,st 3.5 r [11, 13, UCR145] EP,GC n.a. PM eb,st 5 Sponges from the of Pacific Costa Rica. Classification of the Demospongiae as in Hooper & van Soest (2002)

Wilson, 1904 Wilson, (de Laubenfels, 1930) Cinachyrella mutabilis Cinachyrella sp. Cinachyrella Geodia sp. Order HEXACTINOSIDA Family APHROCALLISTIDAE vastus Aphrocallistes Schulze, 1886 Family EURITIDAE Schulze, erectum Eurete 1899 sp. Eurete Family TRETODICTYIDAE Hexactinella tubulosa Schulze, 1887 Order LYSSACINOSIDA Family ROSSELLIDAE Acanthascus sp. (Staurocalyptus) Class DEMOSPONGIAE SubClass TETRACTINOMORPHA Order SPIROPHORIDA Family TETILLIDAE Species List 6.2 Class HEXACTINELLIDA Order AMPHIDISCOSIDA Family HYALONEMATIDAE Hyalonema (Coscinonema) pateriferum * * * Order ASTROPHORIDA Family GEODIIDAE Sponges Family PACHASTRELLIDAE Thenea fenestrata (Schmidt, 1880) EP n.a. IC eb 2150 mb,r,sb [19, USNM8286] Order HADROMERIDA Family PLACOSPONGIIDEA *Placospongia carinata (Bowerbank, EP,IO n.a. PM be,st 9 r [8, 20] 1858) Family SPIRASTRELLIDAE *Spirastrella sabogae Boury-Esnault FL n.a. PM be,st 0–9 r [1, 20] et al. 2000 *Spirastrella sp. Car,GC n.a. PM be,st n.a. r [20] *Thoosa sp. Car n.a. PM be,st 4 boring coral [11, UCR182] Family SUBERITIDAE *Terpios aff. fugax Duchassaing Car,EA,VI n.a. PM be,st 0 r [20] & Michelotti, 1864 *Pseudosuberites aff. sulcatus ME n.a. PM be 0 r [21, UCR135] Thiele, 1905 Family TETHYIDAE **Tethya sp. EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM32827] SubClass CERACTINOMORPHA Order CHONDROSIDA Family CHONDRILIIDAE *Chondrilla sp. Car,EP,ME n.a. PM be,st 15 r [2, 20] *Chondrosia sp. Worldwide n.a. PM be,st 9 r [11] ‘LITHISTID’ Demospongiae Family DESMANTHIDAE *Desmanthus levii Van Soest Car,EP n.a. PM be,st 9 r [11] & Hajdu, 2000 (continued) 89 90 Species List g 31937, UCR174] References [11] [11] [11] [20] [20, 21, UCR209] [13, 20] f r r r Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM be,st 9 PM eb,st 8–17 r b Central America B n.a. PM be,stP n.a. r a Car,EP n.a. PMEP n.a. n.a. n.a. PMEP n.a. n.a. [USNM31932] n.a. n.a.EP,GC PM n.a. n.a. n.a. PM [USNM31940] n.a. be,st n.a. 0 [USNM31941] r [USNM31931, World World distribution Car,EPCar,EPCar,EP n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM PM be,stCar,EP be,st be,stEA 8 n.a. 0–9 4 n.a. PM r PM be,st eb,st 15 17 r r [11] [20] Car Car EP (continued)

& Van Soest, 1987 & Van isodictyalis 1882) (Carter, Laubenfels, 1936 Clathria sp. (Microciona) 1 Eurypon sp. Ulosa sp. Axinella sp. Clathria sp. (Microciona) 2 Clathria (Thalysias) sp. 1 Clathria (Thalysias) sp. 2 Eurypon laughlini Díaz, Alvarez Lissodendoryx (Lissodendoryx) aff. Lissodendoryx sp. Hymedesmia (Hymedesmia) sp. Mycale (Carmia) cecilia de Species List 6.2 Order POECILOSCLERIDA SubOrder MICROCIONINA Family MICROCIONIDAE ** * * * * ** * * * ** * ** SubOrder MYXILLINA Family COELOSPHAERIDAE Family MYCALIDAE Family Family RASPAILIIDAE Family HYMEDESMIIDAE SubOrder MYCALINA Family ESPERIOPSIDAE Order HALICHONDRIDA Family AXINELLIDAE Sponges *Dragmacidon mexicanum EP n.a. n.a. be,st n.a. n.a. [12, UCR114] (de Laubenfels, 1935) *Dragmacidon ophisclera EP n.a. PM be,st 12–17 r [12, UCR1] (de Laubenfels, 1935) Phakellia lamelligera Wilson, 1904 EP n.a. IC eb 120 rb [19, USNM8314] **Dragmacidon sp. (cf. Pseudaxinella) EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31935] *Ptilocaulis aff. walpersi (Duchassaing BA,Car,FL,VI n.a. PM be,st 17–30 r [21, UCR16, 41, & Michelotti, 1864) 105] Family DICTYONELLIDAE *Acanthella aff. cubensis (Alcolado, Car n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [20, UCR23] 1984) *Stylissa sp. EP,Car,WP n.a. PM be,st n.a. cr [11, UCR178] Family HALICHONDRIIDAE *Amorphinopsis sp. Car n.a. PM be,it 0 m,r [11, UCR272] *Halichondria (Halichondria) sp. Car,EP n.a. PM be,st 9 r [10, 13, 21] *Hymeniacidon sp. EP n.a. PM be,st 10 r [10] Order HAPLOSCLERIDA SubOrder HAPLOSCLERINA Family CALLYSPONGIIDAE *Callyspongia sp.1 Worldwide n.a. PM be,st 6–17 r [11, UCR20] *Callyspongia sp.2 Worldwide n.a. PM be,st 5–9 r [11] *Callyspongia sp.3 Worldwide n.a. PM be,st 10 r [11] *Callyspongia (Cladochalina) sp. BA,Car n.a. PM be,st 3–15 r [11, UCR141, 143] Family CHALINIDAE **cf. Haliclona (Gellius) (in ref. EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31936] Rhaphisia sp.) *Haliclona sp. 1 Car,EP,WP n.a. PM be,st 10 rb [11, 13] *Haliclona sp. 2 Car,EA n.a. PM be,st 8–15 r [11, 13] (continued) 91 92 Species List g 31934] 140] 205] References [11] [20, UCR24, 269] [6, 20, UCR5, 99, [20, UCR101, [11] f r cr Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c PM be,st 0 Costa Rica PM be,st 7–14 r b n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31860, Central America n.a. PM be,st 3 P n.a. PM be,st 17–33 r a EP EP n.a.EP PMEP n.a.EP n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [USNM31942] n.a. n.a. n.a. [3, USNM31933] n.a. n.a. [13, USNM31938] [USNM31939] World World distribution Car,EP n.a. PMWorldwide n.a.EP,ME be,st PM n.a. 15 be,st PM r 17 be,st rCar,EP,ME 17 P r [11] [11] Car EP EP (continued)

Lauberfels, 1954 (Pallas, (Pallas, 1766) Soest, Rützler Van & Guzman, 2005 Gomez & Bakus, 1992 cf. cf. Smenospongia Dysidea sp. Aplysilla sp. Chelonaplysilla sp. Dendrilla de verongiformis Oceanapia sp. Hyattella cavernosa aff. Hyattella sp. Pleraplysilla sp. Aplysina chiriquiensis Díaz, Aplysina gerardogreeni Aplysina sp. Species List 6.2 Suborden PETROSINA Family PHLOEODICTYIDAE * ** * * ** * ** ** ** * * * Order VERONGIDA Family APLYSINIDAE Famiy Famiy SPONGIIDAE Order DICTYOCERATIDA Family THORECTIDAE Family DYSIDEIDAE Order DENDROCERATIDA Family DARWINELLIDAE Sponges n.a. = Information not available *New report for Costa Rica by Noam van der Hal and Rob W. M. van Soest **New report for Costa Rica (Sponge Collection, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica) In ref. = species name used in the publication aAU = Australia; BA = Bahamas; B = Belize; Car = Caribbean; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; FL = Florida; GC = Gulf of California; IO = Indian Ocean; ME = Mediterranean Sea; NP = northern Pacific; VI = Virgin Islands; WA = western Atlantic bP = Panama cIC = Isla del Coco; PM = Mainland dbe = benthic; eb = epibenthic; st = subtidal em = mangrove; mb = muddy bottom; r = rocks; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells fDepth as reported in paper or depth of collection gReferences numbered as in the bibliography of this chapter; UCR = Catalogue number, Porifera collection, Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica; USNM = Catalogue number, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 93 94 Species List f [3, 6] [1] References [6] e Habitat/ Community wc wc wc d Oceanic distribution n,o c Costa Rica CC b Central America CA CA CC n.a. a World distribution World IP ct cp WA,WPEA,EP,IP, CA N,P IU IU ep n wc [2, 3] Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Caribbean of Costa Rica, following the phylogenetic arrangement

CA = all Central American countries; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama ep = epipelagic; n = neritic; o = oceanic cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA cp = = western cosmopolitan; Atlantic; ct WP = WA = Indo-Pacific; circumtropical; western EA Pacific = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern IP Pacific; = CC = Caribbean coastal waters; IU = Isla Uvita wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list proposed by Marques & Collins (2004) Order NARCOMEDUSAE Family AEGINIDAE Eschscholtz, citrea 1829 Aegina Family RHOPALON- EMATIDAE Family RHOPALON- Aglaura hemistoma Péron & 1810 Lesuerur, Species List 7.1 Species SubPhylum MEDUSOZOA Class HYDROZOA SubClass TRACHYLINA Order TRACHYMEDUSAE Family GERYONIIDAE Liriope tetraphylla (Chamisso & Eysenhardt, 1821) Solmundella bitentaculata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) a b c d e f n.a. = information not available Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) 95

Species List 7.2 Medusozoa (Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa) recorded from the Pacific of Costa Rica, following the phylogenetic arrangement proposed by Marques & Collins (2004). The new records included in this chapter are marked with (*) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf SubPhylum MEDUSOZOA Class HYDROZOA Order LIMNOMEDUSAE sedis mutabilis Family OLINDIIDAE *Olindias singularis IP GP n,o wc [6, 10] Browne, 1905 SubClass HYDROIDOLINA sedis mutabilis Order LEPTHOTHECATA Family AEQUORIDAE Aequorea coerulescens EP P GP,CR n wc [10, 11] (Brandt, 1838) Aequorea macrodactyla EP P GP n wc [3, 6, 10] (Brandt, 1834) Family CAMPANULA- RIIDAE *Clytia brunescens IP GP n,o wc [6, 10] (Bigelow, 1904) *Clytia hemisphaerica IP,MED GP n wc [6, 10] (Linnaeus, 1767) Clytia simplex (Browne, EP,IP,IO GP,D n,o wc [6, 10, 12] 1902) Clytia uchidai Kramp, EP N GP,D n,o wc [6, 10, 12] 1961 Obelia spp. cp GP n,o wc [6, 10] Family DIPLEUROSO- MATIDAE Dipleurosoma pacificum EP GP n,o wc [6, 10] Agassiz & Mayer, 1902 Family EUTIMIDAE Eutima curva Browne, IP GP n wc [6, 10] 1905 *Eutima orientalis ct GP n wc [6, 10] (Browne, 1905) Family EIRENIDAE Helgicirrha shultzei EA,Med GD mp,n wc [3, 6, 8] Hartlaub, 1909 Phialopsis diegensis cp D ep,n wc [3, 5, 12] Torrey, 1909 Family LAODICEIDAE *Laodicea marana Agassiz Fiji,EP GP n wc [6, 10] & Mayer, 1899 (continued) 96 Species List

Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf Family LOVENELLIDAE Eucheilota comata ep P D,GP n wc [10, 11] (Bigelow, 1909) *Eucheilota menoni ep GP n wc [10, 11] Kramp, 1959 Family MALAGAZZIIDAE Malagazzia taenigonia WP D n.a. wc [6, 8] (Chow & Huang, 1958) *Octophiallucium bigelowi IO,WA P GP mp,n wc [3, 10, 11] Kramp, 1955 Family MELICERTIDAE Melicetum sp. EA,EP,WA GP n wc [6, 10] Family PHIALELLIDAE Phialella sp. EP,IP GP n wc [6, 10] Order ANTHOATHECATA Family BOUGAINVILLIDAE Bouganvillea fulva Agassiz EA,IP,WA N GP,CR n wc [6, 10, 11] & Mayer, 1899 *Bouganvillea muscus EA,EP,IP GP n wc [6, 10] Allmar, 1863 Bouganvillea sp. CP GD wc [6, 9] *Koellikerina fasciculata EA,Med GP mp,n wc [3, 9, 10] (Péron & Lesuerur, 1810) *Koellikerina multicirrata IO GP ep wc [3, 10] (Kramp, 1928) Lizzia ferrarii Segura, EP ES,N CR n.a. wc [11] 1980 Lizzia gracilis (Mayer, 1900)IO,WA N CR n wc [11] Family BYTHOTIARIDAE Calycopsis papillata EA,EP,IP, D n.a. wc [5, 12] Bigelow, 1818 Heterotiara minor IO,IP CA GP n wc [10, 11] Vanhöffen, 1911 *Kanaka pelagica Uchida, EP GP n wc [10, 11] 1947 incerta sedis Family CLAVIDAE Oceania armata Kolliker, CP CR,GD mp,n wc [3, 8, 11] 1853 Family CORYMORPHIDAE *Vannucia forbesii (Mayer, IP,Med,WA GP n wc [6, 10] 1894) (continued) Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) 97

Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf Family CORYNIDAE *Dipurena ophiogaster EP,IP GP n wc [6, 9, 11] Haeckel, 1879 Sarsia coccometra EP CA GP n wc [5, 6, 10, Bigelow, 1909 11, 12] Sarsia spp. Lesson, 1843 cp GP n,o wc [6, 10] Family CYTAEIDIDAE Cytaeis tetrastyla CT P D mp,n,o wc [3, 11, 12] Eschscholtz, 1829 Family EUCODONIIDAE Eucodonium brownei IP,Med,WA GD mp,n wc [3, 8] Hartlaub, 1907 Family EUPHYSIDAE *Euphysa aurata Forbes, cp GP n wc [6, 10] 1848 *Euphysilla pyramidata cp GP n wc [3, 10, 11] Kramp, 1955 Family HYDRACTINIIDAE Hydractinia simplex cp N CR n.a. wc [11] Kramp, 1928 Family PANDEIDAE *Amphinema australis cp GP n wc [3, 10] (Mayer, 1900) *Amphinema dinema IP,WA GP n wc [3, 10] (Péron & Lesuerur, 1810) Haliotholus intermedius Ant,EA, CA D,GP ep wc [3, 5, 10, (Browne, 1902) EP,WA 12] Haliotholus pauper ct CA D,GP n,o wc [10, 12] Hartlaub, 1913 Leukartiara hoepplii Hsu, cp P GP n.a. wc [6, 10] 1928 Leukartiara octona cp P GP n.a. wc [6, 9, 10] (Fleming, 1823) Pandea sp. cp GD n.a. wc [6, 8] *Pandeopsis ikarii Kramp, IP GP n.a. wc [6, 10] 1959 Family POLYORCHIDAE Polyorchis penicillatus EP IC n.a. wc [5, 6] (Eschscholtz, 1829) Family PROBOSCI- DACTYLA Proboscidactyla ornata ct N CR n wc [11] (McCrady, 1857) Family PROTIARIDAE *Halitiara formosa IO,WA GP n wc [6, 10] Fewkes, 1882 (continued) 98 Species List

Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf Family TRICHYDRIDAE *Trichydra pudica Wright, EP N GP n wc [10, 11] 1858 Family TUBULARIIDAE *Ectopleura dumortieri EA,EP GP n wc [6, 10, 11] (van Beneden, 1844) Ectopleura sacculifera EP N CR n wc [11] Kramp, 1957 Euphysora bigelowi Mass, EP,IO CR n wc [11] 1905 Gotoea similis Kramp, 1959 IO CR n.a. wc [11] Family PORPITIDAE Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, cp CA GP ep,n wc [3, 10, 11] 1758) Family ZANCLEIDAE Zanclea costata cp D,CR n wc [3, 5, 12] Gegenbaur, 1857 SubClass TRACHYLINA Order TRACHYMEDUSAE Family GERYO- NIIDAE Geryonia proboscidalis ct CA D ep wc [3, 5, 10] (Forskal, 1775) Liriope tetraphylla cp CA D,GN, ep,n,o wc [2–5, (Chamisso & GP 10–12] Eysenhardt, 1821) Family RHOPALONE- MATIDAE Aglantha sp. n.a. GP n wc [6, 10, 12] Aglantha digitale (O.F. Arc,EP, CA GP n,o wc [6, 10, 12] Muller, 1766) WP Aglaura hemistoma Péron EA,EP, CA D,GP ep wc [3, 6, 10, & Lesuerur, 1810 IP,WA, 11, 12] WP Amphogona apicata EA,EP, D bp wc [3, 4, 11, Kramp, 1957 WA,WP 12] Amphogona apsteini IP,WA GD ep wc [3, 8] (Vanhoffen, 1902) Pantachogon sp. cp GD bp wc [3, 8] Persa incolorata McCrady, cp GD bp,ep wc [3, 8] 1859 Rhopalonema velatum ct CA D,GP ep,n,o wc [3, 10–12] Gegenbaur, 1857 Sminthea eurygaster EA,WA, P CR bp,mp wc [1] Gegenbaur, 1856 WP (continued) Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Cubozoa (Medusozoa) 99

Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf Order NARCOMEDUSAE Family AEGINIDAE Solmundella bitentaculata cp P,N D,GP n wc [3, 10–12] (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833) Family CUNINIDAE Cunina octonaria ct P D,GP ep,n wc [3, 10–12] McCrady, 1859 Cunina peregrina Bigelow, ct D ep,n wc [4, 9–11] 1909 Family SOLMARISIDAE Pegantha clara Bigelow, cp ES,P D n wc [5, 12] 1909 Pegantha martagon cp N D n wc [5, 12] Haeckel, 1879 Pegantha triloba Haeckel, ct P D o wc [5, 12] 1879 Solmaris rhodoloma EP D,GP n wc [6, 10, 12] (Brandt, 1838) Class SCYPHOZOA Order CORONATEAE Family ATOLLIDAE Atolla wyvillei Haeckel, EA,EP,WA P PM bp wc [1, 2] 1880 Family NAUSITHOIDAE Nausithoe punctata EA,EP,WA H,G,N,P GP n.a. wc [10, Kölliker, 1853 Rodríguez, unpubl.] Order RHIZOSTOMEAE Family STOMOLOPHIDAE Stomolophus meleagris L. cp GN n.a. wc [5] Agassiz, 1862 Order SEMAEOSTOMAE Family PELAGIIDAE Pelagia noctiluca Péron cp CA GN,GP mp wc [1, 10, 11] and Lesueur, 1810 Family ULMARIDAE Aurelia aurita Linné, 1758cp PM ep,mp wc [5, Rodrí- guez, unpublished] Class CUBOZOA (continued) 100 Species List

Family CARYBDEIDAE

Species List 7.2 (continued) World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Referencesf *Tripedalia cystophora IO,WA GN bp wc [6, Rodrí- Conant, 1897 guez, unpublished] Family CHIRODROPIDAE Chiropsalmus sp. WA GN n.a. wc [5, 7] n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = arctic; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c D = Domo de Costa Rica; GD = Golfo Dulce; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; GP = Golfo de Papagayo; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d bp = bathypelagic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; o = oceanic e wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Siphonophores

Species List 8.1 Siphonophores collected in Caribbean of Costa Rica following the taxonomic arrangement and nomenclature proposed by Totton (1965) and Pagès et al. (1992) World Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Central Americab Costa Ricac distributiond Depthe(m) Communityf Referencesg Order CYSTONECTAE Family PHYSALIIDAE Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758) ct-t n.a. CC ep 0 p [1, 2, 6, 7] Order CALYCOPHORAE Family DIPHYIDAE Abylopsis eschscholtzi (Huxley, 1859) ct-t CC Ep 0–200 wc [1, 2, 5, 6]h Chelophyes appendiculata (Eschscholtz, 1829) ct-t N,H CC Ep 0–300 wc [1, 2] Chelophyes contorta (Lens and van t-t IU ep 0–200 wc [1, 2, 9]h Riemsdijk, 1908) Enneagonum hyalinum Quoy and Gaimard, ct-s CC ep 300–1000 wc [2, 4, 5] 1827 Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham, 1892 EA,Med,WA CA IU Ep 0–100 wc [1, 2, 4, 5]h Sulculeolaria quadrivalvis Blainville, 1834 ct-s G,P CC ep 0–100 wc [2, 3, 7, 9]h a ct = circumtropical; ct-t = circumtropical-temperate; ct-s = circumtropical-subtropical; t-t = tropical-temperate; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c CC = Caribbean coast; IU = Isla Uvita d ep = epipelagic e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f wc = water column; p = pleuston g References are indicated by numbers according to the Reference list. h Rodríguez, K. unpublished data 101 102 Species List Totton Totton g 2000 personal communication] [2, 6, 7, F. [2, Pagès, 6, 7, F. [8, 9] [2, 6, 8] [2, 6, 8] [8] [2, 8] [8, 9] References [2] [2] [4, 5] [8] f Habitat/ Community (m) e Depth d Oceanic distribution ep 0–200 wc ep 0–200 wc c Costa Rica Pacific GP,ICñ surface 0D,GP p IC ep,mpD,GP 0–200GP mp ep,mp wc D 0–200 ep n.a. wc wc 0–250 wc GP ep,mp n.a. wc D GDGP ep,mp ep 0–675 wc 0–50 wc b Central America CA D,GP ep 0–200 wc a World World distribution ct-t ct-t ct-t n.a. ct-t ct-t ct-t ct ct-s EA,Med,WA n.a. Siphonophores collected in waters Pacific of Costa Rica. The systematic arrangement and nomenclature used was that proposed by et al. (1992)

Species List 8.2 Species Order CYSTONECTAE Family PHYSALIIDAE Physallia physalis Linnaeus, 1758 Order PHYSONECTAE Family AGALMIDAE Agalma (Sars, elegans 1846) Agalma okeni Eschscholtz, 1825 1859 Halistemma sp. Hexley, Nanomia bijuga (Chiaje, 1841) Family FORSKALIIDAE 1853 edwarsi Kolliker, Forskalia Family PHYSOPHORIDAE Forskål, Physophora 1775 hydrostatica Family Family RHIZOPHYSIDAE 1859 Gegenbaur, Rhysophysa eysenhardti (1965) and Pagés Order CALYCOPHORAE Family PRAYIDAE 1954 Amphicaryon ernesti Totton, Rosacea cymbiformis (Chiaje, 1822) Rosacea flaccida Biggs, Pugh & Carré, 1978 Siphonophores Family HIPPOPODIIDAE Hippopodius hippopus (Forskål, 1776) ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 9] Vogtia pentacantha Kolliker, 1853 ct-t D mp 300–500 wc [2, 4] Family DYPHIDAE Sulculeolaria biloba (Sars, 1846) ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4] Sulculeolaria chuni (Lens & van ct-s D,GD,GP ep 0–200 wc [2, 5, 8, 9] Riemsdijk, 1908) Sulculeolaria quadrivalvis Blainville, 1834 ct-s D,GD,GP ep 0–200 wc [2, 4, 5, 8] Sulculeolaria turgida (Gegenbaur, 1853) ct-s. D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4] Chelophyes appendiculata (Eschscholtz, ct-t D ep 0–500 wc [2] 1829) Chelophyes contorta (Lens & van Riemsdijk, t-t D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–200 wc [2, 8, 9] 1908) Diphyes bojani (Eschscholtz 1829) ct-t G D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–500 wc [2, 5, 8, 9] Diphyes dispar Chamisso & Eysenhardt, ct-t N GD,GP ep 0–500 wc [4, 5, 8, 9] 1821 Eudoxoides mitra Huxley, 1859 ct-t D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–200 wc [2, 8] Lensia campanella (Mosser, 1925) ct-s D,GD ep 0–200 wc [2, 6, 9] Lensia challengeri Totton, 1954 EA,EP,IO, D ep 0–500 wc [2, 9] WA,WP Lensia conoidea (Keferstein & Ehlers, 1860) temperate D ep 0–300 wc [2, 9] Lensia cossack Totton, 1941 ct-s D ep,mp 0–200 wc [2, 9] Lensia hotspur Totton, 1941 ct-s D ep 0–200 wc [2, 4] Lensia subtilis (Chun, 1886) ct-s D,GD ep 0–200 wc [2, 5, 9] (continued) 103 104 Species List g [5, 6] References [2, 9] [2, 5, 6, 8] [6, 8] [4, 5] [2, 9] [2, 4, 5] f Habitat/ Community wc wc (m) e Depth 0–200 0–200 d Oceanic distribution ep 0–200 wc ep ep ep 0–200 wc ep 0–200 wc c Costa Rica Pacific GDD ep 0–100 wc GD,GP,IC,D GP D GD ep 0–200 wc D b Central America N a World World distribution EA,Med,WAn.a. D,GD,GP,IC ep 0–100 wc [2, 4, 5, 8] ct-s ct-t ct-t,Med P ct-s ct-s ct-s (continued)

1827 CA = all Central American countries; G = Guatemala, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; ct-t = circumtropica-temperate; ct-s = circumtropical-subtropical; t-t = tropical-temper- = t-t circumtropical-subtropical; = ct-s circumtropica-temperate; = ct-t circumtropical; = ct cosmopolitan; = cp Arctic; = Arc Antarctic; = Ant D = Costa Rica Dome; GD = Golfo Dulce; GP = Golfo de Papagayo; IC = Isla del Coco; ICñ = Isla del Caño Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) wc = water column; p = pleuston Species List 8.2 Species Muggiaea atlantica Cunningham, 1892 a b c d e f g Sphaeronectes gracilis (Claus, Sphaeronectes 1873) Family Family ABYLIDAE Abyla Lens haeckeli & van Riemsdijk, 1908 ate; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Pacific IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western (Huxley, 1859) Abylopsis (Huxley, eschscholtzi Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) Bassia bassensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827) 1859) Ceratocymba leuckarti (Huxley, Enneagonum Enneagonum hyalinum Quoy & Gaimard, n.a. = information not available Zoanthids, SeaAnemonesandCorallimorpharians Species List 9.1 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica World distributiona Central Americab Oceanic distributionc Habitat/ Communityd Referencese Class ANTHOZOA Order ZOANTHINIARIA Family ZOANTHIDAE Palythoa caribaeorum Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 Car G,H,N it,st,eb rb,cr [1, 2, 3] Palythoa grandis Verrill, 1900 Car st,eb cr [1] Zoanthus pulchellus Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 Car st,eb cr [1] Zoanthus sociatus Ellis & Solander, 1786 Car H,N,P st,eb rb,cr [1,2] Family PARAZOANTHIDAE Parazoanthus parasiticus (Duchassaing & Michelotti) Car st c,cr [2] Order ACTINIARIA Family ACTINIIDAE Anthopleura sp. Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Condylactis gigantea (Weinland, 1860) Car G st,eb rb,cr [1,3] Family AIPTASIIDAE Bartholomea annulata (Lesueur, 1817) Car G st,eb rb,cr [1,3] Family ALICIIDAE Alicia mirabilis Johnson, 1861 Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Lebrunia coralligens (Wilson, 1890) Car st,eb rb,cr [1] Family STICHODACTYLIDAE Stichodactyla helianthus (Ellis, 1768) Car st,eb rb,cr [1] (continued) 105 106 Species List e [2] References [2] d Habitat/ Community rb,cr rb,cr c Oceanic distribution Oceanic st,eb st,eb b Central America a World distribution World Car Car (continued)

G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c = commensal; cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom Car = Caribbean eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. Family Family CORALLIMORPHIDAE Species List 9.1 Order CORALLIMORPHARIA Family ACTINODISCIDAE Discosoma sanctithomae (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) florida Ricordea (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) a b c d e Zoanthids, Sea Anemones and Corallimorpharians 107

Species List 9.2 Zoanthids, actiniarians, and corallimorpharians found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica World Oceanic Habitat/ distributiona Costa Ricab distributionc Communityd Referencese Class ANTHOZOA Order ACTINARIA Family Hormathiidae Telmatactis cricoides EP IC st,eb rb,cr [1] (Duchassaing, 1850) a EP = eastern Pacific b IC = Isla del Coco c eb = epibenthic; st = subtidal d cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 108 Species List f References e Habitat/ Community (m) d Depth 1.5–8 cr,rb [7, 9, 10] c Oceanic distribution B b Central America G a cp CarCarCar,WA B,H,P B,G,H,PCar B,H BCar BCarCar 0.5–12 BCar B,H 0.5–12 cr,rb B,HCar B,H cr,rb 30–35 B,H B [7, 10] B,H [7, 9, 10] cr,rb B B,H B 4–10 B [6] B 3–6 3–6 cr,rb B 3–6 cr,rb 3–6 cr,rb [7, 10] 3–10 cr,rb [7, 10] cr,rb [7, 10] cr,rb [7, 10] [7, 10] [7, 10] World distribution World Octocorals from Caribbean shallow waters of Costa Rica

Michelotti, 1860) 1864) Michelotti, 1860) Michelotti, 1860) Edwards & Haime, 1857 Edwards & Haime, 1857 Species List 10.1 ALCYONACEA Group STOLONIFERA CLAVULARIDAE Family Carijoa riisei (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860) ALCYONACEA Group SCLERAXONIA BRIAREIDAE Family asbestinum Briareum (Pallas, 1766) ANTHOTHELIDAE Family caribaeorum Erythropodium (Duchassaing & Group CALCAXONIA ELLISELLIDAE Family Ellisella barbadensis (Duchassaing & Michelotti, Group HOLAXONIA PLEXAURIDAE Family Eunicea (Euniceopsis) fusca (Duchassaing & Eunicea (Euniceopsis) knighti 1961 Bayer, Eunicea (Euniceopsis) laciniata (Duchassaing & Eunicea (Euniceopsis) succinea (Pallas, 1766) Eunicea (Euniceopsis) tourneforti atra Milne Eunicea (Euniceopsis) tourneforti tourneforti Species Octocorals 109 4–6 cr,rb [7, 10] 3–9 cr,rb [7, 10] 2–3 cr,rb [7, 10] 2–5 cr,rb [7, 10] 2–4 cr,rb [7, 10] 2–6 cr,rb [7, 10] 0.25–16 cr,rb [7, 10] 2–4 cr,rb [7, 9, 10] 3–6 cr,rb [7, 10] 3–6 cr,rb [7, 10] 3–6 cr,rb [7, 10] 3–7 cr,rb [7, 10] 14 cr,rb [7, 10] 15 cr,rb [11] b b b b b b b b b b b b b b B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H B,H,G B,H B,H B,H,P B,H,P B,H B,H Car CarCarCar B,H P B,H B B b 3–16 4–6 3–15 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb [7, 10] [13] [7, 10] Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car (Donovan, 1825) Muriceopsis (Donovan, sulphurea Plexaura nina Plexaura Bayer & Diechmann, 1958 B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras; P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; = cp western = Atlantic cosmopolitan WA b = benthic rb = rocky bottom; cr = coral reefs References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Muriceopsis bayeriana Sánchez, 2001 Muriceopsis flavida (Lamarck, 1815) ? Muricea atlantica (Kükenthal, 1919) a b c d e f Plexaura flexuosa Lamouroux, Plexaura 1821 ? (Esper, 1791) dichotoma (Esper, Plexaurella Plexaurella fusifera Kuzne, 1916 Plexaurella Plexaurella grisea Kuzne, Plexaurella 1916 Family GORGONIIDAE Family flabellum Gorgonia Linnaeus, 1758 Gorgonia ventalina Gorgonia Linnaeus, 1758 Pseudoplexaura flagellosa (Houttuyn, Pseudoplexaura 1772) (Houttuyn, porosa 1772) Pseudoplexaura (Pallas, 1766) acerosa Pseudopterogorgia Pseudopterogorgia americana (Gmelin, 1791) Pseudopterogorgia (Bielschowsky, 1929) rigida (Bielschowsky, Pseudopterogorgia Pterogorgia anceps (Pallas, 1766) Pterogorgia ? = doubtful identification 110 Species List g [5, 15] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5] [5] [2, 3, 7, 14] [1, 2, 3] [3] References [3] [4] [5] [2, 3] [3] [3] [2, 3] [3] [3] [3] [3] f Habitat/ Community mb,rb [7, 14] n.a [7, 14] rb rb rb rb (m) e Depth 5–205–2510–2518–73 rb 5–30 rb 3–30 rb n.a rb 11–17 rb 20–35 rb 10–127–22 mb,rb rb rb [7, 14] rb n.a 1–255–207–26 shallow water rb rb rb mb,rb [5, 7, 14] 20–2525 rb 0.5–8 rb 3 12–33 rb 18 20–25 rb 8–1240 rb d b b b b b b b b b b b Oceanic distribution b b b b b b b b b b b b b c Costa Rica Pacific IC PM PM PM b Central America a EPEP P N,P PM PM EPEPEPEP ES,P,NEP PEP PM,IC P,ESEP PEP N PM PM EP b PEP P PM EP P,ES,N PM EP P PM PM ES,P PM PEP P PM PM EPEP PM P PM P PM PM World World distribution EP P PM EPEP P PM EPEP P PM EPEP P PM EP P PM Octocorals from shallow waters Pacific of Costa Rica

Verrill, 1868 daniana Eugorgia Verrill, 1868) adamsii (Verrill, Pacifigorgia Species List 10.2 ALCYONACEA Group HOLAXONIA GORGONIIDAE Family alba Leptogorgia (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864) cofrini Leptogorgia Breedy & Guzmán, 2005 1865 cuspidata Leptogorgia Verrill, 1868 diffusa Verrill, Leptogorgia 1870 exigua Verrill, Leptogorgia laxa Leptogorgia Hickson, 1928 1868 pumila Leptogorgia Verrill, 1846 ramulus Valenciennes, Leptogorgia Hickson, 1928 regis Leptogorgia 1864 rigida Leptogorgia Verrill, taboguilla Hickson, Leptogorgia 1928 1868 Verrill, bradleyi Eugorgia 2001 bayeri Breedy, Pacifigorgia cairnsi Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia curta Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia Species (Verrill, 1868) eximia (Verrill, Pacifigorgia Pacifigorgia firma Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia flavimaculata Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia Bayer, 1951 Bayer, irene Pacifigorgia lacerata Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia Pacifigorgia rubicunda Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia Breedy samarensis & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia Pacifigorgia senta Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 Pacifigorgia Octocorals Pacifigorgia stenobrochis (Valenciennes, 1846) EP P PM b 12–30 rb [2, 3] Pacifigorgia tupperi Breedy & Guzmán, 2003 EP PM b 25–28 rb [3] Family PLEXAURIDAE Psammogorgia arbuscula (Verrill, 1866) EP P PM b shallow water mb,rb [7, 14] Order PENNATULACEA Family PENNATULIDAE Ptilosarcus undulatum Verrill, 1865 EP P IC b shallow water mb [7, 8, 12] Family RENILLIDAE Renilla amethystina Verrill, 1861 EP P PM b dredged mb [7] n.a. = information not available a EP = eastern Pacific b ES = El Salvador; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f rb = rocky bottom; mb = muddy bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 111 112 Species List f 23] 18, 23] 18] 18, 25] 23, 24] 18, 23, 24] [1, 7, 8, 14, 17, 18, [1, 7, 8, 13, 14, 17, [1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 17, [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, [1, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, References e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b B,H,N,PB,H,N,P be,st be,st 0–50 0–23 cr cr Central America a Car,WA B,GCar,WA B,H,N,P be,st be,st 0.5–35 0.1–45 cr,rb cr [1, 7, 8, 13] Car,WA B,G,H,N,P be,stCar,WA 0.1–45 B,G,H,PCar,EA,WACar,WA cr B,G,H,P be,st B,G,H,P be,stCar 0–100Car be,st 0–98 cr 0–60 cr cr World World distribution Stony Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Species List 11.1 Class HYDROZOA Order FILIFORA Family STYLASTERIDAE SubFamily STYLASTERINAE Stylaster (Pallas, 1766) roseus Order CAPITATA Family MILLEPORIDAE Millepora alcicornis Linnaeus, 1758 (Lyman, 1859) Madracis mirabilis (Lyman, Millepora Millepora complanata Lamarck, 1816 Class ANTHOZOA Order SCLERACTINIA SubOrder ASTROCOENIINA Family ASTROCOENIIDAE Stephanocoenia intersepta (Lamarck, 1816) Family POCILLOPORIDAE Madracis 1859) decactis (Lyman, Family ACROPORIDAE cervicornis (Lamarck, Acropora 1816) palmata (Lamarck, Acropora 1816) Species Stony Corals 113 (continued) 18, 23, 26] 25] 18, 23, 25] 19, 23, 25] 18, 25] 25] 17, 18, 25] 18, 23, 25] 18, 23, 26] 23, 26] 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 18, [10, 18, 23] [1, 10, 17, 18] [1, 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 23, [1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 14, [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, B,H,P be,st 0–75 cr B,G,H,N,P be,it,st 0–70B,PH,N,P cr be,st be,stB,H,N,P 0–75 0–75B,G,H,P be,stB,G,H,N,P n.a. be,st cr be,st 0–70 0–35 [1, 10, 18] cr 2–108 cr cr B,G,H,N,P be,stB,H,N,P be,st 0–47 0–50 cr cr,sg [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 23, Car,EACar B,G,H,PCar,WA be,st B,G,H,N,PCar 0–33 be,stCar,WA cr,sg 0–75Car B,H,PCar [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, cr be,st 0–102 cr Car Car Car,EA B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–50 cr,sg [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, Car,EA,WA B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–70 cr,sg [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, (Lesueur, 1821)(Lesueur, purpurea Car (Wells, 1973)carinata (Wells, danai (Milne Edwards & Car Haime, 1851) Agaricia agaricites forma Agaricia fragilis Dana, 1846 Agaricia agaricites forma Family Family SIDERASTREIDAE radians (Pallas, 1766) Siderastrea (Ellis siderea & 1786) Siderastrea Solander, Family AGARICIIDAE Agaricia agaricites (Linnaeus, 1758) Agaricia agaricites forma 1902 Agaricia humilis Verrill, Agaricia tenuifolia Dana, 1846 Leptoseris cucullata (Ellis & 1786)Solander, Car Porites divaricata 1821 Lesueur, Porites Lamarck, furcata 1816 Porites porites (Pallas, 1766) Porites SubOrder FUNGIINA Family PORITIDAE Lamarck, astreoides 1816 Porites 114 Species List f 23, 26] 26] 18, 26] 26] 23, 26] 18, 23, 26] [8, 10, 17, 18] [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, [1, 8, 10, 14, 17, 18, [1, 5, 8, 10, 13, 17, [1, 13, 17, 18, 23, 26] [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, [10, 13, 17, 18] [8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 25] [8, 10, 17, 18] [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 23, 25] References e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b B,HH,P be,st be,st 0–35 10–25 cr,sg cr [1, 8, 10, 17, 26] B,H,N,PB,H,P be,stB,H,PB,G,H,P be,st 0–55 be,st be,st 0–41 cr B,G,H,N,P 0–43 be,st 0–47 cr,sgB,G,H,N,P cr be,st cr 0–65 [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] G,H,P cr,sb,sg 0–20B,H,N,P be,stG,H,P [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, be,it,st cr H,P 2–50 be,st 0–51B,H,N,P cr be,st be,st cr,rb 0–23 0–72 [1, 4, 8, 9] 0–30 cr cr cr Central America a Car Car Car Car Car Car Car,EA,WA B,H,PCar be,stCar,EA,WA B,G,H,N,PCar 0–30 be,stCar cr,rbCar 0–113 [1, 5, 8, 10, 17, 18, cr World World distribution (continued)

1849 Species List 11.1 SubOrder FAVIINA Family FAVIIDAE SubFamily FAVIINAE Cladocora 1821) arbuscula (Lesueur, Milne Colpophyllia Edwards breviserialis & Haime, Colpophyllia natans (Houttuyn, 1772) Montastraea cavernosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Family RHIZANGIIDAE Astrangia solitaria 1817) (Lesueur, Family MEANDRINIDAE Dichocoenia stellaris Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Dichocoenia stokesi Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 Car Car Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758) Family OCULINIDAE Oculina diffusa Lamarck, 1816 Diploria clivosa (Ellis & 1786) Solander, Diploria strigosa (Dana, 1846) 1797) fragum (Esper, Favia Manicina (Linnaeus, areolata 1758) SubFamily MONTASTRAEINAE Montastraea annularis (Ellis & 1786)Solander, 1895) Car Montastraea franksi (Gregory, Species Stony Corals Meandrina meandrites (Linnaeus, 1758) Car B,G,H,N,P be,st 0–80 cr [1, 6, 8, 13, 17, 18, 23, 25] Family MUSSIDAE Isophyllastrea rigida (Dana, 1846) Car B,H,P be,st 0–35 cr [1, 5, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] Isophyllia sinuosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Car B,H,P be,st 0–35 cr [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] Mussa angulosa (Pallas, 1766) Car B,G,H,P be,st 0–59 cr [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26] Mycetophyllia danaana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Car B,G,H,P be,st 0–50 cr [1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 26] Mycetophyllia lamarckiana Milne Edwards & Haime, Car B,H,P be,st 0–75 cr [1, 8, 10, 17, 18, 26] 1848 Scolymia cubensis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Car,WA B,G,H,P be,st 0–92 cr [1, 10, 13, 17, 18, 26] Scolymia lacera (Pallas, 1766) Car B,H,P be,st 3–80 cr [1, 10, 17, 18] SubOrder CARYOPHYLLIINA Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Colangia immersa Pourtalès, 1871 Car B,H,P be,st 0.5–347 cr,rb [4, 6, 9] Eusmilia fastigiata (Pallas, 1766) Car B,G,H,P be,st 0–65 cr [1, 8, 10, 13, 17, 18, 25] Phyllangia americana Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849 Car,WA B,G,H,N be,st 0–53 cr,rb [4, 8, 9, 10, 13] Phyllangia dispersa Verrill, 1864 cp be,st 12 cr,rb [9] SubOrder DENDROPHYLLIINA Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE Dendrophyllia sp. Car be,st n.a. cr [8, 9] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; WA = western Atlantic b B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c be = benthic, it = intertidal, st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass 115 f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 116 Species List g References f cr [15] Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c IC,PM be,st 1–21 cr [11, 21, 25] IC be,stICIC be,st 549–704 be,st rb 549–717PM 84–631 rbIC,PM [3, 8] rbIC,PM be,st be,st be,it,st [3, 8] 0–37 0–26 [3, 8] 0–18 cr cr,sb cr,sb [11, 21, 22, 25] [5, 11, 21, 22, 25] [5, 11, 22, 25] PMIC,PM be,st be,stIC,PM be,it,st 0–18 0–37 cr cr [11, 21, 22, 25] [11, 21, 22, 26] PMPM be,stPM be,stIC,PM be,st be,st 0–45 7 cr 3 1–35 rb cr [5, 11, 21, 22, 26] cr [11, 26] [5, 11, 21, 25] [11, 21, 25] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific XX IC IC be,st be,st 546–631 293–576 rb cr [3, 8] [3, 8] b P Central America ES,P a EP,WP,IO,RS P EP EP EP EP EP,WP,IO ES EP,WP,IO ES,P EP,WP,IO ES,P EP,WP,IO,RS ES,P EP World World distribution EP,WP,IO,RS Stony Stony corals (hydrocorals and scleractinians) from the of Pacific Costa Rica

Haime, 1860 Pocillopora inflata Glynn, 1999 Pocillopora Pliobothrus fistulosus Cairns, 1991 Stylaster cocosensis Cairns, 1991 Stylaster galapagensis Cairns, 1986 Stylaster Cairns, marenzelleri 1986 Class ANTHOZOA Order SCLERACTINIA EP SubOrder ASTROCOENIINA Family POCILLOPORIDAE 1864 capitata Verrill, Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)Pocillopora Dana, elegans 1846 Pocillopora Milne eydouxi Edwards & Pocillopora EP,WP,IO,RS ES,P Species List 11.2 Class HYDROZOA Order FILIFORA Family STYLASTERIDAE 1904Marenzeller, Errina macrogastra EP Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 Pocillopora SubOrder FUNGIINA Family PORITIDAE lobata Dana, 1846 Porites 1866 panamensis Verrill, Porites Species Porites rus (Forskål, 1775) Porites Family SIDERASTREIDAE Psammocora obtusangula (Lamarck, 1816) 1866) Psammocora stellata (Verrill, EP,WP,IO P EP,WP,IO P Stony Corals Psammocora superficialis Gardiner, 1898 EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 1–25 cr [11, 21, 25] Family AGARICIIDAE Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846) EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 6–31 cr [11, 21, 25] Leptoseris papyracea (Dana, 1846) EP,WP,IO P IC,PM be,st 8–16 cr [11, 21, 25] Leptoseris scabra Vaughan, 1907 EP,WP,IO,RS IC be,st 10–36 cr [11, 25] Pavona chiriquensis Glynn et al. 2001 EP P IC,PM be,st 3–20 cr [16, 21, pers. obs.] Pavona clavus (Dana, 1846) EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 1–35 cr [11, 21, 25] Pavona frondifera (Lamarck, 1816) EP,WP,IO,RS P PM be,st 2–16 cr [11, 21, 25] Pavona gigantea Verrill, 1869 EP,WP,IO ES,P IC,PM be,st 0–31 cr [5, 11, 21, 22,25] Pavona maldivensis (Gardiner, 1905) EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 13–37 cr [11, 21, 25] Pavona varians Verrill, 1864 EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 4–79 cr [11, 21, 25] Pavona xarifae Scheer & Pillai, 1974 EP,WP,IO,RS IC be,st 19 cr [5, 11] Family FUNGIIDAE Fungia (Cycloseris) curvata Hoeksema, 1989 EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 24–72 cr,rub [11, 19, 25] Fungia (Cycloseris) distorta Michelin, 1842 EP,WP,IO,RS P IC,PM be,st 1–85 cr,rub [11, 19, 21, 25] SubOrder FAVIINA Family FAVIIDAE SubFamily FAVIINAE Cladocora debilis Milne Edwards & Haime, EP,WA,Car P IC be,st 46–275 rb [9, 12] 1849 Cladocora pacifica Cairns, 1991 EP IC be,st 45–274 rb [2, 9] Family RHIZANGIIDAE Astrangia browni Palmer, 1928 EP PM be,st 0–10 cr,rb [2, 9] Astrangia dentata Verrill, 1866 EP P IC,PM be,st 0–15 cr,rb [2, 9] Astrangia equatorialis Durham & Barnard, EP PM be,st 0–15 cr,rb [2, 9] 1952 Astrangia haimei Verrill, 1866 EP ES,P PM be,st 0–64 cr,rb [8, 9, 12] Culicia stellata Dana 1846 EP P IC be,st 0–27 cr [2, 9] 117 Oulangia bradleyi Verrill, 1866 EP ES,P PM be,st 0–63 cr,rb [2, 8, 9, 12, 22] (continued) 118 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c ICIC be,stPM be,st be,st 20–183 cr,rb 6–20 1.5–54 cr,rb cr,rb [2] [2, 5] [2, 5, 22] PMIC,PM be,st be,st 0–12 315–576 rb rb [2] [2] IC be,stPM 86–2165 be,st rb 1–85 [2, 5] cr,rb [2, 22] ICICIC be,stIC be,st be,st be,st 245–806 54–316 rb 9–302 rb 373–806 rb rb [2, 5] [2] [2, 9, 12] [2] ICIC be,st be,st 55–84 303–333 rb rb [2, 12] [20] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific X IC be,st 614–785 rb [2] b P P P Central America a EP,WP,IO,RS EP,cp ES EP EP EP,cp EP World World distribution (continued)

1848 Haime, 1848) 1952) 1864) ES = El Salvador; P = Panama be = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = IO = eastern = western Pacific; Indian Atlantic; Ocean; WP RS = = western Red Sea; WA IC = Isla del Coco; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom Van der Horst, Rhizopsammia 1922verrilli Van coccinea Lesson, 1829 Tubastrea EP,WP,IO n.a. = information not available Oldroyd, 1924oldroydae Dendrophyllia Endopachys grayi Milne Edwards & Haime, EP SubOrder DENDROPHYLLIINA Family DENDROPHYLLIIDAE 1982) (Wells, Cladopsammia eguchii Cladopsammia gracilis (Milne Edwards & EP,WP ES,P Caryophyllia diomedeae 1904Marenzeller, Caryophyllia Cairns, perculta 1991 EP,WP,IO 1906Coenocyathus bowersi Vaughan, Desmophyllum dianthus 1794)(Esper, P hondaensis (Durham & Polycyathus Barnard, EP EP EP,cp Species List 11.2 SubOrder CARYOPHYLLIINA Family CARYOPHYLLIIDAE Anomocora carinata Cairns, 1991 a b c d e f g Tethocyathus prahli Lattig & Cairns Tethocyathus 2000 Family FLABELLIDAE Car,EP cailleti Javania (Duchassaing & Michelotti, Pacific Species Sipunculans 119 e References d Habitat/ Community c Depth (m) b distribution Oceanic

Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 cr,rb,sb [3, 6, 11,12] Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 ch,cr [3, 7, 11, 12, 17]

Costa Rica a distribution Car,EA,EP,WP,IO Car,EA,EP,WP,IO Cahuita reefs it,st Car,WA 0–15 ch,cr [3, 5, 11, 12] World World List of sipunculans reported for the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, Central America

(Pallas, (Pallas, 1774) perlucens Baird, 1868 parvulus (Gerould, 1913) it = intertidal; st = subtidal ch = coral heads; cr = coral reefs; rb = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom Car = Caribbean; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = Eastern IO Pacific; Atlantic = = Indian Western Ocean; IP = WA Indo-Pacific; Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) in Costa Rica References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List 12.1 Class SIPUNCULIDEA Order SIPUNCULIFORMES Family SIPUNCULIDAE Sipunculus phalloides phalloides Car,EA,EP a b c d e Class PHASCOLOSOMATIDEA Order PHASCOLOSOMATIFORMES Family PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE Antillesoma antillarum (Grube, 1858) Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) IO,IP,EP Car,WA,EA, Cahuita reefs it,st 0–15 ch,cr [3, 5, 11, 12] Order ASPIDOSIPHONIFORMES Family ASPIDOSIPHONIDAE Aspidosiphon (Paraspidosiphon)

Species 120 Species List f [3, 6, 11, 12] [3, 6, 11, 12] References [3, 11, 12] [3, 11, 12] [3, 11, 12, 13] e Habitat/ community ur,cf [3, 4, 10, 11, 12] d 1–3 sb Depth (m) 7–26 sb,mb [3, 11, 12] 1–3 ur 1–3 ed,ur [3, 5, 11, 12, 27] 18 gs 5 1–3 ur c Oceanic distribution st st st it,st 1–18it sb,mb [3, 6, 11, 12, 27] b GN,PN it,st 1–10 sb GN,PN it Costa Rica GN GD,GN,PN it,st 1–5 ur,cf [3, 5, 11, 12] GN,PN it GN GN a Med, RS, SP Car,EA,EP EP,IP,WA,WP ICa Car,IO,SP,WA GN EP,WA ct ct ct Car,EA,EP,IO,IP,WA GD,GN,PN it Arc, Ant, Car, EP, Arc, Ant, EP, Car, cp List of sipunculan species reported for the coast Pacific of Costa Rica, Central America

1774) 1883) (Keferstein, (Keferstein, 1865) (Keferstein, (Keferstein, 1865) Sluiter, 1902 Sluiter, (Keferstein, (Keferstein, 1867) 1804) Sipunculus (Sipunculus) phalloides (Pallas, Species List 12.2 Class SIPUNCULIDEA Order SIPUNCULIFORMES Family SIPUNCULIDAE Siphonosoma vastum (Selenka & Bulow, (Fisher, Xenosiphon 1895) (Fisher, branchiatus Order GOLFINGIIFORMES Family GOLFINGIIDAE Nephasona pellucidum pellucidum Species distribution World Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) nigrescens Apionsoma (Apionsoma) trichocephalus Class PHASCOLOSOMATIDEA Order PHASCOLOSOMATIFORMES Family PHASCOLOSOMATIDAE Antillesoma antillarum (Grube, 1858) Apionsoma (Edmondsius) pectinatum Family Family PHASCOLIONIDAE Phascolion (Montagu, (Phascolion) strombus Sipunculus(Sipunculus) nudus Linnaeus, 1766 Sipunculans Phascolosoma (Phascolosoma) perlucens Car,EA,EP,IO,WP GD,GN,IC,PN it 1–3 ed [3, 5, 11, 12, 27] Baird, 1868 Order ASPIDOSIPHONIFORMES Family ASPIDOSIPHONIDAE Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) elegans Car,RS,WP GD st 5 cf [3, 7, 11, 12] (Chamisso and Eysenhardt, 1821) Aspidosiphon (Paraspidosiphon) Car,EP PN it 1–3 ed [3, 7, 11, 12, 21] fischeriten Broeke, 1925 Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) gracilis schne- EP,SP GN st 18 gs [3, 7, 11, 12] hageni (Fisher, 1913) Aspidosiphon (Aspidosiphon) muelleri Med,NA,RS,WP GN st 12–18 sb [3, 7, 11, 12] Diesing, 1851 a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; ct = Circumtropical; EA = Eastern Atlantic; EP = Eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; SP = South Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic; WP = Western Pacific b GN = Golfo de Nicoya; GD = Golfo Dulce; PN = Península de Nicoya; IC = Isla del Coco; ICa = Isla del Caño c it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters), in Costa Rica e cf = coral fragments; cr = coral reefs; ed = endolithic; gs = gastropod shells; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; ur = under rocks f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 121 122 Species List g [114] References [114] [114] f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) 5–18 ep 5 ep 23 ep,sb [29, 69, 114] 18 ep d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica location b B NR st Central America B NR st B,P NR it B NR st a n.a. Car,WACar PCarAnt,SA,SP NR HctCar,WA B PCar it,st NRCar P,B NR NR P n.a. n.a.cp NR PCar,EA st epEP,GM NR mb,sb P pelagicEP,GM,WA it,st NRcp B epcp B [29, B82] it 5–18 n.a. P NR it 4 NR sb,epcp NR NR it [71] NR it B n.a. P cr st n.a. [114] st st it NR cr,ep [29] n.a. NR ep [29, 71, 110] 12 5–18 st 5–18 [29, 69] sb n.a. it ep,sb [29] ep sb ep 5–18 [29] n.a. [114] ep,sb [114] [114] [29] ep,sb [114] [29] World World distribution ct n.a. Polychaetes from the Caribbean of Central America

Species List 13.1 Family ACOETIDAE Acoetes pleei Audouin & Milne-Edwards Family Family ALCIOPIDAE moebii (Apstein) Rhynchonerella Family AMPHARETIDAE Isolda bipinnata Fauchald Family AMPHINOMIDAE Eurythoë chilensis Kinberg Eurythoe complanata (Pallas) Hermodice carunculata Pallas Linopherus canariensis Langerhans Family APHRODITIDAE diplops Aphrodita Fauchald Family CAPITELLIDAE Capitella capitata (Fabricius) complex Capitella jonesi (Hartman) lumbricoides Dasybranchus Grube Mediomastus ambiseta (Hartman) Notomastus latericeus Sars Notomastus lineatus Claparède Family CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopteridae sp. A Spiochaetopterus Spiochaetopterus costarum (Claparède) Species Family Family CHRYSOPETALIDAE Bhawania goodei Webster Bhawania sp. A Polychaetes and Echiurans 123 (continued) [29, 69] [29] [29] [29] 5–23 ep,sb [114] 8n.a. n.a. cr,ep [79] [29, 69] n.a. cr,ep [29, 69] n.a. cr,ep,rub [29, 69] n.a.n.a. cr,epn.a. ep cr [29, 69] 5–23 ep,sb [114] n.a. ep n.a. ep n.a. cr,ep [29] B NR st P NR st P NR it P NR it P NR it B NR st P NR it P NR it P,B NR it,st n.a. cr,ep,rb [29, 69, 114] SA,WA EA,SA,WA,WP Bn.a.cpn.a.Car,WA NRcp B stCar,EP,WA, P P BCar,WA NRCar,EP PAnt,EA,Med, P NR NR NR 5 P st NR PCar NR it it st NR ep it 5–18 NR it n.a. n.a. it 12–18 ep [114] it n.a. ep,sb ep n.a. ep n.a. rub [114] [114] n.a. ep [29] [29] ep ep [29, 69] [29] [29] [29, 69] Car,EPct P NR it ct ct Car,EPCar,WACar,WAct P P P NR NR NR it,st it it n.a. cr,ep,rb [29, 69] Car ct ct Car,EP P NR it Family Family EULEPETHIDAE Grubeulepis fimbriata (Treadwell) Family Family CIRRATULIDAE Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint -Joseph) Caulleriella sp. ? Cirratulus cirratus (Müller) Cirratulus sp. Cirriformia punctata (Grube) Dodecaceria concharum Oersted Family DORVILLEIDAE Dorvillea cerasina (Ehlers) (Grube) Dorvillea rubrovittatus Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) longicornis (Ehlers) kefersteini McIntosh Protodorvillea Family Family EUNICIDAE Eunice aedificatrix (Monro) Eunice afra Peters Eunice antennata (Savigny) Eunice (Pallas) aphroditois Eunice cariboea Grube Eunice filamentosa Grube Eunice websteri Fauchald ninetta Lysidice Audouin & Milne-Edwards Marphysa amadae Fauchald Nematonereis unicornis Nematonereis (Grube) Palola siciliensis (Grube) Palola Family Family FLABELLIGERIDAE Pherusa inflata (Treadwell) 124 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica location b Central America a cpcpctctEP,Car Bct P H,PCar,WA NR PCar,WA M NRCar,EA,EP,WA C,L st P P NRCar,EP,WA H P it,st it,st itEP,Car H it NR NR NR 5–23cp NR n.a. 34 NR it it ep,it,sb P n.a. ep it,st n.a. ep,mb,sb n.a. [6, 29, 114] ep B [6, 29] sb NR ep n.a. n.a. 18 n.a. [6, 71] NR n.a. it cr,ep ep wc [6, ep23, 27] [29] st wc [29] n.a. [29] [71] [29, 114] 5–12 [71] ep ep,sb [29] [114] World World distribution cpCarCar,EP B B B NR NR NR st st st 18–23 5–23 5–23 ep,sb ep,sb ep,sb [114] [114] [114] Car,WACar,EPCar,WA,EP BCar,WA B B NR NR P NR st st NR st 5–23 it 6 5–12 ep,sb ep,sb n.a. n.a. [114] [114] Rub [71] [29] (continued)

Glycera Glycera oxycephala Ehlers Schmarda Glycera sphyrabranchia Glycera tesselata Grube Hemipodia pustatula (Friedrich) Family GONIADIDAE Goniada acicula Hartman Family HESIONIDAE Hesione picta Müller obscura Verrill Podarke Family LOPADORHYNCHIDAE Grube Lopadorhynchus brevis Lopadorhynchus uncinatus Fauvel Family LUMBRINERIDAE Lumbrineris inflata Moore Lumbrineris (Audouin latreilli & Milne-Edwards) Scoletoma (Schmarda) tetraura Species List 13.1 Family GLYCERIDAE Grube Glycera brevicirris Species Family Family MAGELONIDAE Magelona pettiboneae Jones Magelona riojai Jones Family MALDANIDAE Axiothella mucosa (Andrews) Nicomache Nicomache antillensis Augener Sabaco elongatus (Verrill) Family NEREIDIDAE irritabilis (Webster) Ceratonereis Polychaetes andEchiurans Ceratonereis singularis Treadwell ct B,P NR it,st 12–23 cr,ep,sb [27, 29, 69, 114] Laeonereis culveri (Webster) Car,WA B NR st 12–23 ep,sb [114] Namalycastis borealis Glasby Car,WA B NR it n.a. mb,sb [36] Namalycastis macroplatis Glasby Car P NR it n.a. n.a. [36] Namanereis amboinensis (Pflugfelder) ct B NR it n.a. mb [36] Neanthes galetae Fauchald Car P NR it n.a. ep [29] Neanthes succinea (Frey & Leuckart) cp P NR it n.a. ep,rb [29, 69] Nereidae juv. n.a. B NR st 5–18 ep [114] Nereis callaona (Grube) EP,Car P NR it n.a. ep [29] Nereis panamensis Fauchald Car P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29] Nereis riisei Grube Car,EP,WA P NR it n.a. cr,ep,sb [2, 29, 69] Nereis trifasciata Grube Car H NR st 34 n.a. [71] Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg Car,WA P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29, 69] Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne-Edwards) ct B,P NR it n.a. ep,rb [29, 69, 114] Pseudonereis variegata (Grube) ct P NR it n.a. cr,ep,rub [29, 69] Family OENONIDAE Arabella iricolor (Montagu) cp B NR st 12 sb [114] Arabella multidentata (Ehlers) Car,WA P NR st n.a. n.a. [14] Arabella mutans (Chamberlin) Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr,ep,sb [29, 69] Oenone fulgida (Savigny) ct P NR it,st n.a. cr,ep [29, 69] Family ONUPHIDAE Americonuphis magna (Andrews) EP,Car B NR st 1 sb [30] Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) Car,WA B,P NR st n.a. mb [29, 30] Hirsutonuphis geminata (Fauchald) Car B NR st 0.15 sb [30] Kinbergonuphis microcephala (Hartman) EP B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] Kinbergonuphis pulchra (Fauchald) Car B NR st 0.15 sb [30] Kinbergonuphis vermillionensis (Fauchald) EP,Car P NR it n.a. ep [29] Kinbergonuphis virgata (Fauchald) Car B NR st 0.15–1 sb [30] Mooreonuphis dangrigae (Fauchald) Car B NR st 0.15–1.5 rub,sb [30] 125 (continued) 126 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica location b Central America a WACarn.a.Carcp B B B NR B,P NR P NR NR st it,st NR st it 1–25 0–28 st 2–3 rub 0–36 rub n.a. n.a. ep,rub [25] [25] cr [25, 29] [25] [73] CarCarCarCar BCar BEP,Car NR B BAnt,Car,SA,WA B NR B st P NRCar,WA NR NR st NRCar,WA st NR 4EA,SP,WP st Bn.a. st stCar 5 it B,P BCar n.a. NR n.a.Car,EA,WA n.a. NRCar,EA n.a. 5–23 NR ep,mb BWA mb B st n.a. P mb [71] B it ep,sb mb B [98, 114] st NR NR ep [98] NR 4.5–23 B [98] NR [114] NR [98] st 0–16 ep,sb st 18 it [15, 29] NR it,st cr,rub st [83, 114] ep 22 0.6–12 st n.a. 0–18 [25, 29] rub,sb 5–12 rub rub [114] ep 4.5–16 [25] ep,sb sb [25] [25] [29, 69] [114] [25] World World distribution (continued)

fragilis (Webster) Théel borealis Nereiphylla mimica Nereiphylla Eibye-Jacobsen sp. Nereiphylla Phyllodoce (Schmarda) erythrophylla Phyllodoce Langerhans madeirensis Species List 13.1 Family OPHELIIDAE pictus (Dujardin) Polyophthalmus Family Family ORBINIIDAE Naineris setosa (Verrill) Naineris sp. & Fauchald multiuncinata Solis-Weiss Pettibonella & Fauchald pigmentata Protoaricia Solis-Weiss Family OWENIIDAE Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje Family PARAONIDAE belgicae Fauvel Paraonis Family PHOLOIDAE hirsuta (Rullier & Amoureux) Taylorpholoe Family PHYLLODOCIDAE Eulalia myriacycla (Schmarda) Eulalia viridis (Linnaeus) Eulalia sp. Eulalia sp. indet. Eumida muriatica Eibye-Jacobsen Hesionura coineaui (Laubier) Hesionura elongata (Southern) Mystides near cf. Nereiphylla Species Polychaetes andEchiurans Phyllodoce panamensis Treadwell EP B NR st 18 ep [114] Phyllodoce sp. A n.a. B NR st n.a. cr [25] Phyllodoce sp. B n.a. B NR st 0.6 –36 rub,sb [25] Phyllodoce sp. C n.a. B NR st 25 rub,sb [25] ?Protomystides sp. n.a. B NR st 12 sb [25] Pterocirrus foliosus Claparède Car B NR it,st 0–1 rub [25] Pterocirrus cf. macroceros (Grube) Car,EA,WA B,P NR it,st 8 ep,rub [25, 29] Sige belizensis Malmgren Car B NR it,st 0–28 rub [25] Family PILARGIDAE Parandalia americana (Hartman) Car G NR st 21–23 sb [45] Synelmis albini (Langerhans) ct B NR st 5–18 ep,sb [114] Family PISIONIDAE Pisionidens indica (Aiyar and Alikuhni) EA,EP,WA C it n.a. sb [23, 27] Family POLYNOIDAE Halosydna leucohyba (Schmarda) Car,WA P NR it n.a. cr [29] Harmothoe aculeata Andrews Car,SA,WA B NR st 5 ep [114] Harmothoe benthophila Ehlers Car H NR ep n.a. wc [71] Harmothoe crusis (Grube) Car P NR st n.a. n.a. [1] Lepidasthenia varius Treadwell Car,EP,WA P NR it n.a. cr [29] Lepidonotus humilis Augener Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr,ep,rub [29] Lepidonotus sp. n.a. B NR st 23 n.a. [114] Family SABELLARIIDAE Sabellaria floridensis Hartman Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr [29] Family SABELLIDAE Amphiglena lindae Rouse & Gambi Car B NR st 1–3 cr,sb [88] Bispira melanostigma (Schmarda) Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29] Branchiomma nigromaculata (Baird) Car B NR st 5 ep [114] Chone duneri Malmgren n.a. B NR st 5–18 ep,sb [114] (continued) 127 128 Species List g [114] References [85] [61] [61] [29] [114] [27] [114] [27, 28] [114] [114] f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) 23 sb n.a.n.a. n.a. ep [2, 50] 17–47 rb 17–47n.a. rb 18 ep n.a.5 ep sb ep n.a.n.a. ep,sb sb [29, 114] 12 sb 5 ep d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica location b B NR st Central America P NR st B NR st B NR st B,PP NR C,L it it B NR st B NR st a Med,WA Car,EPEPEPn.a. PCar,WACarCar B NRCar,WA B P BCarcp NR it B,Pn.a. NR P NR B NRCar st NR B st NR st n.a. NR st P it,st NR n.a. it ep,rb it n.a. NR n.a. 5–23 8 st mb [29, 70] mb it ep,sb cr,ep,rb n.a. n.a. cr,ep [29, 77] [32] 1 cr,ep [114] [32] rb n.a. [29, 70, 77] ep [29, 59] cr [87] [33] [29] World World distribution Car,WACar P NR it n.a. Car,EPSA,WACar,EP,GM,WA P PEA,EP,SP,WA BWA B NR NR NR NR it it st st Car,EA,EP, n.a. ct (continued)

Species List 13.1 Demonax leucaspis ? Kinberg Fitzhugh infratorquata Fabricia trilobata Fitzhugh Fabriciola sp. Jasmineira lobiferum Megalomma (Ehlers) Notaulax occidentalis (Baird) Rouse Oriopsis androgyne fonticula (Hoagland) Perkinsiana Pseudofabricioloa quasiincisura Fitzhugh Pseudopotamilla (Müller) reniformis Sabellidae juv. Family Family SERPULIDAE ctenactis Sclerostyla (Mörch) Species Spiraserpula Spiraserpula caribensis Pillai & ten Hove Vermiliopsis annulata (Schmarda) Vermiliopsis Vermiliopsis glandigera infundibulum group Vermiliopsis Family Family SIGALIONIDAE Psammolyce spinosa Hartman Sigalion Verrill arenicola Family SPIONIDAE Dispio uncinata Hartman cornuta Bosc Polydora Moore Prionospio heterobranchia Scolelepis (Scolelepis) squamata (Müller) Spionidae sp. Family Family SPIRORBIDAE psuedocorrugata (Dexiospira) Janua (Montagu) Polychaetes andEchiurans Family SYLLIDAE Autolytus anoplos Monro Car P NR it n.a. cr,ep,rub [29, 69] Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier) ct P NR it,st n.a. cr,ep,rub [2, 29] Brania mediodentata Westheide Car,EP B NR st 1 ep [91] Brania oculata (Hartmann-Schröder) ct B NR st 1 ep [91] Dentatisyllis mangalis Russell Car B NR st 1 ep [92] Eurysyllis tuberculata Ehlers EA,Med,RS B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] Eusyllis blomstrandi Malmgren cp B NR st 5–12 ep,sb [114] Exogone dispar (Webster) Car,EA,EP,Med B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] Exogone lourei Berkeley & Berkeley EP,WA B NR st 1 ep [91] Exogone naidinoides Westheide Car,EP B NR st 1 ep [91] Exogone occidentalis Westheide EP B NR st 1 ep [91] Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube) ct B,H,P NR it n.a. ep [29, 69, 71] Odontosyllis luminosa San Martìn Car B NR eb n.a. wc [35] Odontosyllis twincayensis Russell Car B NR st n.a. mb [90] Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans Car,EP,WA P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29, 69] Opisthosyllis nuchalis Verrill Car B NR st 4 n.a. [71] Parapionosyllis longicirrata (Webster & Benedict) WA B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] Plakosyllis quadrioculata Perkins WA B NR st 1 ep [91] Proceraea sp. n.a. B NR st 23 sb [114] Pseudobrania clavata (Claparède) cp B NR st 1 ep [91] Sphaerosyllis belizensis Russell Car B NR st 1 ep [89] Sphaerosyllis bilobata Perkins Car,WA B NR st 1 ep [91] Sphaerosyllis longilamina Russell Car B NR st 1 ep [89] Sphaerosyllis magnidentata Perkins Car,WA B NR st 1 ep [91] Sphaerosyllis parvoculata Russell Car B NR st 1 ep [89] Sphaerosyllis pirifera Claparède n.a. B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] Sphaerosyllis piriferopsis Perkins Car,WA B NR st 1 ep [91] Sphaerosyllis riseri Perkins Car,WA B NR st 1 ep [91]

Sphaerosyllis taylori Perkins Car,WA B NR st 1 ep [91] 129 (continued) 130 Species List g References [114] [29, 52] [29, 114] f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) n.a. cr,ep5 [29] ep 5–23n.a. ep,sbn.a. ep,rb,sb [114] ep [29, 70] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica location b Central America PB NR NR it st BP NR st NR it B,P NR it,st 23 cr a Car,EPctCarCar PCarcpcp P PCar NR Bct H,Pcp NR it,st NR B,P NRct B NR PCar,EP it NR stcp P n.a. stCar P st NR NRcp it,st Pct ep NR P n.a. n.a. st NR it 4 34 B.P B NR 5–18 it cr,ep,rub NR n.a. [29] B,H it NR 5–18 n.a. cr,ep,rub,sb [29] n.a. NR it n.a. [29, 69, NR114] it [2] n.a. ep,sb it n.a. ep st [2, 71] [71] st n.a. ep n.a. [114] cr,ep,rb n.a. [29] crn.a. 12–34 [29, 69] sb [29] ep sb sb [29] [29, 70] [29, 71] [71, 114] [115] World World distribution n.a. n.a. Car Car,EPcp P NR it Car,EACar,EP,WA H H NR NR ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc [71] [71] (continued)

Species List 13.1 aciculata Treadwell Typosyllis Typosyllis anops (Ehlers) Typosyllis armillaris (Müller) Typosyllis Schmarda brachychaeta Typosyllis corallicola Verrill Typosyllis cornuta Rathke Typosyllis hyalina Grube Typosyllis mexicana (Rioja) Typosyllis ? (Krohn) prolifera Typosyllis (Grube) variegata Typosyllis Family TEREBELLIDAE Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) Lanicides taboguillae (Chamberlin) Loimia medusa (Savigny) & Kritzler carus Young Paraeupolymnia Pista cristata (Muller) Pista fasciata (Grube) Species sp. Polycirrus Thelepus pascua (Fauchald) Treadwell crassibranchia Streblosoma juv. Terebellidae Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages) Tomopteris nisseni Rosa ? Tomopteris Family Family TOMOPTERIDAE kefersteini Greff Tomopteris Polychaetes andEchiurans Family TRICHOBRANCHIDAE Terebellides parvus Solis-Weiss, Fauchald & Car B NR st n.a. mb [99] Blankenstyn Trichobranchus glacialis Malmgren cp B NR st 5–23 ep,sb [114] n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; GM = Gulf of Mexico; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; SA = south Atlantic; SP = south Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; P = Panama c C = Cahuita; L = Limon; M = Manzanillo; NR = no Costa Rican record d eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters). f cr = coral reef; ep = epiphytic; it = intertidal; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rock bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sand bottom; wc = water column g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 131 132 Species List g 82, 67, 109] 69, 102] References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a Car,EPcpEPEP,WACar,EP PEP P Pn.a. P PEP PEP,WA NRGM,EP st NR NRn.a. NR P GNn.a. P st it st NR n.a. it,stEPEPEP n.a. n.a. n.a.Car,EP,WA rub,sb n.a. 13–18 NR NR P mb,rub n.a. mb,sb P [29, 41, 67] st mb ep mb P GD st [29, 67] [16, 29, 65, 67] n.a. GN st [82] 64 GN [41] n.a. 900 st IC GSE,IC [12] st NR n.a. it,st n.a. sb n.a. GP it,st n.a. st mb 15–22 11–90 [104] it,st [74] [103] n.a. mb mb cr,mb 63 [16] n.a. sb [29, 42, 43, 68, [65, 109] [16, 65, 109] n.a. n.a. [29, 41, 42, 69] [103] [2] EPEP G,P G,P NR GN it,st it,st 0–20 12–20 sb mb,sb [16, 29, 41, 65, [82] Polychaeta and Echiura from the of Pacific Central America

sp. Acoetes pacifica (Treadwell) tubifex Ehlers Euarche Hartman frons Polyodontes lupinus (Stimpson) Polyodontes oculeus (Treadwell) Polyodontes panamensis (Chamberlin) Polyodontes Family ACROCIRRIDAE sp. Acrocirrus Family ALCIOPIDAE Eulalia magnapupula Treadwell fuscapunctata Treadwell Vanadis Family AMPHARETIDAE Amphicteis Moore scaphobranchiata Amphicteis sp. Melinna Family AMPHINOMIDAE Chloeia entypa Chamberlin Choeia euglochis Ehlers Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener Chloeia viridis Schmarda Acoetes mortenseni (Monro) Species List 13.2 Family ACOETIDAE Acoetes grubei (Kinberg) Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Eurythoe complanata (Pallas) ct P GSE,IC it,st n.a. cr,ep [11, 29, 42, 43, 57, 68, 69, 103] Eurythoe sp. n.a. GN st n.a. n.a. [62] Hermodice carunculata (Pallas) Car,EP P GSE it,st n.a. n.a. [43, 103] Linopherus kristiani Salazar-Vallejo EP ES GD st n.a. mb [17, 66] Linopherus oculata (Treadwell) EP P NR it n.a. ep,wc [4, 29, 67, 103] Linopherus spiralis IG,WA GN it n.a. mb [65, 105, 107, (Wesenberg-Lund) 109] Notopygos crinita Grube EA,WA n.a. st 183 n.a. [102] Notopygos maculata (Kinberg) EP P NR n.a. n.a. n.a. [12] Notopygos ornata Grube Car,EP,WA P GN,GSE it n.a. cr [11, 29, 38, 42, 55, 57, 68, 69, 103] Pherecardia striata (Kinberg) ct P NR it n.a. cr [29, 42, 68, 69] Pseudeurythoe ambigua (Monro) EP P NR st 11–22 mb [69] Family APHRODITIDAE Aphrodita japonica Marenzeller EP,WP GN st n.a. rub,sb [16, 29, 41, 69] Aphrodita negligens Moore EP,WP P NR st 1251 mb [26] Aphrodita sp. n.a. PM st 90 mb [103] Laetmonice producta Grube EP P NR st 999 sb [26] Pontogenia laeviseta Hartman EP P NR st 26–36 rb [41] Family CAPITELLIDAE Capitella capitata (Fabricius) complex cp GD,GN it,st 40–43 mb,sb [17, 21, 65, 109] Dasybranchus lumbricoides Grube GM,EP ES,P GN it n.a. ep,sb [21, 24, 29, 66, 68] Decamastus nudus Thomassin EP,IO GD,GN st 11–42 mb,sb [16, 21, 65, 109] Heteromastus filiformis (Claparède) cp GN it n.a. sb [21]

Leiochrides cf. pallidior (Chamberlin) EP GN st 18 sb [21] 133 Mastobranchus variabilis Ewing GM,EP GN st 18 sb [21]

(continued) 134 Species List g 65, 105, 109] 64, 65, 105– 109, 24] 70, 109] [12, 29, 70] References f Habitat/ Community e 14–24 sb [21] n.a. sb [21] 9–46 mb,sb [16, 21, 63, 64, n.a. sb [27, 28] 64 sb [74] n.a. sb [68] n.a. sb [68] n.a. n.a. [29, 68] n.a. sb [49] n.a. n.a. [2, 29, 69] n.a. ep,rb [29, 69] n.a. ep [29, 69] n.a. ep [29, 69] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c GN st GN it GN st NR it GD st NR it NR it NR it NR it,st 26 cr GN it,st 11–26 cr,sb [16, 29, 64, 65, NR n.a. n.a. n.a. [1] GN it NR it NR it NR it NR st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b P P P P P P P N P ES N,P P Central America a n.a. EP cp EP,GM,WA EP EP,GM,WAEP,GM,WA ES GD,GN it,st GD,GN st 11–50 mb,sb 9–200 mb,sb [16, 17, 21, 49] [16, 17, 21, 63, cp n.a. cp EP EP ct EP ct EP EP EP (continued)

(Claparède) Hartmann-Schröder Notomastus sp. Notomastus tenuis Moore Notomastus lineatus Claparède Notomastus hemipodus Hartman Notodasus Fauchald dexterae Mediomastus californiensis Hartman Mediomastus ambiseta (Hartman) Family Family CHAETOPTERIDAE Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier) Mediomastus sp. Spiochaetopterus Spiochaetopterus costarum Mesochaetopterus Mesochaetopterus minuta Potts Mesochaetopterus Mesochaetopterus alipes Monro Family Family CHRYSOPETALIDAE Bhawania goodei Webster Augener Chrysopetalum Paessleri chrysolepis Schmarda Paleanotus Chrysopetalum macrophthalmum Chrysopetalum occidentale Johnson Bhawania riveti (Gravier) Species List 13.2 Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Paleaquor nicoyensis Watson-Russel EP X GN st 11–44 mb,sb [65, 109, 111] Family CIRRATULIDAE Aphelochaeta glandaria Blake EP GD,GN st 11–18 mb,sb [16, 17, 60] Aphelochaeta marioni (Saint Joseph) EA GD st 64 sb [74] Aphelochaeta monilaris (Hartman) EP GD st 64 sb [74] Aphelochaeta multifilis (Moore) EP GD st 64–70 mb,sb [74] Caulleriella magnaoculata EP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] Hartmann-Schröder Chaetozone corona Berkeley & BerkeleyEP GN st n.a. mb [17, 60, 65, 109] Chaetozone hedgepethi Blake EP GN st 11 sb [16] Chaetozone sp. n.a. GD st 64 sb [74] Chaetozone sp. D n.a. GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Chaetozone sp. E n.a. GN st 18 sb [16, 64, 65, 109] Chaetozone sp. X n.a. GN st 18 sb [16] Cirratulus cirratulus (Müller) cp GD st 64–254 mb,sb [74] Cirratulus? cirratulus (Müller) cp P NR it n.a. sb [27] Cirratulus exuberans Chamberlin EP P NR st 7–9 sb [11, 68] Cirratulus polytricha Schmarda EP P NR n.a. n.a. n.a. [68] Cirratulus sp. n.a. GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Cirratulus sp. A n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Cirratulus sp. B n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Cirriformia luxuriosa (Moore) EP P NR it n.a. rb [29] Cirriformia spirobrancha (Moore) EP GD st 70 mb [74] Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu) ct P NR it n.a. rb [29, 70] Monticellina cryptica Blake EP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Montecellina secunda (Banse & Hobson)EP GN st 11–18 sb [16] Monticellina serratiseta (Banse & EP GN st 18 sb [16] Hobson)

Monticellina tesselata (Hartman) EP GN st 11–18 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] 135

(continued) 136 Species List g 109] 109] References f Habitat/ Community e 18 sb [16, 65] n.a. mb [17, 60] n.a. mb [17, 60] 26 mb [16] 11–18 sb [16] n.a. mb [65, 109] 70 mb [74] 11–26n.a. mb,sb [16, 65, 109] n.a. [38] 11 sb [16] n.a. rub [29, 69] 64–70n.a. mb n.a. [74] [38] 11–26 mb,sb [16] 11–18 mb [16, 17, 60, 65, 54 sb [29] 11–26 mb,sb [16] 64 sb [74] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c GN st GD st GD st GN st GN st GN st GD st GN st GN st NR it GD st GN st GD,GN st NR st GNGN it,st st n.a. mb,sb [65, 105, 107, GD st X GN st X GN st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America P a EP n.a. GM n.a. n.a. n.a. EP n.a. EP EP EP Car,EP,WA P n.a. EP EP,WA EP EP n.a. n.a. GN st 18–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 105] Ant (continued)

(Westheide) (Moore) Tharyx epitoca Monro Family Family EULEPETHIDAE Grubeulepis Pettibone ecuadorensis sp. Pettiboneia Wolf duofurca Pettiboneia sp. B Pettibonea sp. A Pettibonea Meiodorvillea sp. Dorvillea vittata (Grube) Dorvilleidae sp. Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) pacifica Dorvillea (Schistomeringos) annulata Family Family DORVILLEIDAE Dorvillea bioculata (Grube) Dorvillea cerasina (Ehlers) Cossuridae sp. Cossura Cossura laeviseta Hartmann-Schröder Family Family COSSURIDAE Cossura brunnea Fauchald (Chamberlin) perbranchiata Timarete Tharyx parvus Berkeley Tharyx sp. X cf Species List 13.2 Monticellina sp. B Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Grubeulepis fimbriata (Treadwell) Car,EP,WA P NR st 12–20 mb,sb [41] Grubeulepis mexicana Berkeley & EP G NR it,st 13–20 mb,rub,sb [43, 79] Berkeley Pareulepis sp. n.a. GD st 254 mb [74] Family EUNICIDAE Eunice aedificatrix (Monro) Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29, 68, 69] Eunice afra Peters ct P NR it n.a. cr,ep [29, 69] Eunice aphroditois (Pallas) ct P GN it n.a. cr,ep [29, 38, 44, 69] Eunice australis Quatrefages WP P NR st 7–9 sb [68] Eunice biannulata Moore EP P NR it n.a. cr [29, 44, 69] Eunice cariboea Grube Car,EP P NR it,st n.a. cr,ep,rb [29, 44, 69] Eunice cedroensis Fauchald EP GN st 20–46 mb,sb [16] Eunice filamentosa Grube Car,EP,WA P NR it n.a. ep [29, 69] Eunice guanica (Treadwell) EP,WA P NR it n.a. n.a. [43] Eunice lucei Grube EP X GN st n.a. n.a. [38] Eunice macrobranchia Schmarda SA P NR it n.a. n.a. [68] Eunice mutilata Webster Car,EP,WA P GSE st 2 ep,mb [29, 43, 44] Eunice panamena (Chamberlin) EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [31] Eunice reducta Fauchald EP P NR st 16 n.a. [29, 44, 69] Eunice schemacephala Schmarda EP P GD st 70 mb [43, 74] Eunice segregata (Chamberlin) EP P NR st 580–1000 sb [12] Eunice vittata (delle Chiaje) cp P NR n.a. 8 n.a. [43] Eunice vittatopsis Fauchald EP P GD st 36 mb,rub [17, 29, 60, 65, 69, 109] Lysidice ninetta Audouin & Milne- ct P NR it,st 9 cr,ep,rb [29, 68, 69] Edwards Marphysa conferta Moore EP GD st n.a. mb [17] Marphysa mortenseni Monro EP P NR it n.a. sb [68]

(continued) 137 138 Species List g 65, 68, 69, 108, 109] 69] References f Habitat/ Community e 10–11 sb [6] n.a. rub [27, 29, 68] 70–254 mb,sb [17, 74, 103] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c GN it,stGN st n.a. cr,mb,sb [6, 27, 29, 42, NR it GD st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America P a EP,WAEAEP PEP,WP P G G NR NR st GN NR st st 1 st 9 n.a. sb 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. [6] [65, 68, 109] [5, 6, 16] [3] Car,EP,WA P cp EP EPEPEPEPEP Pn.a. P P NR NR st NR st GD GN st 0–81 st n.a. st mb 3210 n.a. 75–200 11–26 mb [42] mb,sb [12, 42] mb,sb [17] [12] [16] EPctEPct P P P X GN NR NR st GSE it n.a. it,st n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. cr,ep,rb [38] [12, 29, 43, 44, [56] [29, 43, 68, 69] (continued)

Fiege Glycera Ehlers dibranchiata Glycera gigantea Quatrefages Glycera guatemalensis Böggemann & Glycera lancadivae Schmarda Family Family GLYCERIDAE Glycera americana Leidy Grube Glycera brevicirris Piromis americana Piromis (Monro) Family Family EUPHROSINIDAE aurantiaca Johnson Euphrosyne panamica Euphrosyne (Chamberlin) Family FLABELLIGERIDAE Chamberlin Brada irenaia Pherusa capulata (Moore) Pherusa inflata (Treadwell) Pherusa sp. Species List 13.2 Marphysa quadriocculata (Grube) Marphysa sanguinea (Montagu) Marphysa striata (Kinberg) siciliensis (Grube Palola Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Glycera pacifica Kinberg EP,WP P NR it,st 11–16 sb [6] Glycera prosobranchia Boggemann & Car,EP P GN st 10–28 mb,sb [5, 6, 16, 65, Fiege 109] Glycera sphyrabranchia Schmarda ct P NR st n.a. n.a. [6, 65, 109] Glycera tesselata Grube cp P GN st 18–46 mb,sb [16, 42] Hemipodia pustatula (Friedrich) Car,EP ES,P GN,PM it,st n.a. sb [6, 27, 34, 49, 96] Hemipodia californiensis (Hartman) EP ES GN,PM it,st 11–26 mb,sb [6, 16, 17, 60, 65, 109] Family GONIADIDAE Glycinde armigera Moore EP P GD,GN st 4–254 mb [16, 42, 65, 74, 105, 106, 107, 108, 09] Glycinde paucignatha Hartmann- EP ES GN it n.a. n.a. [49, 65, 66, 109] Schröder Goniada brunnea Treadwell EP,WA GN st 11–18 sb [16, 65, 109] Family HESIONIDAE Glyphohesione nicoyensis Dean EP X GN st 11–25 mb,sb [18] Gyptis brunnea (Hartman) EP GD st n.a. mb [17, 60] Gyptis cf. hians Fauchald & Hancock EP GN st 11 sb [16] Gyptis sp. A n.a. GN st 18 sb [16] Hesione intertexta Grube EP P NR it n.a. cr,ep [12, 29, 68, 69] Hesione panamena Chamberlin EP P NR n.a. n.a. [12] Hesionides arenarius Friedrich EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] Micropthalmus sp. n.a. GN st n.a. mb [65, 109] Ophiodromus pugettensis (Johnson) EP P NR it n.a. rb [29] Orseis brevis Hartmann-Schröder EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] Parahesione sp. n.a. GN st n.a. mb,sb [65, 109] 139 (continued) 140 Species List g 65, 66, 109] 69] References f Habitat/ Community e n.a. mb [65, 109] n.a. sb [49] 11–26 mb,sb [16, 17, 49, 60, Depth (m) 45 mb,rb [29, 44, 69] 36–54 sb [29] 64 sb [65, 74, 109] 18 sb [16] 36 mb,sb [17, 29, 69] 70 mb [74] n.a. n.a. [49, 66] 64 sb [74] n.a. sb [27, 28] n.a. n.a. [49, 66] 11–18 sb [16, 65, 109] 26–64 cr,sb [29, 43, 44, 49, d Oceanic distribution c NR ep n.a. wc [104] GN st NR it GD,GN st NR it NR st GD st GN st GD st NRGD ep st n.a. wc [104] GD it,st 64–70 ep,mb [29, 65, 74, 109] GD it,st 70 mb,sb [27, 28, 74] NR it GD st NR it NR it GN st GD,GP st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America P P ES ES P P P P P P ES P ES a EP,WA cp EP EP EPEPEP ES NR GN it st n.a. 11–26 sb mb,sb [16] [49] Car,EP EP EP GM,WA EP EP n.a. cp EP EP EP EP EP EP (= Augenaria) (continued)

Schröder) Edwards Schröder Family Family LOPADORHYNCHIDAE Lopadorhynchus nationalis Reibisch longicirrata Greeff Pelagobia Family Family LONGOSOMATIDAE catalinensis Heterospio Hartman Struwela noodti Hartmann-Schröder Podarke pugettensis Johnson Podarke (Hartmann- brevipalpa Podarkeopsis Species List 13.2 minuta Hartmann-Schröder Podarke Species distribution World Lumbrineris inflata Moore Lumbrineris (Moore) erecta Lumbrineris cruzensis ? Hartman Lumbrinerides acuta (Verrill) Kuwaita dolichognatha Rioja Kuwaita Eranno Eranno chilensis (Kinberg) Family Family LUMBRINERIDAE Angeneria (sic) sp. Lumbrineris Audouin latreilli & Milne- Lumbrineris zonata (Johnson) Lumbrineris uncinigera Hartmann-Schröder Lumbrineris Hartman moorei Lumbrineris Fauchald monroi Lumbrineris magnanuchalata Hartmann- Lumbrineris limicola Hartman Polychaetes andEchiurans Lumbrinereis sp. n.a. ES NR st n.a. cr [65, 96, 109] Ninoe foliosa Fauchald EP GD,GN st 11 mb,sb [16, 17] Ninoe gemmea Moore EP GD st 64 sb [74] Ninoe sp. A n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Ninoe sp. B n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Paraninoe fusca (Moore) EP GD st 64 sb [74] Scoletoma erecta (Moore) EP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Scoletoma monroi (Fauchald) EP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Scoletoma platylobata (Fauchald) EP GD,GN st 26 mb [16, 17, 60] Scoletoma tetraura (Schmarda) ct P GN,GSE it,st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 29, 44, 65, 69, 105–109] Family MAGELONIDAE Magelona (cf) californica Hartman EP,WP GN st 46 mb [16, 65, 109] Magelona papillicornis Müller cp P NR it n.a. rb [29, 70] Magelona pitelkai Hartman EP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] Magelona riojai Jones Car,EP PM it n.a. sb [27] Magelona sp. A n.a. GN st 9–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] Magelona sp. B n.a. GD,GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16,1 7, 60, 65, 109] Family MALDANIDAE Clymenella sp. n.a. GN st n.a. mb [65, 109] Isocirrus longiceps (Moore) EP GN st n.a. mb [65, 109] Isocirrus tropicus (Monro) EP P NR it n.a. sb [68, 93] Maldane cristata Treadwell EP P NR st 580 mb [26] Maldane gorgonensis Monro EP P NR st 54 sb [29] Maldane meridionalis (Chamberlin) EP,WP G NR st 3520–4609 n.a. [37] Mandanella fibrillate Chamberlin EP P NR st 2648 n.a. [12] Maldanidae sp. indet. n.a. P NR it n.a. rb [29] Maldanidae sp. A n.a. GN st n.a. mb [65, 109] 141 Petaloproctus crenatua Chamberlin EP P NR st 1393 sb [12] (continued) 142 Species List g 105, 107, 108, 109] 109] 96] 109] 109] 42, 65, 69, 76, 109] References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) n.a. n.a. [49, 66] 45 sb [42] n.a. sb [49] n.a. sb [49] 64 mb [65, 74, 109] n.a. sb [29, 69] 9–22 sb [16, 42, 65, 68, 0–26 mb,sb [42] 26 sb [68] 11–18 mb,sb [16, 29, 65, 69, 11–18 sb [16, 29, 42, 65, 64 n.a. [74] n.a. cr,mb [17, 20, 27, 29, d Oceanic distribution c NR it GN it,st n.a. mb [29, 46, 65, 69, NR st NR it NR it GD st GN,PM it,stNR st n.a. sb [27, 29, 46, 69, GN st NR st NR st GN st GD,GN st GD st GD st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America P ES P P ES ES P ES,P G P P a EP EP EP EP EP EP ct n.a. EP Car,EP,WA P EP,WA EA EP Car,EP,WA P n.a. (continued)

Schröder Species List 13.2 Species distribution World Nephtys panamensis Monro Nephtys oculata Hartmann-Schröder Nephtys Hartman monroi Nephtys magellanica Augener Hartmann-Schröder Nephtys furcifera Family Family NEREIDIDAE singularis Treadwell Ceratonereis Nephtys sp. Nephtys singularis Hartman Nephtys squamosa Ehlers Hartmann- Nephtys brevibranchis Nephtys assimilis Oersted Aglaophamus longosetosa Oersted Aglaophamus tabogensis (Monro) Family Family NEPHTYIDAE Aglaophamus verrilli (McIntosh) sp. Ceratonereis Polychaetes andEchiurans Eunereis paitillae Fauchald EP P NR it n.a. rub [29] Gymnonereis crosslandi (Monro) EP,GM GD st 13–46 mb,sb [16, 17, 20, 60, 65, 105–109] “juvenile” nereid EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] Laeonereis brunnea Hartmann-Schröder EP ES GD,GN it n.a. mb,sb [20, 49, 66] Leptonereis laevis Kinberg EP GN st 11–18 sb [20] Neanthes micromma Harper EP,GM GD,GN st 11–40 mb,sb [16, 20, 65, 109] Neanthes pseudonoodti Fauchald EP P GD it,st n.a. ep [20, 29] Neanthes roosevelti Hartman EP GD st n.a. ep [20] Neanthes succinea (Frey & Leuckart) cp P GN it n.a. ep,rb [16, 20, 29, 69, 105, 107, 108, 109] Nereidae sp. 1 n.a. GN it n.a. sb [24] Nereis callaona (Grube) Car,EP P NR it n.a. ep [29] Nereis costaricaensis Dean EP X GN it n.a. mb [20] Nereis rigida Grube EP GN it,st n.a. n.a. [20, 39] Nereis riisei Grube Car,EP,WA P GP it n.a. cr,ep,sb [1, 20, 29, 42, 43, 69] Nereis segrex Chamberlin EP P NR st 1340 sb [12] Nereis zonata Malmgren cp GN st 11–18 sb [16, 20] Nereis sp. n.a. GD st 64–254 n.a. [74] Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [43] Perinereis helleri Grube EP IC st n.a. n.a. [102] Perinereis seridentata (Hartmann- EP ES GD,GN it n.a. sb [20, 49, 66] Schröder) Platynereis dumerilii (Audouin & Milne-ct P GP it n.a. ep,rb [20, 29, 43, 69] Edwards) Pseudonereis gallapagensis Kinberg EP,W P GD it,st n.a. ep,rb [20, 29]

(continued) 143 144 Species List g 49, 60, 65, 69, 108, 109] 109] 109] [27, 29, 68, 69] [29] References f sb [27, 44, 75] Habitat/ Community e 11–18 sb [16, 44, 65, 109] 26 sb [27, 28, 68] n.a. n.a. [38, 69, 75] 11–18 mb,sb [16, 17, 29, 43, 5–101 sb [44, 65, 109] n.a. cr,rb,sb [29, 68, 69, 75] 42 mb [16, 17, 60] 36–54 mb,sb [29, 69] n.a. sb [27, 28, 34, 96] 254 mb [74] n.a. rb 5-9 ep,mb,sb [44] n.a. rb 18–26 cr,rub [16, 29, 65, 69, 64–70 mb [74] n.a. n.a. [16] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c GN,GSE st NR st NR it GD,GN st NR it NR st NR it n.a. st NR st NR st n.a.n.a. it,st st 11–26 cr,sb [16, 29, 69] NR it GSE st NR it GN st GD st PM it Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b G,P P ES,N,P ES,P ES,G,P G,P G,P P ES P P Central America P P P a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP ct EP EP EP EP EP n.a. EP Car,EPEP P P NR GN it st n.a. 18 cr,ep,sb [29, 44, 68, 69] sb [13, 14, 16, 65, Paxton (continued)

sic) sp. Notocirrus californiensis Hartman Diopatra Diopatra tridentata Hartman Diopatra Diopatra splendidissima Kinberg Diopatra Diopatra rhizophorae Grube Diopatra Diopatra ornata Moore Diopatra Diopatra obliqua Hartman Diopatra Diopatra neotridens Hartman Diopatra Diopatra Krisitiani Diopatra Diopatra farallonensis Hobson Diopatra Diopatra denticulata Fauchald Australonuphis hartmanae Australonuphis (Friedrich) Oenone fulgida (Savigny) Drilonereis nuda Drilonereis Moore cf Family Family ONUPHIDAE Americonuphis Fauchald reesei Drilonereis mexicana Fauchald Drilonereis Drilonereis falcata Drilonereis Moore Arabellida Arabellida Arabella Arabella semimaculata (Moore) Arabella Arabella panamensis Colbath Species List 13.2 Family OENONIDAE Arabella mutans (Chamberlin) Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Hyalinoecia juvenalis Moore EP P GSE st n.a. mb [44] Hyalinoecia stricta Moore EP P NR st 983–2286 mb,sb [12] Kinbergonuphis gorgonensis (Monro) EP P NR st 36 sb [29] Kinbergonuphis microcephala (Hartman)EP G GN st 3.6–9 mb,sb [16, 44, 65, 109] Kinbergonuphis vexillaria Moore EP GN st 11–46 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] Kinbergonuphis sp. A n.a. GN st 18 mb [16] Mooreonuphis nebulosa (Moore) GM,EP P GN st 11–20 rb,sb [16, 29, 44, 65, 69, 109] Mooreonuphis peruana (Hartman) EP P NR st n.a. cr [44] Onuphis eremita Audouin & Milne- Car,EA,EP G NR st 3.6–9 sb [44] Edwards Onuphis sp. n.a. n.a. st 64–354 mb [74] Paradiopatra cobra (Chamberlin) EP P NR st 3190 mb [12] Paradiopatra crassisetosa (Chamberlin) EP P NR st 711–1046 mb,sb [12] Paradiopatra lepta (Chamberlin) EP P NR st 2286 n.a. [12] Paradiopatra solenotecton (Chamberlin) EP P NR st 2286 n.a. [12] Paranorthia fissurata Fauchald EP P NR st 983 mb [26] Family OPHELIIDAE Ammotrypane bermudiensis Treadwell WA GSE st 6 mb [103] Armandia bravis (Moore) EP P GD,GN it,st 18 mb,sb [16, 17, 27, 28, 65, 109] Armandia salvadoriana Hartmann- EP ES GN st 7–18 sb [16, 48, 106, Schröder 107] Euzonus (Thoracophelia) furciferus (Ehlers)EP PM it n.a. sb [27, 28] Ophelina sp. n.a. GN st 18 sb [16] Ophelina sp. n.a. P NR it n.a. rb [28] Family ORBINIIDAE Leitoscoloplos panamensis (Monro) EP P NR st 11–22 mb [29, 70] 145 (continued) 146 Species List g 109] 109] 106, 107, 109] References f Habitat/ Community e n.a. sb [27, 28, 47, 96] n.a. mb [65, 109] 580 mb [12] Depth (m) 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] n.a. mb [17] 18–26 mb,sb [16] 11–18 sb [16] 11 sb [16] 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] 11–44 mb,sb [16, 17, 60, 65, n.a. mb [24, 65, 66, 105, n.a. sb [15, 49] 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] 18 sb [16] 11–20 sb [16, 65, 109] 11–22 sb [16, 49, 65, 109] d Oceanic distribution c PM it GN st NR st GN st GD st GN st GN st GN st GN st GD,GN st GN it NR it GN st GN st GN st GN st GN st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America ES ES P ES ES a Med,WA cp EP n.a. EP EP ES GN it,st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 24, 65, 66, EA,GM,WA,[WP n.a. Ant,EP,WP WA EP EP,WA Car,EA,EP, CP EP Car,EP,WA EP GM,WA EP,WP (continued)

Hartmann-Schröder Berkeley Scoloplos armiger (Müller) Orbinia johnsoni (Moore) Naineris sp. Leodamas latum (Chamberlin) Species List 13.2 Leitoscoloplos pugettensis (Pettibone) Species distribution World Aricidea (Aricidea) Webster fragilis Aricidea (Allia) sp. Aricidea (Acmira) mirifica Strelzov Aricdea (Acmira) minima Strelzov Aricidea (Acmira) longicirrata Aricidea (Acmira) finitima Strezlov Aricidea (Acmira) catherinae Laubier Fanily Fanily PARAONIDAE Acesta (Acmira) lopezi Berkeley & Family Family OWENIIDAE Owenia fusiformis Delle Chiaje Scoloplos Eisig treadwelli Scoloplos tribulosos (Ehlers) Scoloplos riseri (Pettibone) Scoloplos ohlini Ehlers Polychaetes andEchiurans Arididea sp. A n.a. GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Aricidea sp. B n.a. GN st 18–26 mb,sb [16] Aricidea sp. C n.a. GN st 18 sb [16] Levensenia gracilis (Tauber) EA,EP,WP GD,GN st 11–44 mb,sb [16, 17, 60] Paradoneis (cf) forticirratus (Strelzov) EP,WP GN st 9–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] Paradoneis lyra (Southern) EA,WA,EP GD st 64–70 mb [74] Paraoneis sp. A n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Paraoneis sp. B n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Paraonides platybranchia (Hartman) EP P NR it n.a. sb [27, 28] Tauberia sp. n.a. GN st n.a. mb [64, 65, 109] Family PECTINARIIDAE Pectinaria californiensis Hartman EP GN it n.a. sb [105, 107, 106] Pectinaria gouldii Verrill Car,WA GN it n.a. mb [103] Pectinaria (Lagis) tenera EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] Hartmann-Schröder Family PHOLOIDAE Pholoides asperus (Johnson) EP GN st 11–18 sb [16] Family PHYLLODOCIDAE Eteone sp. n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Eulalia lobocephalica Kinberg EP P NR it n.a. cr [29, 69] Eulalia sp. Car,EP P NR st n.a. n.a. [29, 69] Eteone aesturina EP ES GN it,st 9–26 mb,sb [16, 49, 65, 109, Hartmann-Schröder 113] Kinbergia longicirris (Grube) EP N NR it n.a. n.a. [39] Paranaitis polynoides Moore n.a. GD st n.a. mb [65, 109] Phyllodoce flavescens Grube EP GN it,st n.a. n.a. [39] Phyllodoce groenlandica Oersted EP P NR st n.a. wc [103] Phyllodoce madeirensis cp ES,P GD,GN it,st 11–24 ep,mb,sb [12, 16, 17, 28, 147 (Langerhans) 29, 34, 65, 69, 96, 109] (continued) 148 Species List g 94, 100] 109] References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP,IPEPEPEP PEP ESEP,WAEP,WA PEP NR XEP,GM,WA NREP,WA stEP GN itEP ES NREP,GM,SA it 7–9EP,GM,SA it GD,GN n.a. GDEP st GN ES sb n.a. it GN NR sb n.a. st 11–200 st GN it n.a. [68] ES n.a. rub mb,sb [49] 11–26 st GN NR GN [39] GN 11–46 n.a. [16, 17, 19, 65, sb mb,sb st it [29] st st mb,sb 11–26 NR sb [19] [19] mb,sb 18 [19, 65, it109] n.a. 11–35 18 [24, 49] [16, 19] mb,sb n.a. sb n.a. sb [16, 19, 65, 109] [49, 66] n.a. [19] [16, 19, 65, 109] [66] EPEPEPEPEP P P P P NR NR GN n.a. NR it GN st st n.a. it,st n.a. 9 n.a. 45 18 rb [12] mb wc ep,sb [28] [12, 16, 29, [16, 69, 101, 102] [103] (continued)

Schröder Schröder Hartmann-Schröder Phyllodoce patagonica (Kinberg) Phyllodoce pseudoseriata Hartmann- Phyllodoce Grube puntarenae Sige bifoliata Moore Family PILARGIDAE hamata Ancistrosyllis (Hartman) hartmanae Ancistrosyllis Pettibone jonesi Ancistrosyllis Pettibone ocellata Ancistrosyllis Hartmann- papillosa Ancistrosyllis (Jones) Cabira incerta Webster Loandalia riojai Salazar-Vallejo gracilis Parandalia tricuspis (Müller) Parandalia Saint berkeleyae Joseph Pilargis Sigambra ocellata (Hartmann-Schröder) Phyllodoce multiseriata Rioja Phyllodoce nicoyensis Treadwell Phyllodoce oculata Ehlers Phyllodoce panamensis Treadwell Species List 13.2 Phyllodoce medipapillata Moore Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Sigambra pettiboneae Hartmann- EP,WP GD it n.a. sb [19] Schröder Sigambra tentaculata (Treadwell) EP,WA GD,GN st 11–200 mb,sb [16, 17, 19, 60, 63, 64, 65, 74, 105, 106, 107, 109] Sigambra vargasi Dean EP X GN st 11–46 mb,sb [19] Sigambra sp. A n.a. GD it n.a. sb [19] Synelmis albini (Langerhans) ct P GN it,st 9–46 cr,rub [16, 19, 29, 63, 64, 65, 69, 105, 109] Family PISIONIDAE Pisione garciavaldecasasi Martin, EP P NR st n.a. fw [95] Lopez & Camacho Pisione remota (Southern) cp GP,PM it n.a. sb [27] Pisionidens indica EA,EP,WA ES NR st n.a. sb [28, 34, 49, 96, Aiyar & Alikunhi 97] Family POECILOCHAETIDAE Poecilochaetus tropicus Okuda WP GN st 18 sb [16, 65, 109] Family POLYNOIDAE Admetella hastigerens Chamberlin EP P NR st 1046 sb [12] Chaetacanthus magnificus (Grube) ct P NR st n.a. cr,rub [29, 41, 67] Eulagisca panamensis Hartman EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [41] Halosydna fuscomarmorata (Grube) EP P NR st n.a. cr [41] Halosydna glabra Hartman EP P NR it n.a. ep [29, 41, 67] Halosydna galapagensis Monro EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [67] Halosydnella fuscomaculata (Grube) Car P NR st n.a. cr [67] Harmothoe balboensis Monro EP P GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16, 65, 67, 109] 149 (continued) 150 Species List g 109] 67] References [103] [41, 84] f Habitat/ Community e 11 sb [16] 580 cr,mb [26, 41] 11–26 mb,sb [16, 67] 54–90 mb,rb,sb [41] n.a. cr,ep,rb [29, 67] 3–7 cr n.a. n.a. [67] n.a. cr,ep,rb [29, 41, 67] n.a. n.a. [41] Depth (m) 70 mb [74] n.a. ep [29] n.a. ep,rub,sb [12, 29, 41, 54, 11 sb [16] n.a. cr,ep,rub [29, 67] n.a. rb n.a. sb [49] n.a. n.a. [38] 18 sb [16] 54–90 mb,rb,sb [41] n.a. cr,ep [29] 21 n.a. [41] d Oceanic distribution c GN st NR st GN st NR st NR it GSE st NR st NR it GSENR it,st it n.a. cr,rb [29, 41, 67, 81] GD st NR st NR st GN st NR it NR it NR it GN st GN st NR st NR st NR st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b P Central America B1 P P P P P P P P P P P ES P P a EP n.a. EP cp EP P GN it n.a. cr,ep,rb [12, 29, 65, 67, Car,EP EP,IP EP Car,EP,WA IO EP EP n.a. EP,WA EP n.a. EA,EP EP EP EP,WA EP EP EP (continued)

Iphione ovata Kinberg Harmothoinae sp. Harmothoe mexicana Chamberlin Harmothoe lunulata (delle Chiaje) Species List 13.2 Harmothoe hirsuita Johnson Species distribution World Lepidonotus humilis Augener Lepidonotus (Ehlers) furcillatus Lepidonotus Monro crosslandi Lepidasthenia varius Treadwell Lepidasthenia minikoiensis Potts Lepidasthenia gigas (Johnson) Leanira Leanira fimbriarum Hartman Family Family QUESTIDAE Questidae sp. Thomora Thomora taeniata (Ehlers) Thomora Thomora johnstoni (Kinberg) sp. Polynoe Lepidonotus hupferi Augener Pareulagisca panamensis (Hartman) Pareulagisca Mayella articulata Hartmann-Schröder Lepidonotus tomentosus (Grube) Lepidonotus squamatus (Linnaeus) Lepidonotus panamensis Hartman Lepidonotus nesophilus Chamberlin Polychaetes andEchiurans Family SABELLARIIDAE Idanthyrsus armatus Kinberg EP,WP P NR st 36 sb [29, 70] Idanthyrsus cretus Chamberlin EP P GP st 2 cr,rub [12, 29, 44, 70] Phragmatopoma attenuata Hartman EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [29, 70] Sabellaria alcocki Gravier ct P NR it n.a. rub [29] Sabellaria floridensis Hartman Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr [29] Sabellaria gracilis Hartman EP GN st n.a. mb [65, 109] Sabellaria moorei Monro EP P NR it n.a. rb [29, 70] Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart EP,WA P NR it n.a. rb [29, 70] Sabellida (Sabellaria?) sp. n.a. GD st 70 mb [74] Family SABELLIDAE Bispira monroi (Hartman) EP P n.a. it,st n.a. cr,sb [29, 68, 70, 78] Chone minuta Hartman EP ES,P GP,GSE it n.a. sb [27, 66] Chone mollis (Bush) EP GN it n.a. sb [105, 107] Chone sp. n.a. GN st n.a. n.a. [64, 65, 109] Demonax leucaspis? Kinberg Car,EP P NR it n.a. ep,rb [29, 70] Euratella sp. n.a. n.a. st n.a. mb [65, 109] Hypsicomus phaeotenia (Schmarda) ct P NR it,st n.a. ep,cr [29, 70] Megalomma gesae (Hartmann-Schröder)EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] Megalomma pacifici (Grube) EP n.a. st n.a. n.a. [11, 12, 40] Pseudopotamilla intermedia Moore EP P NR it n.a. rb [29, 70] Pseudopotamilla occelata Moore EP P NR it n.a. rub [29] Sabella crassicornis Sars EP,Car GD st n.a. mb [78] Sabella pacifici Grube EP X GN st n.a. n.a. [40] Family SERPULIDAE Crosslandiella multispinosa Monro EP P NR st 9–11 sb [70] Crosslandiella multispinosa var.inar- EP P NR st 36 sb [70] mata Monro 151 Crucigera websteri Benedict EP P NR st 1–4 rub [51, 68, 70] (continued) 152 Species List g [41] References f Habitat/ Community e 12–18 sb [16, 65, 109] 20–125 sb [41] n.a. sb [29, 41] 73–84 sb [41] 45 mb [41] n.a. rb n.a. cr,rb,sb,sg [29, 69] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c GN st IC st NR it IC st NR st GSE it NR it Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b G,P P P Central America a n.a. EP,WA EP Car,EP EP EP,WPEPEPCar,EP,WACar PEP PEPEP P P P NR NR P st GN NR st X NR st st n.a. NR GNMed,WP it 2–4 GN st n.a. rub st 9 it,st rub n.a. n.a. 2–4 [53] n.a. ep 9–18 [116] n.a. [70, 72] rub n.a. sb [70] [70] [70] [72] [40, 43, 68, 70] EPn.a.EPCarCar,EP,WAEP P P P P P NR GN GN NR it NR st it,st n.a. NR it n.a. 7 st n.a. n.a. n.a. rb mb cr,rb n.a. 9 n.a. [70] [70, 72] [65, 109] [12] ep [70] [70] EPEPEP G GD NR st st 70 18 mb n.a. [74] [3] balboensis Monro (continued)

anoculata Hartman Vermiliopsis multiannulata (Moore) Vermiliopsis Sigalion sp. Sigalion spinosus (Hartman) Sigalion lewisii Berkeley & Berkeley Psammolyce spinosa Hartman Psammolyce fimbriata Hartman Hydroides albiceps Hydroides (Grube) crucigera Mörch Hydroides exalta (Marenzeller) Hydroides gairacensis Augener Hydroides lunulifera (Claparède) Hydroides uncinata Hydroides (Philippi) kröyeri Mörch Pomatostegus stellatus (Abildgaardi) Pomatostegus tubularia Protula var. Psammolyce antipoda (Schmarda) sp. Schizocraspedon Serpula tricornis (Mörch) (Gravier) contierei Spirobranchus giganteus giganteus Spirobranchus Pallas glandigerus Gravier Vermiliopsis cf Family Family SIGALIONIDAE Sigalion lewisii Berkeley & Berkeley Sthenelais fusca Johnson Species List 13.2 Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Sigalionidae sp. n.a. GN st 11 sb [16, 65] Sthenelais fusca Johnson EP GN,GP, st 4–90 mb,sb [16, 41, 65, 109] GSE Sthenelais helenae Kinberg EP P PM it n.a. sb [27, 80] Sthenelais sp. EP ES NR it n.a. n.a. [96] Sthenelanella uniformis Moore EP GD st n.a. mb [16] Family SPIONIDAE Apoprionospio pygmaea (Hartman) EP,WA GN st 9–35 mb,sb [16, 65, 109] Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell) cp P NR st 2–26 cr,rub [29, 70] Boccardia proboscidea Hartman EP P NR it n.a. rb [29] Boccardia tricuspa (Hartman) EP P NR it n.a. rb [29] Caraziella citrona (Hartman) EP GN it n.a. mb [65, 106–109] Dipolydora socialis (Schmarda) EP,SA,SP,WA,WP GN st 11–26 mb,sb [16] Dispio glabrilamellata SP GN st 18 sb [16] Blake & Kudenov Dispio schusterae Friedrich EP ES NR st n.a. sb [34, 96] Dispio uncinata Hartman Car,EP,WA P GN st 18 sb [16, 27, 28, 65, 109] Laonice bassensis Blake & Kudenov SP GN st 20 sb [16, 65, 109] Laonice japonica (Moore) EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [29, 70] Laonice sp. n.a. GD st n.a. mb [16] Malacoceros indicus (Fauvel) ct GN st 1–18 sb [16, 65, 109] Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers) EP ES,P GD,GN st 11–22 mb,sb [16, 24, 64, 65, 70, 86, 105–109] Polydora cornuta Bosc EA,EP,SP,WA GN st 11 sb [16] Polydora punctata Hartmann-Schröder EP ES NR it n.a. fw [49] Prionospio (Aquilaspio) sp. n.a. GD st n.a. mb [17] Prionospio delta Hartman EA,EP,WA GN it,st n.a. mb [65, 105–109] 153 Prionospio (Prionospio) ehlersi Fauvel cp GD st n.a. mb [17] (continued) 154 Species List g 106, 107, 108, 109] 109] [58] References f Habitat/ Community e n.a. n.a. [58] n.a. rb n.a. sb [49] n.a. mb [17] 11–26 mb,sb [16, 84, 65, 105, 64–70 mb [74] n.a. mb [74] 13 sb [16, 65, 109] 18 sb [16] n.a. sb [23, 27, 28, 96] n.a. sb [49] 70 mb [74] 11–26 mb,sb [16] n.a. mb [17, 60] 11–26 mb,sb [16] 11–35 mb,sb [16, 63, 64, 65, Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c GD,GP it GD,P it NR it n.a. st GN st GD st GD st GN st GN st GN,IC it NR it GD st GN st GD st GN st GN st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b P ES ES,P ES Central America a Med,WA WA,WP EP EP,WP EP cp GM,EP n.a. EP EP,SP n.a. Car,EA,EP, EP n.a. EA,EP,Med,SP, n.a. WP EPGM,EP GD st n.a. mb [17] pulchra (continued)

squamata (Müller) Schröder) Imajima Berkeley Pileolaria Knight-Jones marginata Family Family SPIRORBIDAE Pileolaria (Rioja) berkeleyana sp. Streblospio Grube Spiophanes kroeyeri Spiophanes duplex (Chamberlin) Spionidae sp. Spio maculata (Hartman) Spio blakei (Blake & Kudenov) Scolelepis sp. Scolelepis (Scolelepis) Scolelepis (Hartmann- arenicola Pygospio sp. Prionospio (Prionospio) dubia Day Prionospio (Minuspio) sp. Prionospio (Minuspio) (cf) Prionospio (Minuspio) multibranchiata Prionospio (Minuspio) lighti Maciolek Species List 13.2 Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Pileolaria (Simplicaria) pseudomilitaris EP,WP P GD,GP, it n.a. rb [58] Thiriot-Quievreux PM Spirorbis bidentatus Bailey Car,EP,WP P NR st n.a. rb [58] Spirorbis langerhansi Caullery & EP P NR n.a. n.a. n.a. [10] Mesnil) Spirorbis marioni (Caullery & Mesnil) EP,WP P GD,GP, it n.a. rb [10, 58] PM Family STERNASPIDAE Sternaspis cf. maior Chamberlin EP GN st 11–265 mb,sb [12, 16, 65, 109] Family SYLLIDAE Amblyosyllis cf. granosa Ehlers EP,SP P NR st 1–2.5 cr,rub [9] Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka EP,WA,WP P NR st 2.5 cr,rub [9] Autolytus cf. magnus Berkeley EP P NR it n.a. ep [29] Autolytus multidentatus Hartmann- EP ES NR it n.a. n.a. [49] Schröder Autolytus multidenticulatus Westheide EP P NR st 2–16 cr,rub [9] Branchiosyllis exilis (Gravier) ct P NR st 1.2–16 cr,ep,rub [8, 29, 69] Branchiosyllis pacifica Rioja EP P NR st 2.5–12 cr,ep,rub [8] Branchiosyllis salina (Hartmann- EP ES NR it n.a. sb [49] Schröder) Eusyllis lamelligera Marion & Bobretskyct P NR st 2–16 ep [9] Eusyllis spirocirrata Hartmann-SchröderEP ES NR it n.a. n.a. [49] Exogone breviantennata Hartmann- ct P GN st 1.2–22 cr,ep,sb [9, 16, 49, 65, Schröder 109] Exogone exmouthensis Hartmann- Car,EP,IP P NR st 2–3 ep [9] Schröder Exogone lourei Berkeley & Berkeley Car,EA,EP,GM P NR st 2–12 cr,ep,rub [9] Exogone naidinoides Westheide Car,EP P NR st 2–16 cr,rub [9] Exogone sp. n.a. GD st 70 mb [74]

Grubeosyllis concinna (Westheide) EP P NR st 2–18 ep [9] 155 (continued) 156 Species List g References f cr,rub [9] Habitat/ Community e 3–16 ep [9] n.a. n.a. [68] n.a. sb [49] n.a. sb [49] 2.5 n.a. [7] 1.4–2.5 cr,ep [8, 29, 69] 2.5–6 cr,ep,rub [9] 2.5 cr,rub [8] 1.2–16 cr,rub [9] n.a.2.5–6 sb cr,ep,rub [9] [106] 1–2 cr,ep,rub [9] n.a. sb [49] 2.5–12 cr,rub [9] n.a. n.a. [64, 65, 109] n.a. n.a. [9] 1 Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c NR st NR it NR it NR it NR st NR it NR st NR st NR st GNNR it st NR st NR it NR st GN st NR st NR st Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b P P ES ES P P P P P P ES P P Central America a EP,WA,WP P EP,WA ct ctEP PCar,EP,WAEP PEP NR P it GN it 1–18 NR st cr,ep,rub n.a. [7, 30, 69] n.a. 3–6 [29, 65, 69, 109] cr,ep,rub [9] n.a. EP cp EP n.a. EP n.a. Car,EP,WA P EP EP Car n.a. (continued)

cornuta (Agassiz) Dorsey reishi Milne Edward) Schröder Harris Schröder Martin & López magnidentata Perkins Hartmann-Schröder Odontosyllis fulgurans (Audouin & Odontosyllis dugesiana Claparède Opisthosyllis brunnea Langerhans Hartmann- Odontosyllis brevipes Opisthodonta mitchelli & Kudenov Opisthosyllis arboricola Hartmann- Haplosyllis spongicola (Grube) Odontosyllis polycera (Schmarda) sp. Parasphaerosyllis Parasphaerosyllis malimalii Capa San Parasphaerosyllis cf. Proceraea Pionosyllis articulata & Kudenov Harris sp. Proceraea Syllides cf. Syllidae sp. ?) 1 ( Sphaerosyllis Sphaerosyllis (Sphaerosyllis) (Sphaerosyllis) Sphaerosyllis centroamericana Sphaerosyllis Sphaerosyllis californiensis Sphaerosyllis Hartman Pseudosyllides curacaoensis Augener ) sp. (Prosphaerosyllis Prosphaerosyllis Species List 13.2 Species distribution World Polychaetes andEchiurans Syllis castroviejoi Capa, San Martín & Lopez EP P NR st 1–6 cr,rub [8] Syllis magna (Westheide) EA,EP P NR st 1.2–6 cr,ep,rub [8] Syllis pigmenta (Chamberlin) EP,WP P NR st 4.5 cr,rub [8] Syllis sp. n.a. P NR st n.a. n.a. [8] Typosyllis aciculata (Treadwell) Car,EP P NR it,st 2.5 cr,ep,rub [9, 29] Typosyllis alternate (Moore) EP,Med,WA P NR st 2 cr,rub [8] Typosyllis anops (Ehlers) ct P NR it,st 1–15 cr,ep,rub [8, 29] Typosyllis armillaris (Müller) cp P NR st 1–18 cr,ep,rub [8] Typosyllis bella (Chamberlin) EP P NR st 2–12 cr,rub [8] Typosyllis beneliahuae Car,EA,EP P NR st 1–6 cr,rub [8] (Campoy & Alquezar) WA Typosyllis botosaneanui (Hartmann- Car,EP,WA P NR st 1.2–2.5 cr,rub [8] Schröder) Typosyllis caeca (Monro) EP P NR st n.a. ep [29, 69] Typosyllis corallicola (Verrill) EA,EP,WA P NR st 2.5–16 cr,rub [8] Typosyllis garciai (Campoy) Car,EA,EP P NR st 2.5–16 cr,rub [8] Typosyllis heterochaeta (Moore) EP GN st 9–70 ep,mb,sb [16, 17, 29, 64, 65, 69, 74, 109] Typosyllis heterocirrata (Hartmann- Car,EP ES,P NR it,st 2.5–12 cr,ep,rub,sb [9, 49] Schröder) Typosyllis hyalina (Grube) cp P NR st 1–6 cr,rub [8, 29, 69] Typosyllis prolifera (Krohn) cp P NR st 1–6 cr,ep,rub [8] Trypanosyllis taeniaeformis (Haswell) EP P NR st 1–16 cr,rub [8, 29, 69] Typosyllis truncata (Haswell) EP,WP P NR st 2.5–16 cr,ep,rub [8] Typosyllis variegata (Grube) cp P NR it n.a. cr,ep,rb [29, 69] Family TEREBELLIDAE Eupolymnia nebulosa (Montagu) ct P GD it,st n.a. ep,mb [17, 29, 70] Eupolymnia regnans Chamberlin EP P NR it n.a. rb [11, 12, 29, 70] Lanicides taboguillae (Chamberlin) Car,EP P NR it n.a. cr [29, 12] 157 Loimia annulifilis (Grube) EP P NR it n.a. n.a. [29, 70] (continued) 158 Species List g 109] References [29, 70] f Habitat/ Community n.a. [29, 70, 103] e n.a. n.a. [29, 70] Depth (m) n.a. n.a. [40] n.a. mb [17] 14 sb [16] 70 mb [49] 26 mb,sb [68] n.a. rb n.a. rb,sb [29, 70] n.a. rub [29] 22 sb [16] 15 mb [16, 65, 109] n.a. ep [29, 65, 68, 109] n.a. mb [17, 60] n.a. rub [68] n.a. n.a. [12] n.a.n.a. n.a. n.a. [40] [40] d Oceanic distribution c NR it GN st GD st GN st GD st NR st NR it NR it NRNR it,st it n.a. n.a. [68] GN st GN st GN it NRIC n.a.NR mpGD ep n.a. st n.a. n.a. n.a. wc [12] n.a. [103] [104] NR st NR it GSE it,st 4 GN it,st 20 ep,mb,rb,sb [16, 29, 65, 70, Costa Rica Endemic Pacific XX GN GN st st b Central America P P P P P P P P P P P P P a n.a. EP,IO cpcp GN st 15 mb [16] Car,EP EP n.a. n.a. n.a. EP EP EP EP EP n.a. EP EA,EP,WA EP EP EP EP EP EP EP (continued)

Pista sp. Pista herpini ? Fauvel Loimia medusa (Savigny) Species List 13.2 Loimia ingens (Grube) Species distribution World Treadwell crassibranchia Streblosoma Streblosoma comatus Streblosoma (Grube) Scionides sp. sp. Pseudampharete sp. Polycerine Pista elongata Moore Pista alata Moore Nicolea chilensis (Schmarda) Pista agassizi Hilbig (Johnson) Neoamphitrite robusta (?) Lysilla sp. Thelepus pericensis Chamberlin Family TOMOPTERIDAE nisseni Rosa Tomopteris septentrionalis Quatrefages Tomopteris Family TRICHOBRANCHIDAE californica Williams Terebellides Thelepus comatus (Grube) Terebella panamena Chamberlin Terebella Terebella alata Grube Terebella Grube frondosa Terebella Monro gorgonae Terebella Polychaetes andEchiurans Terebellides reishi Williams EP P GN st 2–36 sb [16, 65, 109, 112] Terebellides stroemi? Sars cp P NR st 54 sb [29, 70] Thelepus sp. n.a. GN st 18–26 mb,sb [16] Family TROCHOCHAETIDAE Trochochaeta kirkegaardi Pettibone EA GN st 40 mb [16, 64, 65, 109] Family TYPHOSCOLECIDAE Travisiopsis lanceolata Southern EP,WA P NR st 900 wc [103] Travisiopsis kowalevskii Wagner EP P NR n.a. n.a. n.a. [104] Phylum ECHIURA Order ECHIUROINEA Family THALASSEMIDAE Thalassema steinbecki Fisher EP GN it n.a. rb [22] n.a. = information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; GM = Gulf of Mexico; IG = Iranian Gulf; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; SA = south Atlantic; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; N = Nicaraugua; P = Panama c GSE = Golfo de Santa Elena; GD = Golfo Dulce; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; GP = Golfo de Papagayo; IC = Isla del Coco; NR = no Costa Rican record; PM = Pacific Mainland d ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; st = subtidal e Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cr = coral reef; ep = epiphytic; fw = freshwater; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rock bottom; sb = sand bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sg = seagrass; wc = water Column g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 159 160 Species List f [24, 25, 27] [24, 25, 27] [9, 10, 13, 22, 25, 27] References e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) 1–38 cr 1–600–54 rb,rub mb [24, 25, 27] c Oceanic distribution it,stit,st 0–76 8–110st cr cr,sb,sgst [10, 17, 24, 25, 27] b Central America a Car,WA Car,EA,IP,WA Car,EA,IP,WA NCar,WA it,stCar,WA 0–60 rb,sb [13, 24, 25, 27] Car,WA B,H st World World distribution Stomatopod taxa from the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica

B = Belize; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; EA = = eastern western Atlantic; Atlantic IP = WA Indo-Pacific; it = intertidal; st = subtidal cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Neogonodactylus Neogonodactylus oerstedii (Hansen, 1895) Family PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabricius, 1787) Pseudosquillisma oculata (Brullé, 1837) SuperFamily LYSIOSQUILLOIDEA Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE glabriuscula Lysiosquillina (Lamarck, 1818) SuperFamily SQUILLOIDEA Family SQUILLIDAE Squilla 1818 empusa Say, n.a. = information not available Species List 14.1 SubPhylum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA SubClass HOPLOCARIDA Order STOMATOPODA SuperFamily GONODACTYLOIDEA Family GONODACTYLIDAE Neogonodactylus curacaoensis Schmitt, 1924 a b c d e f Species Stomatopods 161 g (continued) 25] [15, 19, 25] [5, 14, 21, 23, 25] [14, 18, 19, 25] References f algae rub,sb,sh rub [7, 25] cr,mb,rb,rub [14, 19, 23, 25] Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c IC eb PM,IC it,st 0–37 cr,rb,rub,sb, PM,IC ebIC 0–6 eb cr,rb,sb [5, 8, 14, 25] PMPM it,st it,st 0–15 1–17 cl,mb,rb,sb [14, 16, 21, 23, cr,rub,sh [21, 25] PM it,st PM b 33–110 mb,sb [7, 8, 25] x PM it,st 9–20 bm,rb, x PM st 0–17 mb,rb,rub,sb [18, 19, 25] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a ETP ETP P ETP P ETP ETPETP ES ETP ETP P ETPETP P World World distribution Stomatopod taxa from coast Pacific of Costa Rica

Reaka, 1978) 1940) Reaka, 1979) Neocoronida cocosiana Neocoronida (Manning, 1972) Neogonodactylus Neogonodactylus zacae (Manning, 1972) Family Family PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE Pseudosquillisma adiastalta Manning, 1964 SuperFamily SuperFamily LYSIOSQUILLOIDEA Family CORONIDIDAE schmitti Manning, Coronida 1976 Neogonodactylus Neogonodactylus festae (Nobili, 1901) Neogonodactylus stanschi (Schmitt, 1940) Neogonodactylus Neogonodactylus costaricensis (Manning & Neogonodactylus Neogonodactylus bahiahondensis (Schmitt, Species List 14.2 Subphyllum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA SubClass HOPLOCARIDA Order STOMATOPODA SuperFamily GONODACTYLOIDEA Family HEMISQUILLIDAE Hemisquilla californiensis Stephenson, 1967 Family Family GONODACTYLIDAE Neogonodactylus albicinctus (Manning & Species 162 Species List g References [8, 25, 27] [8, 21, 25] [7, 8, 20, 25] [8, 21, 23, 25] [2, 6, 8, 12, 25, 27] f mb Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c PM b 0–99 mb,rb,sb [8, 21, 25] PM st 13–118 mb PM b 73–125 mb,sb [7, 8, 21, 25] PM b 7–46 mb,sb [8, 14, 25] PMPM b b 6–150 27–220 mb PM b 4–60 sb PM b 18–102 mb,sb [5, 8, 14, 25] PM n.a. 28–518 n.a. [5, 7, 8, 25] PM it,st 0–73 cl,mb [7, 8, 21, 25] PM st 5.4–45 m,rb,rub,sb [8, 14, 21, 25] PM it 0–25 cl,mb,rb [8, 14, 21, 25] PM,IC b 0–28 mb,sb [5, 8, 21, 25] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a ETP,NEP ETP P ETP P ETP ES ETP ETP ETP ETP P ETP P ETP,SEP ES,N,P ETP N,P ETP P ETPETP,WAETP PETPETP,WA B,ES,P PM PM n.a. st PM PM PM st 20–48 b 2–20 b n.a. sb,rb,rub 9–48 73 To 5–23 [4, 13, 21, 25, 26] [3, 8, 14, 21, 25] rb,sb,algae mb sb [8, 21, 25] [8, 11, 18, 23, 25] ETP P World World distribution (continued)

1877) Pseudosquillopsis marmorata (Lockington, Family Family EURYSQUILLIDAE Eurysquilla (Schmitt, veleronis 1940) SuperFamily SuperFamily UNCERTAIN Family PARASQUILLIDAE similis Manning, 1970 Parasquilla Bigelow, 1891 Squilla parva Bigelow, Squilla hancocki Schimitt, 1940 Squilla bigelowi Schmitt, 1940 Bigelow, 1893 Squilla mantoidea Bigelow, Bigelow, 1891 Squilla panamensis Bigelow, Bigelow, 1891 Squilla biformis Bigelow, Bigelow, Squilla 1893 aculeata aculeata Bigelow, Meiosquilla swetti (Schmitt, 1940) Meiosquilla dawsoni Manning, 1970 Species List 14.2 Family LYSIOSQUILLIDAE manningii Lysiosquillina Boyko, 2000 Family Family NANNOSQUILLIDAE 1893) Bigelowina biminiensis (Biguelow, Nanosquilla californiensis (Manning, 1961) Nannosquilla canica Manning & Reaka, 1979 SuperFamily SQUILLOIDEA Family SQUILLIDAE Cloridopsis dubia (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Crenatosquilla oculinova Crenatosquilla (Glassell, 1942) Species Stomatopods n.a. = information not available a WA = western Atlantic; EPT = eastern tropical Pacific; SEP = southern eastern Pacific; NEP = northeastern Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; m = mangroves; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells fragments g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list 163 164 Species List f [3] References [4] [3,5] [3] [4] [3] [4,5] [2,4] [3] [5] [4] [5] [5] [3,4] e wc wc wc wc Habitat/ Community wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc et al . (1990) d 0–550 0–2500 256–805 0–1272 Depth (m) 0–1000 0–1872 0–750 50–600 50–781 50–820 100–600 0–285 181–820 0–1638 c Oceanic distribution mp ep ep ep ep ep ep ep mp ep mp mp b Central America CA B,H,N,PH,P CA ep B,H CA CA n.a CA CA CA CA CA a World World distribution cp cp cp cp cp EA,IO,WA,WP B,G,H,Ncp cp ep cp cp cp cp cp cp Euphausiid species recorded in Caribbean waters of Costa Rica. Systematic account follows Baker

CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; IO = = western Indian Atlantic; Ocean; WP WA = western Pacific ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; bp = bathypelagic wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species Euphausia tenera Hansen, 1905 Species List 15.1 Class MALACOSTRACA Order EUPHAUSIACEA Family EUPHAUSIIDAE Euphausia americana Hansen, 1911 a b c d e f Hansen, Euphausia 1905 brevis Euphausia gibboides Ortmann, 1893 Euphausia hemigibba Hansen, 1910 Euphausia pseudogibba Ortmann, 1893 Nematoscelis atlantica Hansen, 1910 Nematoscelis G.O. microps Sars, 1883 Nematoscelis tenella G.O. Sars, 1883 carinatum G.O. Stylocheiron Sars, 1883 elongatum G.O. Stylocheiron Sars, 1883 longicorne G.O. Stylocheiron Sars, 1883 maximum Hansen, Stylocheiron 1908 Thysanopoda aequalis Hansen, 1905 n.a = information not available Euphausiids 165 f (continued) et al. (1990) [6] [6] [1] [1, 3, 5, 6] [1] [1, 3, 6] [1, 5, 6] [1, 3, 6] [1, 3, 6] [6] [1, 6] [1, 6] [6] [1, 3, 6] [1, 6] [6] [1] References [1, 2, 3, 5, 6] [1, 2, 6] e Habitat/ Community d 500-700 wc 100-800 wc 1000 wc 150-300 wc 1000 wc 0-300 wc 0-300100-400 wc wc 200-600 wc 0-300100-400 wc wc 300-600 wc 500-600 wc 50-500 wc 0-2800-1000-500 wc wc wc Depth (m) 0-2800-700 wc wc c mp mp bp mp bp ep ep mp ep n mp ep mp ep ep ep Oceanic distribution ep ep b n.a n.a G P CA CA P n.a P N,P n.a Central America P CA ES,G,H,N ep CA CA a cp cp cp cp EP,WP G cp cp cp EP,IO,WP CA EP cp cp cp cp EP EP,WPcp n.a World World distribution EP,WPEP ES,G,H,N ep 0-200 wc [1, 5, 6] EP Euphausiid species recorded in Costa Rican waters of the eastern tropical Ocean. Pacific Systematic account follows Baker

Thysanopoda orientalis Hansen, 1910 Thysanopoda monacantha Ortmann, 1893 Thysanopoda cornuta Illig, 1905 Hansen, 1905 Thysanopoda egregia Stylocheiron carinatum G.O. Stylocheiron Sars, 1883 longicorne G.O. Stylocheiron Sars, 1883 maximum Hansen, Stylocheiron 1908 G.O. Sars, abbreviatum 1883 Stylocheiron Hansen, affine 1910 Stylocheiron Nematoscelis gracilis Hansen, 1910 Nyctiphanes simplex Hansen, 1911 Nematobrachion flexipes Nematobrachion (Ortmann, 1893) Euphausia lamelligera Hansen, 1911 Euphausia paragibba Hansen, 1910 Euphausia tenera Hansen, 1905 boöpis Nematobrachion (Calman, 1905) Species List 15.2 Class MALACOSTRACA Order EUPHAUSIACEA Family EUPHAUSIIDAE Euphausia diomedae Ortmann, 1894 Euphausia eximia Hansen, 1911 Euphausia gibboides Ortmann, 1893 Species Euphausia distinguenda Hansen, 1911 166 Species List (continued)

CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern IO Pacific; = Indian Ocean; WP = western Pacific n = neritic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; bp = bathypelagic wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List 15.2 n.a = information not available a b c d e f Decapod Crustaceans 167 (continued) f References [134, 151] [109] [129] [2, 25, 101b, 129] [129] [129] [151, 134] e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution epieb 6–20epi wc 0–25sl,l 2–4 rb,cr rb,cr,sg st n.a. rb,cr 1–3 sb b Central America P epi 0–42 wc a Car,WA Car,EA,WA IP,RS,WP WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WACar,WACar,WA CACar CA bCar,WACar,ETP,WA bCar,ETP,WA 3–365 CA B,CACar,WA st sb,mb 1–190 P b b mb b 4–137 st [111, 124, 129] sg 2–50 1–70 mb,rub mb,sb sl,l n.a. [101b, 111, 129] 0–90 rb,sb,cr,sg sh Up to 83 [112, 134] sb,sg [101b, 111, 129] [101b, 113, 129, 130] [112, 129, 134] [129, 130] World World distribution Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura

(Pérez-Farfante, (Pérez-Farfante, 1967) Farfante, 1971 (Latreille, 1817) Family Family SERGESTIDAE Acetes americanus Ortmann, 1893 Family LUCIFERIDAE Lucifer faxoni Borradaile, 1915 STENOPODIDEA Family STENOPODIDAE Stenopus 1811 hispidus Olivier, Stenopus scutellatus Rankin, 1898 CARIDEA Family RHYNCHOCINETIDAE Cinethorhyncus rigens (Gordon, 1936) Family OGYRIDIDAE Ogyrides hayi 1981 Williams, Farfantepenaeus subtilis Farfantepenaeus Metapenaeopsis martinella Pérez- Metapenaeopsis smithi (Schmitt, 1924a) Litopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936a) 1862) Xiphopenaeus (Heller, kroyeri Family SICYONIIDAE Sicyonia laevigata Stimpson, 1871 Sicyona parri (Burkenroand, 1934) Species List 16.1 Family PENAEIDAE brasiliensis Farfantepenaeus Species 168 Species List f [126b] [88, 129] [25, 129] [2, 22b, 88, 101b, 129] [22b, 25, 88, 132b] [2, 101b, 134, 151] [25, 129] [87, 129, 151] [129, 151] [25, 129] [28, 89, 129, 151] [27, 101b, 129, 130, 151] References e Habitat/ Community d n.a.n.a. cr,f,sg n.a. mb,m 0.3–0.6 mb,sb,m rb,sb, estuary [88, 129] 1.5–44 variety of habitats [25, 134] Depth (m) c eb n.a.b b m,f b stepiepin.a. 1–73 11–20epi m,sh,sp 05–1 cr,sg n.a.epi c (anemones) c n.a. 8epi [25, 134] 0–14sl,l rb,sg,sh c (anemones) 0–42epi n.a. variety of habitats [25, 129] >7 [2, 101b, 129] st,epi sb (pebbles),cr n.a.it,st cr,sg l cr [129] 1–5 1–1.5 rb,sb,mb,sg cl,m,rb,sg,sh [25, 134] [25, 101b, 134] Oceanic distribution b CACA st n n.a. cr Central America a Car,EA,IP,RS,WACar ct stct Car,WA Car,WA 1–50Car,WA Car,WA rb,sg,crCar,WA Car,WA Car,EA,WA [101b, 134, 151] Car,WA Car,WA EA,ETP,WACar,WA Car,WA CACar,WA Car,WA b,epiCar,ETP,WACar,WA 0–37 CACar,EA,WA rb,sb,mb,crCar,EA,WA n.a. [90, 129] 0–75 variety of habitats World World distribution (continued)

Family Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE Gnathophyllum americanum Guérin-Méneville, 1855 Family ATYIDAE 1909) (Bouvier, Jonga serrei Alpheus formosus Gibbes, 1850 Family Family PALAEMONIDAE biunguiculatus Brachycarpus (Lucas, 1849) Leander 1818) tenuicornis (Say, 1836) acanthurus (Wiegmann, Macrobrachium (Linnaeus, carcinus 1758) Macrobrachium (Rankin, northropi 1898) Palaemon 1878 americanus Kingsley, Periclimenes longicaudatus (Stimpson, 1860) Periclimenes paivai Chace, 1969 Periclimenes domestica Gibbes, 1850 Pontonia Family ALPHEIDAE Alpheus armatus Rathbun, 1901 Alpheus armillatus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 1878 Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, Alpheus nuttingi (Schmitt, 1924) Alpheus Pocok, ridleyi 1890 Alpheus simus Guérin-Méneville, 1856 Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Coutière, 1909 Family HIPPOLYTIDAE Hippolyte curacaoensis Schmitt, 1924 fucorum Latreutes (Fabricius, 1798) parvulus Latreutes (Stimpson, 1866) Species List 16.1 Species Lysmata anchisteus Chace, 1972 Car it,st <3 rb,mb [25, 134]

Lysmata intermedia Kingsley, 1878 Car,EA,ETP,WA sl to 22 sg [25, 134] Decapod Crustaceans Lysmata moorei (Rathbun, 1901) Car,WA,EA it 0 n.a. [25, 134] Thor floridanus Kingsley, 1878 Car,WA it 0–1 rb,sb,sg [25, 134] Tozeuma carolinense Kingsley, 1878 Car,WA P it 0–1.5 rb,sg [25, 134] Family PROCESSIDAE Ambidexter symmetricus Manning & Chace, 1971 Car,WA it,st 0.5–6 sb,sg [25, 134] Processa fimbriata Manning & Chace, 1971 Car,WA ir,st 0.5–37 rb,sg,sh,cr [25, 134] THALASSINIDEA Family AXIIDAE Axiopsis hirsutimana (Boesch & Smalley, 1972) WA epi 8 cr [2, 129] Family UPOGEBIIDAE Pomatogebia operculata (Schmitt, 1924) Car,WA mp n.a. cr [129, 153] Upogebia acanthura (Coêlho, 1973) Car,WA B epi 6–70 cr,sp [153] PALINURA Family PALINURIDAE Panulirus argus Latreille, 1804 Car,WA b 0–90 mb,cr,rub [101b, 122, 126, 129] Panulirus guttatus (Latreille, 1804) Car,WA b 0–20 cr [101b, 129, 151] Family SYNAXIDAE Palinurellus gundlachi (Von Martens, 1881) Car,WA n.a. n.a. cr [2, 101b, 129] Family SCYLLARIDAE Scyllarus planorbis Holthuis, 1969 Car n.a. n.a. n.a. [132b] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belice; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; epi = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; sl = sublitoral; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoon; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy 169 bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; sp = sponges; wc = water column f References are indicated by numbers according to the references list 170 Species List g 130, 148b] 130, 148b] References f Habitat/ Community e 5.5–91 sb [113, 130] 2–160 mb [91, 102, 130] 5–45 mb,sb [102, 130] 5–72 mb [102, 130] 1,280 n.a. [36, 37, 113] 40 mb [102, 130] 2–100 sb [102, 130] 4–64 sb [130] 70240–1,865549–4,802 mb sb n.a. [36, 37, 130] [102, 129, 130] [36, 37, 111b, 113, 1,300–3,300 n.a. [36, 37, 111b, 113, Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution b b c locality locality PM b PM b PM b PM b IC type PM b PM it,st 2–40 mb [102, 130] PM n.a. 24 n.a. [130] PM b PM b PMPM b b IC, PM type PM,IC b Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b CA CA CA CA ES,N,P CA CA CA CA CA P Central America a EPEPETP CA CA PM PM b b 20–180 2–180 mb,sb mb,sb [102, 130] [130] ETP P IC b 200–2,406 mb [36, 37, 79b] ETP ETP EP Car,EA,ETP,WP P ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP Car,ETP,WA CA EP,ETPETP ETP P World World distribution (Faxon, (Faxon, 1893) Pacific Costa Pacific Rica. Species of Dendrobranchiata, Stenopodidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, and Palinura

(Holmes, 1900) (Burkenroad, 1938) (Kingsley, 1878) (Kingsley, (Burkenroad, (Burkenroad, 1934) Farfantepenaeus californienses Farfantepenaeus Metapenaeopsis beebei Family Family PENAEIDAE brevirostris Farfantepenaeus Species List 16.2 Family BENTHESICYMIDAE Benthesicymus tanneri Faxon, 1893 Litopenaeus occidentalis (Streets, 1871) Litopenaeus (Stimpson, stylirostris 1874) Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) Pelagopenaeus balboae (Faxon, 1893) Pelagopenaeus Burkenroad, precipua 1934 Protrachypene Rimapenaeus (Burkenroad, byrdi 1934) Rimapenaeus faoe (Obarrio, 1954) Rimapenaeus pacificus (Burkenroad, 1934) brevisuturae Trachysalambria (Heller, 1862) Xiphopenaeus (Heller, kroyeri Family Family SOLENOCERIDAE diomedeae Haliporoides (Faxon, 1893) Hymenopenaeus doris Hymenopenaeus (Faxon, 1893) nereus Species Decapod Crustaceans Solenocera agassizi Faxon, 1893 ETP PM b 16–384 mb,sb [36, 37, 130, 148, 148b] Solenocera florea Burkenroad, 1938 ETP CA PM b 13–183 sb [102, 130] Solenocera mutator Burkenroad, 1938 EP,ETP CA PM b > 90 mb [130, 132] Family SICYONIIDAE Sicyonia affinis Faxon, 1893 ETP CA PM,IC type b 77–205 rb,sh [75, 77, 130] locality Sicyonia aliaffinis (Burkenroad, 1934) ETP CA PM epi 2–242 sb [75, 130] Sicyonia disdorsalis (Burkenroad, 1934) ETP CA PM n.a. 3–100 mb,sb [75, 130] Sicyonia disedwardsi (Burkenroad, 1934) ETP CA PM,IC n.a. n.a. rb,sb [75, 130] Sicyonia laevigata Stimpson, 1871 Car,WA,ETP P PM st 0–90 sh [75, 130, 148] Sicyonia martini Pérez-Farfante ETP CA PM b 14–32 mb,rb,rub,sb [75, 130, 148] & Boothe, 1981 Sicyonia penicillata Lockington, 1879 ETP PM b 26–139 mb,sb [79c, 148, 148b] Sicyonia picta Faxon, 1893 ETP CA PM b 0–400 sb,sh [75, 130, 148] Family SERGESTIDAE Sergestes pestafer Burkenroad, 1937 EP PM mp 180–250 wc [83, 130] CARIDEA Family OPLOPHORIDAE Acanthephyra curvirostris ETP,IP,NEP,WA CA PM mp 3,000–4,970 wc [83, 130] Wood-Mason, 1891 Meningodora mollis Smith, 1882 ETP,IP,NEP,WA CA IC mp 0–2,000 wc [83, 130] Family PASIPHAEIDAE Leptochela serratorbita Bate, 1888 Car, ETP,WA CA PM b 0–110 mb,sb [83, 130] Pasiphaea magna Faxon, 1893 ETP,NEP CA PM bp n.a. wc [83, 130] Family NEMATOCARCINIDAE Nematocarcinus agassizzi Faxon 1893 ETP IC b 41–1,651 mb,rb,sb [37, 145, 148b] Nematocarcinus ensifer (Smith, 1882) EA,ETP,WA IC b 1,218–3,212 mb [37, 145] Family GNATHOPHYLLIDAE 171 Gnathophyllum panamense Faxon, 1893 ETP CA PM epi 0–20 rb [130] (continued) 172 Species List g References [88, 130] [88, 130] [130, 148] [88, 130] [128] [14, 87, 130, 148] [87, 130, 148] [130, 148] [87, 130, 148] [87, 130, 148] f estuary coral) coral) rb,sh Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) n.a.n.a. estuary estuary [1b, 88, 130] [1b, 88, 145b] n.a. estuary [88, 130] n.a. cl,mb,sb,sg, n.a. cl,estuary [88, 130, 148] n.a. estuary [130, 133] d Oceanic distribution epi n.a. estuary [87, 121, 130] epi 25 cr (black c locality locality PM,ICPM stPM,ICPM,ICPM,IC epi epi n.a. b b n.a. n.a. cr cr cr PM b PM b PM epi 1–6 cr (soft coral) [134] PM b PM,IC epi 0–38 cl,cr,rb,sb [87, 88, 130, 148] PM b,epi 2–90 cr,rb,sb,sg [87, 130, 148] PMPM b b,epi n.a. sb,mb,sg [87, 130] PM type PM epi,l 0–90 mb,sb [130, 132, 148] PMPMPMPM n.a. n.a. n.a. epi n.a. n.a. n.a. 3–13 c c c (soft cr,rt,sb PM epi 7–18 cr (soft coral), Costa Rica Endemic Pacific X? PM type b Central America CA CA H CA CA CA P CA CA CA CA CA P a World World distribution ETPct EP,ETP,IPETP,IP,RSETP CA CA PM st n.a. c [40, 41, 130, 148b] ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP,NEP P ETP ETP ETP ETP,NEPETP CA ETP ETP,WAETP ETP CA ETP ETP (continued)

(Lucas, 1849) Vargas, 2000 Vargas, Species List 16.2 Species Family Family PALAEMONIDAE Ascidonia pusilla (Holthuis, 1951) biunguiculatus Brachycarpus chacei Holthuis, 1951 Fennera Harpiliopsis (Stimpson, depressa 1860) americanum Bate, Macrobrachium 1868 Macrobrachium hancocki Holthuis, 1952 Macrobrachium panamense Rathbun, 1912 Macrobrachium Macrobrachium tenellum (Smith, Macrobrachium 1871) Neopontonides henryvonprahli Ramos, 1995 Palaemon gracilis (Smith, 1871) Palaemon Palaemon ritteri Holmes, 1895 Palaemon Palaemonella holmesi (Nobili, 1907) Palaemonella Palaemonetes schmitti Holthuis, 1950 Palaemonetes Periclimenaeus spinosus Holthuis, 1951 Periclimenaeus infraspinis (Rathbun, 1902) Periclimenes lucasi Chace, 1937 Periclimenes murcielagensis Periclimenes Smith, margarita 1869 Pontonia pinnae Lockington, 1878 Pontonia simplex Holthuis, 1951 Pontonia Holthuis, 1951 laevifrons Veleronia Holthuis, 1951 serratifrons Veleronia Decapod Crustaceans Waldola schmitti Holthuis, 1951 ETP CA PM epi n.a. cr (soft coral), [87, 130, 148] rb,sb,sh Family ALPHEIDAE Alpheus aequus Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP PM type epi 0–5 rub [90, 148] locality Alpheus antepaenultimus Kim & ETP P PM b n.a. mb,sb [90] Abele, 1988 Alpheus bellimanus Lockington, 1877 ETP P PM st 0–300 cr,mb,rb, [90, 130] rub,sb Alpheus bouvieri A. Milne Edwards, 1878 EA,ETP,WA P PM epi 0–1 mb,rub,sb [90, 130, 148] Alpheus cristulifrons Rathbun, 1900 ETP CA PM epi 0–1 cr,rb [90, 130, 148] Alpheus cylindricus Kingsley, 1878 ETP,WA CA PM b,epi 0–37 cr,rb,sb [90, 130, 148] Alpheus floridanus Kingsley, 1878 EA,ETP,WA CA PM b,epi 0–37 cr,mb,rb,sb [90, 130, 132] Alpheus galapagensis Sivertsen, 1933 ETP CA PM,IC epi 0–37 cr,mb,rb,sb [90, 130, 148, 148b] Alpheus hamus Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP P PM n.a. n.a. m [1, 130] Alpheus hebes Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP CA PM,IC b,epi 0–47 cr,mb,rb,sb [90, 130, 148] Alpheus hyeyoungae Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP CA, P PM b,epi n.a. cr,rb,sb [90, 130, 148] Alpheus leviusculus Dana, 1852 ETP,IP,WP CA PM epi 0–68 cr,rb [130, 148] Alpheus longiquus Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP CA PM,IC epi n.a. cr,rb,rub [90, 130, 148] Alpheus lottini Guérin-Méneville, 1829 EP,ETP,IP CA,P PM,IC epi n.a. c,cr [90, 130] Alpheus malleator Dana, 1852 EA,WA CA PM b,epi 0–1 rb,sb [90, 130] Alpheus martini Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP P PM b,epi 0–1 mb,rb,sb [130, 148] Alpheus mazatlanicus Wicksten, 1983 ETP CA PM b,epi n.a. m,sb [130, 148] Alpheus normanni Kingsley, 1878 ETP,WA CA PM epi 0–73 rb,sb,sh [90, 130, 148] Alpheus pacificus Dana, 1852 ETP,IO,IP,RS PM,IC b 0–20 rb,rub [90, 130, 148] Alpheus panamensis Kingsley, 1878 ETP PM n.a. 0–1 mb,rb,sb [90, 130] Alpheus paracrinitus Miers, 1881 ct PM epi n.a. cr,sg [90, 130] Alpheus rostratus Kim & Abele, 1988 ETP CA PM epi 0–5.5 cr,rb [90, 130, 148] Alpheus saxidomus Holthuis, 1980 ETP P IC,PM type b n.a. rb (basalt) [38, 89, 130, 148] locality 173 (continued) 174 Species List g References [130, 143, 149] [130, 143, 148] 130, 143, 148 [130, 143] [134, 148b] [130, 144] f (pebbles) rb,sb,sg, rub,sb, Habitat/ Community m,rb,sb [130, 134] e Depth (m) n.a. cr,rb [90, 130, 148] n.a. rub (pebble) [90, 130, 148] n.a. cr d Oceanic distribution epi 4–25 rb,rub,sb [149] c locality PM b IC b PMIC b,epi b,epi 0–6 0–18 cl,cr,rb,sb sb,rb [90, 130, 148] [143, 148ab] PM it,st n.a. cr PM b,epi 0–10 cr,rb,rub PMPM it epi 0–10 cr,rb [130, 143, 148] PM n.a. 20 n.a. [3, 132, 130] PM it,st n.a. rb PM it,st 0–10 c (soft coral), PMPM st it,st 1.5–2 0–35 rb,sg cr,rb [134, 148b] [134, 147, 148b] PM it,st 0–10 m,rb [134, 147, 148b] PM epi 0–25 cr,f,mb,rb, ICIC type PM epi epi 20 0–100 c (anemones) [25, 130, 147] cr,mb,rb,sb [130, 148ab] PM b,epi 5 Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America CA P CA CA P P CA P a World World distribution EA,ETP,IO,IP,RS CAETP PM epi 0–1.3 cr,rb,sb [90, 130] ETP ETP,WA CA ETP,RS,WA,WP ETP EP,ETP ETP,IO,RS,WP CA ETP ETP ETP ETP,NEP ETP,SEP ETP ETP ETP ETP,IP,WA P EA,ETP,WA CA ETP ETP (continued)

Edwards, Edwards, 1878) Species List 16.2 Species Kingsley, 1870 Alpheus sulcatus Kingsley, Alpheus umbo Kim & Abele, 1988 Alpheus villus Kim & Abele, 1988 Kingsley, 1880 Alpheus websteri Kingsley, Automate Automate dolichognatha Dellan, 1888 corallinus Chace, 1962 Pomagnathus Synalpheus biunguiculatus (Stimpson, 1860) (Heller, 1861) (Heller, Synalpheus charon Synalpheus digueti Coutière, 1909 Synalpheus Abele recessus & Kim, 1989 Synalpheus sanjosei Coutière, 1909 Family Family HIPPOLYTIDAE Hippolyte californiensis Holmes, 1895 Hippolyte williamsi Schmitt, 1924 Wicksten, 2000 Wicksten, argentopunctata Lysmata galapagensis Lysmata Schmitt, 1924 Thor algicola 1987 Wicksten, Thor amboinensis (De Man, 1888) (A. restricta Milne Trachycaris Wicksten & Vargas, 2001 Thor cocoensis & Wicksten Vargas, Family PROCESSIDAE Ambidexter panamensis Abele, 1972 Decapod Crustaceans Processa peruviana Wicksten, 1983 ETP CA PM,IC b 31–107 sb [130, 132, 145] Family PANDALIDAE Heterocarpus affinis Faxon, 1825 ETP CA PM b 1,208–1,244 n.a. [85, 106, 130] Heterocarpus hostilis Faxon 1893 ETP P IC b 187–1,900 mb [36, 37, 77, 148b] Heterocarpus vicarius Faxon, 1893 ETP CA PM b 62–1,454 n.a. [85, 106, 132, 130] Pantomus affinis Chace, 1937 ETP CA PM b 3–733 mb,rb,sb, [85, 106, 132, 130] Plesionika mexicana Chace, 1937 ETP,NEP CA PM b,epi 28–258 mb,sb,sh [85, 132, 130, 143] Plesionika trispinus Squires & ETP n.a PM b 96–500 sb [85, 130, 132] Barragán, 1976 Family CRANGONIDAE Pontophillus gracilis occidentales ETP G IC b 1,789–4,082 n.a. [26, 106] Faxon, 1893 Sclerocrangon atrox Faxon, 1893 ETP CA PM b 800–1,250 n.a. [77, 130, 145] Family GLYPHOCRANGONIDAE Glyphocrangon alata Faxon, 1893 ETP,SEP CA PM b 600–1,335 n.a. [26, 106, 130, 139, 148b] Glyphocrangon sicaria Faxon, 1893 ETP P PM b 1,454–3,310 n.a. [130, 139, 148b] Glyphocrangon vicaria Faxon, 1893 ETP,NEP CA PM b 1,375–3,880 n.a. [130, 139, 148b] ASTACIDEA Family NEPHROPSIDAE Nephropsis occidentalis Faxon, 1893 ETP,SEP CA PM b 270–1,310 mb [77, 78, 130] THALASSINIDEA Family AXIIDAE Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne ETP,IP,RS,WA n.a. PM it 21 mb [78, 99, 130] Edwards, 1873) Family CALLIANASSIDAE Biffarius fragilis (Biffar, 1970) ETP,WA n.a. PM sl n.a. n.a. [7, 101, 130] Callichirus seilacheri Bott, 1955 ETP,SEP ES PM it n.a. sb [99, 130] Lepidophthalmus bocourti (A. Milne ETP CA PM it n.a. mb [99, 130] Edwards, 1870) 175 (continued) 176 Species List g [130, 155] [130, 152] [130, 152] [130, 154] References f with mud in rotten wood habitats mud flats holes covered Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d it n.a. cr [99, 130, 152] Oceanic distribution c locality Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a ETPETPETPETP n.a.ETP CAETP n.a. CA,PETP CA,P PM ES PMETP PM mp PM ES b,epi PMc n.a. bEP PM 0–18 b b X?ETP PMETP,IP b,epi cr PM 40 n.a. n.a. CAETP 0–73 b,epi n.a. CA n.a. b [29, 39, 130] rb estuary mb,sb n.a. m,mb, holes n.a. IC [130, 152] PM n.a. [130, 152] [155] PM,IC PM,IC variety of bp b,bp (larvae) 1,000–3,692 b b holes in mb PM 1,544–2,412 mb,rb,sb [78, 130, 140, 145] b,epi 15–22 0–8 [37, 145] rb 3–90 cr,rb mb.sb [77, 78, 86, 130] [77, 78, 86, 130] [78, 130] Car,ETPETP CA n.a. PM X IC type it,st n.a. n.a. [99, 130] World World distribution (continued)

Pomatogebia rugosa (Lockington, 1878) Pomatogebia 1986 Williams, Upogebia burkenroadi 2000 Upogebia cortesi & Williams Vargas, Upogebia dawsoni 1986 Williams, Upogebia jonesi 1986 Williams, Upogebia 1986 maccraryae Williams, Upogebia spinigera (Smith, 1871) 1997 Williams, Upogebia vargasae PALINURA Family POLYCHELIDAE nana Stereomastis (Smith, 1884) sculpta Stereomastis pacifica (Faxon, 1893) Family PALINURIDAE gracilis Streets, 1871 Panulirus 1791 penicillatus Olivier, Panulirus Family SCYLLARIDAE Evibacus princeps S.I. Smith, 1869 Family Family UPOGEBIIDAE cocosia 1986) (Williams, Pomatogebia Species List 16.2 Family CALLIANIDEIDAE Callianidea laevicauda Gill, 1859 Species Decapod Crustaceans n.a. = information not available a c = cosmopolitan; Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; NEP = northeastern Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEP = southern tropical Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belice; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; eb = epibenthic; epi = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; mp = mesopelagic; sl = sublitoral; st = subtidal. e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoon; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; n = neuston; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; wc = water column g References are indicated by numbers according to the references list. 177 178 Species List f [131, 135, 137] [54, 131, 135] [53, 57, 131] [55, 57, 131, 135] [11, 131, 146] [57, 131, 135, 136] [57, 131, 135, 136] [131, 135, 136] [11] [11, 32, 33, 131] [32, 35, 131] [2, 32, 131] [6, 23, 131, present study] [18, 131] [13, 131, 146] References e cr,rb,rub [131, 135, 137] cr,m,mb,rbcr,rb,sp [57, 65, 67, 107, 131, 135] sb [55, 65, 131, 135] cr rb,sg rb rb cr,rb sb sb sb sb rb,sb cr,rb sb,t Habitat/ Community d 1–3 0–30 0–54 0–38 0–6 n.a. >1.5 n.a. to 290–3 c n.a. 0 0 0 >1.5 110–203 wc 18–128 mb,sb,sg,sh [2, 131, 146] 0–33 Depth (m) c st st st l l n.a. it,st it it it it n.a. ep b,eb eb sp Oceanic distribution b P P P n.a. n.a. Central America a Car Car Car Car,WACar,EA,WA, n.a. Car,ETP,WA ES,H,P ES,PEA,WACar it,st it,l H,P l Car,WACar,WA P Car,WA P N Car,WACar,WA N Car,EA,WA n.a. n.a. WA Car,WA P Car,WA n.a. Car,WA n.a. Car,WA n.a. World World distribution Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Anomura

CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; EA = = western eastern Atlantic Atlantic; WA b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal c = commensal; cr = coral reefs; m = mb mangroves; = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells; sp = sponges; t = terrestrial References are indicated by numbers according to the references list Pachycheles serratus (Benedict, 1901) Pachycheles (Rathbun, 1900) roseum Megalobrachium cristobalensis Gore, 1970 Pachycheles pilosus (H. Milne Edwards, Pachycheles 1837) armatus (Gibbes, 1850) Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1801) Petrolisthes Family ALBUNEIDAE Guérin-Meneville, 1853 Albunea paretii Lepidopa luciae Boyko, 2002 (Guérin, poeyi 1856) Megalobrachium 1818) soriatum (Say, Megalobrachium Minyocerus angustus (Diana, 1852) Lepidopa richmondi Benedict, 1903 Family HIPPIDAE Emerita brasiliensis Schmitt, 1935 Hippa cubensis (de Saussure, 1857) Family Family GALATHEIDAE Munida flinti Benedict, 1902 Family Family PORCELLANIDAE mortenseni Haig, Megalobrachium 1962 Petrochirus diogenes (Linnaeus, 1758) Petrochirus Family Family DIOGENIDAE Calcinus tibecens (Herbst, 1791) Species List 16.3 Species Family COENOBITIDAE Coenobita clypeatus (Herbst, 1791) a b c d e f Decapod Crustaceans Species List 16.4 Pacific Costa Rica. Species of Anomura

World Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Endemic Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Family COENOBITIDAE Coenobita compressus Milne Edwards, 1837 ETP CA PM,IC sp sb,t [4, 10, 12, 13, 114, 123, 131] Family DIOGENIDAE Allodardanus rugosus Haig & ETP X IC type b 70–84 sb [71, 131] Provenzano, 1965 locality Aniculus elegans Stimpson, 1859 ETP ES,P PM eb 10.5 cr,rb,rub,sb [5, 123, 131] Calcinus explorator Boone, 1930 ETP n.a. IC it n.a. rb [10, 123, 131] Calcinus obscurus Stimpson, 1859 ETP ES PM it n.a. rb,sb [5, 131] Cancellus tanneri Faxon, 1893 ETP X IC type eb n.a. cr dead [36, 131] locality Clibanarius albidigitus Nobili, 1901 ETP ES,P PM it n.a. rb [107, 108, 123, 131] Clibanarius panamensis Stimpson, 1859 ETP CA PM it n.a. rb [5, 79, 108, 131] Dardanus sinistripes (Stimpson, 1858) ETP ES,P PM b,eb 2–110 rub,sb [5, 102, 123, 131] Paguristes bakeri Holmes, 1900 ETP,NEP n.a. PM b,mp 40–232 sb [83, 108, 123, 131] Paguristes digueti Bouvier, 1893 ETP n.a. PM b 13–60 sb [123, 131] Paguristes fecundus Faxon, 1893 ETP X IC type b 120 rb [36, 131] locality Paguristes praedator Glassell, 1937 ETP n.a. PM b >60 n.a. [72, 108, 131] Petrochirus californiensis Bouvier, 1895 ETP CA PM b 0–110 mb,sb [5, 79, 123, 131] Trizopagurus magnificus (Bouvier, 1895) ETP ES PM eb 0–9 cr,mb [5, 10, 131] Family LITHODIDAE Neolithodes diomedeae (Benedict, 1894) ETP,NEP,SEP n.a. IC b 640–2,450 n.a. [37, 100, 131]

(continued) 179 180 Species List g 131] 145] References [96, 131] [36, 37, 42, 97, 131] [98, 102, 123, 131] f Typha in Habitat/ Community sb [9, 83, 123, 131] e Depth (m) to 129 n.a. [72, 104, 131] 36–91 n.a. d Oceanic distribution b,eb 146 n.a. [83, 105, 131] c locality PMPM n.a. n.a. 36–274 >73 n.a. wood, holes [103, 131] PM n.a. 35–183 n.a. [103, 131] PM,ICPM,IC n.a.PM l PMIC it,st 5–40 sl n.a. n.a. 0–3 8–20 36–182 [70, 131] n.a. n.a. n.a. [104, 131] [104, 131] [37, 104, 131] PM eb,st 1–7 rb [74, 131] PM it,st 0–3.5 rb,rub [70, 131] ICPMPMPM b,eb b b it,eb,sl 37–121 n.a. 0–40 rb,rub [36, 98, 131] [74, 83, 97, 123, IC n.a. 333 n.a. [37, 83, 131] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a World World distribution ETP n.a. ETP n.a. ETP n.a. ETPETPETP n.a. n.a. n.a. ETPETP n.a. n.a. ETP n.a. ETP n.a. ETPETPETP,NEP n.a. n.a. ETP n.a. n.a. IC b,eb 22–121 n.a. ETP n.a. ETPETP n.a. X IC type SEP n.a. IC b 1,000 n.a. [68, 83, 108, 131, (continued)

(Glassell, 1937) McLaughlin, 1991 Species List 16.4 Species Walton, 1950 Xylopagurus cancellarius Walton, Tomopagurus purpuratus (Benedict, 1892) Tomopagurus Phimochirus Phimochirus californiensis (Benedict, 1892) Phimochirus venustus 1898) (Bouvier, Rhodochirus hirtimanus (Faxon, 1893) merimaculosus Tomopagurus Haig virgulatus & Harvey Pagurus Benedict, Phimochirus roseus 1892 Pagurus nanodes 1991 Haig & Pagurus Harvey, vetaultae & Harvey Pagurus Iridopagurus Iridopagurus occidentalis Faxon, 1893 Manucomplanus longimanus (Faxon, 1893) albus (Benedict, 1892) Pagurus lepidus 1898) (Bouvier, Pagurus Pagurus gladius (Benedict, 1892) Pagurus Family Family PAGURIDAE Catapagurus diomedeae Faxon, 1893 janetae McLaughlin, Enallopaguropsis 1982 Paralomis longipes Faxon, 1893 Paralomis Family PARAPAGURIDAE Decapod Crustaceans Parapagurus holthuisi Lemaitre, 1989 ETP,SEP n.a. PM n.a. >200 n.a. [83, 95, 97, 131] Probeebei mirabilis Boone, 1926 ETP n.a. IC n.a. 1,145–3,995 n.a. [8, 131, 145] Family GALATHEIDAE Munida gracilipes Faxon, 1893 ETP P PM ep 280 mb [37, 82, 97, 131] Munida obesa Faxon, 1893 ETP P PM eb 333–384 mb,sh [37, 79, 82, 97, 131] Munida perlata Benedict, 1902 ETP n.a. PM,IC eb 190–3,292 sb,rb [37, 82, 108, 131, 146] Munida refulgens Faxon, 1893 ETP n.a. PM,IC eb 95–183 rb,sh [37, 82, 131, 145] Munidopsis albatrossae Pequenat & ETP n.a. PM n.a. 3,570 n.a. [110, 131, 145] Pequenat, 1973 Munidopsis antonii (Filhol, 1884) cp n.a. PM n.a. 2,519–3,676 n.a. [131, 156] Munidopsis aspera (A. Milne Edwards, 1880) EP n.a. IC eb 104–2,748 rb,sb [37, 131, 145] Munidopsis diomedeae (Faxon, 1893) EP n.a. IC eb 768–3,790 mb [37, 131, 145] Munidopsis hamata Faxon, 1893 ETP P PM eb 936–1,337 mb,rb [37, 131, 145] Munidopsis nitida Milne Edwards, 1880 ETP,NEP P IC eb 2,030–2,875 mb [3b, 37, 131, 145] Munidopsis vicina Faxon, 1893 ETP P IC eb 3,063–3,885 mb [37, 84, 145] Pleuroncodes monodon (Milne Edwards, 1837) ETP,SEP n.a. PM b 172–523 mb,sb [37, 84, 131] Family PORCELLANIDAE Euceramus panatelus Glassell, 1938 ETP G PM st 9–40 sb [65, 131] Euceramus transversilineatus ETP P PM st 4–60 mb,rub, [3, 65, 127, 131] (Lockington, 1878) sb,sh Megalobrachium erosum (Glassell, 1936) ETP P PM l 9–46 mb,rb,sb,sh [55, 65, 131] Megalobrachium festai (Nobili, 1901) ETP ES,P PM n.a. 0–8 cr,rb [55, 131] Megalobrachium garthi Haig, 1957 ETP P PM l 0–7 rb,rub [64, 65, 131] Megalobrachium pacificum (Gore & Abele, ETP P PM it 0 rb [55, 56, 131] 1973) Megalobrachium tuberculipes ETP n.a. PM l 0–20 sp [55, 65, 67, 131] (Lockington, 1878) 181 Neopisosoma bicapillatum Haig, 1960 ETP n.a. PM l n.a. rb [65, 131] (continued) 182 Species List g 138] 131, 138] 138] 131] References [65, 67, 131] [66, 72, 131] f habitats Habitat/ Community rb [65] e Depth (m) 0–80–34 cr cr [57, 65, 67, 131] [55, 65, 67, 131] 0 n.a. rb [65, 107, 108, to 8 cr [131, 138] d Oceanic distribution it c locality PMPMPM,IC it,stPM,IC it,l l PM n.a. 0–5 l 0–54 0–12 rb cr,rb,sp cr,rb [55, 65] [55, 65, 131] [24, 55, 131] PM,IC it,l 0–40 cr,rb [55, 65, 67, 131, PMPM n.a. it,st 0–30 0–20 variety of cr,rb [55, 65, 67, 107, PM eb n.a. c PM,ICPM eb,lPMPM eb,lPM eb,l to 26PM it,lIC 0–8 it,lPM cr,rb 0–8 stPM 0–8 n.a. cr,rb it,st 0–8 [55, 65, 131, 138] cr it,st 10–15 cr,rb,mb 36–121 [55, 65, 131] 0–8 rb,sp sh [55, 65, 131] 0–10 rb [55, 63, 67, 131] cr,rb [55, 64, 65, 131] cr,rb [65, 107, 131] [65, 73, 131] [57, 65, 131, 138] [55, 65, 67, 131, PM l PM l Costa Rica Endemic Pacific X IC type b Central America a World World distribution ETPCar,WA,ETP ES,P ETPETP n.a. ETP P P ES,P ETP ETP N,P Car,ETP,WA ES,P ETP ES,P ETP P ETPETPCar,ETPETP P ETP ES,G,P P ETPETP,SEP ES,P ETP G,P n.a. ETP ES ES ES,P ETP ES,N ETP P (continued)

Species List 16.4 Species Petrolisthes galapagensis Haig, 1960 Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1801) Petrolisthes glasselli Haig, 1957 Petrolisthes haigae Chace, 1962 Petrolisthes hians Nobili, 1901 Petrolisthes Petrolisthes cocoensis Haig, 1960 Petrolisthes (de edwardsii Saussure, 1853) Petrolisthes Petrolisthes armatus (Gibbs, 1850) Petrolisthes Haig, artifrons 1960 Petrolisthes Orthochela Orthochela pumila Glassell, 1936 Pachycheles biocellatus (Lockington, 1878) Pachycheles calculosus Haig, 1960 Pachycheles chacei Haig, 1956 Pachycheles panamensis Faxon, 1893 Pachycheles spinidactylus Haig, 1957 Pachycheles subsetosus Haig, 1960 Pachycheles velerae Haig, 1960 Pachycheles vicarious Nobili, 1901 Pachycheles agassizii Faxon, 1893 Petrolisthes Neopisosoma mexicanum (Streets, 1871) Neopisosoma dohenyi Haig, 1960 Decapod Crustaceans Petrolisthes holotrichus Nobili, 1901 ETP ES,P PM b,l n.a. rb [55, 65, 67, 131] Petrolisthes lewisi Glassell, 1936 ETP N,P PM b,it 0 rb [55, 65, 131] Petrolisthes nobili Haig, 1960 ETP N,P PM b,it 0 rb [65, 67, 97, 131] Petrolisthes ortmanni Nobili, 1901 ETP n.a. PM,IC l 0–7 c,cr,rb [3, 65, 131] Petrolisthes platymerus Haig, 1960 ETP P PM b,l n.a. rb [55, 65, 67, 131] Petrolisthes polymitus Glassell, 1937 ETP n.a. PM b,l 0–8 cr,rb,sp [55, 65, 67, 131] Petrolisthes robsonae Glassell, 1945 ETP ES,P PM l 0–6 mb,m (leaves) [55, 65, 67, 131] Petrolisthes tonsorius Haig, 1960 ETP N PM,IC b,l 0–18 rb [65, 67, 131] Petrolisthes tridentatus Stimpson, 1858 Car,WA,ETP N,P PM b,l n.a. rb [55, 65, 67, 131] Petrolisthes zacae Haig, 1968 ETP P PM b,it n.a. mb [57, 67, 131] Pisidia magdalenensis (Glassell, 1936) ETP ES,P PM it,l 0–76 c,cr,rub [57, 65, 67, 131, 138] Polyonyx nitidus Lockington, 1878 ETP P PM l,st 6–33 cr,m (leaves [65, 131, 138] on the bottom) Porcellana cancrisocialis Glassell, 1936 ETP P PM,IC n.a. 0–108 c [57, 65, 67, 131] Porcellana paguriconviva Glassell, 1936 ETP P PM,IC n.a. 0–100 c [57, 65, 67, 131] Ulloaia perpusillia Glassell, 1938 ETP P PM n.a. 0–16 c [57, 65, 131] Family ALBUNEIDAE Albunea lucacia (de Saussure, 1853) ETP G,P PM n.a. 0–45 sb [11, 52, 79, 97, 131] Lepidopa deamae Benedict, 1903 ETP CA PM it 0 sb [11, 33, 52, 79, 97, 108, 131] Lepidopa mearnsi Benedict, 1903 ETP N PM it 0 sb [11, 33, 52, 69, 97, 131] Lepidopa mexicana Efford, 1971 ETP P PM n.a. n.a. sb [11, 32, 33, 52, 97, 131] Family HIPPIDAE Emerita rathbunae Schmitt, 1935 ETP CA PM it 0 sb [32, 35, 69, 79, 131] 183 (continued) 184 Species List g References f sb [34, 108, 131] Habitat/ Community e 0 Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c PM it Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a ETPETP CA n.a. PM,IC it,st n.a. sb [9, 34, 69, 131] World World distribution (continued)

CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama b = benthic; eb= epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; l = litoral; mp = mesopelagic; sl = sublitoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the references list Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP= eastern tropical Pacific; NEP= northeastern Pacific; SEP= southern eastern PM = mainland; Pacific IC = Isla del Pacific Coco Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) c = commensal; cr = coral reefs; m mb = mangroves; muddy bottom; rb = bottom; rocky rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sh = shells; sp = sponges; t = terrestrial Hippa strigillata (Stimpson, 1860) Species List 16.4 Hippa pacifica (Dana, 1852) a b c d e f g WA = western Atlantic WA Species Decapod Crustaceans Species List 16.5 Caribbean Costa Rica. Species of Brachyura World Central Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab distributionc Depth (m)d Communitye Referencesf Infraorder BRACHYURA Family RANINIDAE Raninoides lamarcki Milne Car P b,eb 45–240 mb,sh [120, 108] Edwards & Bouvier, 1923 Raninoides loevis (Latreille, 1825) Car,WA,ETP P b 18–73 variety of habitats [108, 120, 151] Family CALAPPIDAE Calappa angusta A. Milne Edwards, 1880 WA n.a. l 14–210 cr,sb,sh [120, 151] Calappa cinerea Holthuis, 1958 Car,WA n.a. b 0–10 sb [94, 108, 151] Calappa ocellata Holthuis, 1958 WA n.a. b 0–80 sb [94, 108, 151] Calappa sulcata Rathbun, 1898 WA n.a. b 0–183 mb [94, 108] Hepatus pudibundus (Herbst, 1785) EA,WA n.a. b,eb 0–49 mb,rub,sb [94, 108, 151] Family LEUCOSIIDAE Ebalia cariosa (Stimpson, 1860) Car,WA n.a. eb 0–131 cr,rb,sg [94, 151] Iliacantha liodactylus Rathbun, 1898 WA,Car n.a. b 8–60 mb,sh [120, 132b] Persephona punctata punctata Car,WA n.a. b,eb 14.6 mb,algae [120, present study] Linnaeus, 1758 Family MAJIDAE Anasimus latus Rathbun, 1894 WA n.a. eb 48–161 cr,sb [132b, 151] Chorinus heros (Herbst, 1790) Car,WA n.a. it 4.5–20 cr,rb,sb,sh,sp [101b, 108, 115] Epialtus bituberculatus Milne Edwards, 1834 Car,WA n.a. it n.a. rub, algae [94, 101b, 108] Epialtus longirostris Stimpson, 1860 Car,WA n.a. l to 54 calcareous algae [94, 108] Eucinetops blakiana Rathbun, 1896 Car,WA n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. [108, 117] Libinia ferreirae Brito-Capello, 1871 Car,WA n.a. l 0–27 mb [94, 108] Macroceloma trispinosum nodipes Car,WA n.a. l 0–48 cr,rb,sb,sh,sg [2, 108, 115, 151]

(Desbonne, 1867) 185 Microphrys bicornutus (Latreille, 1821) Car,WA n.a. eb 0–30 m,cr,sg, algae [108, 151] (continued) 186 Species List f study] 115, 151] [108, 151] [108, 115, present [94, 101b, 108, [94, 101b, 108, 151] [94, 115] [108, 151] [132b, 151] [94, 118, 132b] [101b, 132b, 151] References e cr,rb Habitat/ Community d 5–200 rb 1–2200–188 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg,sh [94, 108, 115, 151] cr,rb,sg,rub 200–75 m,mb,sb0–105 mb,sb 5–7313–15 cr,rb,sb [108, 151] 0–393 cr,rb,sb,sg mb,sg sb,sh [51, 151] [108, 115] Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b Central America Pn.a. it,stP it,st 0–55 st 0–90 cr,mb,rb,sb,sg,sh [94, 108, 115] cr,rb n.a.n.a. it,ln.a. it,st st to 110ES,G,P 0–68 mb,sb l n.a. sb n.a. l n.a. b,fl it,st,eb 9–550 0–46 mb,sb,sg cr,rb,sb [132b, 151] [94, 108, 115] Hn.a.n.a. it l l n.a.n.a. it,st b n.a.n.a. 0–15 st b m,mb,rb,sb,sg [108, 151] a Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,NEP Car,WA Car,WA Car,EA,EP,Med,WAEA,ETP,WA G,PWA it,stWA Car,WA 0–90 variety of habitats [151] Car n.a. it 0–46 rb,sg [94, 108] Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA WA Car,WA Car World World distribution (continued)

(A. Milne Edwards, 1875) Rathbun, 1892 (Herbst, 1801) 1832 Mithrax (Mithraculus) forceps Mithrax (Mithrax) pilosus Family PARTHENOPIDAE serrata (Milne Edwards, 1834) Parthenope Family PORTUNIDAE cribarius Arenaeus (Lamarck, 1818) Callinectes bocourti Milne Edwards, 1879 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 rubber Cronius (Lamarck, 1818) gibbesii (Stimpson, 1859) Portunus spinicarpus (Stimpson, 1871) Portunus Family XANTHIDAE Carpilius corallinus (Herbst, 1783) Species List 16.5 interruptus Microphrys Rathbun, 1920 Mithrax (Mithraculus) coryphe Mithrax Mithrax (Mithrax) verrucosus Milne Edwards, Pitho lherminieri (Schramm, 1867) Stenorhynchus seticornis (Herbst, 1788) Callinectes 1863 larvatus Ordway, Callinectes 1863 ornatus Ordway, tumidulus Cronius (Stimpson, 1871) Lupella (Fabricius, 1756) forceps Species Decapod Crustaceans Cataleptodius floridanus (Gibbes, 1850) Car,WA n.a. St,b 0–33 cr,m,mb,rb,sb,sg [94, 108, 115] Chlorodiella longimana Car,EA,WA n.a. st 5–154 cr,rb [94, 108, 115] (Milne Edwards, 1834) Ozius reticulatus (Desbonne & Schramm, 1867) Car P it 0 rb [108, 118] Xantho denticulatus White, 1848 Car,EA n.a. it,st 0–12 cr [94, present study] Family GECARCINIDAE Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 Car,WA n.a. c 0 m,t [13, 94, 125] Gecarcinus lateralis lateralis (Freminville, Car,ETP,WA ES,H c 0 t [13, 125] 1835) Family GRAPSIDAE Armases americanum Car G,H,P n.a. 0 t [1] (de Saussure, 1858) Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775) Car,EA,WA n.a. it 0 rb [94, 108] Percnon gibbesi Milne Edwards, 1853 Car,EA,ETP,SEP,NEP,WA P it,st 0–12 cr,rb [94, 115, present study] Sesarma crassipes Cano, 1889 Car,WA n.a. n.a. 0 estuary [1] Family OCYPODIDAE Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) Car,WA n.a. sp 0 sb [13, 101b, 116] Uca mordax (Smith, 1870) Car,EA G,N it 0 mb [31, present study] Ucides cordatus cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) Car,EA n.a. it 0 m,mb [13, 116] a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; NEP = northeastern Pacific; RS = Red Sea; SEP = southern eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = benthic; c= coastal; eb = epibenthic; fl = floating; it = intertidal; l = litoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal; t = terrestrial e Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; sp = sponges; t = terrestrial 187 g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 188 Species List g 132] 157] 157] 157] 132] 132] [46, 80, 102, 120, [80, 94, 120, 132, [46, 80, 120, 132, [80] [37, 79b, 120, 145] [48, 108, 132] [115, 120, 132] [46, 76, 132] References f Habitat/ Community e 3.5–46 mb 460–3,260 mb 24593–250 rub,sb mb 24–410 mb,sb Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b ES,G,P PM b P PM,IC b,eb 2.7–229 n.a. N,P PM,IC b,eb 13–275 sb,rub n.a.n.a. PMn.a. ICP b PM b PM,IC b b,eb 0–58.5 cr,rb,rub,sb,sh [46, 80, 120, 132, ES,N,P PM b,eb 3.5–63 variety of habitats [46, 76, 80, 120, P PM b,eb 4–48 sh P PM b P PM,IC b,eb 28–115 variety of habitats [46, 76, 102, 120, Central America a ETP ETP,WA ETP ETP,IP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETPETPETP PETP N,P PM PM,IC b,eb b,eb IC 2–183 0–130 b algae cr,mb,sb,sh, mb,rb,rub,sb,sh [120, 46, 132] [46, 108] 13–183 cr,mb,sb [36, 37, 80, 120] ETP ETP World World distribution Pacific Costa Pacific Rica. Species of Brachyura

Hepatus kossmanni Neumann, 1878 Cryptosoma Rathbun, 1898 bairdii Calappa Rathbun, 1898 saussurei (Miers, Ethusina 1886) robusta Ethusina smithiana Faxon, 1893 Family CALAPPIDAE Acanthocarpus delsolari Garth, 1973 Saussure, Calappa 1853 convexa Ethusa panamensis Finnegan, 1931 Family Family DYNOMENIDAE Dynomene ursula Stimpson, 1860 Family RANINIDAE Ranilia fornicata Faxon, 1893 Raninoides benedicti Rathbun, 1935 Species List 16.6 Infraorder BRACHYURA Family DROMIIDAE Hypoconcha panamensis Smith, 1869 Family Family DORIPPIDAE Ethusa Faxon, 1893 ciliatifrons Ethusa lata Rathbun, 1893 Species Decapod Crustaceans Osachila kaiserae Zimmerman ETP P PM,IC n.a. 2–219 rb,rub,sb [46, 108, 157] & Martin, 1999 Platymera gaudichaudii EA,ETP,NEP, P PM b,eb 22–399 mb,sb,sh [46, 80, 108] (Milne Edwards, 1837) SEP Family LEUCOSIIDAE Ebalia clarionensis Rathbun, 1935 ETP n.a. IC b 55–100 rub,sb [157] Ebalia magdalenensis Rathbun, 1933 ETP n.a. PM b,eb 3.6–33 mb,sb,sh [46, 120] Iliacantha hancocki Rathbun, 1935 ETP P PM b,eb 9–73 mb,rb,sb,sh, algae [46, 102, 120, 132] Iliacantha schmitti Rathbun, 1935 ETP P PM b,eb 18–275 mb,rb,sb,sh, algae [46, 120, 132] Leucosilia jurinei (Saussurre, 1853) ETP N,P PM eb n.a. algae Spyridia fila- [46, 80, 120] mentosa Lithadia cumingii Bell, 1855 ETP ES,P PM b,eb 3.6–93 mb,rub,sb,sh [46, 80, 132] Persephona orbicularis Bell, 1855 ETP P PM b 30–40 mb [108, 132] Persephona subovata (Rathbun, 1898) ETP P PM b,eb 36–93 mb,sb,sh [120] Persephona townsendi (Rathbun, 1893) ETP CA PM b,eb 3.5–104 mb,sb,sh, man- [46] grove leaves Randallia agaricias Rathbun, 1898 ETP CA PM b,eb 5.5–100 mb,rb,sb,sh, algae [46, 120, 132] Randallia bulligera Rathbun, 1898 ETP CA PM b 3.6–55 mb,rb [120, 132] Randallia minuta Rathbun, 1935 ETP P PM type b,eb 18–64 rb,sb, algae [46, 120, 132] locality Uhlias elipticus Stimpson, 1871 ETP P PM eb 0–2 cr [46, 80, 108] Family MAJIDAE Acanthonyx petiverii Milne Edwards, 1834 ETP,WA N,P PM l to 30 cl,cr, algae [81] Ala cornuta (Stimpson, 1860) ETP P PM l to 22 cl,cr,mb,rb,sb [81] Collodes granosus Stimpson, 1860 ETP G,P PM b 3.5–55 mb,sb [81] Collodes robsonae Garth, 1958 ETP ES,P PM n.a. 30–55 mb,sb,sh [44, 108] Collodes tenuirostris Rathbun, 1893 ETP P PM b 5.5–265 mb,sb, algae [44, 81] Epialtus sulcirostris Stimpson, 1860 ETP n.a. PM it,l 0–5 rb, on Sargassum [43, 81, 108] liebmanni 189 (continued) 190 Species List g References [43, 44, 81, 117] [43, 44, 81] [43, 81] [43, 44, 81] [43, 81] [43, 81, 108] [43, 81] [43, 81] [43, 81] f algae Habitat/ Community cr,rb, brown algaecr,rb, [43, 81] rb rb e Depth (m) 9–1460–4 mb,sb cr,rb 0–295 cr,mb,rb,sb [43, 81] 0–730 cr,rb,sb0–24 algae cr,rb, [43, 44, 81] [30, 43, 81] 0 0 2–175 mb,rub,sb [43, 81] 95 mb,rub,sb [36, 37, 43] 0–59 cr,mb,rb,sb [43, 81] 4–10 cr 0–92 cr,rb,sb [43, 81, 132] 3–102 mb,sb 3.5–128 rub,sb,sh [43, 81] 0–864–80 sb,rb,rub rb,sb,sh, coralline [43, 81] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b ES,G,N,P PMPN,P it,st PM PM 0–36 l it mb,sb P PM it,st 0–46 cr,sb n.a. IC l P PM it,l,st 0–46 cr,rb,sb [43, 81] PN,P PM PM l it P PM eb 9–90 cr,mb,rb,sb [43, 44, 81] Pn.a. PM PM it it P PM,IC l n.a. IC l P PM l P PM st P PM,IC l G,N,P PM l P PM l Pn.a. IC PM l st P PM eb 7.5–335 mb,rb,sb [81, 102, 132] Central America a ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP,NEP P PM,IC it ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP EP World World distribution (continued)

Saussure, 1853 Stimpson, 1871 Garth, 1940 Notolopas lamellatus Stimpson, 1860 (Bell, depressus 1835) Paradasygyius pacifica A. Milne Pelia Edwards, 1857 Mithrax Mithrax pygmaeus Bell, 1835 Mithrax Mithrax spinipes (Bell, 1835) Stimpson, Mithrax tuberculatus 1860 Mithrax Mithrax denticulatus Bell, 1835 Microphrys platysoma Microphrys (Stimpson, 1860) Mithrax Mithrax (Mithrax) armatus de Rathbun, branchialis 1892 Microphrys Species List 16.6 Eucinetops panamensis Rathbun, 1923 trifurcatuss Eupleurodon bifida Rathbun, 1893 Euprognatha Euprognatha granulata Faxon, 1893 Euprognatha Garth, Hemus 1958 finneganae Herbstia pubescens Stimpson, 1871 Herbstia tumida (Stimpson, 1871) Inachoides Inachoides laevis Stimpson, 1860 Lissa aurivilliusi Rathbun, 1898 Lissa Rathbun, 1898 tuberosa Macrocoeloma maccullochae Macrocoeloma Maiopsis panamensis Faxon, 1893 Species Decapod Crustaceans Pelia tuberculata (Wicksten, 1987) ETP P PM eb 48 mb,rb [3, 144b] Pitho picteti (de Saussure, 1853) ETP N,P PM l 0–82 cr,mb,rb,sb [43, 81] Pitho quinquedentata Bell, 1835 ETP P PM it,st 0–37 cr,rb,sb, algae [44] Pitho sexdentata Bell, 1835 ETP n.a. PM it,st 0–36 cr,mb,rb,sb [43, 81] Podochela angulata Finnegan, 1931 ETP P PM l 9–64 mb,sb,sh [44, 108] Podochela hemphilli EA,ETP,NEP P IC l 0–166 mb,rb,sb [43, 81] (Lockington, 1877) Podochela veleronis Garth, 1948 ETP P PM st 2–27 mb, associated [43, 81] with algae Ulva Podochela ziesenhennei Garth, 1940 ETP P PM st 7–18 mb,rb,sb [43, 81] Pyromaia tuberculata ETP,NEP G,P PM l 0–412 mb,rb,sb [43, 81] (Lockington, 1877) Sphenocarcinus agassizi Rathbun, 1893 ETP P PM,IC l 55–175 mb,rb,sb [43, 81, 132] Stenocionops ovata (Bell, 1835) ETP P PM,IC l 15–275 sb [81] Stenorhynchus debilis (Smith, 1871) ETP,SEP N,P PM,IC l 0–145 mb,rb,sb,sh [43, 81] Teleophrys cristulipes Stimpson, 1860 ETP P PM,IC l 0–128 cr,rb [43, 81] Thoe sulcata panamensis Nobili, 1901 ETP N,P PM it 0–45 cr,rb [30, 43] Tyche lamellifrons Bell, 1835 ETP P PM it,st 0–100 cr,rb,sb, algae [43, 81] Family AETHRIDAE Aethra scutata Smith, 1869 ETP P PM,IC it,st 0–34 rb,rub,sb [157] Family PARTHENOPIDAE Celatopesia hassleri (Rathbun, 1925) ETP P PM,IC st 3.6–78 mb,rb,sb [37, 43, 81] Heterocrypta colombiana Garth, 1940 ETP n.a. PM st 3–27.5 cr,rb,sb [43] Heterocrypta macrobrachia ETP ES,G,P PM st 3.6–75 mb,rub,sb [43, 81] Stimpson, 1871 Leiolambrus punctatissimus ETP P PM l 22–112 mb,sb [43, 44, 81] (Owen, 1839) 191 (continued) 192 Species List g References [51] [51, 79b] [51, 79b] [43, 44, 81] [30, 118] [132] [43, 44, 81, 157] [43, 44, 81] f Habitat/ Community cr,rb e Depth (m) to 110 cr,mb,rb,sb,sh [51] to 110 rb,sb 10–66 mb,sb 0–105 cr,rb,sb [51, 151] 11–110 mb,sb 90–523 mb 3.5–703.5–70 cr,rb,rub,sb cr,sh,sb [43, 81] [43, 81, 117, 157] 3.5–54 cr,mb,sb,sh [43, 44, 81] 22–160 cr,mb,sb,sh [43, 44, 81] 4–80 mb,sb 3–58 cr,mb,rb,sb,sh [43, 81] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b ES,G,N,P PM b n.a. IC b P PM b G,N,P PM n.a. 9–55 cr,mb,sb,sh [51] P PM,IC b, pelagic 0–64 n.a. ES,N,P PM it,st 0–30 cl,estuary [51, 79b, 150] CA PM it,st 0–40 variety of habitats [51, 79b, 150] n.a. PM l P PM it,st 0 p PM b ES,N,P PM,IC it,st 0–80 rb,sb,sg [51, 79b] PP PM,IC PM,IC b st N, P PM,IC it,st 0–22 cr,rb P PM st P PM,IC l N,P PM st P PM st G,P PM,IC st,l 2.5–110 cr,mb,rb,sb,sh [43, 44, 81, 157] Central America a ETP ETP ETP ETP EA,ETP,WA ES,H,G,P PM l ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP World World distribution (continued)

Zimmerman & Martin, 1999 (Stimpson, 1871) Portunus asper (Milne Edwards, Portunus 1861) (Faxon, 1895) brevimanus Portunus Milne Euphylax Edwards, robustus 1874 Portunus acuminatus (Stimpson, 1871) Portunus Cronius rubber Cronius (Lamarck, 1818) Euphylax dovii Stimpson, 1860 Ordway, Callinectes 1863 toxotes Ordway, Ordway, 1863 Callinectes Ordway, arcuatus Mesorhoea belli (Milne Edwards, 1878) Family Family DAIRIDIDAE Daira americana Stimpson, 1860 Family Family CANCRIDAE Cancer johngarthi (Carvacho, 1989) Family Family PORTUNIDAE 1856) mexicanus (Gerstaecker, Arenaeus Thyrolambrus glasselli Thyrolambrus Garth, 1958 verrucibrachium Thyrolambrus Family DALDORFIIDAE Daldorfia garthi Glassell, 1940 Species List 16.6 depressiuscula Parthenope Parthenope exilipes (Rathbun, 1893) Parthenope Parthenope hyponca (Stimpson, 1871) Parthenope Parthenope stimpsoni Garth, 1958 Parthenope Solenolambrus Stimpson, arcuatus 1871 Species Decapod Crustaceans Portunus iridescens (Rathbun, 1893) ETP P PM b 13–274 mb,sb [51] Portunus tuberculatus (Stimpson, 1860) ETP G,P PM b 0–82 cr,mb,rb,sb,sh [51] Portunus xantussi affinis (Faxon, 1893) ETP ES,G,P PM,IC b,eb 10–270 cr,mb,rb,sb,sh [51] Family XANTHIDAE Cataleptodius taboganus ETP P PM it 0 rb [30, 79b, 118] (Rathbun, 1912) Cycloxanthops vittatus ETP P PM it 0 cr,rb [30, 118] (Stimpson, 1860) Domecia hispida Eydoux & ETP,IP,Med P PM st 5–8 cr,rb [30, 115, 118] Souleyet, 1842 Edwardsium lobipes (Rathbun, 1898) ETP P PM eb 7–273 mb,rub,sb,sh [45, 60] Epixanthus tenuidactylus (Lockington, ETP N,P PM it 0 rb [30, 118] 1877) Eriphia squamata Stimpson, 1859 ETP,SEP N,P PM,IC it 0 rb [30, 118] Eriphides hispida (Stimpson, 1860) ETP N,P PM it 0 rb [30, 118] Eurypanopeus planus (Smith, 1869) ETP N,P PM it 0 rb,sb [30, 118] Eurypanopeus transversus ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 m,mb,sb [30, 118] (Stimpson, 1860) Eurytium tristani Rathbun, 1906 ETP ES,P PM it 0 m,mb [3, 30, 45, 118] Globopilumnus xantusii ETP n.a. PM st n.a. cr [30, 47] (Stimpson, 1860) Glyptoplax pugnax Smith, 1870 ETP P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [79b, 116] Heteractaea lunata (Milne Edwards & EA,ETP,NEP, P PM it,st 0–18 cr,rb [30, 118] Lucas, 1843) SEP Hexapanopeus costaricensis Garth, 1940 ETP P PM st 5–20 mb,rub,sb,sh [45] Hexapanopeus orcutti Rathbun, 1930 ETP ES,N PM st 4–27 cr,mb,rub,sb,sh [45, 118] Hexapanopeus sinaloensis ETP N,P PM st 3.5–29 mb,rub,sb [45, 118] Rathbun, 1930

Jonesius triunguiculatus ETP,IP n.a. PM st 3.5–6 cr [49, 50] 193 (Borradaile, 1903) (continued) 194 Species List g References [30, 108, 118] [108, 118] [30, 108, 118] [48] [79b] [30, 45, 118] [45, 118] [30, 118] [30, 118] [3, 118] [3, present study] [30, 118] [30] [30, 62, 118] [45, 118] [30, 118] [30, 60, 62, 118] f Habitat/ Community rb rb rb rb,sb sb m m,mb,rb [45] rb,sb rb e Depth (m) 0–55 cr 0 0 4–11 rb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2–8 cr,rb d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b ES,P PM it n.a. PM it P PM eb 5–27 cr,rb n.a. PM n.a. 80–180 n.a. n.a.n.a. PM PM n.a. it n.a. n.a. n.a. PM st n.a. PM n.a. 24–288 mb,sb,sh [108, 118] P PM it P PM it N,PP PM PM it it n.a. PM it N,P PM it ES PM it n.a. PM st P IC eb 55–274 mb,rb,rub,sb [37, 45, 60, 118] n.a.P PM PM eb it,st 2–128 n.a. cr cr,rb n.a. PM eb to 133.5 sb Central America a ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP,IPETP ETP n.a. PM st,eb 5–8 cr [30, 108, 118] ETP World World distribution (continued)

Lucas, 1844 & kim, 1989 Rathbun, Rathbun, 1898 (Stimpson, 1860) Platyactea dovii (Stimpson, 1871) Platypodiella (Stimpson, rotundata 1860) Paractaea sulcata (Stimpson, 1860) Paractaea Pilumnus fernandezii Garth, 1973 Pilumnus gonzalensis Rathbun, 1893 Pilumnus pygmaeus Boone, 1927 Pilumnus stimpsonii Miers, 1871 Pilumnus townsendi (Rathbun, 1923) Ozius perlatus Stimpson, 1860 Ozius Saussure, verreauxii 1853 Panopeus chilensis Milne Edwards & Panopeus Abele mirafloresensis Panopeus Lockington, purpureus 1877 Panopeus Menippe obtusa Stimpson, 1859 Metopocarcinus concavatus Metopocarcinus Crane, 1947 Microcassiope xantusii Microcassiope (Stimpson, 1871) Nanocassiope polita (Rathbun, 1893) Lophopanopeus maculatus Species List 16.6 Liomera cinctimanus (White, 1847) Lophoxanthus lamellipes “Medaeus” spinulifer (Rathbun, 1898) Species Decapod Crustaceans Quadrella nitida Smith, 1869 ETP P PM,IC b 10–137 sb, gorgonians [45, 108, 118] Trapezia corallina Gerstaecker, 1857 ETP P PM it,st cr [22] Trapezia digitalis Latreille, 1828 ETP,IP,Med,RS P PM it,st 1–6 cr [22, 30] Trapezia ferruginea Latreille, 1825 ETP,IO,IP,RS, P PM it,st 1–6 cr [22, 30] Trapezia formosa Smith, 1869 ETP P PM it,st n.a. cr [22] Xanthodius sternberghii Stimpson, 1859 ETP N,P PM it 0 rb [30, 108, 118] Xanthodius stimpsoni (Milne ETP N,P PM it 0 rb [30, 45] Edwards, 1879) Family GONEPLACIDAE Chasmocarcinus latipes Rathbun, 1898 ETP ES,P PM b 24–93 mb,sb,sh [45] Malacoplax californiensis ETP n.a. PM b 11–27 mb,sb,sh, [45, 62] (Lockington, 1877) Pseudorhombila xanthiformis ETP n.a. PM b 74–110 mb,sh [45, 61] Garth, 1940 Oediplax granulata Rathbun, 1893 ETP n.a. PM b 60 mb [102, 108] Prionoplax ciliata Smith, 1870 ETP ES,N,P PM b 7–9 mb [45, 61] Speocarcinus granulimanus ETP ES PM b 7–60 mb,sb,sh [45, 102, 116] Rathbun, 1893 Family GECARCINIDAE Cardisoma crassum Smith, 1870 ETP ES,P PM c 0-land m,t [12, 13, 125] Gecarcinus lateralis quadratus de ETP ES,N,P PM c 0-land m,t [12, 13, 125] Saussure, 1853 Gecarcinus (Johngarthia) planatus ETP n.a. IC c 0-land rb,t [13, 125, present Stimpson, 1898 study] Family GRAPSIDAE Aratus pisonii (Milne Edwards, 1837) Car,ETP,WA N PM it 0 m [30, 116] Armases angustum (Smith, 1870) ETP P IC c n.a. t [1] Armases occidentale (Smith, 1870) ETP ES,P PM c n.a. t [1] 195 (continued) 196 Species List g study] References [13, 14, 116] [119, 142] [19, 20, 141, 142] [79b, 116] [1] [1, 30] [1] [3, 108, 116] [30, 116] [30, 116] [94, 115,present f Habitat/ Community sb commensal [124b] rb,sb m rb m,mb,rb,sb [30, 94] cr,rb,sb [30, 116] e Depth (m) 0 n.a. estuary 0 0 0 0 0 0 d Oceanic distribution n.a. 80–120 commensal [17, 59] n.a. n.a. m c locality locality Costa Rica Pacific b n.a. PM it n.a. PM n.a. n.a. commensal [16, 21, 58] n.a. IC it n.a.P PM PM type it PP PM,ICP PM type P n.a.N,P PM PM PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. m m m,rb,sb [1, 30] ES,P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. N,P PM it ES,N,P PMP it PM it,st 0–12 cr,rb ES,N,P PM it ES PM it Central America a SEP,WA SEP,WA WA,WP ETP,SEP ES,N,P PM it ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP IP,ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP ETP Car,EA,ETP,NEP, ct Car,EA,ETP,NEP, Car,ETP,NEP,SEP, World World distribution (continued)

Lucas, 1843 Vargas, 2005 Vargas, Griffith, 1987 Griffith, Edwards, Edwards, 1837) Family Family OCYPODIDAE Ocypode gaudichaudii Milne Edwards & Pinnixia valerii Rathbun, 1931 Juxtafabia muliniarum Juxtafabia (Rathbun, 1918) Family Family PINNOTHERIDAE Glassella costaricana 1982) (Wicksten, cortesi Thoma, Heard Parapinnixa & Clypeasterophilus ususfructus Clypeasterophilus Plagusia Plagusia immaculata Lamarck, 1818 Sesarma aequatoriale Ortmann, 1894 Sesarma rhizophorae Rathbun, 1906 Sesarma rubinofforum Abele, 1972 Sesarma sulcatum Smith, 1870 Smith Glyptograpsus impressus 1870 Goniopsis (Lockington, pulchra 1876) Grapsus Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758) transversus (Gibbes, 1850) Pachygrapsus gibbesi Milne Edwards, 1853 Percnon Species List 16.6 Geograpsus lividus (Milne Species Decapod Crustaceans Ocypode occidentalis Stimpson, 1860 ETP n.a. PM it 0 sb [13, 14, 116] Uca argillicola Crane, 1941 ETP P PM it 0 m,mb [31] Uca batuenta Crane, 1941 ETP ES,P PM it 0 m,mb [31] Uca beebii Crane, 1941 ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 mb,sb [31] Uca brevifrons (Stimpson, 1860) ETP ES,N,P PM,IC it 0 mb [31, 114] Uca deichmanni Rathbun, 1935 ETP P PM it 0 mb,rb,sb [31] Uca galapagensis herradurensis ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 m [31] Bott, 1954 Uca heteropleura (Smith, 1870) ETP ES,P PM it 0 mb [31] Uca inaequalis Rathbun, 1935 ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 m,mb [31] Uca latimanus (Rathbun, 1893) ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 m,mb,sb [31] Uca limicola Crane, 1941 ETP ES,P PM it 0 mb [31] Uca maracoani insignis ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 mb,sb [31, 116] (Milne Edwards, 1852) Uca musica terpsichores Crane, 1941 ETP N,P PM it 0 mb,sb [31] Uca oerstedi (Rathbun, 1904) ETP ES,N PM it 0 mb,sb [31] Uca ornata (Smith, 1870) ETP P PM it 0 mb [31] Uca panamensis (Stimpson, 1859) ETP ES,N,P PM,IC it 0 rb,sb [31] Uca princeps princeps (Smith, 1870) ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 m,mb,sb [31] Uca pygmaea Crane, 1941 ETP n.a. PM it 0 mb [31] Uca saltitanta Crane, 1941 ETP ES,P PM it 0 mb [31] Uca stenodactylus (Milne Edwards & ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 mb,sb [31] Lucas, 1847) Uca stylifera (Milne Edwards, 1852) ETP ES,N,P PM it 0 mb [31] Uca tenuipedis Crane, 1941 ETP n.a. PM it 0 m,mb [31] Uca thayeri umbratila Crane, 1941 ETP ES,P PM it 0 mb [31] Uca tomentosa Crane, 1941 ETP ES PM it 0 mb,sb [31]

Uca vocator ecuadoriensis ETP N,P PM it 0 mb [31] 197 Maccagno, 1928 (continued) 198 Species List g References [13, 14, 116] [37, 116] [37, 108] [49, 92] [93, present study] f algae Habitat/ Community m,mb terrestrial e Depth (m) 0 106–130 rb, calcareous 0–14 cr 192–280 rb,sh 1–27 cr d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b n.a. IC b n.a. PM st P PM b Central America a ETPETP,SEP ES ES,N PM PM it it 0 m,mb,sb [31] ETP ETP,WP ETP,IP,RS,WP n.a. PM st ETP World World distribution (continued)

(Ortmann, 1897) 1925) Stimpson, 1859 CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama b = benthic; c = coastal; eb = epibenthic; fl = floating; it = intertidal; l = litoral; sp = supralitoral; st = subtidal; t = References are indicated by numbers according to the references list Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; ETP = eastern tropical Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; sh = shells fragments; t = terrestrial Uca zacae Crane, 1941 a b c d e f g Ucides cordatus Ucides occidentalis cordatus Family Family PALICIDAE fragilis Rathbun, 1893 Palicus (Faxon, 1893) tuberculatus Palicus Family CRYTOCHIRIDAE (Edmondson, crescentus Opecarcinus marsupialis Haplocarcinus Med = Mediterranean; NEP = northeastern RS Pacific; = Red Sea; = SEP western = Atlantic; southern WP eastern WA = Pacific; western Pacific Species List 16.6 Species Shallow Water Mysids 199

Species List 17.1 Mysida reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica World Central Oceanic Depth Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab distributionc (m)d Communitye Referencesf Class MALACOSTRACA, Order MYSIDA Family MYSIDAE Bowmaniella dissimilis Car,WA P b,eb,it,st, 1–4 sb [2, 4] (Coifmann, 1937) a Car = Caribbean; WA = western Atlantic b P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 200 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic Distribution c PM b,eb,it,stPM surf eb,stPM eb,it,st sb 7–12 surf sb,c*** [1, 3, 5] sb [6] [3] Costa Rica Cardisoma crassum Cardisoma Endemic Pacific X PM sut water line c** [7] b Central America a B. banneri EP Car,EP,WA EP P EP World World Distribution Bowmaniella spp. A, B, and C. Examination of specimens deposited in the United States National Museum Mysida reported from the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

1968 ˘cescu, Some specimens were collected from gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs W.M. Tattersall, 1951 Tattersall, W.M. O.S.Tattersall, 1967 O.S.Tattersall, Ba This species was collected from of burrows the land crab Bowmaniella banneri Dexter Dexter (1974) reported

P = Panama b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal; sut = supratidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = = Caribbean; western EP Atlantic = eastern WA Pacific; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) c = commensal; sb = sandy bottom Species List 17.2 , Class MALACOSTRACA Order MYSIDA Family MYSIDAE anophelinae Antromysis a b c d e f g Heteromysis panamaensis Heteromysis Metamysidopsis sp. * that revealed all three forms are ** *** * Species Cumaceans 201

Species List 18.1 Cumaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica World Oceanic Habitat/ distribu- Central distribu- Depth Commu- Species tiona Americab tionc (m)d nitye Referencesf Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MALACOSTRACA Order CUMACEA Family BODOTRIIDAE Subfamily BODOTRIINAE Cyclaspis jonesi (*) EP,WA b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb [13]** Roccatagliata, 1985 Cyclaspis pustulata (*) EP,WA b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb [14, 2]** Zimmer, 1943a Subfamily VAUNTHOMSONIIANAE Vaunthompsonia cf. Car,WA B b,ep,hpl 2–50 sb [9]** cristata Bate, 1856 Family NANNASTACIDAE Cumella biserrata (*) Car B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9]** Petrescu, 2002 Cumella clavicauda Car,WA b,ep,hpl 2–50 cr [9] Calman, 1911 Cumella garrityi (*) Car,EP,WA B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 9]** Băcescu & Muradian, 1977 Cumella gomoiui (*) Băcescu Car,EP,WA B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 9]** & Muradian, 1977 Cumella medeeae Car b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [11] Petrescu, Iliffe, and Sarbu, 1994 Cumella ocellata (*) Car,EP,WA B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [4, 9]** Băcescu, 1992b Cumella ruetzleri (*) Car,WA B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9]** Petrescu, 2002 Cumella somersi (*) Car,WA B b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9, 10]** Petrescu & Sterrer, 2001 Cumella spinifera Car b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [12]** Petrescu & Heard, 2004 Elassocumella micruropus Car,WA b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 15]* (Calman, 1911) Schizotrema agglutinanta Car,WA B b,ep,hpl 1–5 cr [3]** (Băcescu, 1971) *Both coasts, Pacific and Caribbean **Present study aCar = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic bB = Belize cb = benthic, eb = epibenthic, hpl = hypoplanktonic dUppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) ecr = coral reef/coral ruble; sb = sandy bottom fReferences are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. 202 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Endemic Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEPEPCar,EP,WACar,EP,WAEP PMEP PM PM b,ep,hplEP PM b,ep,hpl 25–100 b,ep,hplEP 3,570 b,ep,hpl 3,400–3,500 sslEP sft PM 3,718 PM X? PM sftCar,EP,WA PM b,ep,hpl b,ep,hpl X? b,ep,hpl sft [18]** B [1] b,ep,hpl 1–2 PM 1–2 [8] 1–2 1–2 PM X b,ep,hpl [2] sb sb b,ep,hpl 1–2 sb PM sb n.a. PM b,ep,hpl PM [7]** [13]** sb b,ep,hpl [14, 21]** PM 1–2 [19]** b,ep,hpl n.a. 0.5–4 b,ep,hpl 1–2 [12]** sb 1–2 [12]** sb,ssl cr [16, 17]** ** sb [9]** [6, 20]** World World distribution cescu, 1962 ă Zimmer, 1936 Zimmer, Cumaceans from the waters Pacific of Costa Rica

cescu, 1961) (B ă Hernández, 1988 2004 2004 1988 Species List 18.2 ARTHROPODA Phylum CRUSTACEA Subphylum Class MALACOSTRACA Order CUMACEA DIASTYLIDAE Family Diastylis californica ? Diastylis tenebricosa Jones, 1969 menziesi B Makrokylindrus costaricanus Vemakylindrus BODOTRIIDAE Family BODOTRIINAE Subfamily Cyclaspis concepcionensis Donath- Cyclapsis 1936 dolera Zimmer, Cyclaspis jonesi (*) Roccatagliata, 1985 Cyclaspis pustulata (*) 1943 Zimmer, Cyclaspsis Petrescu breedyae & Heard, Cyclaspis Petrescu vargasae & Heard, Cyclaspis sp. C (***) VAUNTHOMPSONIINAE Subfamily & Coricuma Breedy, nicoyensis Watling Leptocuma forsmani 1943 Zimmer, NANNASTACIDAE Family Cumella biserrata (*) Petrescu, 2002 Species Cumaceans Cumella garrityi (*) Băcescu & Muradian, Car,EP,WA B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 ssl [5, 9]** 1977 Cumella gomoiui (*) Băcescu & Muradian, Car,EP,WA B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [5, 9]** 1977 Cumella ocellata (*) Băcescu, 1992 Car,EP,WA B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [4, 9]** Cumella ruetzleri (*) Petrescu, 2002 Car,EP B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9]** Cumella somersi (*) Petrescu & Sterrer, Car,EP B PM b,ep,hpl 1–2 cr [9, 10]** 2001 n.a. = information not available *Previously known from Northwest Atlantic, tentatively recognized form the Pacific coast of Costa Rica **Present study ***Currently being described by Donath- Hernández based upon material from the Mexican Pacific coast aCar = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic bB = Belize cPM = Pacific mainland db = benthic, eb = epibenthic, hpl = hypoplanktonic eUppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) fcr = coral reef/coral rubble; sb = sandy bottom; ssl = fine sand/silt; sft = soft bottom gReferences are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 203 204 Species List

Species List 19.1 Tanaidaceans from the Caribbean waters of Costa Rica World Central Oceanic Depthd Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab distributionc (m) Communitye Referencesf Order TANAIDACEA Suborder APSEUDOMORPHA Family APSEUDIDAE Apseudes sp. A Car b,st 1–2 cr [3, pers. obs.] Apseudes cf. garthi Cp n.a. 2–6 cr [1,3] Menzies, 1953 Apseudes intermedius WA st 1–2 cr [pers. obs.] Hansen, 1895 Family METAPSEUDIDAE Subfamily METAPSEUDINAE Apseudomorpha cf. Car b,st 1–3 cr [8, pers. glebosus (Menzies, 1953) obs.] Family PAGURAPSEUDIDAE Subfamily PAGURAPSEUDINAE Pagurotanais bouryi WA b,st 1–50 cr [2,5, pers. Bouvier, 1918 obs.] Family SPHYRAPIDAE Sphrapoides sp. A EP b,st 1–2 cr [6, pers. obs.] Suborder TANAIDOMORPHA Superfamily TANAOIDEA Family LEPTOCHELIIDAE Leptochelia dubia (=L. Cp ES b,st 0–50 cr [3 (L. sp. savignyi (Krøyer, 1842) in part), pers. obs] Leptochelia foresti Car,WA b,st 1–50 cr [3 (L. sp. (Stebbing, 1896) in part), pers. obs] Pseudoleptochelia sp. A Car b,st 1–2 cr [pers. obs] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b ES = El Salvador c b = benthic; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cr = coral reefs f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Tanaidaceans 205 g References [1, 8, pers. obs.] [pers. obs.] f Habitat/ Community rb (m) e Depth 1 2000–61002599–3950 mb mbn.a. [4,10] 35 [4,10] n.a. rb [9] d Oceanic distribution b,bp b,st b,st b,st b,bp b,it,st 0–1 m,mb [7, pers. obs.] c COSTA RICA COSTA Pacific IC PM PM PM PM b Central America a World World distribution EP ES,HEP EP PM EP EP P EP Tanaidaceans from the waters Pacific Tanaidaceans of Costa Rica

(Boone, 1923) Ramos, 1995 Species List 19.2 Species ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras, P = Panama b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. EP = eastern Pacific PM = mainland; Pacific IC = Isla del Coco Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) m = mb mangroves; = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom Wolf, 1956 Neotanais Wolf, pfaffi Suborder TANAIDOMORPHA Superfamily TANAOIDEA Family LEPTOCHELIIDAE Anatanais ? Pseudoleptochelia sp. B Parapseudes pedispinis Parapseudes Suborder NEOTANAIDOMORPHA Family NEOTANAIDAE 1956 Neotanais armiger Wolf, n.a. = information not available = doubtful identification ? Order TANAIDACEA Suborder APSEUDOMORPHA Family PARAPSEUDIDAE Disapseudes colombiensis Gutu and a b c d e f g 206 Species List f References e Habitat/ community d 0–110–30 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub0–2 [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] Depth c eb,it eb,st eb,it,st Oceanic distribution b Central America a CarCarCarCarCarCar BCar BCarCarCarCar eb,itCar eb,it,stCar ebCar eb B eb,it,st BCar 0 eb,it 0–2 eb,itCar,IP eb cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rubCar 1–3 eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–3 1–3 eb,st [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub 1–3 cr,rb,rubCar,ct eb,st cr,rb,rub 1–3 eb,it,st [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub 1–5 1–3 [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0–24 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cl,cr,rb,rub eb,it,st cr,rb,rub 10–24 [Brusca, pers. cr,rb,rubobs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub eb,it,st cr,rb,rub 12–28 1–3 [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] 9–15 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub 0–55 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] World World distribution Isopods reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

(Kensley, 1984) Apanthura cracenta (Kensley, Apanthura sp. A Apanthura sp. B millae Apanthuroides Menzies & Glynn, 1968 Colanthura sp. A Cyathura cubana Negoescu, 1979 Cyathura sp. A Mesanthura paucidens Menzies & Glynn, 1968 1982 Mesanthura fasciata Kensley, 1982 Kensley, Mesanthura reticulata Mesanthura spongicola & Kensley Heard, 1991 Mesanthura sp. A Family EXPANATHURIDAE Heptanthura & lewisi (Kensley 1987) Snelgrove, Family LEPTANTHURIDAE (Richardson, Accalathura crenulata 1901) Family PARANTHURIDAE Colanthura tenuis Richardson, 1902 antillensis Barnard, 1925 Paranthura Suborder ASELLOTA Family JANIRIDAE Carpias algicola Richardson, 1902 Species List 20.1 Species Superorder PERCARIDA Order ISOPODA Suborder ANTHURIDEA Family ANTHURIDAE 1982) Amakusanthura geminsula (Kensley, Isopods 207 (continued) [Brusca, pers. obs.] 1–61–3 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0–2 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] 1–60–50 cr,rb,rub0–15 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub1–30 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0–21 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub2–5 [Brusca, 2–5pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [8] 0–30.2–127 cr,rb,rub1–2 cr,rb,rub1–2 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] 2–5 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0–20 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0.5–130–2 cr,rb,rub0–30 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] sb [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0–20 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] eb,st eb eb,it,st eb,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,st eb,it,st eb,st eb,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,st eb,it,st eb,st eb,it,st eb,it,st it eb,it,st B B B B CA B CA Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car,EP Car Car Car Car Car Car Car Car,EP Car Car,EP Car Car Car Family Family JOEROPSIDAE 1984 bifasciatus Kensley, Joeropsis sp. A Joeropsis Family MUNNIDAE 1984 Munna Kensley, petronastes Family Family SANTIIDAE Santia milleri (Menzies & Glynn, 1968) Family Family STENETRIIDAE Hansenium stebbingi (Richardson, 1902) Stenetrium serratum Hansen, 1905 Family ACANTHASPIDIIDAE 1985 Hooker, Mexicope kensleyi Suborder FLABELLIFERA Family AEGIDAE Rocinela signata Schioedte & Meinert, 1879 Family ANCINIDAE Ancinus braziliensis Lemos de Castro, 1959 Family SPHAEROMATIDAE & Beatricesphaera Bruce, ruthae 1999 Wetzer Cassidinidea mosaica & Kensley Schotte, 1987 barbarae Menzies Geocerceis & Glynn, 1968 1818) caudata (Say, Paracerceis nuttingi (Boone, 1921) Paracerceis Family CIROLANIDAE albidoida & Cirolana Kensley Schotte, 1987 parva Cirolana Hansen, 1890 Kensley, 1984 Cymodoce ruetzleri Kensley, braziliensis Richardson, Excirolana 1912 Dynamenella perforata (Moore, 1902) Dynamenella sp. A sp. Exosphaeroma A 208 Species List f References e Habitat/ community d 3–10 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] 3–30 cr,rb,rub0–4 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub1–10 [Brusca, pers. obs.] cr,rb,rub0–2 [Brusca, pers. obs.] 0–44 cr,rb,rub cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] [Brusca, pers. obs.] Depth c eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st Oceanic distribution b B Central America a Car,WA Car,ct Car Car Car CarCar B eb,it,st 3–10 cr,rb,rub [Brusca, pers. obs.] World World distribution (continued)

CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EP = = western eastern Atlantic IP Pacific; = WA Indo-Pacific; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Family Family CORALLANIDAE Excorallana quadricornis (Hansen, 1890) Family Family LIMNORIIDAE Limnoria indica Becker & Kamph, 1958 Suborder GNATHIIDEA Family GNATHIIDAE Gnathia Monod, virginalis 1926 Suborder VALVIFERA Family IDOTEIDAE Erichsonella floridana Richardson, 1901 Family HOLOGNATHIDAE Cleantioides planicauda (Benedict, 1899) Kensley, 1984 halia Metacirolana Kensley, Species List 20.1 Species 1984 agaricicola Kensley, Metacirolana a b c d e f Isopods Species List 20.2 Isopods reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica World Central Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab distributionc Depthd Communitye Referencesf Superorder PERCARIDA Order ISOPODA Suborder ANTHURIDEA Family ANTHURIDAE Cyathura guaroensis Brusca & Iverson, 1985 EP it 0 rb [1] Suborder ASELLOTA Family ISCHNOMESIDAE Ischnomesus planus Wolff, 1962 EP bp 3,570 n.a. [9] Ischnomesus roseus Wolff, 1962 EP bp 3,270–3,670 n.a. [9] Family MESOSIGNIDAE Mesosignum admirandum Menzies & Frankenberg, 1967 EP b,st 1,016–1,892 mb [4] Mesosignum asperum Menzies & Frankenberg, 1967 EP b,st 3,517–3,950 mb [4] Mesosignum macrum Menzies & Frankenberg, 1967 EP b,st 3,254–3,260 mb [4] Family MUNNOPSIDIDAE Munnopsis longiremus Richardson, 1912 EP b,st 1,485–3,570 mb [6] Paropsurus giganteus Wolff, 1962 EP b,st 3,570–4,400 mb [9] Storthyngura pulchra (Hansen, 1897) EP P b,st 2,487–3,570 mb [1] Suborder EPICARIDEA Family BOPYRIDAE Bopyrissa magellanica Nierstrasz & Brender a Brandis, EP it,st n.a. p [5] 1931 Orthione mesoamericana Markham, 2004 EP it,st n.a. p [3] Probopyrus pandalicola (Packard, 1879) EP,WA it,st n.a. p [2] Stegias angusta Nierstrasz & Brender a Brandis, 1931 EP it,st n.a. p [5] (continued) 209 210 Species List f References [6] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] e Habitat/ Community p rb sb rb,sb d ? Depth 0 0 0–1 m,cl 1–30 rb,rub c Oceanic distribution it,stit it 0–3it,steb,it,st sb 0–15 0 rb ep,mpbp,ep,mp 900–1,353 688–2,534 p p b Central America ES,G,N,P st,ep 0–60 p CAP it,stP B CA 0–3P st ES,G,N,P sb,cl eb,it,stES,G,N,P 0–50 st ES,G,N,P rb,rub,sb bp,ep,mp 768–1,866ES,G,N,P [1] p ep,mp,st 0–300 p a World World distribution EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP Car,EPEP Car,EP CAEP CAEP eb,it,stEP,WP EP eb,it,st 0–20EP 0–30EP cr,rb,rubCar,EP,WA CA cr,rb,rub [1] st,ep [1] 0–100 p (continued)

Cymothoa exigua Schioedte & Meinert, 1884 Ancinus sp. A Family SPHAEROMATIDAE Dynamenella josephi Glynn, 1968 sp. Exosphaeroma B glynni Buss & Iverson, 1981 Paraleptosphaeroma peruvianum Sphaeroma Richardson, 1910 Family CIROLANIDAE Aphantolana costaricensis Brusca & Iverson, 1985 parva Cirolana Hansen, 1890 Eurydice caudata Richardson, 1899 braziliensis Richardson, Excirolana 1912 Family CORALLANIDAE Excorallana tricornis occidentalis Richardson, 1905 Family AEGIDAE acuminata Aega Hansen, 1897 plebia Aega Hansen 1897 Rocinela murilloi Brusca & Iverson, 1985 Family CYMOTHOIDAE Anilocra plebeia Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 Elthusa vulgaris (Stimpson, 1857) acuminata Nerocila Schioedte & Meinert, 1881 Species List 20.2 Species Suborder FLABELLIFERA Family ANCINIDAE Ancinus panamensis Glynn & Glynn1, 974 Isopods Nerocila excisa (Richardson, 1901) EP, IP,WP ep,mp,st p [1] Suborder GNATHIIDEA Family GNATHIIDAE Gnathia sp. A EP it,st 0–5 rb [1] Suborder VALVIFERA Family HOLOGNATHIDAE Cleantioides occidentalis (Richardson, 1899) ct ES,G,N,P eb,it,st 0–50 cl,mb,sb [1] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; p = parasitic; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 211 212 Species List f [12, 21, 42] [16] References [42] e sb rub,sb,sg [42] Habitat/ Community d Depth 1–60 rub,sg1–21–2 [34, 38, 42] ep,rub1–2 rub,sb1–521–2 [42] c rub,sb [42] ep,rub,sg [22, 32, 42] [42] 0–4501 mb,sb,shb0.5–6 [1, 2, 18] 0.5–50–7 cl,ep,rub,sg1–2 cl,ep,rub,sg [23, 28, 42] ep,sg1–2 [42] rub,sb1–73 [20, cl,sb,sg42] c [42] [42] c Oceanic Distribution eb,st b,st it eb,st eb,st eb,st eb,st b,st eb,st eb,st eb,st eb,st eb,st eb,st eb,st b Central America a Car,WA B Car,WAn.a. B n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Car,EP,WA G,P n.a. Car,WA n.a. Car,WA n.a. n.a. Car,WA World World distribution A. vera Distribution Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Barnard, 1954) Family Family MELITIDAE 1948 Shoemaker, Ceradocus sheardi Family Family CYPROIDEIDAE Hoplopheonoides obesa 1956 Shoemaker, Family HAUSTORIIDAE Haustorius sp. Family HYALIDAE Hyale sp. Family ISAEIDAE Photis sp. Family LEUCOTHOIDAE Leucothoe sp. ( spinicarpa complex) Dulichiella sp. Species List 21.1 Order AMPHIPODA Suborder GAMMARIDEA Family AMPELISCIDAE Ampelisca agassizi (Judd, 1896) (= Family Family AMPHILOCHIDAE Apolochus sp. Family AMPITHOIDAE Ampithoe Ruffo, 1954 marcuzzii Cymadusa spp. Pseudoampithoides incurvaria (Just, 1977) Family AORIDAE Globosolembos sp. Family BATEIDAE Batea sp. Family COLOMASTIGIDAE Colomastix halichondriae Bousfield, 1973 Species Gammaridean Amphipods Elasmopus sp. n.a. eb,st 1–2 ep,rub [42] Melita sp. n.a. eb,st 1–2 cl,rub,sb [42] Quadrimaera spp. (quadrimana complex) n.a. eb,st 1–2 rub [42] Family OEDICEROTIDAE Perioculodes cerasinus Thomas and Car,WA B b,st 1–8 rub,sg [40, 42] Barnard, 1985 Family PHLIANTIDAE Paraphinotus seclusus (Shoemaker, 1933) Car,WA B b,st 1–20 rub [29, 38, 42] Family PLATYISCHNOPIDAE Eudevenopus honduranus Thomas and Car,WA B b,st 1–40 mb,rub,sb [39, 42] Barnard, 1983 Family PHOXOCEPHALIDAE Metharpinia cf floridana (Shoemaker, 1933) Car,WA P b,st 0–6 rub,sb [9, 17, 42] Family SYNOPIIDAE Synopia sp. n.a. eb,st 1–2 sb [42] Family TALITRIDAE Pseudorchestoidea biolleyi (Stebbing, 1908) Car,EP P sp 0 wk [13, 17, 37] n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala; P = Panama c b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; sp = supralittoral; st = subtidal d Uppermost/ lowermost occurrences (in meters) e c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; ep = epiphytic; mb = muddy bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; shb = shelly bottom; wk = wrack, leaf litter f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 213 214 Species List g [8, 26] [1, 6] References f Habitat/ Community e Depth d Oceanic distribution c PM b,eb,st 0–18 sb PM eb,st 1–2 cl,m,mb [42] PM b,eb,st 4–37 mb,sb,shb [3, 26] PM b,eb,st 0–38 mb,sb,sg,shb [7, 26] PM b,st 7–76 mb PM b,st 0–274 rb,sb,shb [1, 2] PM b,st 0–128 rb,sb,shb [1, 2, 6] PM b,st 3–503 cr,mb,sb,shb [1, 2, 6] PM b,st 0–119 mb,sb,shb [1] PM b,st 0–188 mb,rb,sb,shb [1, 18] PM b,st 4–73 mb,sb,shb [1, 2] PM b,st 0–234 cr,mb,rb,sb,shb [1, 2, 18] PM b,st 9–210 mb,sb,shb [1, 18] PM b,st 0–73 sb,shb [1, 2] PM b,st 0–137 mb,sb,shb [1, 2, 7] PM b,stPMPM b,st b,st 0–450 mb,sb,shb 4–456 0–310 mb,sb [1, 2, 18] mb,sb,shb [1, 2, 18] [1, 2, 18] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b P G P Central America a EP n.a. EP EP EP Car,EP Car,EP,WA P Car,EP P EP EP Car,EP P Car,EP P EP Car,EP P Car,EP G,P Car,EPCar,EP G,P Car,EP,WA G,P World World distribution A. vera macrodentata microdentata Distribution Distribution of estuarine and marine gammaridean amphipod species occurring on the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

A. records heteruropus of Myers, (= 1968a) Barnard, 1954 Barnard, 1954 Barnard, 1954) Paramicrodeutopus hancocki (Myers 1968) Paramicrodeutopus Leptocheirus sp. Amphideutopus oculatus Barnard, 1959 Family Family AORIDAE Acuminodeutopus periculosus Barnard, 1969 Ampelisca shoemakeri Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca venetiensis 1916 Shoemaker, Shoemaker, 1933 Shoemaker, Ampelisca schellenbergi Ampelisca Barnard, romigi 1954 Ampelisca pugetica forma Ampelisca milleri Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca mexicana Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca lobata Holmes, 1908 Ampelisca hancocki Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca cristoides Barnard, 1954 Ampelisca cristata forma Species List 21.2 Order AMPHIPODA Suborder GAMMARIDEA Family AMPELISCIDAE Ampelisca agassizi (Judd, 1896) (= Barnard, Ampelisca 1954 brevisimulata Ampelisca cristata Holmes, 1908 Species Gammaridean Amphipods 215 (continued) [4, 10, 17] [24, 41] [41] [27] [42] PM b,stPM b,st 0–55 18–1280 sb mb,shb [4, 19] PMPM eb,st eb,st 0–29 0–9 sb sb PM b,st 0–42 rub,sb,shb [11, 26, 31] PM b,it,stPM eb,st 0–100 mb,rb,sb,sg 1–2 [7, 14, 25] rub PM b,st 0–91 sb,shb [10] PM eb,stPM it 0–9PM rb,sb,sg,shb 0 eb,st [15, 30, 33] 35 sb mb,sb [16] [42] PM eb,st 1–2 m,mb [33, 42] PM b,st 0–221 mb,rub,sb,shb [8, 26, 31] X? PM b,st 4–18 mb,sb,shb [9] X? PM b,st 3 sb P P P P EP EP EP EP EPCar,EP,WAEP P X? IC b,st n.a. sb [31] EP EP EP EP,WA,WP EP EP (sur phenotype) 1942 1982 1949) 1942) Metharpinia oripacifica Barnard, 1980 Myers, barnardi 1968 Pseudomegamphopus Family Family PHLIANTIDAE sp. Pariphinotus Foxiphalus obtusidens (Alderman, 1936) Foxiphalus Heterophoxus nitellus Heterophoxus Barnard, 1960 Family Family HAUSTORIIDAE Acanthohaustorius sp. Family ISAEIDAE dubia 1942) Gammaropsis (Shoemaker, Family ISCHYROCERIDAE Cerapus sp. Family MEGALUROPIDAE 1980) myersi (McKinney, Gibberosus Resupinus coloni Thomas and Barnard, 1986 Family NEOMEGAMPHOPIDAE Shoemaker, roosevelti Neomegamphopus Family Family OEDICEROTIDAE (Mills, Americhelidium rectipalmum 1962) Family Family PHOXOCEPHALIDAE golfensis Barnard and Barnard, Foxiphalus (Shoemaker, baconi 1934) Laticorophium (Shoemaker, Family Family COROPHIIDAE panamense Americorophium (Shoemaker, (Shoemaker, schmitti (Shoemaker, Paramicrodeutopus 216 Species List g [35] References f Habitat/ Community e Depth d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Endemic Pacific X? IC sp 0 wk b Central America a EPEPCar,EPEPCar,EP B,P PEP X? P PM PM X? b,st PM b,st b,st 6–9 PM PM 3–27 sp sp 0–73 sb,shb sb mb,sb,shb 0 0 [4, 9] [5, 39] [5, 39] mb,wk wk [36] [13, 16, 37] World World distribution (continued)

= wrack, leaf litter CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala; P = Panama b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; sp = supralittoral; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = = Caribbean; western EP Atlantic; = WP eastern WA = Pacific; western Pacific PM = Mainland; Pacific IC = Isla del Coco Uppermost/ lowermost occurrences (in meters) cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral mb reefs; = m muddy = bottom; mangroves; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; shb = shelly bottom; wk Species List 21.2 minimus Microphoxus Barnard, 1960 a b c d e f g Family Family PLATYISCHNOPIDAE Eudevenopus metagracilis (Barnard, 1964) viscana (Barnard, 1964) Tiburonella Family TALITRIDAE costaricana (Stebbing, Chelorchestia 1906) (Stebbing, biolleyi 1908) Pseudorchestoidea fritzi Stebbing, 1903 Talorchestia n.a. = information not available Species Hyperiid Amphipods 217 f (continued) References [2, 7] [2, 5, 7, ] [2] [2, 5, 7] [2, 7] [4] [3, 4] [3, 4] [3, 4] [1, 4] [4, 5, 7] e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) Surface wc 0–100 wc 0–200 wc 0–200 wc Surface wc 0–500 wc 50–200 wc 0–200 wc c Oceanic distribution epep Surface wc [2, 7] ep ep ep ep,mp 0–500 wc ep,mp 50–400 wc ep ep ep ep bp,ep,mp 0–1,000 wc b Central America G, N P a World World distribution cpcpctMedctIP ep,mp ep,mp P ep,mp 0–1,756 0–1,300 bp? wc 0–500 wc ep ep wc [6] 0–200 [6] 0–200 [4] wc wc wc [4, 7] [2, 7] [2, 5] ct ct ct EP,WP ct ct cp ct co cp EP,WP Species List 22.1 Hyperiid amphipods recorded from the waters Pacific of Costa Rica Species Order AMPHIPODA Infraorder PHYSOCEPHALATA Superfamily VIBILIOIDEA Family VIBILIIDAE armata 1887 Bovallius, Vibilia Vibilia australis Stebbing, 1888 Vibilia Family PARAPHRONIMIDAE gracilis Claus, 1879 Paraphronima Superfamily PHRONIMOIDEA Family HYPERIIDAE Bougisia ornata 1966 Laval, Hyperietta vosseleri (Stebbing, 1904) Hyperioides sibaginis (Stebbing, 1888) cryptodactylus Stebbing, Hyperoche 1888 Lestrigonus bengalensis Giles, 1887 Lestrigonus latissimus 1889) (Bovallius, Lestrigonus (Stebbing, schizogeneios 1888) Lestrigonus shoemakeri Bowman, 1973 Phronimopsis spinifera Claus, Phronimopsis 1879 Themistella fusca? (Dana, 1852) Family PHRONIMIDAE sedentaria? Phronima (Forskål, 1775) Phronimella elongata Phronimella (Claus, 1862) Family Family PHROSINIDAE blossevillei Anchylomera Milne-Edwards, 1830 Phrosina semilunata Phrosina Risso, 1822 Bowman, 1978 Primno brevidens 218 Species List f References [2, 3, 7] [2, 7] [2, 7] [2, 5, 7] [2, 8] [2, 3, 5] [2, 3, 7] [2, 7] [2, 3, 7] [2, 7] [2] [2, 7] e Habitat/ Community wc wc d Depth (m) ? ? 0–100 wc 0–200 wc 50–200 wc 50–200 wc 0–100 wc 65–120 wc 25–50 wc 0–100 wc 0–200 wc c Oceanic distribution ? ep? ep ep ep,mp 0–500 wc ep ep ep ep ep ep ep b Central America P a ct n.a. ct World World distribution ct ct 46° N–41° S ct ct ct EA,IP ct G = Guatemala, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern IP Pacific; = WP Indo-Pacific; = western Pacific bp = bathypelagic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Family Family LYCAEIDAE vincentii Lycaea Stebbing, 1888 Simorhynchotus antennarius Claus, 1871 Family BRACHYSCELIDAE rapacoides Brachyscelus Stephensen, 1925 Family OXYCEPHALIDAE (Streets, Cranocephalus scleroticus 1878) Species List 22.1 (continued) Species Superfamily PLATYSCELOIDEA Family PRONOIDAE parva Claus, 1879 Parapronoe a b c d e f Bovallius, 1887 Glossocephalus Bovallius, milneedwardsi Leptocotis (Claus, tenuirostris 1871) Oxycephalus clausi 1887 Bovallius, Oxycephalus piscator? Milne-Edwards, 1830 Rhabdosoma armatum (Milne-Edwards, 1840) Family Family PLATYSCELIDAE Amphithyrus sculpturatus Claus, 1879 Family Family PARASCELIDAE Claus, edwardsi 1879 Parascelus n.a. = information not available Barnacles 219 f , CAS] * ] ] * * , CAS] , CAS] , 8 ] (continued) * * * * References [14 [2] e Habitat/ Community rb d Depth (m) st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] it stst c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [7 2–46 c,symbiont of Alcyonacea [CAS] st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] stst c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [7 c,symbiont of Brachyura [7 st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] st c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] stst2–540 c,symbiont of Cheloniidae [CAS] c,symbiont of Alcyonacea c,symbiont of Porifera [7 [USNM] c n Oceanic distribution b n b n n n n n n n n b Central America CA ep st f a Car cp CA ep st f [14 cp Car,WA cp Car,WA WA World World distribution EP,IP cp EA,WA,WP ct WP cp Car Car,EA,IP?,RSCar,EP,WA P CA b b Barnacles from the Caribbean of Costa Rica Pilsbry, 1916 Pilsbry, crenatibasis

Pilsbry, 1916 darwiniana Cylindrolepas Pilsbry, Species List 23.1 Order LEPADOMORPHA Family LEPADIDAE Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1767 Order BALANOMORPHA Family CHTHAMALIDAE Chthamalus Dando proteus and Southward, 1980 Chelonibia manati Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1757) Conopea merrilli Zuillo, 1966 Species Platylepas decorata Darwin, 1854 Family Family CORONULIDAE 1790) Chelonibia (Spengler, caretta Chelonibia patula (Ranzani, 1818) Family PYRGOMATIDAE Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) Stephanolepas muricata 1886 Fischer, Stomatolepas (Costa, elegans 1838) Stomatolepas transversa Nilson-Cantell, 1930 Family Family ARCHAEOBALANIDAE Acasta cyathus Darwin, 1854 Conopea galeata (Linnaeus, 1771) 220 Species List f ] * ] , 15 * * [7 [5] References [12] [4] [7 e Scleractinia Habitat/ Community rb d st rb Depth (m) st rb it to 46 rb,m,cl,ep it c Oceanic distribution b P b Central America CA b CA b a IP,WA Car,WA b st of cr,c,symbiont cpcp CA b it rb,m [r*, 7*] Car,EA,IP,WA P b World World distribution ct (continued)

= Species with an inferred range within Costa Rica: ranges that span Costa Rica, or “cosmopolitan” species CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama it = intertidal; st = subtidal; uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; RS = Red Sea; = WA western b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; n = neritic c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; ep = epizoic; f = flotsam; m = rb mangroves; = rocky bottom References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. Unpublished Museum records are noted with the acronym of the museum. CAS = Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, Megabalanus 1758) California Academy of Sciences, USNM = United States National Museum. Species List 23.1 1989 paucicostata Ceratoconcha Young, * a b c d e f Family Family BALANIDAE Amphibalanus amphitrite Darwin, 1854 Darwin, Amphibalanus 1854 improvisus Fistulobalanus pallidus Fistulobalanus (Darwin, 1854) Atlantic; WP = western Pacific Species Amphibalanus Utinomi, reticulatus 1964 Barnacles Species List 23.2 Barnacles from Pacific Costa Rica

World Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Order LEPADOMORPHA Family OXYNASPIDIDAE Oxynaspis sp. cf. rossi Newman, 1972 EP PM b st ep,symbiont of [CAS] Antipatharia Family LEPADIDAE Conchoderma virgata (Spengler, 1790) cp CA PM,IC f,n st ep,symbiont of [14*] Cetacea Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 cp CA PM,IC ep,f st ep,f [14*] Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1767 cp CA PM,IC ep,f st f [14*] Order SCALPELLOMORPHA Family SCALPELLIDAE Pollicipes elegans (Lesson, 1831) EP PM b it rb [USNM] Order BALANOMORPHA Family CATOPHRAGMIDAE Catolasmus pilsbryi (Broch, 1922) EP P PM b it rb [CAS, 1, 7, 10] Family CHTHAMALIDAE Chthamalus sp. cf. anisopoma (Pilsbry, 1916) EP IC b it rb [CAS] Chthamalus panamensis Pilsbry, 1916 EP P PM b it rb [9] Microeuraphia eastropacensis (Laguna, 1987) EP CA PM b it m [CAS, 6] Microeuraphia imperatrix (Pilsbry, 1916) EP CA PM b it rb [9*] Family CORONULIDAE Chelonibia testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1757) cp CA PM,IC n st c,symbiont of [7*, 9*] Cheloniidae Platylepas hexastylos (Fabricius, 1798) ct PM n st c,symbiont of [7*, 9*] Hydrophiidae, Cheloniidae 221 (continued) 222 Species List ] * g , 9 ] * * ] ] ] ] ] * * * * * , 9 * , 9 ] ] , 9 , 9 , 7 ] , 9 * * * * * * * * [9 [7 [9 [3] [4 [CAS] [CAS, 4 References f Cetacea Cetacea Cetacea Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) stit rb ep,rb 0–46 cl,ep,m,rbstit [4 ep,rb ep,rb d b b b b b Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b Central America a cpEP CAEPCar,EP,WA P PM,ICCar,EP,WA P CA PM,IC n IC PM PM b n.a. b b bEP itEP c,symbiont of EPct 2–540 CA it it P rb P c,on Alcyonacea PM CA [7 rb rb PM PM PM b [CAS, 13] b b [CAS] [CAS, 11] b it it st 0–18 cl,ep,m,rb cl,ep,m,rb ep,rb rb [CAS] [4, 7] [7 [CAS] Ct CA PM,IC n st c,symbiont of World World distribution EP PEPEPct PM P CA PM PM PM b b b st st it rb ep,rb ep,rb [CAS] [CAS] [4 EP CA PM,IC ncp st CAcp c,symbiont of PM CAcpEP PM P CA PM EP CA PM b it rb [4, 7 (continued)

Kolosváry, 1941 calidus nonstriatus Kolosváry, masignotus (Henry & McLaughlin, 1967) Xenobalanus globicipitis Steenstrup, 1851 Family TETRACLITIDAE 1916 Pilsbry, milleporosa Tetraclita 1916 panamensis Pilsbry, Tetraclita stalactifera (Lamarck, 1818) Tetraclita Family ARCHAEOBALANIDAE Conopea galeata (Linnaeus, 1771) 1916 Amphibalanus inexpectatus Pilsbry, Amphibalanus 1909 peruvianus Pilsbry, Amphibalanus poecilus Darwin, 1854 Amphibalanus Utinomi, reticulatus 1964 Species List 23.2 diadema Coronula Darwin, 1854 Species Amphibalanus Brugiere, crenatus 1789 Amphibalanus eburneus Gould, 1841 Darwin, 1854 reginae Coronula Solidobalanus (Solidobalanus) Family BALANIDAE Amphibalanus amphitrite Darwin 1854 Amphibalanus Darwin, Amphibalanus 1854 improvisus Amphibalanus trigonus Darwin, 1854 1973) dentivarians Fistulobalanus (Henry, (Henry, 1973) suturaltus (Henry, Fistulobalanaus Barnacles Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854) EP G,ES,P PM b st rb [CAS, 5, 9*] Megabalanus galapaganus Pilsbry, 1916 EP P IC b st rb CAS Megabalanus peninsularis (Pilsbry, 1916) EP P PM,IC b st rb [5, 9*] Paraconcavus mexicanus (Henry, 1941) EP CA PM b 0–73 ep,on Mollusca and [USNM, 4, 9*] Echinoidea Paraconcavus pacificus (Pilsbry, 1916) EP P PM b 0–91 ep,rb [USNM] Tetrabalanus polygenus Cornwall, 1941 EP P PM b it rb [CAS, 9] n.a. = Information not available Unpublished museum records are noted with the acronym of the museum. CAS= California Academy of Sciences, USNM= US National Museum * = Species with ranges that span Costa Rica, or “cosmopolitan” species. The asterisk (*) indicates an inferred range within Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern Pacific; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; P = Panama c PM= Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco d b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; f = flotsam; n = neritic e it = intertidal; st = subtidal; uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) f c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; ep = epizoic; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; p= parasitic; rb = rocky bottom g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 223 224 Species List e [4] [13] [4, 13] [4, 13] [13] [13] [13] [4, 13] [4, 13] [4] References d Habitat/ Community c 0–130 wc Depth (m) b ep,mpmp 0–600n,ep wcn,ep,mp 200–600n,ep 100–1,000 0–200 wc wc [13] n wc 0–200n,ep,mpn,epn,ep wc 0–600 0–200n,ep wc 0–200 wc n,ep cl 0–200 wc 0–200 wc Oceanic distribution Endemic a Med,WA WA,WP WA,WP WA,WP Car,EP,WACar,EA,EP, EA,EP,IP,Med,WA,WP IO,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,IO cp epct,RS Car,EA,IO 0–200Car,EP,IO,WA, Car,EA,EP,IO, wcCar,EA,EP,IO, [13] EA.EP,IO,Med, Copepod species of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Family Family AETIDEIDAE (Claus, 1866) rostrata Euchirella Family AUGAPTILIDAE Haloptilus longicornis ( Claus, 1863) Family CALANIDAE Nannocalanus minor (Claus, 1863) Undinula vulgaris (Dana, 1849) Family CLAUSOCALANIDAE 1883) Clausocalanus (Brady, furcatus Family CENTROPAGIDAE velificatus (de 1946) Oliveira, Centropages Family EUCALANIDAE Eucalanus monachus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus subcrassus Giesbrecht, 1888 Rhincalanus cornutus (Dana, 1849) Family EUCHAETIDAE Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea, 1833) Family LUCICUTIIDAE Lucicutia flavicornis (Claus, 1863) Species List 24.1 Superorder GYMNOPLEA Order CALANOIDA Family ACARTIIDAE Acartia Giesbrecht, lilljeborgii 1889 Species distribution World Copepods 225 (continued) [4, 13] [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] [13] [4, 13] [4] [13] [4, 13] [4, 13] [4, 13] [4] [4] 0–1300–130 wc 0–1300–130 wc 0–130 wc 0–130 wc wc 0–130 wc 0–130 wc 0–200 wc 0–10 wc wc 0–1300–130 wc wc n,epn 0–200n n n wc n n n n ep n n n n,epep,mp 0–200ep,mp 0–600 wc 0–600 wc wc ct,EP,IO,Med, WA,R,St EP,IO,RS,WA Car,EA,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,WA Car,Med,WA Car,EA Car,EA ct,EP,WP Car,IO,WA Car,EP,Med,WP EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA EA,EP,IP,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Acrocalanus longicornis Acrocalanus Giesbrecht, 1888 Family PONTELLIDAE Dahl, Calanopia 1894 americana F. Labidocera aestiva 1901 Wheeler, Labidocera scotti Giesbrecht, 1897 1957 mimocerami Fleminger, Pontella 1883 villosa Brady, Pontellopsis Family PSEUDODIAPTOMIDAE Pseudodiaptomus acutus (Dahl, 1894) Pseudodiaptomus marshi Wright, 1936 Family SCOLECITHRICIDAE Scolecthrix danae Lubbock, 1856 Family TEMORIDAE turbinata (Dana, 1849) Temora Superorder PODOPLEA Order CYCLOPOIDA Family OITHONIDAE Oithona hebes Giesbrecht, 1891 Oithona nana Giesbrecht, 1892 Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 Order MORMONILLOIDA Family MORMONILLIDAE Mormonilla minor Giesbrecht, 1891 Mormonilla phasma Giesbrecht, 1891 Family Family PARACALANIDAE aculeatus Giesbrecht, 1888 Paracalanus 226 Species List e [13] [4, 13] References [5] [5] [5] [13] [4] [4] d Habitat/C Community c n.a sb Depth (m) n.a sb n.a sb n.a0–130 sb 0–200 wc wc b b n,ep 0–200 wc Oceanic distribution b n n,epep 0–700 wc Endemic X b X b a ct,EA,EP,WA,WP,ctn.an.aEA,EP,Med,RS,WA,WPCar,EA,WA epCar,ct,EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP Xn.a 0–200 b X wc b b b n.a [3] n.a n.a sb n.a sb mb mb [4] [9] [6, 8] [9] n.a EP,WA Car,EP,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP (continued)

Mielke, Mielke, 1992 Family Family AMEIRIDAE Nitocra bisetosa Mielke, 1993 Karllangia obscura Mielke, 1994 Karllangia Mielke, pulchra 1994 Family ECTINOSOMIDAE (Dana, rosea 1848) Microsetella Family LONGIPEDIIDAE Longipedia helgolandica Klie, 1949 Family MIRACIIDAE gracilis (Dana Macrosetella 1852) Family TETRAGONOCIPITIDAE Phyllopodopsyllus carinatus Mielke, 1992 Species List 24.1 Order HARPACTICOIDA Family AEGISTHIDAE aculeatus Aegisthus Giesbrecht, 1891 Species distribution World Phyllopodopsyllus gertrudi costaricensis Phyllopodopsyllus setouchiensis Kitazima, 1981 Order POECILOSTOMATOIDA Family CORYCAEIDAE Corycaeus Claus, furcifer 1863 carinata (Giesbrecht, 1891) Farranula gracilis (Dana, 1853) Farranula Copepods Family ONCAEIDAE Conaea gracilis (Dana, 1853) ct,EA,WA ep 0–200 wc [4] Oncaea mediterranea Claus, 1883 Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP n,ep 0–200 wc [13] Oncaea venusta Phillippi, 1843 Car,EA,EP,WA,WP n, ep 0–200 wc [4, 13] n.a. = information not available aCar = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific bb = benthic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic cUppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) dcl = coastal lagoons; mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom; wc = water column eReferences are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 227 228 Species List f References e Habitat/ Community d 0–130 wc [17] 0–130 wc [12, 13] Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b PM mp 200–600 wc [13, 16] PM mp 200–600 wc [15] PM mp 200–600 wc [15] PM mp 200–600 wc [15, 16] PMPM ep,mp,nPM mp 100–1,000 wc mp 200–600 [15, 16] wc 200–600 wc [15] [15, 16] PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] PMPM ep,mp ep 0–600 0–200 wc wc [15, 16] [16] PMPM mp ep,mp 200–600 0–600 wc wc [16] [15] PMPM ep mp 0–200 200–600 wc n.a. [15] [15] PM mp 200–600 wc [15] PM mp 200–600 wc [16] PM n PMPM ep,n ep 0–200 0–200 wc wc [12, 13, 16] [1, 12, 13] PM n Endemic Pacific a EA,EP,WA,WP,Med,Car EA,Med,WA EA,EP,IP,Med,WA,WP ct ct EA,EP,Med,WA,WP EA,EP,IO ct Ant,Arc,ct IO EP,EA,IO,WA,WP n.a. EA,WP ct,EA,EP,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,Ant,WP EA,EP EA,EP,IO,Med,RS Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP Car,EP,WA EA,EP,Med,WA,WP List of copepod species of the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

Haloptilus ornatus (Giesbrecht, 1892) Haloptilus (Claus, mucronatus 1863) Haloptilus longicornis (Claus, 1863) Family Family ARIETELLIDAE Arietellus sp. Family AUGAPTILIDAE Augaptilus longicaudatus (Claus, 1863) Haloptilus (Giesbrecht, acutifrons 1892) Sars, 1905 brevicornis Valdiviella Gaetanus minor Farran, 1905 Gaidius tenuispinus (Sars, 1900) (Sars, Gaetanus 1900) brevispinus Gaetanus miles Giesbrecht, 1888 Chiridius sp. amoena Giesbrecht, Euchirella 1888 Cleve, 1904 Cleve, Euaetideus giesbrechti Aetideus armatus (Boeck, 1872) Family Family AETIDEIDAE G.O. Aetideopsis Sars, rostrata 1903 Acartia Dana, negligens 1849 Acartia danae Giesbrecht, 1889 Acartia Giesbrecht,1889 lilljeborgii Species List 24.2 Superorder GYMNOPLEA Order CALANOIDA Family ACARTIIDAE Acartia clausi Giesbrecht, 1889 Species distribution World Copepods Haloptilus oxycephalus (Giesbrecht, 1889) ct,Med PM mp 200–600 wc [15] Family CALANIDAE Canthocalanus pauper (Giesbrecht 1888) WP PM n 0–130 wc [1, 12–14, 16] Cosmocalanus darwini (Dana 1852) Car,EP PM ep,n 0–100 wc [15] Mesocalanus tenuicornis (Dana, 1849) EP PM ep 0–200 wc [16] Nannocalanus minor (Claus, 1863) Med,WA,IO,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] Neocalanus cristatus (Kröyer,1848) EA,EP,WA,WP PM n.a. n.a. wc [15] Neocalanus gracilis (Dana, 1849) EA,Med,WA,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13, 16] Neocalanus robustior (Giesbrecht, 1888) EA,EP,IP,WA,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [15] Undinula vulgaris (Dana, 1849) Car,IO,WA PM ep 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13, 16] Family CALOCALANIDAE Calocalanus contractus Farran, 1926 Car,ct,EA,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [15] Calocalanus pavo (Dana, 1849) EA,EP,Med,RS,WA,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [15, 16] Calocalanus pavoninus Farran, 1936 Car,ct,EA,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [15] Calocalanus styliremis Giesbrecht, 1888 cp PM ep 0–200 wc [12, 13] Ishnocalanus plumulosus (Claus, 1863) ct PM mp 400–600 wc [15] Family CANDACIIDAE Candacia catula (Giesbrecht, 1889) EP,RS PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] Candacia pachydactyla (Dana, 1849) EA,EP,WA,WP PM n 0–130 wc [1, 16] Candacia varicans (Giesbrecht, 1892) Car,EA,EP PM n 0–200 wc [16] Family CENTROPAGIDAE Centropages calaninus (Dana, 1849) EP,WP PM n 0–200 wc [16] Centropages furcatus (Dana, 1852) ct,RS PM n 0–130 wc [1, 12–14, 16] Centropages longicornis (Mori, 1937) Car,EA,WA PM n 0–130 wc [1]

(continued) 229 230 Species List f 16] 15] 15, 16] References e Habitat/ Community d 0–130 wc [14, 16] 0–200 wc [16] 0–200 wc [15] 0–200 wc [16] Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b PM bp 600–2,000 wc [16] PMPMPM ep,mpPM ep,mp n 0–600 ep,n 0–600 wc wc 0–200 [15] wc [15] [14b] PM ep 0–200 wc [12, 13, 15, PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 15, 16] PMPM n ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 15] PM n PM n PM ep,mp,n 0–600 wc [12–, 16] PM n.a. n.a. wc [19] PM bp,ep,mp,n 0–1,300 wc [1, 12, 13, PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM ep 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13, PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] Endemic Pacific a A,WP EP,WP,IO EP,WP,IO EP,WP EA,WP EA,EP,WA,WP Ant,Arc,EP,IO,WA,WP IP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP cp,ct ct,EA,EP,WA,WP,IP ct,EP,IO,WP EA,Car,IO Arc,EA,EP ct,EA,EP,IO,WP Arc,EA,EP EA,EP,IO cp,ct EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WPcp,ct,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,W PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1] (continued)

Euchaeta Euchaeta rimana Bradford, 1974 Wolfenden, 1905 Euchaeta indica Wolfenden, Euchaeta longicornis Giesbrecht, 1888 Euchaeta media Giesbrecht, 1888 Family Family EUCHAETIDAE Euchaeta acuta Giesbrecht, 1892 Rhincalanus nasutus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus subcrassus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus subtenuis (Giesbrecht, 1888) Fleminger, Eucalanus 1973 sewelli Fleminger, Eucalanus pileatus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus Giesbrecht, mucronatus 1888 Eucalanus monachus Giesbrecht, 1888 Eucalanus inermis Giesbrecht, 1892 Eucalanus elongatus (Dana, 1849) Eucalanus bungii Giesbrecht, 1892 Family Family EUCALANIDAE Eucalanus attenuatus (Dana, 1849) Clausocalanus Farran, 1926 pergens Species List 24.2 Family CLAUSOCALANIDAE Clausocalanus (Dana, arcuicornis 1849) (Brady, 1883) Clausocalanus (Brady, furcatus Species distribution World Copepods Euchaeta tenuis Esterly, 1906 EP,WP PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] Paraeuchaeta barbata Brady, 1883 IP,EA PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] Paraeuchaeta hansenii (With, 1915) EP,IO,WP, PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] Paraeuchaeta norvegica (Boeck, 1872) EA,WA PM ep,n 0–600 wc [15] Paraeuchaeta tonsa (Giesbrecht, 1895) EA PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15, 16] Family HETERORHABDIDAE Heterorhabdus papilliger (Claus, 1863) EA,IO,Med,WA PM mp 200–600 wc [15] Family LUCICUTIIDAE Lucicutia bicornuta Wolfenden, 1911 EA,EP,WA,WP,IP PM ep 500–400 wc [15] Lucicutia flavicornis (Claus, 1863) EA.EP,IO,Med,WA,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 15, 16] Lucicutia gemina Farran, 1926 EA PM ep 0–200 wc [16] Lucicutia grandis (Giesbrecht, 1895) EA,EP,IP,WA, PM ep 300–500 wc [15] Lucicutia ovalis (Giesbrecht, 1889) EA,EP,WA,WP,IO PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12–14] Family MECYNOCERIDAE Mecynocera clausi (Thompson, 1888) EP,WP,IP PM ep 0–600 wc [15] Family METRIDINIDAE Metridia sp. EA,WA,EP,WP PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] Pleuromamma abdominalis f. edentata ct PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] Steuer, 1931 Pleuromamma abdominalis f.abysalis EA,WA,EP,WP PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] Steuer, 1931 Pleuromamma abdominalis (Lubbock, 1856) ct PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [5, 15, 16] Pleuromamma gracilis (Claus, 1863) Car,EA,EP,IO,Med PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [12, 13, 16] Pleuromamma piseki Farran, 1929 EA,EP PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [16] Pleuromamma quadrungulata (Dahl, 1893) EA,EP,IO,WA,WP PM mp 200–600 wc [15] Pleuromamma robusta (Dahl, 1893) EA,IO,RS PM mp 200–600 wc [12, 13] Pleuromamma scutullata Brodsky, 1950 n.a. PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15] (continued) 231 232 Species List f 13, 14, 20] References e Habitat/ Community d 0–1300–130 wc wc [12, 13, 20] [1, 2, 3, 12, 0–130 wc [1] 0–1300–130 wc wc [1, 12, 13] [13, 14] 0–200 wc [12–14] 0–130 wc [1, 12, 13] Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b PMPM ep,n mp 200–2,000 wc 200–600 wc [15] [15] PM mp 200–600 wc [15] PMPM n n PM mp 200–600 wc [15, 16] PM n PM mp 200–600 wc [16] PMPM n n PM ep 0–200 wc [15, 16] PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM ep 0–200 mb [15] PM n PMPM ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [12, 13] [1, 12–14] PM n Endemic Pacific a ct EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP EP ct ct,EA,EP,IP,WA,WP EA,EP,WA EA,EP,WA,WP EP EA,EP EA,EP,IO,WA,WP Ant,ct,EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Car Ant,ct cp IO,WA ct,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA EA,EP,IO,WA,WPEP,IO,RS,WPEA,EP,RS,WA,WPEP,IO,RS,WA PM ep,mp PM PM 0–600 ep n wc 0–200 0–130 [15] wc wc [15] [12, 13] (Giesbrecht, 1889) (continued)

Scolecithricella dentata (Giesbrecht, 1892) Scaphocalanus sp. Pseudodiaptomus wrigthi Johnson, 1964 Family Family SCOLECITHRICIDAE Amallothrix gracilis (Sars, 1905) Lophothrix sp. Family Family PSEUDODIAPTOMIDAE Pseudodiaptomus cristobalensis Marsh, 1913 Pontellina plumata (Dana, 1849) Pontellina Labidocera Labidocera lubbockii Giesbrecht, 1889 agassizii Giesbrecht, 1895 Pontella Family Family PONTELLIDAE Labidocera acuta (Dana, 1849) Phaenna spinifera (Claus, 1863) Cornucalanus sp. Family Family PHAENNIDAE Cephalophanes sp. Paracalanus parvus (Claus, 1863) Paracalanus (Dahl, 1894) crassirostris Parvocalanus Paracalanus aculeatus Giesbrecht, 1888 Paracalanus Species List 24.2 xiphias Pleuromamma Family PARACALANIDAE gibber Acrocalanus Giesbrecht, 1888 gracilis Giesbrecht, Acrocalanus 1888 longicornis Acrocalanus Giesbrecht, 1888 Species distribution World Copepods Scolecithricella marginata (Giesbrecht, 1888) n.a. PM ep 0–200 wc [12, 13] Scolecithricella tenuiserrata (Giesbrecht, ct PM ep,n 0–200 wc [15] 1892) Scolecithricella vittata (Giesbrecht, [1892)] EP PM ep 0–200 wc [15] Scolecithrix bradyi Giesbrecht, 1888 EA,EP,IP,Med,WA,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13, 16] Scolecithrix danae (Lubbock, 1856) EA,EP,IO,Med,WA,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [15, 16] Scottocalanus sp. ct,EP,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [15] Family TEMORIDAE Eurytemora sp. cp PM n 0–130 wc [15] Temora discaudata Giesbrecht, 1889 Car,EP,IO,WA PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13, 16] Temoropia mayumbaensis T. Scott, 1894 EP,IO,RS,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] Superorder PODOPLEA Order CYCLOPOIDA Family OITHONIDAE Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13] Oithona setigera Dana, 1852 EA,EP IO,Med,RS,WA PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1] Oithona similis (Claus, 1866) EA,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA,WP PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1, 12, 13] Oithona spinirostris (Claus, 1863) Car,EP,IO,Med,RS,WA PM ep 0–200 wc [15] Order MONSTRILLOIDA Family MONSTRILLIDAE Cymbasoma concepcionae Suárez & Morales, n.a. X PM n 0–130 wc [18] 2003 Order MORMONILLOIDA Family MORMONILLIDAE Mormonilla minor Giesbrecht, 1891 EA,EP,IP,WA,WP PM ep,mp 400–1,500 wc [15] Mormonilla phasma Giesbrecht, 1891 EA,EP,IP,WA,WP PM ep,mp 0–600 wc [15]

(continued) 233 234 Species List f References e Habitat/ Community d n.a. sb [11] n.a. sb [5] n.a.n.a.n.a. sb sb sb [11] [11] [11] n.a. sb [10] n.a. sb [10] n.a. sb [10] n.a. sb [10] n.a. sb [7] Depth (m) n.a. sb [6, 7] c Oceanic distribution b PM b PMPM b PM b b PMPM ep b 0–200 wc [15] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12–14] PM b X PM b X? PM b X? PM b X? PM b X? PM b Endemic Pacific a WA,WP n.a. n.a. n.a. Car,Med n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IO ct,EA,EP,Med,WA,WP cpn.a.ct,EA,EP,Med,WA,WPCar,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS, X PM X PM ep PM b b 0–200 n.a. wc n.a. sb [15] sb [5, 6] [8] ct (continued)

Cottarelli, Mexicolaophonte arganoi 1977 Family Family LAOPHONTIDAE schmidti Mielke, Afrolaophonte 1981 Klienychocamptoides itoi Mielke, 1981 Laophontella horrida dentata 1964) (Por, Family Family HARPACTICIDAE Zausodes septimus Lang, 1965 sp. Schizopera sp. Schizopera Schizopera osana Schizopera Mielke, 1995 Schizopera nicoyana Schizopera Mielke, 1995 Family Family DIOSACCIDAE & Balucopsylla Rao, triarticulata 1987 Wells Family Family ECTINOSOMATIDAE (Dana, rosea 1848) Microsetella Family Family CANTHOCAMPTIDAE Orthopsyllus linearis curvaspina (Claus, 1886) Family CANUELLIDAE bisetosa Microcanuela Mielke, 1994 Family CLYTEMNESTRIDAE 1883) (Brady, Clytemnestra rostrata Clytemnestra scutellata Dana, 1848 Species List 24.2 Order HARPACTICOIDA Family AMEIRIDAE Nitocra bisetosa Mielke, 1993 Species distribution World Copepods Family MIRACIIDAE Macrosetella gracilis (Dana,1848) Car,ct,EA,EP,IO,Med,WA PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] ,WP Family TACHIDIIDAE Euterpina acutifrons (Dana, 1848) cp PM n 0–130 wc [12, 13, 14] Family TETRAGONICIPITIDAE Oniscopsis robinsoni Chappuis & Delamare, Car,EP PM b n.a. sb [5] 1956 Phillopodopsyllus ancylus Mielke, 1992 n.a. X PM b n.a. sb [5] Phillopodopsyllus gertrudi costaricensis n.a. X PM b n.a. sb [5] Kunz, 1984 Phillopodopsyllus setouchiensis Kitazima, EP,WA PM b n.a. sb [5] 1981 Order POECILOSTOMATOIDA Family CLAUSIDIIDAE Hemicyclops thalassius Vervoort & Ramírez, EP,WA,WP PM n 0–130 wc [12, 13, 14] 1966 Saphirella tropica Wolfenden, 1906 EA,EP,IP,WA,WP PM ep 0–200 wc [A. Morales pers. obs.] Family CORYCAEIDAE Corycaeus bremhi Dana, 1849 EP,Med,WP PM n 0–130 wc [1, 12, 13] Corycaeus flaccus (Giesbrecht, 1891) EP,WP,IO,EA,WA,Med,Car PM n 0–130 wc [12, 13] Corycaeus speciosus Dana, 1849 ct,EA,EP,Med,WA,WP,IO, PM n 0–130 wc [12, 13] Corycaeus ovalis Claus, 1863 EA.EP,IO,Med,WA,WP PM n 0–130 wc [1, 15] Farranula carinata (Giesbrecht, 1891) EA,EP,WA,WP PM ep,n 0–700 wc [Suárez- Morales & Morales, pers. obs.]

(continued) 235 236 Species List f References e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) c Oceanic distribution b PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [1] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM ep,n 0–200 wc [12, 13] PMPM ep,n ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [12, 13] [15] PMPM ep ep,n 0–200 0–200 wc wc [15] [12, 13, 15] PM ep 0–200 wc [2] PM ep 0–200 wc [15] PM ep,n n.a. wc [15] Endemic Pacific a WA,WP WA,WP EA,WA,IP EA,EP,WA,WP Ant,ct Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS, ct,EA,EP,IO,WA,WP Car,EP Ant,EP,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,WA,WP EA,EP,IP,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,Med,IO,WA,WP Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO,Med,RS, Car,EA,EP,IO,RS,WA,WP ct,EA,WA EA,EP,WA,WP EP,IO,IP,RS,WP (continued)

PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; IO EA = = Indian Eastern Ocean; Atlantic; IP EP = Eastern Pacific; b = benthic; bp = bathypelagic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic mb = muddy bottom; sb = sandy bottom; wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list n.a. = information not available Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family RATANIIDAE Ratania sp. Sapphirina scarlata Giesbrecht, 1891 Sapphirina ovatolanceolata Dana, 1852 Sapphirina opalina Dana, 1852 Sapphirina Claus, nigromaculata 1863 Corissa sp. Family Family SAPPHIRINIDAE Copilia (Haeckel, vitrea 1864) Oncaea venusta Phillippi, 1843 Oncaea ornata Giesbrecht, 1891 Oncaea mediterranea Claus, 1863 Oncaea conifera Giesbrecht, 1891 Lubbockia Lubbockia aculeata Giesbrecht, 1891 Family Family ONCAEIDAE Conaea gracilis (Dana, 1853) Farranula gracilis (Dana, 1853) Farranula Species List 24.2 (Giesbrecht, gibbula 1891) Farranula a b c d e f = Indo-Pacific; = Med Indo-Pacific; = Mediterranean; RS = = western Red Atlantic; Sea; WP WA = western Pacific Species distribution World Sea-Spiders

Species List 25.1 Pycnogonids recorded from Caribbean waters of Costa Rica. Higher taxonomy below is as in Arnaud and Bamber (1987) Oceanic Habitat/ Species World distributiona Central Americab distributionc Depth (m)d Community Referencese Class PYCNOGONIDA Order PANTOPODA Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE Anoplodactylus batangensis (Helfer, ct B,P b,it,st 0–40 n.a. [7] 1938)* Anoplodactylus insigniformis Stock, Car P b,it,st 0–2 n.a. [10] 1974* n.a. = information not available * = Specimens lodged by Child in the ZMUCR, but not specifically recorded in litt. from Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean;ct = circumtropical b B = Belize; P = Panama c b = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 237 238 Species List g [4] References f Habitat/ Community e 183–3600 mb3570 mb [1] [9] 1892 mb [3] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c PMPM b,it,st b,it,stPMPM 0–2 b,it,stD 0–27 b,it,st mb b,st n.a. 0–90 0–9 rb [2] [6] n.a. [2] ICIC b,it,st b,it,st 0–2 0–6 n.a. n.a. [2] [8] PM b,it,st 0–29 n.a. [5] in litt . from Costa Rica Costa Rica x D b,st Endemic Pacific x D b,st b Central America B,N,P a World World distribution EPEP G,P EP,IP,WP P EP P P ct EA,EP,WA EP EPEP EP P P * * * * Pycnogonids recorded from Costa Pacific Rica. Higher taxonomy below is as in Arnaud and Bamber (1987)

b = benthic; it =.intertidal; st = subtidal Specimens lodged by Child in the ZMUCR, but not specifically recorded B = Belize; G = Guatemala; N = Nicaragua; P = Panamá References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EP Atlantic = = eastern Western IP Pacific; = Indo WA Pacific; D = deep water off Costa Rica; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom Child, Anoplodactylus 1979 reimerae Callipallene californiensis (Hall, 1913) Family PHOXICHILIDIIDAE Anoplodactylus californicus Hall, 1912 Anoplodactylus typhlops Sars, 1888 Family NYMPHONIDAE abyssale Heteronymphon (Stock, 1968) n.a. = information not available Species List 25.2 Species Class PYCNOGONIDA Order PANTOPODA Family AMMOTHEIDAE Ammothella symbius Child, 1979 * a b c d e f g Ascorhynchus Ascorhynchus paxillum Child, 1992 isthmiacum Stock, 1955 Tanystylum Family CALLIPALLENIDAE palpida Anoropallene (Hilton, 1939) Anoplodactylus Cole, erectus 1904 Marine Insects 239 f [2] [1] [4, 6] [3, 6] [3, 6] [6] References [6, 7] [6, 7] [5, 6] Ucides e occidentalis rb ws m,ws m,ws cl,ws rb Habitat/ Community sb crab holes of m,mb,rb d Oceanic distribution c IC?,PM p PM it PM it PM it PM it PM it Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America n.a. Yes?CA n.a. PMP it Yes?n.a. PMP it n.a. Yes? PM it a World World distribution n.a. EP n.a. n.a. EP EP EP,WA CA Car,EP,Med,WA CA n.a. Marine Collembola and Hemiptera (Class Insecta) from the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama it = intertidal; p = pelagic Car = Caribbean; EP = = eastern Med western Pacific; = Atlantic Mediterranean; WA PM = mainland; Pacific IC = Isla del Coco cl = coastal lagoons; m = mb mangroves; = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; ws = water surface References indicated by numbers according to the reference list Species List 26.1 Species Order COLLEMBOLA Family HYPOGASTURIDAE Anurida mara Christiansen & 1988 Bellinger, a b c d e f Order HEMIPTERA Family GERRIDAE Halobates sobrinus White 1883 Rheumatobates ornatus Polhemus & Cheng, 1976 Rheumatobates Polhemus, prostatus 1975 Family MESOVELIIDAE Mesovelia halirrhyta Polhemus, 1975 Family SALDIDAE innova Polhemus & Evans, 1969 Paralosalda (Guerin-Meneville, 1969) signoreti Pentacora n.a.= information not available Pentacora sphacelata 1877) (Uhler, Pentacora Family Family VELIIDAE inquilina Polhemus Microvelia & Hogue 1972 240 Species List f [2] [12, 15] [15] [15] [15, 22] References e rb,sb rb Rb Rb Rb rb,rub [13, 17] Habitat/ Community (m) d 0–90 0–1 0–3 0–5 0–53 0–64 Depth c eb,it,st eb,it eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st eb,it,st Oceanic distribution b Central America CA CA P a Car,WACar Car P Car,WACar CA Car,WACar,WACar,EP,WA CA CA eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–5 0–3 cr,rb,rub rb,rub,sb [18] [15] World World distribution Chitons known to occur along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

(C.B. Adams, 1845) CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = = Caribbean; western EP Atlantic = eastern WA Pacific; eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Stenoplax purpurascens (C.B. Adams, 1845) Family CHITONIDAE Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791) Chiton marmoratus Gmelin, 1791 Chiton Linnaeus, tuberculatus 1758 Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE 1893) Acanthochitona rhodea (Pilsbry, Species List 27.1 Class POLYPLACOPHORA Order CHITONIDA Family ISCHNOCHITONIDAE erythronotus Ischnochiton a b c d e f Ischnoplax Ischnoplax pectinata (Sowerby 1840) Stenoplax boogii (Haddon, 1886) Species Chitons 241 g (continued) scabricula )] elenensis ), 19 ] [10 (as [19 ] References [7 (as periconis ), 19 ] [7 (as f Habitat/ Community e Depth d Oceanic distribution c PMICPM,IC eb,it,stPM eb,it,st ep,eb,stPM 2–20 eb,it,st 46–110 0–64 n.a. eb,it,st n.a. rb,rub n.a 0–100 [6 ] rb,rub rb,rub [11, 13] [13, 17] [2, 17] [25] PMPMPM eb,it,stPM eb,it,st eb,it 0–90 eb,it,st 0–90 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. present study [10] [18 ] [18, 24 ] PM eb,it,st 0–30 rb,rub, PMPM eb,it,st eb,it n.a. n.a. 0–1 rb [19] Costa Rica X IC eb,st 18–95 cr,sb [13 ] Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP Car,EA,EP CA EPEP CA CA EP CA EPEPEPEP CA ES,N,P CA EP P EP CA EPEP CA ES,N EP N,P PM eb,it,st 0–55 cr EPEP CA CA PM PM eb,it,st eb,it,st 0–340 cr,rub 0–90 n.a [7] World World distribution Chitons known to occur along the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

in Broderip & Sowerby 1832) in Broderip & Sowerby 1832) Pilsbry, 1893 Pilsbry, (A.G. Smith, 1961) Stenoplax petaloides (Gould, 1846) Lepidozona Ferreira, rothi 1983 Stenoplax boogii (Haddon, 1886) 1832) Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, ? Family MOPALIIDAE Lepidozona allynsmithi Ferreira, 1974 Chaetopleura Chaetopleura unilineata Leloup, 1954 1832) dispar Ischnochiton (Sowerby, guatemalensis Ischnochiton Thiele, 1910 victoriae Ischnochiton Ferreira, 1987 Ferreira, Chaetopleura roddai 1983 Chaetopleura Chaetopleura lurida (Sowerby Callistoplax (Sowerby retusa Ceratozona angusta Thiele, 1909 Callistochiton Callistochiton pulchrior Carpenter MS, (Carpenter, 1865) (Carpenter, Callistochiton expressus Species List 27.2 Class POLYPLACOPHORA Order CHITONIDA Family ISCHNOCHITONIDAE Callistochiton colimensis Species 242 Species List g [26] [20] [1, 3, 14] [3, 21] References f Habitat/ Community e Depth d Oceanic distribution c PMPM, IC eb,it eb,it,st n.a. 0–2 n.a. rb,rub,sb [22] [22] ICPM eb,st eb,it,st 40–69 n.a. cr,rub sb [26] PM eb,it,st 0–10 rb PM, IC eb,it n.a. rb IC eb,it n.a. rb Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EPEP CA CA EPEP P CA EP CA EP CA EP ES World World distribution (continued)

(Sowerby, 1832) (Sowerby, Sowerby Sowerby 1832 CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = Caribbean; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific IC = Isla del Coco; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cr = coral reefs; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom Lyons, 1988 Lyons, Acanthochitona ferreirai Acanthochitona hirudiniformis n.a. = information not available Family Family ACANTHOCHITONIDAE Acanthochitona angelica Dall, 1919 1893) Acanthochitona exquisita (Pilsbry, Tonicia forbesi 1857 Carpenter, Tonicia Chiton stokesii Broderip, 1832 Species List 27.2 Family CHITONIDAE Chiton goodallii Broderip in Broderip & a b c d e f g Species Benthic, Shelled Gastropods 243 (continued) g 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] 307a, 377, 383] 377, 383] 302, 307, 307a, 383] 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 387] 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 384] 383] References f Depth (m) n.a. [267, 307, 307a, 377, 383] –/42 [1, 2, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 307, –/80 [1, 84, 130, 187, 267, 295, –/42 [84, 89, 130, 187, 244, 267, 1/30 [1, 2, 84, 89, 307, 307a, 377, e r, ru, r, s, sh, so s, sg ru, s, w Habitat/ Community a, as, co, o, r, ru, r, sh –/400 [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] d of, rl Oceanic distribution c, cr, c, ma, cr, of s cr, it, cr, of, sb sh r, it, cr, of r n.a. [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 306, 307, it, sb co, r it, cr, of n.a. c, it, cr, ma, a, co, ru, r, [84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, sb c, cr, c, it, cr, of a, as, co, r, it, cr, of, sb r c Costa Rica b Central America B, P B, P a F, G, C, F, Gu, Br Gu, Br F, G, CF, B, P World World distribution F, G, C, BrF, G, C F, Ber, B B, P F, G, CF, P C, BrF, Ber, NWA, P G, C, BrF, B F, G, C, BrF, B Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Species List 28.1 Class GASTROPODA Subclass EOGASTROPODA Order PATELLOGASTROPODA Suborder NACELLINA Superfamily ACMAEOIDEA Family LOTTIIDAE Lottia jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1791) Species Lottia leucopleura (Gmelin, 1791) pustulata (Helbling, 1779) Patelloida (Sowerby, 1834) antillarum (Sowerby, Tectura Subclass ORTHOGASTROPODA Superorder VETIGASTROPODA Superfamily FISSURELLOIDEA Family FISSURELLIDAE 1862) (Sowerby, Diodora arcuata Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck, 1822) Diodora jaumei Aguayo & 1936 Rehder, Diodora Diodora minuta (Lamarck, 1822) (d’Orbigny, 1842) Diodora listeri (d’Orbigny, 244 Species List g 383] 307a, 377, 383] 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] 307, 307a, 377] 307, 307a, 377, 383] 377] 307a, 377] 383] References [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 307, [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, [1, 84, 130, 267, 377] [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 306, [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, [89, 130, 307a] f Depth (m) –/21 [1, 2, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, e sh r, s Habitat/ Community co, r a, r co, r –/18 [1, 89, 130, 302] r, sr, a, bo, co, –/45 [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 302, co, r, co, sr, –/36 [1, 84, 130, 267, 302] d sb sb sb Oceanic distribution n.a it, cr, of it, cr, oc, of, co, g, ru co, r 10/1,936 it, cr, of [84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, it, cr, of r it a, co, r c, cr, c, it, cr, of a, co, s, r, it c, cr, c, it, cr, of, it, cr, of, rl, c, it, cr, of as, s, r, sh –/150 [1, 6, 89, 130, 267, 302, 377] n.a ru r, –/400 [1, 84, 130, 302] cr, ofcr, n.ait g, sr, g, s –/180 [1, 84, 89, 130, 307a, 377, c Costa Rica b Central America B, P B, P B, P a Gu, Br F, G, C, Br F, Br NWA, F, C, Br F, NWA, P G, C, GuF, B, P G, C F, Ber, B, P G, CF, G, C, BrF, C, BrF, B, P B, P B, P Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, F, C, SCA Br, F, World World distribution NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, G, C, F, NWA, F, G, C, Br F, NWA, F, C, Br F, NWA, F, G, CF, C C, Br B P (continued)

Fissurella angusta (Gmelin, 1791) Fissurella barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) Fissurella fascicularis Lamarck, 1822 Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778) Fissurella (Gmelin, rosea 1791) Fissurella Species List 28.1 phrixodes Emarginula Dall, 1927 Hemitoma octoradiata (Gmelin, 1791) (Reeve, 1850) Lucapina (Reeve, aegis Species (Reeve, Lucapina 1850) suffusa (Reeve, Lucapinella limatula 1850) (Reeve, (Sowerby, 1835) Lucapina sowerbii (Sowerby, Rimula (Dall, frenulata 1889) Superfamily Superfamily TROCHOIDEA Family TURBINIDAE cruentata Arene (Mühlfeld, 1829) 1962 Weisbord, laguairana Arene riisei 1943 Arene Rehder, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Arene tricarinata (Stearns, 1872) NWA, F, G, C, B cr, it, of, rl a, co, g, ru, s, –/180 [84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 302, Gu, Br sg, sh, so 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Astralium brevispina (Lamarck, 1822) NWA, F, C n.a r 13/15 [18, 89, 307, 307a, 384] Astralium phoebium (Röding, 1798) NWA, Ber, B c, cr, it, of a, bo, co, m, 4/10 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, 302, , G, C, Br r, s, sg 307a, 377, 383] Cyclostrema cancellatum Marryat, 1818 F, G, C, Br B, P c, cr, of r, s 2/100 [1, 84, 130, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Cyclostrema tortuganum (Dall, 1927) F, C, Br cr co, m, s 4/70 [1, 89, 223, 307a, ] Eulithidium adamsi (Philippi, 1853) G, C, Br B, P c, cr, it, ma co, m, r, s, 4/8 [84, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, sg 377, 383] Eulithidium affine cruentum F, G, C, Br B, P b, c, cr, it, a, bo, co, g, –/10 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, (Robertson, 1958) ma, of r, s, sg 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Eulithidium bellum (M. Smith, 1937) F, G, C, Br B, P c, it, ma, of, a, co, m, r, 1/10 [84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 306, cr ru, s, sg 307, 307a, 377, 383] Eulithidium tessellatum (Potiez & G, C B, P c, cr, of co, g, s, sg n.a. [1, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, Michaud, 1838) 377, 383] Eulithidium thalassicola (Robertson, 1958) NWA, F, G, C, B c, cr, ma, of r, s, sg –/64 [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] Br Lithopoma caelatum (Gmelin, 1791) F, G, C B, P cr, it, of, rl, bo, co, r, ru, s –/10 [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, sb 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] Lithopoma tectum (Lightfoot, 1786) G, C, Br P cr, of, rl co, r, ru, s 1/20 [2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] Lithopoma tuber (Linnaeus, 1758) F, C it, sb co, r –/10 [2, 84, 89, 187, 307, 307a, 383] Turbo cailletii P. Fischer & Bernardi, 1856 F, G, C, Br cr, of co 3/37 [1, 89, 130, 223, 377] Turbo castanea Gmelin, 1791 NWA, F, G, C, B c, cr, of, sb a, as, co, r, –/42 [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 132, 244, Gu, Br s, sg 295, 302, 307a, 377, 383] Family TROCHIDAE Calliostoma javanicum (Lamarck, 1822) F, G, C, Br B c, cr, of co, r, s 1/35 [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 223, 307,

307a, 377, 383] 245 (continued) 246 Species List g 295, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, 387] 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] 307a, 377, 383, 384] 216, 247, 250, 267, 279, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] 377, 383, 384] 307a] 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] References [130] [1, 84, 89, 130, 307, 307a, [89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, [1, 2, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 187, f Depth (m) 1/145 [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 1/15 [1, 6, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, e sh, so s, sg sg sg Habitat/ Community co n.a. [1, 84, 130] a, bo, co, r –/2 [1, 2, 12, 18, 84, 89, 130, 183, a, bo, co, r, a, di, s, r, co, g, m, s 4/45 [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 307a] as, co, s, r, d sb, sp of, rl, sb ma, sp Oceanic distribution cr, it, cr, of a, co, g, s, r, cr cr, it, cr, of, it, cr, of, sb bo, co, r –/1n.a [2, 84, 89, 130, 183, 187, 307, c, it, cr, of s r, it n.a. n.a n.a. 15 [306, 307, 307a] cr n.a n.a. 20 [1, 307, 307a] bw, fw, it, fw, bw, c Costa Rica b Central America B, P B, P Pac c, it, cr, ma, B, P a Gu, Br Gu, Br, Gu, P Br, Br World World distribution C NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, F, G, CF, G, C, F, NWA, B C G, CF, C, Gu, Br B P NWA, F, G, C F, NWA, B, P C C, Br P F Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, (continued)

1845) McGinty, 1945 McGinty, Species List 28.1 Species Calliostoma Dall, sarcodum 1927 Calliostoma jujubinum (Gmelin, 1791) Tegula excavata (Lamarck, 1822) Tegula fasciata (Born, 1778) Tegula gruneri (Philippi, 1849) Tegula viridula (Gmelin, 1791) Tegula Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Family SKENEIDAE Haplocochlias costaricensis Robinson, 1991 Tegula lividomaculata (C.B. Adams, Tegula Vanatta, 1913 Haplocochlias swifti Vanatta, Parviturbo calidimaris Pilsbry & Parviturbo Superorder Superorder NERITOPSINA Superfamily NERITOIDEA Family NERITIDAE Nerita fulgurans Gmelin, 1791 Benthic, ShelledGastropods Nerita peloronta Linnaeus, 1758 Ber, F, G, C, B, P cr, it, of, sp co, r [1, 84, 89, 130, 184, 187, 267, Br 307, 307a, 377, 384] Nerita tessellata Gmelin, 1791 Ber, F, G, C, B, P c, cr, it, of, as, co, r, s [1, 12, 84, 89, 130, 184, 244, Gu, Br sb, sp 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] Nerita versicolor Gmelin, 1791 Ber, F, G, C, B, P fw, cr, it, as, co, l, [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 184, 187, Br of, sp m, r, 244, 267, 307, 307a, 377, s, w 384, 387] Neritina meleagris Lamarck, 1822 C, Br B n.a r, ru, s, sg, [84, 89, 130, 187, 307, 307a, sh 383] Neritina piratica Russell, 1940 C, Br cl, fw, ma l, m, s, w [187, 307, 307a, 307a, 383, 384] Neritina usnea (Röding, 1798) F, G, C bw, cl, fw, n.a. [1, 244, 307a, 383, 384] ma, sb Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, B, P b, bw, c, cl, es, as, m, r, s, [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 187, F, G, C, Gu, fw, cr, it, sg, sh 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, Br ma, of, sp 307a, 377, 383, 387] Puperita pupa (Linnaeus, 1767) C cl, it bo, co, r, ru, [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 307, s, sg 307a] Smaragdia viridis viridemaris Ber, F, G, C, B, P b, c, cr, it, r, s, sg 1/18 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, Maury, 1917 Br ma, of 267, 307, 307a, 377] Superorder CAENOGASTROPODA Order SORBEOCONCHA Superfamily CERITHIOIDEA Family CERITHIIDAE Bittiolum varium (Pfeiffer, 1840) NWA, F, G, C, B, P b, c, d, cr, it, a, as, co, di, [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 151, Br ma, of, m, r, ru, 187, 192, 244, 267, 302, rl, sb s, sg, sh 306, 307a, 367, 377] Cerithium atratum (Born, 1778) NWA, F, G, C, B c, cr, it, ma, co, m, r, s, –/90 [1, 2, 6, 84, 89, 132, 244, 302, Br, NEA, of, sb sg 307, 307a, 377] SEA 247 (continued) 248 Species List g 307a, 383] 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 387] 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] 307, 307a] 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] 307a] 223, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377] 187, 244, 307, 307a, 377, 387] 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] References f 1/5 [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 190, 223, –/8 [1, 89, 132, 187, 191, 223, Depth (m) –/15 [1, 2, 12, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 0.5/40 [1, 2, 12, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, n.a. [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 132, 2/15 [1, 12, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, e g, r, g, ru, r, s, sh p, r, p, s r, ru, s, sg m, s, r, sg, sh sg sg a, bo, co, Habitat/ Community a, bo, co, r, a, bo, co, a, co, s, r, g, ru, r, s, d of of, rl, sb rl, sb, sp ma, of cr, of cr, cr, ofcr, it, cr, sb a, co, sh, so 25/732 a, bo, co, m, b, cl, cr, it, [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 252, 302, cr, sbcr, co, m, s 2/8 [1, 136, 187, 256, 267, 306, Oceanic distribution cr, it, cr, sb g, sr, –/20 [1, 2, 84, 89, 187, 306, 307, c, cr, c, it, cr, ma, c, it, cr, of, b, c, it, ls, b, c, ma, oc, c Costa Rica b B, P B, P P Central America B, P B, P B B, P a Br, NEA Br, SCA, Br, NEA C, Br F, G, C, Br F, SEA G, C, Br F, G, C G, C, Br, F, SWA Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, G, C, F, Ber, NWA, Ber, F, F, Ber, NWA, C NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, C, NEA, F, Ber, NWA, F, Ber, NWA, Ber, NWA, World World distribution (continued)

1827) McGinty, 1958 McGinty, Family Family PLANAXIDAE 1864 Fischer, orbignyi P. Fossarus Hinea lineata (E.M. da Costa, 1778) Tenagodus squamatus (de Blainville, Tenagodus Species List 28.1 Cerithium eburneum Bruguière, 1792 Cerithium guinaicum Philippi, 1849 Cerithium litteratum (Born, 1778) Cerithium lutosum Menke, 1828 Family LITIOPIDAE 1842) Alaba incerta (d’Orbigny, Family SILIQUARIIDAE Stephopoma myrakeenae Olsson & Species Benthic, ShelledGastropods Supplanaxis nucleus (Bruguière, 1789) Ber, F, G, C B, P it, sp a, bo, co, r n.a. [84, 89, 130, 187, 190, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] Family MODULIDAE Modulus carchedonius (Lamarck, 1822) C, Br P it a, m, r, s, sg n.a. [89, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a] Modulus modulus (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, d, it, as, bo, co, 0.5/15 [1, 6, 12, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, F, G, C, Br, ma, of, g, m, r, 187, 244, 267, 302, 306, SCA rl, sp s, sg 307, 307a, 377, 384] Family SCALIOLIDAE Finella adamsi (Dall, 1889) Ber, F, G, C B c, cr, it, of r, s 2/8 [84, 89, 307, 307a, 377] Finella dubia (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, F, G, C, B c, cr, ma, of a, r, s, sg –/72 [84, 89, 130, 132, 244, 302, Br 306, 307, 307a, 377] Suborder HYPSOGASTROPODA Infraorder LITTORINIMORPHA Superfamily LITTORINOIDEA Family LITTORINIDAE Cenchritis muricatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ber, F, G, C, B, P cr, d, it, of, r, w n.a. [12, 28, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, Co sp 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] Littoraria angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) Ber, F, G, C, B, P bw, c, cr, as, r, s, n.a. [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 244, 267, Gu, Br, ma, of, sg, w 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, NEA, P sp, sw 384] Littoraria nebulosa (Lamarck, 1822) Ber, F, G, C, B bw, it, sp as, co, r, n.a. [1, 6, 12, 89, 130, 187, 307, Br, P ru, w 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] Littoraria tessellata (Philippi, 1847) C P n.a r n.a. [84, 130, 267] Nodilittorina angustior (Mörch, 1876) Ber, F, G, C, Br B cr, it, of, sp as, r n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 244, 377] Nodilittorina interrupta (Philippi, 1847) C N sp r n.a. [84, 89] Nodilittorina lineolata (d’Orbigny, 1840) Ber, F, G, C, B it, ma, sp as, r, sg n.a. [1, 6, 187, 244, 302, 307, Br 307a, 377, 387] Nodilittorina meleagris (Potiez & Ber, F, G, C, B, P it, sp a, as, r n.a. [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 130, 244, Michaud, 1838) NEA 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377,

387] 249 (continued) 250 Species List g 307a, 377] 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 307, 307a, 377] 307, 307a, 377] 307, 307a, 377, 383] References f Depth (m) 2/80 [1, 84, 89, 130, 134, 187, 223, n.a. [130, 267, 302] n.a. [84, 89, 302, 306, 307] n.a. [6, 84, 89, 130, 244, 302, 306, n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130] e ru, s, sh sg Habitat/ Community ru 5/713 [1, 84, 306, 307, 307a, 312] a, co, m, r, a, sr, n.a. [1, 75, 84, 89, 130, 187, 216, as, m, s, r, a, s n.a. [84, 89, 302, 307, 377, 383] d of of of Oceanic distribution cr, of, cr, sp it, cr, of, sp co, r co, as, r n.a. n.a.of [1, 84, [1, 89, 12, 187, 75, 267, 84, 307, 89, 130, 187, c, cr, c, it, cr, ma, c, it, cr, ma, it, man.a s r, a n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, n.a n.a. 1/5 [84, 223] n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 84, 307, ] n.a s n.a s it c, ma, cr, bw, n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 267] c, cr, c, ma, cr, of a, s, r, sg n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 133, 267, 302, c Costa Rica b Central America B, P B, P B, P B, P P B P B, P a Br, SWA, SWA, Br, P, TP Br, P Br, Br Br F, G, C, Br F, C, Br, C, SCA Br, Ber, F, G, C F, Ber, B, P G, C, F, Ber, C F, World World distribution Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, G, C, NWA, C, BrF, P Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, C, Br C C, Br Ber, G, Ber, C F, G, C, Br F, C NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, NWA, Ber, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, (continued)

fenestrata Schwartz, 1860 (d’Orbigny, 1842) (d’Orbigny, Nodilittorina ziczac (Gmelin, 1791) Family PICKWORTHIIDAE 1886) Sansonia (Watson, tuberculata Species List 28.1 Nodilittorina (Menke, tuberculata 1828) Species Rissoina cancellata Philippi, 1847 Rissoina decussata (Montagu, 1803) 1842) Rissoina (d’Orbigny, elegantissima Superfamily Superfamily RISSOOIDEA Family RISSOIDAE 1842) Alvania auberiana (d’Orbigny, Rissoina cf. Rissoina Schwartz, 1860 labrosa Rissoina princeps (C.B. Adams, 1850) (d’Orbigny, 1842) Rissoina sagraiana (d’Orbigny, Rissoina striosa (C.B. Adams, 1850) Schwartziella chesnelii (Michaud, 1830) Schwartziella Schwartziella catesbyana (Montagu, Schwartziella bryerea 1803) Benthic, ShelledGastropods Schwartziella fischeri (Desjardin, 1949) Ber, G, C, Br B, P cr, of co, m, r, s 4/8 [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 267, 302, 377, 383] Stosicia aberrans (C.B. Adams, 1850) G, C, Br B, P c, cr, ma co, m, s, sg 1/8 [84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377] Zebina browniana (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, ma, of a, as, r, ru, –/5.5 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, F, G, C, Br s, sg, sh 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] Zebina laevigata (C.B. Adams, 1850) C n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 130] Family BARLEEIDAE Barleeia creutzbergi (de Jong & G, C n.a a 4/12 [84, 130, 308] Coomans, 1988) Lirobarleeia chiriquiensis (Olsson & C P n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 136, 187, 267, 307] McGinty, 1958) Family TRUNCATELLIDAE Truncatella pulchella Pfeiffer, 1839 NWA, Ber, B, P c, ma, sp, sw as, co, l, m, n.a. [1, 84, 89, 187, 244, 267, 302, F, G, C, Br r, rt, ru, 377] s, sg, sh Family CAECIDAE Caecum clava Folin, 1867 G, C of m, s n.a. [1, 84, 89, 187, 306, 307] Caecum condylum Moore, 1969 G, C, Br of n.a. 30/250 [1, 84, 302, 307] Caecum cycloferum Folin, 1867 NWA, F, C, P n.a a, sg –/25 [1, 84, 89, 187, 223, 267, 302, Br 307] Caecum floridanum Stimpson, 1851 NWA, F, G, C, B, P c, cr, ma, of co, g, m, ru, –/40 [84, 88, 89, 267, 302, 306, Br s, so 307, 307a, 377, 383] Caecum imbricatum Carpenter, 1858 NWA, Ber, B, P b, cr, c, ma, co, g, r, ru, s, –/50 [1, 6, 88, 84, 89, 267, 302, F, G, C, Br of, rl sg, sh, so 307, 307a, 377, 383] Caecum jucundum Folin, 1867 C n.a n.a. [187, 307] Caecum nitidum Stimpson, 1851 F, G, C, Br, B, P c, it, ma, of, a, as, co, o, r, 6 [6, 84, 89, 244, 267, 295, 302, SWA cr s, sg, so 307, 307a, 377] Caecum pulchellum Stimpson, 1851 NWA, F, G, C, B, P b, c, cl, cr, d, a, as, co, m, –/10 [1, 6, 84, 89, 187, 223, 244,

Br, SWA it, ma, of o, r, s, sg, 267, 295, 302, 306, 307, 251 sh, so 307a, 377, 383, 387] (continued) 252 Species List g 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 377] 377] 307a, 377, 387] 383] 307, 307a, 377, 383] 377] 377] References f Depth (m) 6/90 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, n.a. [84, 89, 267, 302, 307] n.a. [89, 267, 307] 10/100 [1, 84, 89, 187, 302, 307, n.a. [26, 84, 89, 244, 302, 306, n.a. [6, 89, 187, 306, 307, 307a, e p, r, p, ru, r, s, sg, so sg, sh sg, st Habitat/ Community n.a. n.a. [1, 6, 118, 187, 267, 307] n.a. –/45 [6, 89, 187, 267, 307] s a, b, m, s, r, d Oceanic distribution c, of, re a, as, co, o, n.a s b n.a s n.a g, m, r 0/7of [1, 253, 307] n.a n.a. n.a. ofcr, [1, 84, 187, 267, 307] n.a. n.a. [89, 187, 267, 306, 307, 307a, b c, ma s r, n.a. [84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 307a, cr, it, cr, of a, g, m, p, r, n.ac n.a. 90/180it, of [1, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, m, s 13/31 [1, 6, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, n.a n.a. n.a. [187, 223, 251, 267, 302, 307] c Costa Rica b Central America B, P P P B, P B a Br, SWA Br, Br World World distribution NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, C, Br G, P F, C, IBr, F, P NWA, F, G, C F, NWA, P C Ber, C Ber, F, C F, G, CF, P G, C NWA, F, G, C F, NWA, NWA, G, CNWA, P F, G, C, Br F, NWA, F, G, C F, NWA, B, P NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, G, C F, NWA, B (continued)

Verrill & Bush, 1900 tornatum Verrill (C.B. Adams, 1850) McGinty, 1958) McGinty, McGinty, 1958 McGinty, McGinty, 1958) McGinty, 1946 McGinty, 1857) Fischer, (P. 1850) Species List 28.1 Species (Vanatta, 1913) Solariorbis bartschi (Vanatta, Parviturboides interruptus Parviturboides Solariorbis blakei 1944) (Rehder, Pachystremiscus ornatus (Olsson & Pachystremiscus Solariorbis corylus Olsson & Solariorbis infracarinatus (Gabb, 1881) Caecum ryssotitum Folin, 1867 Caecum aff. Family VITRINELLIDAE 1884) multistriatus Circulus (A.E. Verrill, semisculptus Circulus (Olsson & jeannae Cyclostremiscus Pilsbry & schrammii Cyclostremiscus (P. Fischer, 1857) Fischer, beauii Cyclostremiscus (P. pentagonus Cyclostremiscus (Gabb, 1873) (C.B. megastoma Adams, Teinostoma Benthic, ShelledGastropods Teinostoma schumoi Vanatta, 1913 C, Gu, Br n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 302, 307] Vitrinella elegans Olsson & C P n.a s n.a. [89, 187, 267, 307] McGinty, 1958 Vitrinella helicoidea C.B. Adams, 1850 NWA, Ber, F, P n.a r n.a. [6, 84, 89, 187, 267, 306, 307, G, C 307a, 377, 383] Vitrinorbis elegans Olsson & C P n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 187, 267, 307] McGinty, 1958 Superfamily STROMBOIDEA Family STROMBIDAE Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 NWA, Ber, F, B, P cr, it, of a, co, s, sg 2/73 [1, 2, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, G, C 244, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 NWA, F, G, C, P c, cr, ma co, m, r, s, 2/15 [32, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, Gu, Br sg 302, 306, 307, 307a, 383, 384, 387] Strombus raninus Gmelin, 1791 NWA, Ber, B, P cr, of, sb r, s, sg n.a. [1, 12, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, F, G, C, Gu, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, Br 383, 384, 387] Superfamily VANIKOROIDEA Family HIPPONICIDAE Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767) NWA, F, G, B, P c, cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, o, –/4 [1, 18, 75, 84, 88, 89, 130, C, Br, SCA, r, ru, s, 187, 223, 267, 302, 306, NEA, NEP, sh, so 307, 307a, 377, 384] P Hipponix subrufus subrufus NWA, F, G, C, B, P hs, it co, r n.a. [75, 84, 89, 187, 223, 267, (Lamarck, 1822) Br, SCA, 302, 307, 307a, 377] NEA, IP, P, PC Family VANIKORIDAE Macromphalina garcesi Rolán & C P n.a n.a. n.a. [130] Rubio, 1998 253 (continued) 254 Species List g 187, 223, 267, 276, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383] 267, 307, 307a, 383, 384] 295, 302, 377] 307a, 383] 377, 383, 384] 307a, 377, 387] References f Depth (m) –/210 [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, –/27 [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, –/20 [1, 75, 84, 85, 88, 89, 132, e r, s, r, sg, sh, w m, o, r, s, sg, sh, so, w so Habitat/ Community co, m, s –/8 [1, 84, 267, 377] a, as, co, m, a, as, bo, co, d of, rl ma, of, rl n.a n.a. n.a. [130, 267] Oceanic distribution cr cr, of, cr, rl, sb co, ru, r, s, d, cr, it, ma, c, d, it, cr, it, cr, of, sb co, rur, –/80 it, cr, ofit, ma, sp co, shr, [1, 84, 89, 223, 295, 302, 307, as, sgr, n.a. –/5 [1, 187, 254, 302, 307, 307a, [1, 89, 244, 254, 302, 307, c Costa Rica b P Central America B, P P B B, H a G, C, Ca G, C, Gu, Br Br NEA, IP, NEA, IP, CtP, NWP, PC, Me, P, Ga C Ber, F, G, C F, Ber, P World World distribution NWA, Ber, F, F, Ber, NWA, F, Ber, NWA, C, Br F, NWA, C, Br F, Ber, B G, C, F, Ber, F, C, SCA, Br, F, (continued)

McGinty, 1958) McGinty, Species List 28.1 pilsbryi Megalomphalus (Olsson & Vanikoro oxychone Mörch, 1877 Vanikoro Species Say, 1822 Say, convexa Crepidula 1822 plana Crepidula Say, Superfamily CAPULOIDEA Family CAPULIDAE Capulus incurvus (Gmelin, 1791) Superfamily VERMETOIDEA Family VERMETIDAE 1842) (d’Orbigny, irregulare Dendropoma 1839) varians (d’Orbigny, Petaloconchus Superfamily Superfamily CALYPTRAEOIDEA Family CALYPTRAEIDAE Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758) Superfamily CYPRAEOIDEA Family CYPRAEIDAE Benthic, ShelledGastropods Erosaria spurca acicularis (Gmelin, 1791) NWA, Ber, B, P cr, of, rl, sb co, g, o, r, 2/175 [1, 11, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, F, G, C, Gu, ru, s, so 148, 223, 267, 302, 306, Br, SCA 307, 307a, 316, 377, 387] Macrocypraea zebra (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, F, G, C, B, P cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, o, –/140 [2, 11, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, Gu, Br r, ru, s, 223, 267, 302, 306, 307, so 307a, 377] Talparia cinerea (Gmelin, 1791) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, of, rl co, o, r, ru, 1/175 [11, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, F, G, C, Br, s, so 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, SCA 316, 377, 384] Family OVULIDAE Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, P cr, rl, sb a, bo, co, o, –/25 [84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 306, G, C r, ru, s, 307, 307a, 316, 383, 384, so 387] Cyphoma signatum Pilsbry & Ber, F, G, C, B cr co, o, so 2/12 [1, 71, 84, 88, 89, 302, 377] McGinty, 1939 Gu, Br Superfamily VELUTINOIDEA Family TRIVIIDAE Hespererato maugeriae (J.E. Gray, 1832) NWA, F, G, C, P c, cr, of a, co, s 4/115 [1, 84, 89, 130, 216, 267, 279, Br, Ga 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Niveria antillarum (Schilder, 1922) NWA, F, C, Br cr, rl co, g, s, sh 20/180 [84, 88, 89, 301, 307, 307a] Niveria leucosphaera Schilder, 1931 F, G, C n.a n.a. [54, 84, 130, 187, 307, 307a, 383] Niveria nix (Schilder, 1922) F, G, C, Gu, Br cr co, o, r 30/90 [84, 88, 89, 130, 302, 307] Niveria pediculus (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, it, of, ad, as, co, o, 0.5/100 [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, F, G, C, Br rl, sb r, s, so 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384] Niveria quadripunctata (J.E. Gray, 1827) Ber, F, G, C B, P c, cr, of, rl, co, o, r, s, 0.5/50 [2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 306, sb so 307, 307a, 377] Niveria suffusa (J.E. Gray, 1827) F, G, C, Gu, Br B c, cr, ma, of a, co, o, r, 12/91 [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 223, 302, s, tu 306, 307, 307a, 377] 255 (continued) 256 Species List g 377] 302, 377] 302, 307a] 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 384, 387] 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] References f –/1,287 [1, 130, 244, 295, 307a, 383] Depth (m) 5/80 [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, –/15 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, –/30 [84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, e s, tu ru, sh, so r, ru, r, so Habitat/ Community s, sh n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 302, r, s, r, sh n.a. [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 223, 267, r, r, s s, sh –/55 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] d of, sb of Oceanic distribution it cr, it, cr, of a, as, co, r, b, c, ma, cr, of of, cr, rl a, co, o, r, c, cr, c, it, cr, of s r, c, it, cr, ma, –/175 it, cr, of, rl [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 244, a, bo, co, o, c Costa Rica b Central America B, P B, P B B, P a NEA, SEA SWA, EA, SWA, Co, M, IP, PC C, Gu, Br SCA, NEA C, Br, C, SCA, Br, NEA, SEA C, Gu, Br Gu, Br, Gu, IP Br, F, G, C, Gu, F, Br, F, G, C, Br, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, G, C, Gu, F, Br B, P NWA, F, C, Br, F, NWA, World World distribution NWA, Ber, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, G, F, Ber, NWA, NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, (continued)

(d’Orbigny, 1842) (d’Orbigny, (d’Orbigny, 1842) (d’Orbigny, Superfamily Superfamily NATICOIDEA Family NATICIDAE (Gmelin, Natica 1791) marochiensis Naticarius (Linnaeus, canrena 1758) hepaticus (Röding, 1798) Polinices Species List 28.1 Family LAMELLARIIDAE Lamellaria perspicua (Linnaeus, 1758) Species Polinices lacteus (Guilding, 1834) Polinices Sinum 1831) perspectivum (Say, Bursa rhodostoma thomae Superfamily Superfamily TONNOIDEA Family BURSIDAE Bursa granularis cubaniana Family CASSIDAE Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, B, P cr, of a, s, sg 1/10 [84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, Benthic, ShelledGastropods F, G, C, Gu, 307a, 377, 384] Br, NEA Cypraecassis testiculus (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, Ber, B, P cr, it, of s, sg –/10 [6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 267, F, G, C, Br, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377, SCA, NEA 383, 384] Phalium granulatum (Born, 1778) NWA, Ber, B, P of r, s n.a. [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 223, 244, F, G, C, Gu, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, Br, SWA, 316, 377, 384, 387] SCA, NEA Semicassis cicatricosum (Gmelin, 1791) G, C B n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 377] Family RANELLIDAE Charonia variegata (Lamarck, 1816) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, of a, bo, co, r, 1/384 [1, 2, 12, 84, 88, 89, 110, 130, F, G, C, Br, s, sh 187, 243, 267, 289, 302, SCA, NEA, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, M 383, 384] Cymatium aquatile (Reeve, 1844) NWA, Ber, F, B Pac c, cr, ma, of as, ci, co, m, –/60 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, G, C, Gu, r, s, sg, 302, 307a, 377, 384] Br, SCA sh Cymatium cynocephalum (Lamarck, 1816) NWA, Ber, P c, cr, of a, co, s, sg 10/30 [1, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, F, G, C, Br 377] Cymatium labiosum (W. Wood, 1828) NWA, F, G, C, B cr, it, of r –/2 [1, 2, 84, 89, 130, 223, 244, Br, NEA, I, 302, 307a, 377, 383] IP, CtP Cymatium martinianum (d’Orbigny, 1846) NWA, Ber, F, P n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 223, 244, 267, 306, 307, C, Br, SCA, 307a] NEA, SEA, CtP Cymatium nicobaricum (Röding, 1798) Ber, F, G, C, B Pac c, cl, cr, it, a, bo, co, r, –/100 [1, 2, 6, 21, 84, 85, 88, 89, Br, SCA, of, rl, sb s, sh 109, 130, 204, 214, 215, EA, I, IP, 244, 250, 302, 307a, 326,

NWP, CtP, 377, 384, 387] 257 P, Cl, Ga (continued) 258 Species List g 377] 307, 307a, 377, 383] 302, 377] 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 302, 307, 307a, 377] 307a, 377, 383] 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] References f –/91 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, 2/27 [84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 187, –/6 [1, 6, 88, 89, 187, 244, 295, –/200 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 267, n.a. [84, 89, 130, 267] Depth (m) e so so o, ru, r, s, sg, sh, so r, ru, r, s, sg, so co, ru, s, sg, a, as, co, m, Habitat/ Community d rl hs, ma, of, rl c, cr, c, ma, cr, rl co, ru, s, sh, n.a n.a. n.a.c, ma [130] g, s, r, sh –/102 [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 302, 306, c, cr, c, ma, cr, of, c, cr, c, of, cr, rl a, bo, co, m, n.a c, d, cr, es, s b, c, ofcr, h, s, r, sh 5/80 c, ofcr, [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 302, 306, co, sr, n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 244, Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica b B B B, P P B B B, P Central America a Br, SCA, Br, NEA SWA Br, C, Br F, G, C, Br, F, NEA G, C, Br F, C, Gu, Br, SCA, SWA, EA, M, I, IP, CtP NWP, NEA Br, C NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, G, C, F, NWA, NWA, Ber, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, C NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, Ber, NWA, NWA, Ber, C, Br C, Ber, NWA, G, F, NWA, G, sbC, F, Ber, n.a. [1, 84, 130] World World distribution (continued)

(C.B. Adams, 1850) 1850) (C.B. Adams, 1850) (C.B. Adams, 1839) Cosmotriphora Cosmotriphora olivacea (Dall, 1889) Cosmotriphora Cosmotriphora melanura Iniforis turristhomae (Holten, 1802) Marshallora modesta (C.B. Adams, 1850) Similiphora intermedia (C.B. Adams, Family Family TONNIDAE galea (Linnaeus, 1758) Tonna pennata (Mörch, 1852) Tonna Infraorder PTENOGLOSSA Superfamily TRIPHOROIDEA Family TRIPHORIDAE Cosmotriphora decorata Marshallora nigrocincta Cymatium vespaceum (Lamarck, 1822) Species List 28.1 Species Benthic, ShelledGastropods Triphora ornata (Deshayes, 1832) NWA, F, G, C, P c, cr, of s, sg 10/90 [84, 89, 187, 223, 267, 302, Br 307, 307a, 377] Triphora orteai Espinosa, 2001 C n.a n.a. n.a. 130 Family CERITHIOPSIDAE Cerithiopsis caribbaeus (Gabb, 1881) C n.a n.a. 15 [306, 307, 307a] Cerithiopsis fusiformis (C.B. Adams, F, G, C B c, ma m, s –/164 [1, 84, 89, 130, 307, 307a, 1850) 309, 377] Cerithiopsis gemmulosa C, Br n.a m, s n.a. [1, 84, 130, 302] (C.B. Adams, 1850) Cerithiopsis greenii (C.B. Adams, 1839) NWA, Ber, B, P b, c, cr, es, a, as, co, g, 4/40 [6, 88, 89, 187, 244, 267, 302, F, G, C, Br, of, rl m, r, ru, 307, 307a, 309, 377] SWA s, sg, sh Cerithiopsis lata (C.B. Adams, 1850) Ber, C n.a a n.a. [84, 89, 130, 187, 306, 307, 307a, 383] Horologica pupa (Dall & Stimpson, 1901) Ber, C n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 187, 307, 307a, 383] Metaxia excelsa Faber & Moolenbeek, 1991 C, Br n.a m, s 6/50 [84, 130, 135, 302, 307, 307a, 311] Metaxia rugulosa (C.B. Adams, 1850) Ber, F, G, C B, P c, cr, of a, co, o, ru, 4/128 [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 295, 306, s, so 307, 307a, 311, 377] Retilaskeya bicolor (C.B. Adams, 1845) F, G, C, Br B, P b, c, cr, of a, as, co, m, 2/65 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, p, r, s, sg, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, sh, so 377, 387] Seila adamsii (H.C. Lea, 1845) NWA, Ber, B, P b, c, cr, hs, a, as, co, m, –/80 [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, F, G, C, Br, it, ma, o, r, ru, s, 244, 267, 295, 302, 306, SWA of, rl sg, sh 307, 307a, 377] Superfamily JANTHINOIDEA Family EPITONIIDAE Depressiscala nautlae (Mörch, 1875) NWA, Ber, of s 20/118 [6, 84, 89, 302, 307, 307a, F, G, C, Br 383] Epitonium albidum (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, Ber, F, G, B, P c, cr, it, ma, an, r, s –/360 [6, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307,

C, Gu, Br, of 307a, 377] 259 SWA, NEA (continued) 260 Species List g 307, 307a, 377] 307a, 377] 307a, 377, 383] 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] 307a, 377] 377] 307, 307a, 383] 302] 307, 307a, 377, 383] 307a, 377, 384] 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] References f Depth (m) –/548 [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 302, 2/400 [84, 89, 267, 302, 306, 307, 6/80 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 267, 295, e ru, s, so Habitat/ Community co, r, co, sr, –/60 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, co, r 5/183 [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 267, e, s 2/183 [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 302, d rl, sb Oceanic distribution cr, sbcr, co, m, s 4/1,473 [1, 84, 89, 302, 383] c, cr, c, ofcr, s n.a n.a. –/219 [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 377] c, cr, c, ma, cr, of s, r, sh –/400 [1, 6, 84, 89, 302, 306, 307, c, ma c, it, cr, of, co, s, r, sg –/292n.a [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, n.a. –/270 [84, 130, 302, 307, 307a] n.an.a of s r, an, sr, n.a. n.a. [84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, [1, 31, 84, 130, 267, 301, 302, c, cr h, s, or, sg n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 302, 306, 307, c c, ma, cr, of a, co, h, o, c Costa Rica b Central America P c, sb s P B, P B, P P P P B P a Br, SWA Br, Br F, G, C, Br F, NEA G, C, Br F, SWA EA C, Br Br, SWA Br, SWA Br World World distribution Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, F, C, Br F, Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, F, G, C, BrF, P NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, G, C, F, Ber, Ber, NWA, C, Br F, Ber, F, G, C, Br, F, C, Br, F, Ber, F, Ber, NWA, NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, G, C, Br, F, G, C, F, NWA, (continued)

(Sowerby, 1844) denticulatum (Sowerby, Species List 28.1 Species (d’Orbigny, 1842) Epitonium candeanum (d’Orbigny, Epitonium cf. 1842) Epitonium echinaticosta (d’Orbigny, (d’Orbigny, 1842) Epitonium foliaceicosta (d’Orbigny, Epitonium (Mörch, krebsii 1874) Epitonium lamellosum (Lamarck, 1822) Epitonium 1838) novangliae (Couthouy, Epitonium occidentale (Nyst, 1871) (Sowerby, 1844) Epitonium unifasciatum (Sowerby, Opalia (Linnaeus, crenata 1758) Opalia pumilio (Mörch, 1874) Superfamily Superfamily EULIMOIDEA Family EULIMIDAE Eulima auricincta (Abbott, 1958) 1842 Eulima bifasciata d’Orbigny, Melanella (C.B. arcuata Adams, 1850) Benthic, ShelledGastropods Melanella conoidea (Kurtz & Ber, F, G, C, c, cr, ma, rl cr, h, r, s, sg n.a. [1, 88, 89, 187, 302, 307, Stimpson, 1851) Br, SWA 307a, 377, 383, 387] Melanella jamaicensis (C.B. Adams, 1845) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, ma, h, or, r, s, sg 2/366 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, G, C, Br, of, rl 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, SWA 387] Oceanida graduata de Folin, 1870 F, G, C P cr, of n.a. 120 [1, 84, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] Scalenostoma subulatum (Broderip, 1832) G, C n.a n.a. n.a. [187, 255, 307, 307a, 377] Vitreolina zugnigae (Espinosa, Ortea & C n.a n.a. n.a. [130] Magaña, 2001) Infraorder NEOGASTROPODA Superfamily MURICOIDEA Family MURICIDAE Chicoreus florifer (Reeve, 1846) F, C B n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 66, 130, 244, 307, 307a, 377] Chicoreus mergus E.H. Vokes, 1974 F, C, Gu n.a n.a. 73/91 [2, 307, 307a, 370] Chicoreus pomum (Gmelin, 1791) NWA, Ber, B, P c, cr, ma, of co, r, ru, s, 2/30 [1, 6, 18, 84, 89, 130, 244, F, G, C, sg, sh 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, Gu, Br 377, 384] Dermomurex pauperculus NWA, F, G, C, B, P cr, of, rl a, bo, co, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 267, (C.B. Adams, 1850) Br g, r, s, 302, 307, 307a, 377] sg, sh Favartia alveata (Kiener, 1842) Ber, F, G, C, cr, of, rl a, bo, co, r n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, Br 377] Favartia cellulosa (Conrad, 1846) NWA, Ber, B c, cr, it, ma, a, bo, co, r, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302, F, G, C, Br rl ru, s, sh, 377] so Murex alabastrum A. Adams, 1864 C n.a n.a. n.a. [137, 307] Murex olssoni E.H. Vokes, 1967 C H, P n.a m, s 9/97 [89, 306, 307] Muricopsis caribbaea (Bartsch & NWA, F, C P cr, it r [1, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 307]

Rehder, 1939) 261 (continued) 262 Species List g 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] 377] 376] 244, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] 223, 244, 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] 307, 307a, 377] 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] References [1, 2, 130, 307, 307a, 377] f Depth (m) –/55 [1, 84, 89, 130, 377] –/42 [1, 6, 12, 84, 89, 198, 223, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 198, 4/30 [84, 88, 89, 130, 302, 306, 3.5/4.5 [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 187, 223, e r, s, r, sg, sh co, s, r, sg, so r, ru, r, s, so sg, so bo, co, o, Habitat/ Community co, r n.a. [1, 12, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, co, r 2/10 [1, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 383] a, as, ci, co, a, co, r n.a. [84, 89, 130, a, 187, as, 198, bo, 223, ci, d sp sp sp sb Oceanic distribution cr, ofcr, r cr, it, cr, of, sb, n.a of cr, g, s –/40 [1, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, n.a co, ru –/15 [1, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, it b, c, it, cr, of, b, it, cr, of, it, cr, of, sb a, co, r it, cr, of, rl, –/5n.a [1, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, 198, n.a. n.a. [374] cr, rl, cr, sb a, cr, of, cr, rl co, o, s, r, c Costa Rica b Central America H, P P B, P B, P B, P B, P B a Br, SWA, SWA, Br, NEA, SEA, M SCA Br, G, C, Br C, NEA Br, C, Br, C, NEA Br, G, C, Br F, F, G, CF, B World World distribution Ber, F, G, C F, Ber, B, P G, C, NEAF, P G, CF, B G, C G, C NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, G, C, F, Ber, F, Ber, NWA, G, F, Ber, NWA, G, C F, NWA, Ber, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, Ber, NWA, (continued)

(Conrad, 1837) Species List 28.1 Muricopsis oxytata (M. Smith, 1938) Species Plicopurpura Plicopurpura patula (Linnaeus, 1758) pinnatus Pterotyphis (Broderip, 1833) triangularis Pterotyphis (A. Adams, 1855) Risomurex deformis 1846) (Reeve, Risomurex (Reeve, 1846) (Reeve, roseus Risomurex Stramonita Stramonita rustica (Lamarck, 1822) Thais deltoidea (Lamarck, 1822) nodulosa (C.B. Adams, Trachypollia 1845) 1928 sclera Woodring, Trachypollia Stramonita Stramonita haemastoma floridana Family Family CORALLIOPHILIDAE Coralliophila caribaea Abbott, 1958 Coralliophila galea 1846) (Reeve, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family TURBINELLIDAE Turbinella angulata (Lightfoot, 1786) F, G, C B, P c, cr, ma, of, m, r, s, sg –/50 [1, 89, 130, 306, 307, 307a, sb 377, 384] Vasum muricatum (Born, 1778) F, G, C B, P c, cr, it, rl, sb, co, o, r, ru, –/20 [1, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, sp s, sg, so 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] Family BUCCINIDAE Antillophos candeanus (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, F, G, C, n.a a, co, s, sg 2/183 [1, 84, 89, 187, 302, 307, Br 307a, 377] Bailya intricata (Dall, 1884) F, G, C P c, cr, ma, of g, r, s, sg 2/90 [1, 84, 130, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] Bailya parva (C.B. Adams, 1850) F, G, C B cr, of co, r, s, sg n.a. [1, 89, 130, 187, 306, 307, 307a, 377] Colubraria antillana Sarasúa, 1978 C n.a n.a. n.a. [130] Engina turbinella (Kiener, 1835) F, G, C, Br B, P cr, of a, bo, co, o, 2/10 [84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 187, r, s, sg, 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, so 377, 383] Metula lintea Guppy, 1882 C, Gu P cr, sb n.a. 10/86 [306, 307, 307a] Pisania pusio (Linnaeus, 1758) Ber, F, G, C, B, P cr, it, of, rl ci, co, r, ru, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, Gu, Br, s 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, SCA 383, 384] Pollia auritula (Link, 1807) Ber, F, G, C, P cr, it, of co, r n.a. [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 306, Br 307, 307a, 377] Pollia karinae (Nowell-Usticke, 1959) C cr, rl co, o, ru, s, so 10/50 [88, 89, 130] Family COLUMBELLIDAE Anachis lyrata (Sowerby, 1832) C, Br, P Pac it a, m, r, sg n.a. [1, 89, 185, 216, 249, 276, 290, 291, 302, 307, 307a] Astyris lunata (Say, 1826) NWA, Ber, P b, c, cr, d, hs, a, as, co, g, –/80 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 244, 267, F, G, C, Gu, ma, of, sb m, o, r, 295, 302, 306, 307, 307a, Br ru, s, sg, 377, 383]

sh, so 263 (continued) 264 Species List g 132, 187, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] 377] 307, 307a, 383] 291, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 276, 307, 307a] 307a, 377] 130, 185, 187, 223, 244, 247, 250, 267, 276, 279, 292, 302, 307, 307a, 324, 360, 377, 379, 38]7 306, 307, 307a, 377, 387] [1, 84, 130] References f 0/15 [1, 12, 15, 18, 84, 89, 130, –/50 [1, 88, 89, 130] 0/80 [1, 15, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, n.a. [14, 87, 138, 204, 216, 267, 0/34 [1, 15, 18, 75, 84, 89, 113, n.a. [130, 292, 306, 307, 307a] 0/2 [15, 84, 89, 130, 244, 302, Depth (m) e sg so g, o, ru,r, s, sg, so sg sg as, bo, co, co, r, co, ru, r, s, co, ru, s, sg, r co, r n.a. [1, 187, 267, 291, 302, 306, s bo, m, s, r, Habitat/ Community d ma, of of, sb b, c, cl, it, cr, cr ofcr, co, r 5/10 [1, 84, 267, 307, 377, 383] n.a n.a. n.ait c, ma, cr, of a, g, s, r, sg 15/50 a, [1, 89, 302, 306, 307, 307a, it c, sb s, r, sg n.a. of, cr, sb co, p, ru, r, [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica b B, P B P Pac it B, P Pac c, it, cr, ma, B Central America a F, G, C, Br F, Br P, Ga Me, P, TP Me, P, SCA, Br, NEA, IP, Mg, Co, Ga Me, P, Br F, C F, G, CF, B, P NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, C Ber, F, C, Br F, Ber, P G, C, F, Ber, C, Co, Me, G, C, Br B, P F, C, Ca, Mg, F, G, C, BrF, G, C, F, Ber, B, P G, C, F, Ber, World World distribution (continued)

Columbellopsis nycteis (Duclos, 1846) Conella ovulata (Lamarck, 1822) Columbella (Linnaeus, mercatoria 1758) Conella ovuloides (C.B. Adams, 1850) (Sowerby, 1844) Costoanachis catenata (Sowerby, Costoanachis sparsa 1859) (Reeve, 1832) Costoanachis varia (Sowerby, Cosmioconcha Cosmioconcha nitens (C.B. Adams, 1850) Mazatlania cosentini (Philippi, 1836) (Sowerby I, 1844) dichroa Mitrella ocellata Mitrella (Gmelin, 1791) Nitidella nitida (Lamarck, 1822) Species List 28.1 Species Benthic, ShelledGastropods Parvanachis obesa (C.B. Adams, 1845) NWA, Ber, P c, cr, it, ma a, co, m, r, s, –/20 [1, 6, 15, 84, 89, 130, 187, F, G, C, Gu, sg, sh 244, 267, 291, 302, 306, Br, SWA 307, 307a, 377, 383] Rhombinella laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) Ber, F, G, C B, P cr, it, of, sb a, bo, r, sg [1, 15, 84, 89, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] Steironepion minor (C.B. Adams, 1845) NWA, F, G, C, cr, of, rl, sb a, co, ru, s, –/220 [1, 84, 88, 130, 223, 295, 302, Br sg, so 307, 307a] Steironepion moniliferum (Sowerby, 1844) Ber, F, G, C B, P cr, of a, co, o, s, 6/70 [84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 291, so 295, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Zafrona idalina (Duclos, 1840) C, Br n.a r [130, 302] Zafrona pulchella (de Blainville, 1829) NWA, Ber, c, cl, cr, it, of co, r, ru, s, [1, 15, 18, 84, 89, 130, 187, F, G, C, Br sg 307, 307a, 377, 383] Family NASSARIIDAE Nassarius albus (Say, 1826) NWA, Ber, P cr m, r, ru, s 2/10 [1, 84, 130, 187, 244, 267, F, G, C, Br 302, 307, 307a, 384, 387] Nassarius antillarum (d’Orbigny, 1842) Ber, F, C, Br cr s –/10 [84, 89, 130, 302] Nassarius consensus (Ravenel, 1861) G, C P cr co, ru, s, so [84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 377] Nassarius karinae Nowell-Usticke, 1971 NWA, F, C, n.a c, s, sg [132, 187, 302, 307, 307a] Gu, Br Nassarius polygonatus (Lamarck, 1822) C n.a m, sg –/3 [2, 84, 307, 307a] Nassarius vibex (Say, 1822) NWA, F, G, C, P b, bw, c, d, as, c, m, r, [1, 6, 89, 187, 244, 267, 302, Br ma s, sg 307, 307a, 377] Family MELONGENIDAE Melongena melongena (Linnaeus, 1758) G, C, Gu B, P c, ma r, s [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384] Family FASCIOLARIIDAE Fasciolaria tulipa (Linnaeus, 1758) NWA, F, G, C, B, P c, it, ma, of, a, co, r, ru, s, 3/50 [1, 6, 84, 88, 89, 130, 244, Gu, Br cr, rl sg, sh, so 267, 295, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] Latirus angulatus (Röding, 1798) F, G, C, Br B c, cr, of, sb a, bo, co, r, 20/72 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 223, 302,

ru, s, sh, 377] 265 so (continued) 266 Species List g 306, 307, 307a, 377] 307, 307a] 198, 223, 244, 267, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377, 384, 387] 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383] 216, 230, 267, 276, 307, 307a, 384] 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316, 377, 384] 377] 307a, 377, 387] 377] References [1, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, [1, 6, 84, 130, 307a, 377, 383] f Depth (m) 2/60 [1, 2, 84, 88, 89, 302, 383, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267] 1 [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 187, 267, e p, r, p, s, r, sh, so sh, so r, s Habitat/ Community a, bo, co, o, r m, s, sh 6/99 [89, 306, 307, 307a] d rl co, g, ru, r, s, sb, sp Oceanic distribution cr, ofcr, of, cr, a, co, sr, c, it, cr, of, –/42it [1, 41, 84, 89, 130, 295, 302, cr, rlcr, sb a, bo, co, ma, cr, ma, of, cr, rl c, co, s, sh –/125c, of [1, b, 84, c, ma, 89, cr, of130, 187, 267, 275, r, s m, sr, 20/80 [1, 89, 302, 306, 307, 307a, c, cr, c, b, cr, ma co, m, sr, n.a –/8 m, s [1, 6, 84, 89, 187, 302, 307, –/34 [89, 267, 306, 307] c, cr, c, ma, cr, of s r, –/46 [1, 84, 89, 130, 223, 302, c Costa Rica b Central America P H, N PB, P Pac es, it m, s, r, sg 0/1 [1, 2, 74, 75, 86, 130, 187, H, P B a PC Br C, Gu, Br F, G, C, Br F, C, Gu, Br F, G, C, BrF, B, P G, C, BrF, B, P F, C F, C World World distribution C, Co, Me, P, C, Co, Me, P, G, C, F, Ber, G, C, Br NWA, F, G, C B C G, C, Gu, Br B NWA, Ber, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, (continued)

(Reeve, (Reeve, 1850) (Sowerby, 1878) (Sowerby, Latirus infundibulum (Gmelin, 1791) Leucozonia nassa (Gmelin, 1791) Leucozonia ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) Species List 28.1 Latirus carinifer Lamarck, 1822 Family Family VOLUTIDAE Lightfoot, virescens 1786 Voluta Species Teralatirus cayohuesonicus Teralatirus Family Family OLIVIDAE testacea Agaronia Lamarck, 1811 Oliva Lamarck, reticularis 1811 Oliva scripta Lamarck, 1811 dealbata Olivella Olivella myrmecoon Dall, 1912 Olivella minuta (Link, 1807) Olivella nivea (Gmelin, 1791) Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family HARPIDAE Morum oniscus (Linnaeus, 1767) Ber, F, G, C, B, P cr, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, g, 1.5/12 [84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, Br r, s, sh 306, 307, 307a, 377] Family MARGINELLIDAE Dentimargo cruzmoralai Espinosa & C cr co 12/15 [129, 130, 307a] Ortea, 2000 Dentimargo eburneolus (Conrad, 1834) NWA, F, G, C c, cr, of, sb s –/1,095 [1, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Dentimargo zaidettae Espinosa & C n.a n.a. 12/15 [129, 130, 307a] Ortea, 2000 Hyalina chicoi Espinosa & Ortea, 1999 C cr co 5/12 [128, 130, 307a] Hyalina pallida (Linnaeus, 1758) F, G, C B cr a, bo, co, r [1, 84, 88, 89, 187, 307, 307a, 377, 383] Prunum apicinum (Menke, 1828) NWA, F, G, C, B b, c, cr, d, a, as, c, m, –/25 [1, 6, 84, 89, 244, 302, 307, Br ma, of r, s, sg 307a, 377, 383] Prunum chumi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 C n.a n.a. n.a. [130] Prunum holandae Espinosa & C P n.a n.a. n.a. [127, 130, 307a] Ortea, 1999 Volvarina avena (Kiener, 1834) NWA, Ber, B c, cr, it, of, rl a, bo, co, r, –/80 [1, 18, 84, 88, 89, 187, 295, F, G, C, Br ru, s, so 302, 307, 307a, 377] Volvarina socoae Espinosa & C rl n.a. 1/1.5 [127, 130, 307a] Ortea, 1999 Volvarina yolandae Espinosa & C n.a n.a. 10/25 [129, 130, 307a] Ortea, 2000 Family CYSTISCIDAE Furcilla tica Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 C cr co 30 [129, 130, 307a] Gibberula bribri Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 C n.a n.a. 10/15 [129, 130, 307a] Gibberula lavalleeana (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, Ber, B c, cr, ma, of, a, as, co, m, 4/72 [1, 84, 88, 89, 187, 244, 295, F, G, C, Br, rl o, r, cr, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 377] SCA, NEA s, so Gibberula marioi Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 C cr co 30 [129, 130, 307a]

Gibberula sierrai Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 C n.a n.a. 10/15 [129, 130, 307a] 267 (continued) 268 Species List g 307, 307a, 377] 377] 307a, 377] 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] 307a] 307a, 377] 316] References f Depth (m) 5/902/15 [1, 84, 89, 187, 244, 302, 306, [1, 88, 89, 130, 307, 307a, 5/50 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 187, 30/80 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 302, e s, sg so s, so sg, so Habitat/ Community m, s –/15 [187, 267, 306, 307, 307a] co, o, ru, r, co –/2 [1, 307, 307a] d of, rl n.a n.a. 12/15 [129, 130, 307a] Oceanic distribution n.a n.a. 12/15 [129, 130, 307a] c, cr, c, ofcr, of, cr, rl a, as, m, r, sb co, g, ru, s, n.a n.a. 25 [129, 130] n.a c, it, cr, ma, co, sr, –/80ma [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, co, g n.a. [84, 89, 307, 307a, 377] sb cr, rlcr, it, cr, of co, m, ru, n.a a, co, r n.a. a, g [1, 84, 89, 187, 267, 307, 25/60 [1, 84, 89, 187, 306, 307, c Costa Rica b Central America B B B, P B, P a Br, SWA Br, F, G, C, Gu, F, SCA Br, G, C, Br F, C C World World distribution NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, G, C C, Gu, NEA P C NWA, Ber, Ber, NWA, Ber, NWA, G, C Ber, F, C F, Ber, F, G, CF, C F, P F, C, Br F, (continued)

Ortea, 2000 Ortea, 2000 Granulina Granulina minae Espinosa & Ortea, 2000 Species List 28.1 Gibberula ubitaensis Espinosa & Species (d’Orbigny, 1841) Granulina ovuliformis (d’Orbigny, fluctuata (C.B. Adams, Persicula 1850) weberi Olsson 1958 & Persicula McGinty, Plesiocystiscus genecoani Espinosa & Family Family MITRIDAE Mitra barbadensis (Gmelin, 1791) Mitra nodulosa (Gmelin, 1791) Family COSTELLARIIDAE dermestinum (Lamarck, 1811) Vexillum Vexillum epiphaneum 1943) (Rehder, Vexillum (Sowerby, 1874) gemmatum (Sowerby, Vexillum 1874) (Sowerby, laterculatum Vexillum Vexillum exiguum (C.B. Adams, 1845) Vexillum Benthic, ShelledGastropods Vexillum pulchellum (Reeve, 1844) F, C, Br n.a co, r 45/60 [130, 223, 302] Vexillum sykesi (Melvill, 1925) F, C cr, of a, co, s 42 [84, 130, 295, 307, 307a, 316] Vexillum variatum (Reeve, 1845) Ber, C, Br cr co, s 10/30 [1, 84, 130, 306, 307, 307a, 316] Superfamily CANCELLARIOIDEA Family CANCELLARIIDAE Cancellaria reticulata (Linnaeus, 1767) NWA, F, G, C, c, ma, of m, s, sg –/38 [1, 6, 89, 150, 244, 302, 307, Gu, Br 307a, 377, 383] Tritonoharpa lanceolata (Menke, 1828) NWA, Ber, cr, of, rl co, g, o, r, –/80 [1, 84, 89, 130, 187, 295, 302, F, G, C, Br ru, s, so 306, 307, 307a, 377] Superfamily CONOIDEA Family TEREBRIDAE Hastula cinerea (Born, 1778) F, G, C, Br, B Pac c, it, of m, p, r, s, 0/27 [1, 36, 45, 55, 84, 86, 130, EA, Co, sh 216, 276, 302, 307, 307a, Me, P 377, 384] Hastula hastata (Gmelin, 1791) Ber, F, G, C, B, P it s 5/75 [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 377, Br 383] Hastula salleana Deshayes, 1859 NWA, F, G, C, B, P cr, it p, s [1, 6, 89, 244, 267, 302, 307a, Br 377] Terebra dislocata (Say, 1822) NWA, F, G, C, B b, c, it, ma m, r, s –/52 [1, 6, 216, 244, 302, 307, Br, Ca, P 307a, 377, 383] Terebra protexta (Conrad, 1846) NWA, F, G, C, B, P c, ma, of s 2/90 [1, 6, 89, 130, 267, 302, 377] Br Family TURRIDAE Crassispira adamsi de Jong & C P n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 267, 307, 307a] Coomans, 1988 Crassispira fuscescens (Reeve, 1845) NWA, F, G, C, c, it, ma co, r, s –/70 [84, 89, 130, 187, 223, 302, Br 307, 307a, 377] Leptadrillia cookei (E.A. Smith, 1888) F, G, C, Br n.a m, s 30/420 [1, 84, 89, 187, 302, 306, 307, 307a, 316]

(continued) 269 270 Species List g 302, 307, 307a, 377] 306, 307, 307a, 377] 307, 307a, 310, 377] 302, 307, 307a, 316, 384] 384] 383, 384] 307a, 377] 267, 306, 307, 307a, 307a, 377, 383, 384, 387] [88, 130, 267, 307, 307a, 377] References f –/90 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, 5/175 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 132, 223, 20/99 [1, 84, 88, 89, 307, 307a, 377, Depth (m) n.a. [1, 12, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, –/10 [2, 84, 89, 130, 307] e s –/42 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 295, 301, so ru, s, sg, so s, so so so a, bo, co, r, co, r, co, ru, r, s, Habitat/ Community co, g, m, sr, –/70co [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, 50/100 [84, 89, 130, 302] a, bo, co, r, d of, cr of sp cr, it, cr, of, rl c, cr, ma a, bo, co, s r, cr, ofcr, a, co, s 42 [130, 267, 295, 307a, 377] c, cr, c, ma, cr, of a, bo, co, r, n.a c, it, cr, ma, n.a.n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 307] n.a. [1, 130, 267] cr, rlcr, co, o, ru, r, cr, ofcr, n.a. n.a. [267, 307, 307a380] Oceanic distribution cr cr, of, cr, rl ofcr, co, ru, r, s, c, it, cr, ma, co, sr, 1.5 [1, 84, 89, 307, 307a, 377, cr, it, cr, of, sb, n.a s c Costa Rica b B, P B, P B, P P Central America B B, P B, P a Br Gu, Br NEA Gu, Br C, Br Gu, P G, C F, G, C, BrF, B F, C F, C, Br C F, G, C, BrF, P G, C, NWA, NWA, F, G, C, F, NWA, G, C F, NWA, P F, G, C, Br, F, G, C F, G, C, F, NWA, F, Ber, NWA, World World distribution Ber, F, G, C, F, Ber, C, Me, Br, P (continued)

delessertii Recluz, 1843 (d’Orbigny, 1842) (d’Orbigny, (C.B. Adams, 1850) (Reeve, 1843) (Reeve, Pilsbryspira harfordiana Pilsbryspira Pilsbryspira jayana (C.B. Adams, 1850) Pilsbryspira Pilsbryspira albomaculata Strictispira Strictispira paxillus 1845) (Reeve, Conus Hwass, cardinalis 1792 Pilsbryspira Pilsbryspira leucocyma (Dall, 1884) Family Family CONIDAE biconica Brachycythara Conus daucus Hwass, 1792 Conus aff. Conus ermineus Born, 1778 Conus granulatus Linnaeus, 1758 Conus jaspideus Gmelin, 1791 Conus mindanus Hwass, 1792 Species List 28.1 Species Conus mus Hwass, 1792 Conus puncticulatus Hwass, 1792 Benthic, ShelledGastropods Conus regius Gmelin, 1791 F, G, C, Br B, P cr, of, rl, sb a, bo, co, r, –/5 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187, 223, ru 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 384] Cryoturris quadrilineata F, G, C B, P c, cr, ma, of co, r, ru, s, n.a. [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 377] (C.B. Adams, 1850) so Daphnella lymneiformis (Kiener, 1840) NWA, F, C, Br B it ru 5/46 [1, 84, 89, 132, 302, 307, 307a, 316, 377] Glyphoturris quadrata (Reeve, 1845) NWA, Ber, G, P cr, it, of, rl co, g, ru, s, 5/52 [1, 84, 88, 89, 130, 267, 302, C, Br so 306, 307, 307a, 377] Glyphoturris rugirima (Dall, 1889) NWA, F, G, C, cr co, sg 2/366 [1, 302, 306, 307, 307a383] Br Kurtziella serga (Dall, 1881) Ber, F, G, C, Br c, cr, of co, g, m, s 20/100 [1, 89, 302, 307, 307a, 377] Nannodiella vespuciana (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, F, G, C, c, cr, it, ma, a, co, m, s –/103 [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 295, 302, Br of 307, 307a, 377, 383] Pyrgocythara candidissima Ber, F, G, C, B, P c, cr, ma, of, co, m, r, s 2/103 [1, 84, 88, 187, 223, 267, 302, (C.B. Adams, 1845) Br rl 307, 307a, 377, 383] Pyrgocythara caribaea (d’Orbigny, 1842) G, C B c, ma r, s, sg n.a. [84, 187, 307, 307a377, 383] Tenaturris cf. inepta (E.A. Smith, 1882) NWA, Ber, B c, cr, ma, of s 1/823 [1, 84, 89, 302, 377] F, G, C, Br Thelecythara floridana Fargo, 1953 F, C, P n.a m, s n.a. [84, 89, 130] Superorder HETEROBRANCHIA Superfamily ARCHITECTONICOIDEA Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE Architectonica nobilis Röding, 1798 NWA, F, G, C, P Pac cr, sb an, co, r, s, 1/250 [1, 2, 6, 25, 45, 72, 75, 84, 89, Gu, Br, NEA, sh 244, 250, 267, 276, 302, SEA, Me, P 307, 307a, 342, 377, 387] Heliacus bisulcatus (d’Orbigny, 1842) NWA, Ber, F, B, P cr, it, of as, co, r, ru, 20/366 [1, 6, 84, 187, 267, 295, 302, G, C, Gu, tu 307, 307a, 316, 377, 383, Br, EA 387] Heliacus cylindricus (Gmelin, 1791) Ber, F, G, C, P sb an, r –/46 [1, 84, 89, 267, 302, 307,

Br 307a, 383, 384, 387] 271 (continued) 272 Species List g 307] 368, 377] 307a, 377] 307a, 377] 377] 307a] 307a, 377] References f Depth (m) 5/550 [1, 89, 267, 302, 307] n.a. [1, 84, 132, 187, 302, 307, n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 377] e Habitat/ Community co, m, s 4/234 [1, 84, 136, 187, 267, 302, r, sr, n.a. [84, 89, 130, 187, 267, 307, co, s 25/115 [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 307, d Oceanic distribution cr it, of a n.a n.a.n.a n.a. sg [130] n.a. [84, 89, 267, 302, 307, 307a, c cr, ofcr, c, of n.a. s n.a. [84, 89, 187, 267, 302, 307, cr n.a n.a. n.a. [130] c, cr, c, ma, cr, of s n.a n.a. n.a. [130] n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 89, 130] n.a n.a. n.a. [84, 130] n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 84, 130] n.a n.a. n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130] c Costa Rica b Central America B, P P B n.a an, r n.a. [1, 187, 216, 302, 307, 307a, a SWA Me, P C, Br World World distribution F, C, BrF, P F, C, SWABr, F, P C C, Gu, Br, F, G, C F, G, C, BrF, G, Ber, C, Br B, P F, C, EA, Br, F, F, Ber, NWA, C F, G, CF, B, P C C C NWA, C NWA, NWA, C NWA, (continued)

McGinty, 1958) McGinty, Espinosa, 2001 1958) McGinty, Species List 28.1 Species Iselica globosa (H.C. Lea, 1843) Chrysallida (Olsson toroensis & Ividia abbotti (Olsson 1958) & McGinty, Ividia havanensis (Pilsbry & Aguayo, 1933) Odostomia babylonia (C.B. Adams, 1845) Heliacus perrieri (Rochebrune, 1881) Psilaxis (Mörch, krebsii 1875) Superfamily RISSOELLOIDEA Family RISSOELLIDAE Rissoella gandocaensis Ortea & Superfamily PYRAMIDELLOIDEA Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE Chrysallida jadisi (Olsson & Pyramidella Pyramidella suturalis H.C. Lea, 1843 Triptychus niveus Mörch, Triptychus 1875 Turbonilla coomansi van Aartsen, Turbonilla 1994 Turbonilla levis (C.B. Turbonilla Adams, 1850) Turbonilla rixtae de Turbonilla Jong & Coomans, 1988 Turbonilla stimpsoni Bush, Turbonilla 1899 Turbonilla textilis (Kurtz, 1860) Turbonilla Benthic, ShelledGastropods

PULMONATA Order BASOMMATOPHORA Superfamily SIPHONARIOIDEA Family SIPHONARIIDAE Williamia krebsii (Mörch, 1877) NWA, Ber, F, G, P it f, r, sh –/37 [1, 84, 89, 130, 267, 302, 307, C, Br 307a, 377, 383] Order EUPULMONATA Suborder ACTOPHILA Superfamily ELLOBIOIDEA Family ELLOBIIDAE Melampus coffeus (Linnaeus, 1758) Ber, F, G, C, Gu, B c, cr, es, hs, co, m, r, rt, n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 146, 187, 244, Br, SWA ma, of, ru, s 302, 307, 307a, 377, 384] sp, sw Melampus monile (Bruguière, 1789) Ber, F, G, C, Br B c, es, hs, it, m, r n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 302, 377] ma, sb, sp Pedipes mirabilis (Mühlfeld, 1816) Ber, F, G, C, Br, B, P bw, c, es, it, as, co, p, r, s n.a. [1, 6, 84, 89, 130, 187, 244, SCA ma, sp 267, 302, 307, 307a, 377, 383, 387] Tralia ovula (Bruguière, 1789) Ber, F, G, C B, P c, sp co, r, rt, s, sg n.a. [1, 84, 89, 130, 132, 146, 187, 267, 307, 307a, 377] (continued) 273 274 Species List bove Note : the classification of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific prov- (continued)

B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama b = bays and coves; bw = brackish water; c = cienaga facies; cl = coastal lagoons, d = Drift; es = estuaries; fw = freshwater seepage; hs = high salinity; References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list A = Atlantic; Ber = Bermuda; Br = Brazil (including Fernando de Noronha and islands); Trinidade C = Caribbean; Ca = California; Cl = Clipperton Island; a = algae; ad = ascidians; an = anemones; as = artificial substrates (jetties, pilings); b = bacteria; bo = boulders; c = carrion; ci = cirripeds; co = corals; Pac Pac = also present on the coast Pacific Lowermost Lowermost occurrence (m)/uppermost occurrence (m) it = intertidal; ls = low salinity; ma = mangroves; oc = oceanic; of = offshore; cr = reefs; rl = reef lagoons; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf); sp = supratidal; = sp shelf); continental (on subtidal = sb lagoons; reef = rl reefs; = cr offshore; = of oceanic; = oc mangroves; = ma salinity; low = ls intertidal; = it sw = stagnant water Species List 28.1 n.a. = information not available a b c d e f g inces are based on Díaz Merlano and Puyana Hegedus (1994), and Reid (2002), but with respectively; modifications as indicated a Co = Gulf of California; CtP = Central EA Pacific; = East Atlantic; F = Florida; G = Gulf of Mexico; Ga = Galapagos Islands; Gu = Guyana, Suriname, and Pacific; Northeast = NEP Atlantic; Northeast = NEA Bay; Magdalena = Mg Mexican; = Me Mediterranean; = M Indo-Pacific; = IP Indian; = I Guiana; French (transition area from the Californian PC province = Peruvian-Chilean; to SCA the = Mexican South-Central Atlantic TP province); = (transition area (Ascension from the Panamic province to NWA the and Peruvian Chilean province); = Saint North-West Helena Atlantic; islands); SEA NWP = = Southeast Atlantic; North-West SWA Pacific; = P Southwest Atlantic; = Panamic; vegeta- rotten = rt rocks; = r polychaetes; = p ophiurids; = or octocorals; = o mud, = m leaves; = l holothurians; = h gravel; = g equinoderms; = e diatoms; = di tion; ru = rubble; s = sand; sg = sea grasses; sh = shells; so = sponges; st = stomatopods; tu = tunicates; w = wood Benthic, ShelledGastropods Species List 28.2 Benthic, shelled gastropods of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica World Central Costa Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Ricac distributiond Communitye Depth (m)f Referencesg Class GASTROPODA Subclass EOGASTROPODA Order PATELLOGASTROPODA Suborder NACELLINA Superfamily ACMAEOIDEA Family LOTTIIDAE Lottia mesoleuca (Menke, 1851) Me, P N PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, ru, s n.a. [1, 2, 13, 45, 75, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 280, 349, 360] Lottia pediculus (Philippi, 1846) Me, P PM sb r n.a. [1, 45, 113, 216, 276, 360] Lottia rothi (Lindberg & McLean, P, Ga IC it n.a. -/33 [204, 226, 250] 1981) Lottia stipulata (Reeve, 1855) P ES, N, P PM cr, it r n.a. [216, 276, 324, 360, 361] Lottia strigatella (Carpenter, 1864) NWP, Ca, Co, IC it, sp bo, r, s n.a. [1, 30, 90, 216, 247, 250, 276, Me, P 279, 317, 341, 386] Patelloida semirubida (Dall, 1914) Co, Me, P P PM, IC of, sb r –/95 [185, 216, 250] Tectura biradiata (Reeve, 1855) P ES, P PM cr, it, ma bo, m, r n.a. [74, 216, 276, 345, 360, 361] Tectura fascicularis (Menke, 1851) Co, Me, P PM it bo, r n.a. [1, 216, 276, 285, 349, 360] Tectura filosa (Carpenter, 1865) P, Ga ES, N, P PM sb bo, r n.a. [204, 216, 276, 360] Tectura subrotundata (Carpenter, P ES, P PM it r n.a. [185, 216] 1865) Tectura ubiquita (Lindberg & Mg, Co, Me, P IC it n.a. –/10 [226, 250] McLean, 1981) (continued) 275 276 Species List g 360] 250, 273, 284] 276, 279, 349, 360] 268, 269, 270, 276, 279, 280, 360, 361, 364, 365, 379] References [216, 360, 361] f Depth (m) 30/174 [63, 195, 216, 237, 247, 250] –/18 [18, 75, 276, 285] 21/27 [204, 216, 237] 9/2759/2712/36 [113, 204, 212, 238, 250] [185, 216, 284, 324] [1, 75, 113, 140, 204, 212, 216, n.a. [75, 216, 276] 65/183 [72, 158, 216, 285, 349] n.a. [2, 12, 75, 185, 216, 247, 250, e ru, s ru, s Habitat/ Community a, r a, co, m, r –/12 [1, 45, 113, 176, 185, 216, 250, g r d Oceanic distribution c IC of a, co, g, r, Costa Rica PMPM, IC it, sb n.a. bo, r n.a. –/27 n.a. [1, 2, 75, 113, 185, 204, 212, 216, [185, 216] IC sb r ICPM, IC of n.a. r r PMPM n.a. of n.a. s n.a. [216, 349] b Central America ES, N, P N PM it cr, m, r P PM it a Ma, Ga Ma, Ga, PC P World World distribution Ca, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P Me, P, TP, PC TP, Me, P, N, P PM, IC it, cr, sb bo, m, r, Co, Me, P, TP, Ga TP, Co, Me, P, N PM it P, Ga P, P TPMe, P, P PM, IC it Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P P PM it P, PC P, Co, Me, PCo, Me, P P IC it, of n.a. –/18 [216, 250] Me, P (continued)

digueti (Mabille, 1895) Berry, 1959 pusilla Berry, PLEUROTOMARIOIDEA Strong, 1951) Species List 28.2 Subclass ORTHOGASTROPODA Superorder VETIGASTROPODA Superfamily Family HALIOTIDAE Haliotis McLean, roberti 1970 Species Superfamily Superfamily FISSURELLOIDEA Family FISSURELLIDAE Diodora cf. 1835) Diodora inaequalis (Sowerby, Sowerby, 1835 Sowerby, virescens Fissurella Sowerby, 1835 rugosa Sowerby, Fissurella McLean, deroyae 1970 Fissurella 1863 longifissa Sowerby, Fissurella 1835 Sowerby, microtrema Fissurella Diodora Diodora punctifissa McLean, 1970 Diodora cf. Diodora saturnalis 1864) (Carpenter, Sowerby, 1835 Sowerby, Lucapinella crenifera Lucapinella 1959 milleri Berry, beebei Stromboli (Hertlein & Sowerby, 1835 Lucapinella aequalis Sowerby, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Superfamily SCISSURELLOIDEA Family SCISSURELLIDAE Sinezona rimuloides (Carpenter, 1865) Co, P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [212, 349] Superfamily TROCHOIDEA Family TURBINIDAE Arene ferruginosa McLean, 1970 Co, Me, P P IC of n.a. 46/120 [1, 216, 247, 250, 349] Arene guttata McLean, 1970 P, Ga IC sb r 12/183 [204, 216, 239, 250, 334] Astraea buschii (Philippi, 1844) Me, P, TP ES, N, P PM it, sb r, s n.a. [2, 75, 153, 185, 109, 276] Astraea spirata (Dall, 1911) Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. 216 Eulithidium diantha (McLean, 1970) P, Ma, Ga IC it n.a. 7/275 [204, 212, 216, 237, 250, 334] Eulithidium perforatum (Philippi, Me, P, TP PM it, of r n.a. [185, 216, 379] 1848) Eulithidium phasianellum (Philippi, Me, P N PM it, of r n.a. [185, 216, 276, 360, 379] 1849) Tricolia variabilis (Pease, 1861) EA, I, IP, NWP, IC cr, it a –/100 [214, 331] CtP, P Turbo saxosus Wood, 1828 Me, P, TP ES, N, P PM, IC it, of, sb bo, r, s –/60 [2, 45, 75, 153, 185, 216, 247, 276, 349, 360] Turbo squamiger Reeve, 1843 Co, Me, P, TP P IC of r 15/70 [75, 113, 216, 250, 276, 284, 379] Family TROCHIDAE Bathybembix bairdii (Dall, 1889) NEP, Ca, Me, P, PM of n.a. 10/1, 200 [1, 2, 216] PC Calliotropis equatorialis (Dall, 1896) Ca.Me, P P IC of n.a. 1, 830/2, [1, 216, 247, 250] 190 Mirachelus galapagensis McLean, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 91/183 [204, 216, 247, 250] 1970 Solariella diomedea Dall, 1919 P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 37/128 [216, 247, 250] Tegula bergeroni McLean, 1970 P PM it, of n.a. –/18 216 Tegula cooksoni (E.A. Smith, 1877) P, Ga IC it r [18, 45, 204, 216, 247, 279] Tegula fasciata (Born, 1778) NWA, F, G, C, Car, IC c, cr, it, ma, a, bo, co, r, 1/15 [1, 6, 18, 84, 88, 89, 130, 187,

Gu, Br, P of, rl, sb s, sg 216, 247, 250, 267, 279, 302, 277 307, 377, 383, 387] (continued) 278 Species List g 360] References f n.a. [1, 216, 276] 3/122n.a. [185, 216, 250, 284, 324, 337] [29, 216] Depth (m) e r n.a. n.a. [216] n.a. –/25 [216, 349] n.a. –/38 [212, 337] Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c PM it PM it ICPM n.a.PM, IC n.a. n.a.PM n.a. n.a. sb g n.a.PM 10/50 r of [212] PM [185, 216] n.a. n.a. n.a. 37/100 [216, 285] 45/134 [202, 216] Costa Rica b ES, N, P PMES, N, P PM it, sb it, ma, sb bo, sr, bo, m, sr, n.a. n.a. [12, 45, 75, 185, 216, 276, 360] [2, 12, 153, 216, 245, 276, 349, PP PMP of PM IC n.a. n.a. it n.a. 64/256 [1, 2, 216, 240, 265] 59/100 [72, 73, 216, 218, 240, 265] Central America a P, TP P, P, TP P, P Me, P, PCMe, P, Ca, Co, Me, P PCo, Me, ES, P N, P PM PM it, sb of m, ru, r, s n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 237, 276, 280, 379] 20/180 [1, 72, 216, 265] P, Ma P, P, Cl, Ma P, Co, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P Me, P TPMe, P, Co, Me, P ES, N, PMe, P PM Ga P, it P World World distribution

ex (continued)

Dall, MS (Strong, 1934) McLean, 1970 & Allison, 1968) 1939) 1865 Carpenter, Philippi, 1843) & Hertlein, 1933 Tegula picta McLean, 1970, Tegula Species List 28.2 panamensis (Philippi, 1849) Tegula 1828) pellisserpentis (Wood, Tegula Tegula verrucosa McLean, 1970 Tegula 1969 admirabilis Berry, Turcica Family SKENEIDAE Haplocochlias lucasensis Calliostoma santacruzanum Family PELYCIDIIDAE (Bartsch, kelseyi 1911) Pelycidion Pachystremiscus solitarius (Hertlein Pachystremiscus erici (Strong & Parviturbo Hertlein, stearnsii (Dall, 1918) Parviturbo Family CALLIOSTOMATIDAE Calliostoma aequisculptum Calliostoma antonii (in Koch Calliostoma bonita Strong, Hanna Calliostoma nepheloide Dall, 1913 Calliostoma McLean, veleroae 1970 Species Benthic, ShelledGastropods Superorder NERITOPSINA Superfamily NERITOIDEA Family NERITIDAE Nerita funiculata Menke, 1851 Me, P, Ga, TP ES, N, P PM, IC cr, es, it, bo, r n.a. [1, 45, 74, 75, 113, 185, 204, 216, ma 245, 247, 250, 268, 270, 276, 279, 360, 361, 364, 365] Nerita scabricosta Lamarck, 1822 Me, P, Ma, Ga ES, N, P PM, IC it, ma, sb, sp bo, r, s, sh, w 0/4 [1, 12, 13, 45, 74, 75, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 222, 245, 247, 250, 269, 270, 276, 360] Neritina latissima Broderip, 1833 Me, P ES, P PM, IC es, fw, ls, r n.a. [2, 38, 74, 216, 247, 276, 379] ma, sp Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, Co, Me, P, TP ES, P PM bw, fw, it, m, r n.a. [1, 74, 185, 216, 276, 354, 379] 1879) ma Family PHENACOLEPADIDAE Plesiothyreus osculans RS, NWP, CtP, Co, P IC n.a. n.a. 17 [65, 212, 216, 250, 324] (C.B. Adams, 1852) Me, P, Ma Plesiothyreus puntarene P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] (Mörch, 1860) Superorder CAENOGASTROPODA Order SORBEOCONCHA Superfamily CERITHIOIDEA Family CERITHIIDAE Bittium cf. cerralvoense Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] (Bartsch, 1911) Cerithium adustum Kiener, 1841 Me, P, Ga, TP P PM, IC fw, it, sb, bo, m, r, s 0/15 [2, 18, 45, 75, 185, 204, 216, 218, sp 247, 250, 272, 276, 285, 360] Cerithium browni (Bartsch, 1928) P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Cerithium gallapaginis Sowerby, P, Ga ES, P PM it n.a. n.a. [185, 204, 216] 1855, ex A. Adams, MS Cerithium maculosum Kiener, 1841 Mg, Me, P, Ga ES, P IC cr n.a. 9/12 [1, 75, 113, 138, 153, 216, 247,

250, 276, 279] 279 (continued) 280 Species List g 254] 285] 341, 379] 250, 276, 279] 250, 276] 276, 360] [216] References f 1/200 [214, 72, 160, 216, 276, 379] Depth (m) e n.a.co, g, rur, –/110 n.a. [1, 45, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, [212] m bo, m, sr, n.a. [1, 74, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, Habitat/ Community d ma Oceanic distribution c IC PMPM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0/2 [4, 5, 185, 216, 272] PM, IC of, sb m, s, sg 2/130 [2, 18, 45, 113, 189, 204, 216, Costa Rica b P PMES of PM, IC it m, s 4/170 [1, 72, 103, 204, 216, 276, 284, N, P PM it, of n.a. –/37 [45, 185, 204, 216] Central America a Ga Ga Ga Co, Me, P Ma P, P PM of n.a. 27/55 [75, 113, 216, 284] Me, P, GaMe, P, Co, Me, PCo, Me, P P PC Co, Me, P, P P PM, ICMe, P n.a.Co, Me, P PM PM, IC Mg, Co, Me, P, of cr m, s, N, sgP 2/25 PM co, m, r s r, Ma, Ca, Me, P, it [138, 204, 216, 250] 40/105 n.a. [72, 158, 216, 250] [216, 276] Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga, PCCo, P, N, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [105, 169, 185, 204, 216, 272, Co, Me, P, GaCo, Me, P, P PM, IC it, of a, sr, 2/37 [1, 18, 45, 138, 185, 204, 216, P, Ga P, Ga, TPCo, Me, P, N, P PM cl, es, it, World World distribution (continued)

McLean, frisbeyae nicaraguense Pilsbry interruptelineata Pilsbry & 1970 Strong, 1951) 1832 Valenciennes, 1832 Broderip, 1832 1842) (Reeve, Lowe, Lowe, 1932 & Lowe, 1932 1833 Valenciennes, Turritella rubescens 1849 Reeve, Turritella cf. Vermicularia Carpenter, Alaba 1857 Carpenter, supralirata Family TURRITELLIDAE banksi 1849 Reeve, Turritella clarionensis (Hertlein Turritella & gonostoma Turritella lentiginosa 1849 Reeve, Turritella leucostoma Valenciennes, Turritella nodulosa King Turritella & pellucida eburnea Vermicularia Rhinoclavis gemmata (Hinds, 1844) Family LITIOPIDAE Alaba cf. Cerithium uncinatum (Gmelin, 1791) Species List 28.2 Cerithium cf. Cerithium stercusmuscarum Species Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family SILIQUARIIDAE Stephopoma pennatum Mörch, 1860 P N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 254] Family BATILLARIIDAE Rhinocoryne humboldti Co, Me, P, PC ES, P PM es, it, ma, m, s –/27 [1, 74, 75, 185, 216, 276] (Valenciennes, 1832) of Family PLANAXIDAE Fossarus angulatus Carpenter, 1857 Me, P, Ma, Ga PM, IC it r, ru –/30 [204, 212, 216, 250, 333] Fossarus tuberosus Carpenter, 1857 Me, P IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 250, 324] Planaxis planicostatus Sowerby, 1825 Me, P, Ga N, P PM, IC it, sb, sp bo, m, r, sh n.a. [12, 13, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 222, 247, 250, 276, 279, 360] Family POTAMIDIDAE Cerithidea californica mazatlanica Co, Me, P, TP P PM it n.a. [185, 216, 272] Carpenter, 1857 Cerithidea montagnei (d’Orbigny, Co, Me, P, TP, P PM it, ma m, w n.a. [1, 74, 75, 216, 272, 276] 1839) PC Cerithidea pulchra (C.B. Adams, P, TP ES, N, P PM ma, sp m, s n.a. [74, 153, 185, 216, 272, 276] 1852) Cerithidea valida (C.B. Adams, 1852) P ES, N, P PM ma m n.a. [74, 185, 216, 276] Family MODULIDAE Modulus catenulatus (Philippi, 1849) Co, Me, P, TP ES, P PM es m n.a. [74, 185, 216, 272, 276] Modulus cerodes (A. Adams, 1851) Co, Me, P, Ma, P PM, IC n.a. bo, co, m, 12/61 [45, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, Ga r, ru 276, 279, 324, 360] Modulus disculus (Philippi, 1846) Co, Me, P P PM es, ma m n.a. [45, 74, 113, 185, 216, 276, 324] Family SCALIOLIDAE Finella cf. veraguaensis Strong & P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 324] Hertlein, 1939 (continued) 281 282 Species List g 250] References f Depth (m) 0/60 [250, 299] n.a. [2, 18, 30, 149, 216, 233, 247, n.a. [298] e sh sd, w Habitat/ Community m, r, m, s, r, w n.a. [207, 298] as, r, as, wr, n.a.bo, l, m, [214, 300] d ma, sp ma, sm, sp Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PMPM, IC b, sp it, ma, sp as, ba, m, r, as, ba, shr, n.a. [299] IC it, cr, sp r IC d IC d, ma as, wr, n.a. [214, 300] b N, P N, P Central America ES, N PM, ICES, P sp fw, PM ba, r sp n.a. ba, r [299] n.a. [299] ES, P PMP ma, sp PM l, m, wr, it, n.a.ma, sp w r, [298] n.a. [2, 14, 74, 75, 185, 216, 276, 298] a Me, P SWP, CtP, P CtP, SWP, World World distribution P Ca, Me, P Ga, TPP, ES, H, Ga, TPMe, P, ES, H, ES, N, P Ga P, IC it, sp as, ba, shr, n.a. [250, 299] NEP, Ca, Mg, NEP, Co, Me, P Cl P, CtP, I, IP, P PM NWP, SEA, I, IP, TP it, ma, spP, TPCo, Me, P, l, w ES, PP PM n.a. cl, it, bw, [74, 185, 216, 284, 298] Me, P, Cl, MaMe, P, P TPCo, Me, P, P IC PM sp cl, fw, bw, a, as, r n.a. [212, 250, 298] (continued)

1852) 1847) 1852) Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852) 1864) Species List 28.2 Species Nodilittorina fuscolineata Reid, 2002 Nodilittorina apicina (Menke, 1851) Nodilittorina atrata (C.B. Adams, Nodilittorina conspersa (Philippi, Nodilittorina dubiosa (C.B. Adams, (Souleyet Littoraria n i variegata 1978 Littorina keenae Rosewater, Suborder HYPSOGASTROPODA Infraorder LITTORINIMORPHA Superfamily LITTORINOIDEA Family LITTORINIDAE Littoraria aberrans (Philippi, 1846) Littoraria Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791) 1839) Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1832) Littoraria varia (G.B. Sowerby, Littoraria 1825) zebra (Donovan, Littoraria Littoraria pintado pullata (Carpenter, Reid, Littoraria 1999 rosewateri Benthic, ShelledGastropods Nodilittorina modesta (Philippi, 1846) Co, Me, P, Cl PM sp ba, r, sh n.a. [299] Nodilittorina paytensis (Philippi, P.TP, PC PM ma, sp as, ba, m, r, n.a. [299] 1847) s, w Nodilittorina tenuistriata Reid, 2002 P, TP N, P PM fw, sp as, m, r n.a. [299] Peasiella conoidalis (Pease, 1868) I, IP, NWP, SWP, PM cr, it ba, co, r, ru 37 [300] CtP, P Superfamily RISSOOIDEA Family RISSOIDAE Alvania inconspicua C.B. Adams, Co, P, Ma, Ga P PM, IC n.a. n.a. 10/95 [10, 91, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 1852 250, 324, 341] Folinia ericana (Hertlein & Strong, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga PM, IC of g, m, s, sh 10/183 [158, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250, 1951) 285, 324, 333, 350] Lapsigyrus mutans (Carpenter, 1857) Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [158, 216] Rissoina alarconi Hertlein & Strong, Co, P N PM ma, of l, m, sh –/35 [158, 285] 1951 Rissoina allemani Bartsch, 1931 P P PM it n.a. n.a. [216, 350] Rissoina burragei Bartsch, 1915 Co, P IC it n.a. 9/32 [92, 216, 250, 337, 350] Rissoina clandestina (C.B. Adams, Co, P, Ma P PM it, of n.a. –/20 [92, 178, 185, 212, 216, 324, 350] 1852). Rissoina effusa Mörch, 1860 P, Ma IC n.a. ru 9/25 [212, 216, 250, 324] Rissoina firmata (C.B. Adams, 1852) Co, Me, P N, P PM it, sb r n.a. [1, 10, 17, 105, 185, 216, 324, 350] Rissoina peninsularis Bartsch, 1915 Co, Me, P PM n.a. r n.a. [1, 92, 216] Rissoina stricta Menke, 1850 Co, Me, P, Ma, N, P PM, IC it, sb r, ru 9/25 [1, 17, 92, 113, 138, 204, 212, Ga 216, 250, 276, 279] Zebina preposterum (Berry, 1958) Co, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 282] Family BARLEEIDAE Barleeia cf. bifasciata (Carpenter, P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [212] 1857) Barleeia orcutti Bartsch, 1920 Mg, Co, P IC n.a. n.a. 22 [216, 250]

Barleeia paupercula (C.B. Adams, Co, P P PM, IC it n.a. 6/33 [91, 185, 216, 250, 350] 283 1852) (continued) 284 Species List g 350] 324, 350] 285, 324, 350] References f Depth (m) e Habitat/ Community n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 224, 324, 341] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica ICPM n.a.PM n.a. of, sp n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0/40 [212] [185, 216, 224] [185, 216, 225, 324, 350] IC it, sp n.a. –/25 [105, 167, 178, 216, 224, 250, IC it, of n.a. 18/70 [204, 216, 250, 283, 350] b Central America P PM of, sb g, s –/35 [30, 138, 174, 185, 204, 216, 224, PPP PM, IC PM, IC of sp IC n.a. of n.a. 60 0/183 n.a. [185, 204, 216, 250, [185, 350] 216, 250, 324] 9/60 [216, 250] PP PMP IC n.a. n.a. IC n.a.P n.a. co, ru n.a. PM 6/33 rt, w [216] it, of [1, 156, 204, 216, 324, 329, 333] n.a. n.a. [216, 250] –/35 [105, 185, 216, 285, 350] a Ga P, Cl, Ga P, World World distribution Ca, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, P, Ma P, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Co, Me, P P PM P Co, Me, P P PM, IC of, sp n.a. 0/95 [175, 185, 216, 225, 250, 324, P Co, P Co, Me, P PP Ca, Mg, Me, CtP, PP Ga Co, Me, P, ICCo, P n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 250] (continued)

granti (Strong, 1938) Carpenter, corrugulatum Carpenter, bahiahondaense Strong (Carpenter, 1857) (Carpenter, farcimen 1857 1939) 1864 1852 & Strong, 1930) & Hertlein, 1939 Species List 28.2 Species Carpenter, Caecum 1857 quadratum Carpenter, Caecum cf. Caecum elongatum 1857 Carpenter, Caecum cf. Caecum firmatum C.B. Adams, 1852 Caecum lohri (Strong & Hertlein, Caecum paradoxum de Folin, 1867 Caecum parvum C.B. Adams, 1852 Caecum laqueatum C.B. Adams, 1852 Family Family ANABATHRIDAE Amphithalamus inclusus Carpenter, Family TRUNCATELLIDAE C.B. bairdiana Adams, Truncatella Family ELACHISINIDAE Elachisina johnstoni Hanna (Baker, Caecum 1857 clathratum Carpenter, (de Barleeia Folin, polychroma 1870) cf. Lirobarleeia Family CAECIDAE Caecum cf. Benthic, ShelledGastropods Caecum richthofeni Strong & Hertlein, P, Ga P PM n.a. n.a. 16/17 [138, 216, 324, 350] 1939 Caecum cf. semilaeve Carpenter, 1857 Co, Me, P, Ga PM of n.a. –/35 [175, 185, 204, 216, 225, 285, 324, 333, 350] Elephantulum cf. abnormale Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 225] (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum heptagonum (Carpenter, Mg, Co, Me, P P PM, IC of, sp n.a. 0/95 [167, 185, 216, 224, 250, 324, 1857) 350] Elephantulum liratocinctum Mg, Co, Me, P P IC it, of n.a. –/70 [144, 167, 216, 250, 350] (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum mirificum (de Folin, Co, P, Ga PM n.a. n.a. 6/183 [138, 216, 324, 350] 1867) Elephantulum subobsoletum Co, Me, P PM of n.a. –/35 [185, 216, 285] (Carpenter, 1857) Elephantulum cf. subspirale Mg, Me, P P PM of n.a. 2/10 [143, 185, 216, 225, 350] (Carpenter, 1857) Fartulum cf. dextroversum (Carpenter, Ca, Mg, Co, Me, PM of, sb g, s 2/16 [30, 149, 167, 175, 185, 204, 216, 1857) P, Ga 225, 324, 333, 350] Fartulum glabriforme (Carpenter, Mg, Co, Me, P, P IC it, of n.a. –/95 [167, 175, 212, 216, 225, 250, 1857) Ma 350] Fartulum cf. laeve (C.B. Adams, Co, Me, P P PM it n.a. n.a. [143, 185, 216, 225, 324, 345, 1852) 350] Fartulum teres (Carpenter, 1857) Mg, Co, Me, P, Ga P PM of n.a. 6/16 [185, 204, 216, 225, 350] Family VITRINELLIDAE Alleorus deprellus Strong, 1938 Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [1, 94, 166, 216] Anticlimax willetti Hertlein & Strong, Co, P P PM it m, s, sh –/27 [91, 95, 158, 216] 1951 Aorotrema humboldti (Hertlein & Mg, Co, Me, P PM it, of m, sh –/60 [1, 93, 158, 216, 350] Strong, 1951) Cyclostremiscus pauli Pilsbry & P P PM n.a. n.a. 6/15 [216, 350]

Olsson, 1952 285 (continued) 286 Species List g 350] References f Depth (m) e n.a. n.a. [95, 185, 216, 259, 278] Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c PM ofIC n.a.IC n.a. 1/55 n.a. n.a. [165, 350] n.a. 9/18 12/21 [216, 250] PM [216, 250, 324] of m, s, sh 3/35 [95, 158, 166, 185, 216, 278, 285, PM sp n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 350] Costa Rica b P PM n.a.P n.a.P PM 2/7 PM ofP n.a. [95, 216] PM n.a. n.a. of 12/35 n.a. [95, 185, 216, 285] n.a. [95, 185, 216, 341] 35 [185, 216, 285] P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Central America a Co, P Co, Me, P PCCo, Me, P, PP Me, P PM, ICP n.a.Co, Me, P n.a.Co, P P 25Co, Me, P PMCo, P [94, 185, 216, 235, 250, 259] n.a. PMg, Co, P TPCo, P, IC n.a. P n.a. 2/7 PM n.a. [95, 216, 259, 324, 350] it 18/25 [95, 105, 216, 250] Me, P P World World distribution (continued)

ochsneri Strong & minutus (C.B. Adams, 1852) Myers & Gemmell, 1992 1857) 1852) & Strong, 1951 1857) 1945 Olsson, 1952 1857) 1939) Olsson, 1945 Olsson, 1945 Hertlein, 1939 & Olsson, 1945 Species List 28.2 Hertz,salvatierrensis Cyclostremiscus monilifer (Carpenter, Parviturboides Solariorbis cf. (C.B. Adams, Solariorbis regularis herbertianum Hertlein Teinostoma Cyclostremiscus trigonatus Cyclostremiscus (Carpenter, azulense Pilsbry & Panastoma Olsson, Solariorbis allomphalus Pilsbry & Solariorbis carinatus (Carpenter, Solariorbis hannai (Strong & Hertlein, concavaxis Pilsbry & Teinostoma imperfectum Pilsbry & Teinostoma Teinostoma millepunctatum Pilsbry Teinostoma cf. Teinostoma Species Benthic, ShelledGastropods Teinostoma cf. politum A. Adams, Co, P PM it n.a. n.a. [1, 172, 185, 284] 1853 Teinostoma aff. soror Pilsbry & Co, Me, P P PM of n.a. 6/18 [95, 185, 216, 278, 350] Olsson, 1945 Teinostoma zacae Hertlein & Strong, Co, P PM of m, sh 6/22 [158, 216, 350] 1951 Vitridomus fragilis Pilsbry & Olsson, P PM n.a. n.a. 6/15 [216, 350] 1945 Vitrinella cf. modesta C.B. Adams, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [206, 216] 1852 Vitrinella cf. ponceliana de Folin, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] 1867 Vitrinella aff. proxima Pilsbry & P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Olsson, 1952 Superfamily STROMBOIDEA Family STROMBIDAE Strombus galeatus Swainson, 1823 Co, Me, P, Ga PM sb n.a. n.a. [1, 45, 138, 204, 216, 276] Strombus gracilior Sowerby, 1825 Co, Me, P, TP N PM it, of m, s, sg 2/45 [1, 2, 45, 75, 113, 185, 216, 276] Strombus granulatus Swainson, Co, Me, P, Ga N, P PM, IC of, sb bo, co, g, m, 2/100 [45, 75, 138, 185, 201, 204, 216, 1822 r, ru, s 276] Strombus peruvianus Swainson, 1823 Co, Me, P, TP PM it, sb r, s n.a. [1, 12, 45, 75, 216, 276] Superfamily VANIKOROIDEA Family HIPPONICIDAE Hipponix antiquatus panamensis C.B. Ca, Me, P, Cl, PM, IC it r 5/27 [18, 45, 75, 113, 138, 204, 212, Adams, 1852 Ma, Ga 216, 218, 250, 276] Hipponix grayanus Menke, 1853 Br, SCA, Me, P, N, P PM, IC it r, sh –/24 [45, 75, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, Ma, Ga, TP 216, 247, 272, 276, 302] Pilosabia pilosa (Deshayes, 1832) IP, CtP, Me, P, Cl, N PM, IC b, cr, it a, bo, r n.a. [1, 18, 75, 112, 113, 138, 185, Ga, TP 204, 214, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, 360, 379]

(continued) 287 288 Species List g 250, 279, 336, 339] 216, 272, 276] 212, 214, 216, 276, 279, 295, 302, 360, 377, 387] References [185, 216] f Depth (m) n.a. [74, 216, 276, 284] 100/133 [214, 329] 2/39 [74, 75, 103, 185, 216, 276, 379] –/30–/42 [1, 18, 75, 138, 204, 212, 216, [1, 30, 84, 89, 113, 138, 181, 204, e sg, sh m, o, ru, r, s, sh, so Habitat/ Community n.a. 100 [141, 204, 212, 216, 250, 324] a, as, bo, co, d of, sb Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM es, it, ma r PMPM spPM ofIC n.a. it, ofIC n.a. n.a. n.a. of 0/10 2/16 r [185, 277, 350] PM, IC –/52 it, sb [185, 216, 350] PM, IC [185, 216, 285, 350] it, of sh r, r –/20 [45, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250] PM n.a. n.a. b Central America N, P PM c, it, cr, ma, ES, N, P PM it, of, sb e, m, shr, –/33 [30, 75, 103, 181, 185, 216, 276] P PM of a, m, s, r, sh 5/100 [1, 18, 75, 103, 138, 181, 204, a C, Br, SWA, C, SWA, Br, SWP, NWP, Ca, Me, CtP, Ma, Ga, PC P, TP Ga, PC PC Ga, PC P, World World distribution NWA, Ber, F, G, F, Ber, NWA, Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga,Ca, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, TP Ca, Co, Me, P, Co, P Mg, Co, P Co, P P CtP, IP, Ma, Ga Co, Me, P, Ma, Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga, Me, P, Ca, Mg, Co, Me, Mg, Co, Me, PP N TPCo, Me, P, ES, P PM PM of ma, of s, r, m, bo –/183 [216, 276, 342, 360] carinata (Pilsbry (Pilsbry recticeps symmetrica (continued)

lichen Broderip, 1834 & Olsson, 1945) & Olsson, 1945) (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) Species List 28.2 Species Crepidula aculeata Crepidula (Gmelin, 1791) Crepidula lessonii Crepidula (Broderip, 1834) Crepidula incurva Crepidula (Broderip, 1834) Family Family VANIKORIDAE cf. Macromphalina cf. Macromphalina cf. Macromphalina acuta Récluz, 1844 Vanikoro aperta 1864) (Carpenter, Vanikoro Cheilea cepacea (Broderip, 1834) Cheilea corrugata (Broderip, 1834) excavata (Broderip, Crepidula 1834) Superfamily Superfamily CALYPTRAEOIDEA Family CALYPTRAEIDAE Calyptraea conica Broderip, 1834 Calyptraea cf. Calyptraea mamillaris Broderip, 1834 Benthic, ShelledGastropods Crepidula naticarium Wiliamson, Ca, Me, P G PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [181] 1905 Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846 NEP, Ca, Mg, ES, P PM sb a, r, s, sh 18/27 [1, 18, 181, 276, 386] Me, P Crepidula onyx Sowerby, 1824 Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, P PM es, it, ma, of m, r, s, sh –/91 [1, 30, 75, 103, 138, 181, 204, PC 216, 276, 279, 379] Crepidula striolata Menke, 1851 Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga, N, P PM it, ma m, r, s, sh 0/20 [75, 103, 138, 181, 204, 216, 276, PC 324] Crucibulum concameratum Reeve, Co, Me, P P PM n.a. m, ru, sh 7/90 [210, 216, 284, 285] 1859 Crucibulum cyclopium Berry, 1969 Mg, Me, P PM it bo –/6 [1, 216] Crucibulum lignarium (Broderip, Co, Me, P N PM it m, r, sh [216, 276, 284] 1834) Crucibulum monticulus Berry, 1969 Co, Me, P PM of n.a. 64/183 [1, 216, 285, 342] Crucibulum cf. pectinatum Carpenter, Co, Me, P PM of n.a. –/27 [143, 185, 216] 1856 Crucibulum personatum Keen, 1958 Co, Me, P ES, N, P PM of m, r, s, sh n.a. [1, 103, 182, 216, 218, 276, 296] Crucibulum scutellatum (Wood, Ca, Co, Me, P, ES, N, P PM, IC it, of, sb m, r, ru, s, –/75 [2, 45, 72, 75, 103, 138, 185, 204, 1928) Ga, PC sh 216, 250, 272, 276] Crucibulum serratum (Broderip, 1834) P N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] Crucibulum spinosum CtP, Ca, Mg, Co, ES, N, P PM b, it, of, sb a, co, m, r, 2/60 [1, 2, 18, 30, 45, 75, 103, 185, (Sowerby, 1824) Me, P, Ga, ru, s, sh, 214, 216, 276] PC sg Crucibulum umbrella (Deshayes, Me, P N, P PM it bo, r –/10 [216, 276, 360] 1830) Superfamily XENOPHOROIDEA Family XENOPHORIDAE Xenophora conchyliophora (Born, NWA, Ber, F, G, P PM c, of a, co, g, ru, 2/635 [1, 2, 84, 89, 197, 216, 281, 302, 1780) C, Br, Co, p, s, sh 306, 345, 377] Me, P

(continued) 289 290 Species List g 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 274, 276] 215, 216, 250, 271, 323] 204, 212, 216, 250, 279, 276] 123, 148, 204, 214, 215, 216, 379] References f Depth (m) n.a. [1, 185, 204, 216, 254] e Habitat/ Community bo, co, r 0/15 [2, 43, 44, 49, 85, 148, 204, 214, r d sb, sp Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica ICPM of ofPM co, ru, s sb n.a.IC 35/275 [204, 216, 217, 247, 250, IC285] 35 sh r, sb of [216, 285] n.a. co, ru [1, 138, 204, 212, 216, 217, co, 324] r 0/100 [43, 148, 204, 212, 250, 322] 0/37 [2, 43, 50, 214, 216, 247] b Central America P PM, IC it, cr, rl, sb co, ru, r, s 1/27 [1, 2, 11, 43, 45, 50, 85, 157, 199, P IC it, cr, of, rl, P PM, IC n.a. co, r 5/27 [1, 2, 11, 27, 43, 45, 50, 75, 113, P IC of cr, co, s, r, so 2/30 [2, 11, 43, 49, 108, 110, 116, 122, P PM, IC n.a. ru, sh –/100 [1, 72, 216, 254] a CtP, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P, CtP, Cl, Ma, Ga CtP, P, Cl, Ga P, CtP, Ma, Ga Ma, Ga Cl, Ga P, World World distribution RS, I, NWP, SWP, SWP, RS, I, NWP, I, IP, NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, I, IP, Co, Me, P, Cl, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, GaMe, P, P Cl, P, CtP, SWP, PM, IC it P CtP, CtP, NWP, I, IP, Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, Ma, Ga Me, P, Co, Me, PMe, P ES PM n.a. as, r n.a. [216, 217, 254, 276]

ex (continued)

Rousseau, MS) ex 1893 1758 & Olsson, 1935 1856) (Carpenter, 1844, 1888) 1846) Rousseau, MS) Species List 28.2 Species Luria isabellamexicana Stearns, Erosaria caputserpentis Erosaria Linnaeus, Gray, 1825 albuginosa Gray, Erosaria Petaloconchus innumerabilis Pilsbry Petaloconchus macrophragma Petaloconchus Serpulorbis (Chenu, margaritaceus Superfamily CYPRAEOIDEA Family CYPRAEIDAE Blasicrura alisonae Burgess, 1983 Blasicrura rashleighana (Melvill, Gmelin, Blascicrura teres 1791 Petaloconchus complicatus Dall, 1908 Petaloconchus Superfamily Superfamily VERMETOIDEA Family VERMETIDAE Eualetes centiquadra (Valenciennes, Eualetes tulipa (Chenu, 1843, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Macrocypraea cervinetta (Kiener, Co, Me, P, Ma, N, P PM, IC it, sb a, bo, co, 2/20 [1, 2, 11, 12, 43, 45, 50, 148, 185, 1843) Ga, TP, PC r, s 204, 212, 216, 250, 272, 276, 279, 360] Mauritia depressa (Gray, 1824) I, CtP, P, Cl, Ga IC cr r n.a. [49, 85, 157, 199, 216] Monetaria moneta Linnaeus, 1758 I, IP, NWP, SWP, P IC b, cr, it, rl, a, co, m, r, 1/4 [2, 43, 49, 50, 85, 111, 157, 199, CtP, P, Cl, Ga sb ru, s 204, 214, 216, 247, 250] Talparia talpa Linnaeus, 1758 I, IP, NWP, SWP, P PM, IC cr, it, rl, sb co, r, ru, s 1/36 [2, 43, 49, 85, 108, 205, 212, 214, CtP, P, Ma 250, 323] Zonaria aequinoctialis (Schilder, P N, P PM n.a. ru, s 9 [2, 43, 216, 228] 1933) Zonaria arabicula (Lamarck, 1811) Co, Me, P, Ma, N, P PM it, sb m, r, s 0/10 [1, 2, 11, 12, 43, 45, 50, 75, 113, Ga, TP 204, 212, 216, 276] Zonaria robertsi (Hidalgo, 1906) Co, Me, P, Ga, N, P PM, IC it, of, sb r, s –/60 [1, 2, 11, 12, 43, 45, 50, 75, 148, TP, PC 204, 216, 250, 272, 276] Family OVULIDAE Cyphoma emarginatum (Sowerby, Co, Me, P P PM it co, o n.a. [1, 2, 48, 75, 216] 1830) Jenneria pustulata ([Lightfoot, 1786], Co, Me, P, Ga, P PM, IC sb co, r, s 1/45 [1, 45, 48, 72, 138, 148, 204, 216, ex Solander, MS) TP 250, 272] Neosimnia aequalis (Sowerby, 1832) Ca, Co, Me, P, P PM, IC sb co 1/40 [1, 30, 48, 51, 141, 148, 204, 212, Ma, Ga 216, 234, 250, 354] Neosimnia avena (Sowerby, 1832) Co, Me, P, Ga, P IC n.a. co 18/27 [1, 48, 141, 148, 204, 216, 250, TP 272] Neosimnia macleani Cate, 1976 P, Ga PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [52, 204] Pseudocypraea adamsonii (Sowerby, I, NWP, P, Ma, IC sb co, r 9/24 [204, 212, 216, 250, 323] 1832) Ga Simnialena inflexa (Sowerby, 1832) P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 354] Simnialena rufa (Sowerby, 1832) P, Ma IC n.a. co n.a. [212] Turbovula lenoreae (Cardin & Walls, P P IC sb n.a. 18/33 [46, 148, 250] 1980)

(continued) 291 292 Species List g 304, 320] 379] 216, 236, 276] 276, 279] 379] References f Depth (m) –/184 [2, 72, 216, 236] 2/70 [72, 75, 103, 216, 236, 276, 320, 17/75 [204, 216, 236, 250, 272] n.a. [1, 30, 75, 138, 204, 216, 276] n.a.n.a. [45, 54, 75, 216, 272, 276] [1, 45, 54, 138, 204, 216, 272] n.a. [1, 45, 75, 204, 216, 247, 250, 0/3 [75, 204, 212, 216, 272, 276, 360, 3/60 [53, 148, 216, 250] e sh Habitat/ Community m, s –/18 [45, 74, 75, 85, 86, 139, 185, 204, bo, m, s, r, d ma, of, rl, sb Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM n.a.PM s of n.a. 20/200 [72, 216, 236, 303] PM it, of r b Central America N PMP b, es, cr, it, PM, IC it, of n.a. 15/200 [72, 204, 216, 236, 250, 272, 285, N, P PM it, of m N IC of ru N, P PM it, sb r P PM it, sb r N, P IC n.a. n.a. 33 [54, 247, 276] P IC of n.a. 33 [54, 148, 204, 216, 250] N PM it P PM, IC n.a. r a Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P, Ga, TP Ga, TP TP Ga, TP TP Ga PC TP World World distribution Me, P Mg, RS, I, CtP, TP Ca, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P, Ga, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, Mg, Me, P, PC, Mg, Me, P, P P, Ga P, Ga, TPMe, P, P IC sb r Me, P, Ma, Ga, Me, P, P

ex ex (continued)

1955 1865) Gray, MS) Gray, Gray, MS) Gray, Gray, MS) Gray, 1832) Species List 28.2 Species Natica caneloensis Hertlein & Strong, 1840 Natica chemnitzii Pfeiffer, Natica colima Strong & Hertlein, 1937 Natica elenae Récluz, 1844 Natica Récluz, broderipiana 1844 Superfamily Superfamily NATICOIDEA Family NATICIDAE Eunaticina insculpta (Carpenter, (Sowerby, 1832, sanguinea (Sowerby, Trivia 1832, solandri (Sowerby, Trivia Trivia radians (Lamarck, Trivia 1811) Trivia panamensis Dall, Trivia 1902 (Sowerby, 1832, pacifica (Sowerby, Trivia Trivia atomaria Dall, Trivia 1902 (Sowerby, scabriuscula (Sowerby, Hespererato Superfamily Superfamily VELUTINOIDEA Family TRIVIIDAE oligostata (Dall, Hespererato 1902) Benthic, ShelledGastropods Natica grayi Philippi, 1852 Mg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM, IC it, of m, s 2/70 [72, 204, 216, 236, 250, 272, 276, Ga, TP 285, 320, 379] Natica idiopoma Pilsbry & Lowe, Ca, Co, Me, P, N, P IC es, ma, of s –/61 [2, 74, 103, 113, 204, 216, 236, 1932 Ga 250, 276, 336, 379] Natica cf. inexpectans Olsson, 1971 P P PM n.a. n.a. 117/119 [185, 216, 265, 304] Natica unifasciata Lamarck, 1822 Me, P, TP ES, N, P PM es, it, ma, m, s n.a. [2, 74, 75, 86, 216, 236, 276] of, sb Polinices cf. amiculatus (Philippi, P, TP P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 236] 1849) Polinices helicoides (Gray, 1825) Mg, Me, P, TP, ES, N PM, IC it, of, sb n.a. –/46 [1, 2, 45, 75, 216, 236, 247, 250, PC 276] Polinices intemeratus (Philippi, 1851) Ca, Co, Me, P, P PM n.a. s 9/333 [103, 204, 216, 236, 272] Ga, TP Polinices otis (Broderip & Sowerby, Me, P, TP N, P PM, IC it, of m, r, s –/297 [45, 75, 216, 236, 250, 276] 1829) Polinices pardoanus Dall, 1908 P, Ga P IC of n.a. 1, 620/2, [204, 216, 236, 247, 250] 690 Polinices simiae (Deshayes in IP, P, Cl P IC n.a. n.a. 10/100 [64, 186] Deshayes & Edwards, 1838) Polinices uber (Valenciennes, 1832) Ca, Me, P, Ga, ES, N, P PM es, it, ma, m, r, s 2/100 [1, 72, 74, 75, 103, 113, 185, 204, TP, PC of, sb 216, 236, 250, 276, 279, 379] Sinum debile (Gould, 1853) Co, Me, P, TP P PM it, of, sb n.a. –/73 [1, 91, 216, 236, 272, 276] Sinum grayi (Deshayes, 1843) Co, Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 25/160 [1, 72, 216, 236, 341] Superfamily TONNOIDEA Family BURSIDAE Bursa calcipicta Dall, 1908 Me, P, Ga P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/121 [1, 21, 138, 204, 216, 247, 250] Bursa corrugata corrugata (Perry, Ber, F, G, C, Br, N, P PM, IC cr, it, of, sb bo, co, m, 0/45 [1, 2, 45, 72, 75, 84, 89, 185, 204, 1811) SCA, RS, Co, p, r, s 212, 216, 247, 250, 276, 302, Me, P, Ma, Ga, 360, 377] TP

(continued) 293 294 Species List g 216] 322] 306, 320] 379] 250, 276] 216, 250, 276, 279, 336] 216, 218, 250, 379] 214, 216, 250, 323] References f Depth (m) –/15 [2, 45, 72, 113, 204, 216, 247, e Habitat/ Community n.a. –/137 [63, 124] d Oceanic distribution it, of m, s –/67 [45, 72, 103, 216, 276, 320] c Costa Rica IC b, cl, ofcr, co, s 3/42 [2, 85, 109, 204, 214, 246, 250, PM, IC it, cr, sb co, r –/30 [2, 21, 85, 110, 113, 157, 212, b Central America P PM, IC of n.a. 27/100 [1, 23, 72, 110, 138, 185, 204, ES PM, IC it, of s P IC of n.a. n.a. [1, 108, 112, 113, 138, 204, 212, a CtP, P, Ga P, CtP, P, Ga TP Ga NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, Cl, Me, P, CtP, Ma World World distribution I, IP, NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, I, IP, A, M, Ca, Me, Me, P, GaMe, P, P IC it Co, Me, P, TPCo, Me, P, P PM, IC it, of m, sr, 0/100 [1, 2, 72, 113, 216, 250, 272, 276, Co, Me, P, TPCo, Me, P, P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/200 [1, 72, 75, 110, 124, 216, 321, Mg, Co, Me, P, TPMg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM Co, Me, P, Ga, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P, GaCo, Me, P, N Cl, Ma, Me, P, PM, IC it, of n.a. –/18 [1, 45, 138, 204, 216, 250, 276] F, C, EA, I, IP, C, EA, I, F, IP, Co, Me, P GaCo, Me, P, N, P P PM, IC it, of IC n.a. it, cr, of co, m, sr, –/80 –/24 [2, 72, 113, 216, 276, 321] [98, 113, 120, 121, 138, 193, 204, (continued)

Piech, 1992 1832) (Broderip, 1833) (Valenciennes, 1832) (Valenciennes, 1825) Sowerby, 1829) Sowerby, 1894) Species List 28.2 Species Family Family RANELLIDAE tritonis Charonia Linnaeus, 1758 Cymatium amictum 1844) (Reeve, Distorsio Distorsio jenniernestae Emerson & (Valenciennes, Distorsio decussata (Valenciennes, Family Family PERSONIDAE Distorsio constricta constricta Family Family FICIDAE 1825) ventricosa Ficus (Sowerby, Semicassis centiquadrata (Sowerby, (Sowerby, Cypraecassis coarctata 1928) Cypraecassis tenuis (Wood, Bursa Bursa granularis (Röding, 1798) Marsupina nana (Broderip & Family CASSIDAE Casmaria (Stearns, vibexmexicana Benthic, ShelledGastropods Cymatium aquatile (Reeve, 1844) A, IP, CtP, Me, P IC, Car n.a. co 10 [2, 21, 23, 63, 110, 214, 250] Cymatium gibbosum (Broderip, 1833) Ca, Co, Me, P, Ga ES, N, P PM it, sb r, s –/50 [1, 24, 39, 47, 75, 204, 216, 276] Cymatium lignarium (Broderip, 1833) Me, P, TP N, P PM n.a. m, s 13/22 [39, 75, 185, 216, 276] Cymatium macrodon (Valenciennes, IP, Ca, Me, P, Cl, P PM, IC it, sb r –/27 [23, 45, 75, 110, 204, 212, 216, 1832) Ma, Ga 247] Cymatium muricinum (Röding, 1798 Ber, F, C, Br, IP, P IC cr, it ru, s, sg –/15 [1, 108, 204, 205, 214] CtP, P, Ga Cymatium nicobaricum (Röding, Ber, F, G, C, Br, IC, Car c, cl, cr, it, a, bo, co, r, –/100 [1, 2, 6, 21, 84, 85, 88, 89, 109, 1798) SCA, EA, I, of, rl, sb s, sh 130, 204, 214, 215, 244, 250, IP, NWP, CtP, 302, 326, 377, 384, 387] P, Cl, Ga Cymatium cf. keenae (Beu, 1970) NWP, Co, Me, PM, IC it, of n.a. –/100 [1, 23, 110, 185, 204, 216, 250, P, Ga 285] Cymatium succincta (Linnaeus, 1771) IP, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [22, 331, 337] Cymatium tigrinum (Broderip, 1833) Me, P N, P PM of, sb m, r, s –/20 [1, 2, 39, 216, 276] Cymatium vestitum (Hinds, 1844) Me, P, Cl, Ga, TP, N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, r, s –/2 [1, 23, 45, 75, 112, 185, 204, 216, PC 247, 250, 272, 276, 360] Cymatium wiegmanni (Anton, 1839) Co, Me, P, TP ES, N PM it, ma m, r 20 [72, 74, 75, 216, 276] Family TONNIDAE Malea ringens (Swainson, 1822) Co, Me, P, Cl, Ma, ES, P PM, IC es, it, ma, sb r, s –/40 [45, 72, 74, 75, 112, 138, 204, Ga, TP, PC 212, 216, 250, 272, 276] Infraorder PTENOGLOSSA Superfamily TRIPHOROIDEA Family TRIPHORIDAE Metaxia brunnicephata (Kay, 1979) CtP, P IC it, of co 20/100 [214, 250, 326] Metaxia convexa (Carpenter, 1857) Ca, Me, P, Ma, P PM, IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [30, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 241] Ga Triphora alternata C.B. Adams, Co, P, Ga N, P PM, IC of co, ru 20/100 [91, 168, 185, 204, 216, 250, 276, 1852 285, 324] Triphora chamberlini Baker, 1926 Co, P IC n.a. n.a. 4/35 [8, 216, 250, 285]

Triphora dalli Bartsch, 1907 Co, Me, P, Ma, P PM, IC n.a. r, ru 9/30 [91, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250] 295 Ga (continued) 296 Species List g 272, 379] References f Depth (m) 10/33 [204, 214, 250, 327, 333] –/75 [104, 185, 212, 324] –/67 [1, 30, 91, 104] e Habitat/ Community ru m, r, m, sr, 2/70 [75, 103, 104, 204, 212, 216, 250, d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [1, 185] PM, ICIC ofIC n.a.IC co, ru b, itcr, n.a. n.a. 5/40 r [8, 185, 204, 216, 250, 285, 333] n.a. n.a.PM [216, 250] n.a. –/50 [214, 250, 323] n.a. n.a. [158, 204, 333] PM it, sb r b Central America P PM, IC it P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 204, 216] PPP IC PM n.a. PM n.a.P n.a. n.a. PM n.a. n.a. n.a. 9/18 n.a. n.a. [216, 250, 324] n.a. [138, 185, 204, 216] [185, 216] n.a. [185, 216] a Ma, Ga, TP, Ma, Ga, TP, PC Ga World World distribution Ca, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, P, Ga P, Ber, P Ber, Me, P, GaMe, P, Ga Co, P, Co, P P P, CtP, I, NWP, PM P CtP, n.a.P Ga P, P n.a. Ga P, n.a.P [185, 204, 216, 324] Co, P, MaCo, P, Ca, Co, Me, P MaCo, P, P P PM, IC sb PM, IC it n.a. –/28 [104, 185, 212] (continued)

io Dall & Bartsch, eiseni Strong & gissleri Strong & (C.B. infrequens (C.B. neglecta Adams, inconspicua C.B. Adams, Bartsch, 1907 montereyensis 1852) 1911 1852 Hertlein, 1939 Hertlein, 1939 & Strong, 1951 1935 Adams, 1852) 1975 Species List 28.2 Species Seila assimilata (C.B. Adams, 1852) Cerithiopsis cf. cf. Triphora Cerithiopsis cf. Cerithiopsis cf. Cerithiopsis guanacastensis Hertlein Cerithiopsis aff. Triphora oweni 1926 Baker, Triphora stephensi Baker & Triphora Spicer, triticea Pease, Triphora 1861 1977 samoana Cernohorsky, Viriola Family CERITHIOPSIDAE Cerithiopsis adamsi Bartsch, 1911 Cerithiopsis cf. Seila kanoni (de Folin, 1867) Seila cf. Seila pulmoensis DuShane & Draper, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family TRIFORIDAE Eumetula bimarginata (C.B. Adams, Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [16, 91, 216, 324] 1852) Superfamily JANTHINOIDEA Family EPITONIIDAE Amaea brunneopicta (Dall, 1908) Ca, Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 9/72 [19, 97, 216] Amaea deroyae DuShane, 1970 Me, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 36/162 [97, 204, 216, 250] Amaea ferminiana (Dall, 1908) Me, P PM of n.a. 20/1,333 [1, 2, 72, 97, 216] Amaea tehuanarum DuShane & Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. –/73 [101, 216] McLean, 1968 Cirsotrema togatum (Hertlein & Co, Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. g, m, r, s, 32/113 [97, 102, 158, 204, 216, 265, 284] Strong, 1951) sh Epitonium acapulcanum Dall, 1917 Mg, Me, P, Ma, IC it n.a. –/30 [97, 204, 212, 216, 250] Ga Epitonium aciculinum (Hinds, 1844) Me, P IC n.a. n.a. 9/54 [97, 216, 336] Epitonium billeeanum (DuShane & I, NWP, SWP, P PM, IC n.a. co, r, ru, s 2/30 [1, 97, 100, 204, 212, 216, 250] Bratcher, 1965) Me, P, Ma, Ga Epitonium eutaenium (Dall, 1917) Me, P, Ga PM it, of s –/24 [97, 158, 185, 204, 216] Epitonium hancocki DuShane, 1970 P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 26/200 [97, 204, 216, 250, 324] Epitonium indistinctum (Sowerby, Co, P, Ga P IC it n.a. –/20 [63, 101, 143, 204, 216] 1844) Epitonium cf. mitraeforme (Sowerby, Me, P P PM it n.a. –/27 [97, 101, 185, 216] 1844) Epitonium obtusum (Sowerby, 1844) Co, Me, P N, P PM it m, r, s –/11 [1, 75, 97, 145, 216, 276] Epitonium replicata (Sowerby, 1844) Co, Me, P, Ga P PM, IC it, of s –/60 [97, 145, 158, 185, 204, 216, 250, 336, 379] Epitonium cf. suprastriatum Me, P P PM it n.a. –/12 [97, 185, 338] (Carpenter, 1857) Opalia crystallina (Carpenter, 1864) Co, Me, P IC it n.a. –/100 [97, 145, 216, 250] Opalia infrequens (C.B. Adams, 1852) P P IC it n.a. –/126 [97, 338]

Opalia paulula DuShane, 1974 Me, P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. 9/17 [97, 212, 250, 324] 297

(continued) 298 Species List g References f Depth (m) 20/105 [216, 250, 356] e Habitat/ Community n.a. 0/30 [382] n.a. –/200 [1, 72, 97, 101, 216] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica ICPM, ICIC of ofIC n.a.PM s n.a. sbPM e, r n.a. of 33/200 co, ru n.a. 2/105 [204, 216, 250] n.a. 9/27 [204, 212, 216, 324, 382] n.a. [180, 250, 323, 381, 382] 35 [185] [163, 216, 285, 324] IC n.a. n.a. 9/30 [216, 250] PMIC n.a. n.a. n.a. co 23 1/20 [382] [330] PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] b Central America ES, P PM, IC n.a. n.a. 2/30 [216, 324, 382] P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] P IC n.a. n.a. 6/25 [139, 204, 216, 250, 324] N, PP IC PM n.a. it n.a. n.a. [97, 216, 338] a Ga World World distribution WA, P, Ga P, WA, Co, P Ma, Co, Me, P, ct P, P Ca, Co, P Me, P Co, Me, P P PM it Co, P NWP, P NWP, P Co, Me, PP G PM n.a. n.a. 3/44 [382] Me, P Ga P, Me, P Co, P (continued)

solitaria (C.B. Adams, barthelowi (Bartsch, 1917) 1832) 1857) 1852) 1905) Species List 28.2 Species Niso Bush, aeglees 1885 1834) Niso interrupta (Sowerby, 1992 Sabinella shaskyi Warén, Scalenostoma subulata (Broderip, Stilapex cookeana (Bartsch, 1917) Subniso hipolitensis (Bartsch, 1917) Subniso rangii (de Folin, 1867) (Carpenter, (Carpenter, terebralis Microeulima Melanella townsendi Bartsch, 1917 (Pilsbry, Melanella ogasawarana (Pilsbry, Melanella cf. Warén, 1992 Eulimetta pagoda Warén, 1992 Eulimostraca macleani Warén, Superfamily Superfamily EULIMOIDEA Family EULIMIDAE Eulima aff. Eulima de elegantissima Folin, 18867 Sthenorytis dianae (Hinds, 1844) Opalia sanjuanensis (Lowe, 1932) Infraorder NEOGASTROPODA

Superfamily MURICOIDEA Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family MURICIDAE Acanthais brevidentata (Wood, Me, P, Ma, Ga, P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, m, r, ru, n.a. [2, 12, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 212, 1828) TP, PC s, sh 216, 222, 245, 247, 250, 268, 269, 270, 280, 360, 361, 364, 365] Acanthotrophon sentus Berry, 1969 Me, P, Ga IC of n.a. 30/110 [204, 216, 250, 324, 371] Aspella hastula (Reeve, 1844) P, Ma, Ga P IC it co, ru, s –/100 [204, 212, 216, 250, 336, 351] Aspella pollux Radwin & d’Attilio, Co, Me, P, Ga IC of co, g, ru 2/110 [204, 247, 250, 285, 294, 324, 1976 333] Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip, 1833) Me, P, Ma, Ga N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, r n.a. [38, 204, 212, 216, 276, 285, 294, 360, 379] Bizetiella micaela Radwin & d’Attilio, Me, P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [212, 293, 324, 336] 1972 Chicoreus eversoni d’Attilio, Myers P, Ma IC of ru, s 15/97 [82, 209, 212] & Shasky, 1987 Chicoreus peratus (Keen, 1960) Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 27/100 [1, 72, 203, 216] Chicoreus regius (Swainson, 1821) Co, Me, P N PM it, sb m, r, s 0/65 [1, 72, 75, 143, 216, 276] Cymia tecta (Wood, 1828) P N, P PM it, sb r [75, 185, 216, 249, 276] Dermomurex cf. cunninghamae Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. 27/100 [185, 216, 284, 372] (Berry, 1964) Dermomurex obeliscus (A. Adams, Me, P N, P PM it, sb r n.a. [216, 276, 294, 372] 1853) Eupleura muriciformis (Broderip, Ca, Co, Me, P, N, P PM cr, it, ma, g, m, s, sh 9/80 [1, 38, 45, 74, 75, 103, 216, 232, 1833) TP of, sb 272, 276] Favartia cocosensis Myers & P, Ma IC n.a. co, r 7/27 [209, 212, 258] d’Attilio, 1990 Favartia diomedaea (Dall, 1908) Ca, Co, P P IC of n.a. –/155 [63, 162, 216, 288, 369] Favartia erosa (Broderip, 1833) Me, P P PM of, sb r n.a. [185, 216, 324, 379] Favartia humilis (Broderip, 1833) Co, Me, P, Ga N, P PM, IC it, of g, r –/33 [1, 2, 75, 138, 204, 216, 247, 250, 284, 369, 379] 299 Favartia incisa (Broderip, 1833) Mg, Me, P, Ma, PM, IC of sg, sh 2/100 [75, 204, 209, 212, 216, 250] Ga (continued) 300 Species List g 216, 272, 276, 333] 272, 276, 373] 294, 360] 216, 247, 250, 276] 216, 247, 250, 276, 360, 361] 216, 250, 276, 279, 341, 360] References f Depth (m) 2/21 [45, 144, 158, 185, 204, 216, 276, e m, r, m, s, r, sh bo, co, g, l, Habitat/ Community m, r, m, sr, 0/65 [45, 63, 72, 75, 103, 204, 212, m, r, m, sr, 1/15 [1, 2, 38, 74, 75, 113, 216, 227, co, m, r –/29 [45, 75, 139, 185, 204, 206, 212, bo, co, m, r 1/30 [38, 45, 105, 138, 204, 209, 212, co, r –/26 [204, 250, 336, 375] m, s –/20 [38, 185, 204, 216, 272] d sb it, of, sb Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica IC n.a.PM, IC it ba, co, r 9/40 [209, 212, 258] IC it, cr, rl co, r –/18 [2, 56, 85, 214, 216, 250, 336] PMIC ofICIC n.a. n.a. r it n.a. n.a. –/37 30/45 70/200 [38, 113, 185, 204, 216, 285] [216, 250] [257] ICIC n.a.PM n.a. n.a. it co, s 100 11/24 [115, 204, 336] [81] b Central America G, P PM n.a. m, sr, 1/2 [185, 216] N, P PM, IC it NN, P PM PM, IC it, cr, sb n.a. bo, sr, m, sr, –/2 1/15 [45, 112, 113, 138, 185, 204, 212, [1, 38, 45, 75, 185, 216, 276] N, P PM, IC cr, a Ga, TP Ca, P, Cl Ca, P, TP Ma, Ga Ma, Ga, TP Ga World World distribution P, Ma P, GaCo, Me, P, N, P Ma, Co, Me, P, PM, IC it, ma a, Me, P, TPMe, P, N, P PM es, cr, it, ma, I, IP, SWP, CtP, CtP, SWP, I, IP, Me, P Me, P, Ma, Ga, Me, P, Me, P Cl, Mg, Me, P, Co, Me, P Cl, Co, Me, P, N PM it, ma, of n.a. –/100 [1, 72, 74, 75, 216, 276, 379] Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Me, P Co, P Ga P, P, Ga P, Ga, TP Me, P, (continued)

lappa (Broderip, 1833) d’Attilio, 1990 1951 1832) 1832) 1832) 1833) 1980 d’Attilio, 1970) 1988 Species List 28.2 Species Muricopsis westonensis Myers & Muricopsis zeteki Hertlein & Strong, Neorapana muricata (Broderip, Muricanthus radix (Gmelin, 1791) Morula uva (Röding, 1798) Muricanthus ambiguus 1845) (Reeve, Mancinella triangularis (Blainville, (Valenciennes, Mancinella speciosa (Valenciennes, Homalocantha oxyacantha (Broderip, Hexaplex brassica (Lamarck, Hexaplex 1822) princeps Hexaplex (Broderip, 1833) cf. Favartia 1970) laurae (Vokes, Favartia (Poorman, mildredae 1980) Favartia & d’Attilio, Vokes purdyae Favartia Favartia radwini (Emerson & Favartia shaskyi d’Attilio & Favartia Myers, vittata (Broderip, Favartia 1833) Ocenebra lugubris (Broderip, 1833) P, TP PM n.a. co, r n.a. [2, 38, 75, 216, 294] Benthic, ShelledGastropods Pascula rufonotata (Carpenter, 1864) Co, Me, P, Cl, IC it, of r –/60 [204, 209, 212, 216, 250, 285, Ma, Ga 293, 324] Phyllocoma scalariformis (Broderip, Co, Me, P, Ga P PM, IC it co, r –/15 [2, 45, 204, 216, 250, 336] 1833) Plicopurpura columellaris (Lamarck, Me, P, Ga, PC N, P PM, IC it, sb r n.a. [2, 12, 18, 45, 75, 138, 204, 216, 1822) 247, 250, 276, 279] Plicopurpura patula pansa (Gould, Mg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb bo, r, s, sh n.a. [1, 12, 13, 18, 45, 112, 113, 204, 1853) Cl, Ma, Ga, 212, 216, 222, 245, 247, 250, TP 272, 276, 27][9, 285, 360, 361] Pteropurpura centrifuga centrifuga Mg, Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. a, m, s, sh 64/280 [1, 72, 158, 216, 294] (Hinds, 1844) Pterotyphis fimbriatus (A. Adams, Me, P P PM sb n.a. n.a. [1, 2, 7, 152, 216, 286] 1854) Pterotyphis lowei lowei (Pilsbry, SWP, Co, Me, P, P IC cr, it, of, sb r, ru, s 1/60 [1, 77, 171, 204, 212, 216, 250, 1931) Ma, Ga 276, 284, 336] Stramonita biserialis (Blainville, Ca, Co, Me, P, Cl, ES, N PM, IC cr, it, ma as, ba, bo, n.a. [2, 45, 74, 75, 185, 204, 209, 212, 1832) Ma, Ga, PC m, r, sh, 216, 235, 247, 250, 276, 302, w 360, 361] Thaisella kiosquiformis (Duclos, Ca, Mg, Me, P, ES, N, P PM es, it, ma m, r, sh, w n.a. [74, 75, 216, 276] 1832) TP, PC Trachypollia lugubris (C.B. Adams, Ca, Co, Me, P, P PM, IC it, of bo, r –/40 [27, 185, 204, 209, 216, 284, 293, 1852) Ga 324, 360, 379] Tribulus planospira (Lamarck, 1822) Me, P, Cl, Ma, IC sb r, ru 0/25 [2, 45, 75, 112, 131, 138, 204, Ga 206, 212, 216, 247, 250, 279] Typhis coronatus Broderip, 1833 Mg, Co, Me, P PM of m –/37 [79, 216] Typhis cumingii (Broderip, 1833) C, Me, P PM it m, s –/70 [38, 72, 216, 294] Typhis grandis (A. Adams, 1855) Co, P P PM of m –/37 [79, 216, 294] Typhis wendita (C. Hertz, 1995) P PM of n.a. 6/24 [161] Vasula melones (Duclos, 1832) Me, P, Ga, PC N, P PM, IC cr, it, sb, sp bo, m, r, ru, 0/1 [2, 12, 13, 18, 75, 177, 185, 204, 206,

s, sh 216, 222, 247, 250, 268, 270, 301 276, 279, 280, 360, 361, 379]

(continued) 302 Species List g 319] 250, 324, 345] 276] 294, 324, 373] 212, 214, 216, 250, 323] 216, 250] 209, 212, 214, 216, 250, 276] References f Depth (m) 12/37 [1, 2, 113, 138, 204, 209, 216, 20 [2, 75, 103, 216, 272, 276, 373] e Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica IC of n.a. 100/150 [2, 63, 115, 204] PM of n.a. –/75 [72, 80, 216, 285] PM n.a. s IC it, sb co, r –/32 [2, 18, 61, 113, 204, 209, 212, IC n.a. co, r 7/36 [209, 212, 258] PM, IC n.a.IC co, r n.a. 12 co [18, 45, 204, 216, 220, 250, 336] 20/60 [213, 250] b Central America N, P PM, IC it, sb m, s, r, sh –/90 [2, 103, 204, 209, 212, 216, 276, P PM, IC rl, cr, sb co, s 10/160 [2, 61, 85, 112, 141, 204, 211, N, P PM, IC it, cr, rl, sb co -/20 [1, 2, 45, 85, 108, 110, 138, 204, a Ma, Ga CtP, Me, P, Cl, Me, P, CtP, Ma, Ga Ga NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, Me, P, CtP, Cl, Ma, Ga P, Cl World World distribution Ca, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P, I, IP, NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, I, IP, P, Ga P, MaCo, Me, P, ES IC n.a. co, o, r 2/60 [1, 154, 209, 212, 216, 250, 313, Ca, Co, Me, P GaCo, Me, P, P IC of r Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, Co, Me, PWA, N, P PM it, sb m, s –/200 [1, 2, 38, 72, 75, 80, 185, 216, IP, Me, P, Cl, Ma, Me, P, IP, P, Ma P, EA, RS, I, IP, I, P, Cl, Ga I, P, Co, CtP, RS, I, IP, (continued)

1832) 1816) & d’Attilio, 1970) 1857) 1833) 1877) d’Attilio, 1990 1834) 1870) 1850 Species List 28.2 Species (King salebrosa & Broderip, Vitularia Coralliophila Coralliophila neritoidea (Lamarck, Babelomurex santacruzensis (EmersonBabelomurex 1970 Coralliophila macleani Shasky, Berry, 1960 Berry, tricoronis Vokesimurex Family CORALLIOPHILIDAE hindsii (Carpenter, Babelomurex Vokesimurex elenensis (Dall, 1909) Vokesimurex (Broderip, recurvirostris Vokesimurex Coralliophila Coralliophila parva (E.A. Smith, Myers Coralliophila rocasuciae & (Sowerby, Quoyula madreporarum (Liénard, Reliquiaecava robillardi Rhizochilus antipathum Steenstrup, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family TURBINELLIDAE Surculina blanda (Dall, 1908) P IC, E n.a. n.a. 1, 953 [216, 247, 250] Vasum caestus (Broderip, 1833) C, Ca, Co, Me, N, P PM sb m, r, s 2/65 [39, 45, 72, 75, 216, 272, 276] P, TP Family BUCCINIDAE Antillophos veraguensis (Hinds, 1843) Co, Me, P PM of r, s 37/402 [1, 2, 72, 216] Bailya anomala (Hinds, 1844) Co, Me, P N, P PM, IC it bo n.a. [185, 216, 336, 351, 360] Caducifer cinis (Reeve, 1846) Me, P, Ma, Ga IC sb co, r 2/27 [204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 279] Cantharus gatesi (Berry, 1963) Co, Me, P ES PM of n.a. 27/200 [1, 72, 153, 216, 345] Cantharus gemmatus (Reeve, 1846) Me, P, TP N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, 1/2 [75, 185, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, ru, s 280, 360] Cantharus lautus (Reeve, 1846) Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. 216 Cantharus macrospira (Berry, 1957) Co, P ES PM n.a. s 11/33 [72, 103, 143, 153, 216] Cantharus panamicus (Hertlein & Co, Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. a, co, m, r, 60/91 [72, 158, 204, 216, 265] Strong, 1951) s, sh Cantharus rehderi Berry, 1962 Ca, Me, P, TP P PM, IC of n.a. 46/333 [63, 72, 75, 216] Cantharus ringens (Reeve, 1846) Me, P, Ga, TP N, P PM it m, r, s 0/1 [18, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216, 272, 276] Cantharus sanguinolentus (Duclos, Co, Me, P, Cl, N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, co, r, s –/2 [2, 18, 45, 75, 112, 138, 185, 204, 1833) Ma, Ga 212, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 360] Cantharus shaskyi Berry, 1959 Co, Me, P PM of n.a. 70/100 [1, 216, 285] Cantharus vibex (Broderip, 1833) Mg, P, TP N, P PM it, of n.a. –/22 [75, 185, 216, 272, 276] Clivipollia fragarius (Wood, 1828) I, IP, CtP, P, Cl IC of n.a. 15/30 [2, 112, 214, 328] Colubraria lucasensis Strong & Co, Me, P, Ga P PM, IC of bo, r, s 9/100 [179, 204, 216, 250, 332, 379] Hertlein, 1937 Colubraria ochsneri Hertlein & P, Cl, Ma, Ga IC of co, r, s 9/100 [27, 138, 179, 204, 212, 216, 250] Allison, 1968 Engina jugosa (C.B. Adams, 1852) Co, Me, P P PM, IC of n.a. 37/133 [2, 185, 216, 250, 276] Engina maura (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P, Ga N, P PM it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/1 [18, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, 216,

276, 360] 303 Engina pulchra (Reeve, 1846) Me, P, Ga ES, N, P PM it r n.a. [45, 58, 154, 204, 216, 276] (continued) 304 Species List g 276, 360, 379] 291, 302, 307] References f Depth (m) n.a. [216] –/23 [385] e s 20/232 [2, 72, 216, 247, 250, 285] Habitat/ Community m, r, m, sr, 1/2 [216, 276] bo, m, sr, 0/1 [1, 138, 185, 204, 212, 216, 272, a, co, ru, r, n.a. –/60 [103, 241, 285, 337] a, m, sgr, n.a. [1, 89, 185, 216, 249, 276, 290, d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM n.a. m PM ofPM n.a.PM, IC n.a. of 9/24 n.a. [266, 344] 13IC [2, 216] it PMIC n.a.PM n.a. it, sb n.a. n.a. r 6/15 18/25 [216, 337] [173, 216, 250, 324] b Central America N PM n.a.P n.a.P PM, IC n.a. n.a.ES, P PM PM n.a. [78, 276] n.a. it, ma 7/100 n.a. m, r [72, 216] 65/75N, P n.a. [72, 73] PM [74, 75, 216, 276, 272] it N, P PM it a TP World World distribution Me, P TPMe, P, ES, N, P PMCo, Me, P n.a.Co, Me, P P n.a. P TP P, PM PM 65 it, of n.a. [72, 75, 153, 216, 272, 276] m, s m, ru, s, sh 17/91 –/110 [72, 210, 216, 276] [2, 72, 103, 216, 276, 285, 379] Co, Me, PMe, P P PMe, P PM PC Co, P, ofMe, P P n.a. –/50Ca, Co, P [2, 72, 216] Me, P Co, Me, P, Ma, Co, Me, P, Me, P Ca, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P C, PBr, N, P PM, Car it in Lamarck, (continued)

Gray, MS) Gray, ex 1834, 1844) 1846) 1864) 1951 Species List 28.2 Species Northia northiae & (Griffith Pidgeon, (Wood, 1828) (Wood, Nicema subrostrata Northia pristis (Deshayes Phos gaudens Hinds, 1844 perideris (Dall, Trajana 1910) filosa (Adams Truncaria & Reeve, Family PSEUDOLIVIDAE 1828) distorta (Wood, Triumphis Family COLUMBELLIDAE Aesopus chrysalloides (Carpenter, Vanatta, 1913 Metula amosi Vanatta, Metula ellena Olsson & 1972 Bayer, ariel Neoteron (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Phos articulatus Hinds, 1844 Phos crassus Hinds, 1843 1832) Anachis scalarina (Sowerby, Aesopus osborni Hertlein & Strong, Aesopus sanctus Dall, 1919 1978 Anachis lillianae Whitney, 1832 Anachis lyrata (Sowerby, Engina tabogaensis Bartsch, 1931 Benthic, ShelledGastropods Bifurcium bicanaliferum (Sowerby, Me, P, Ga G, ES, P PM es, it, of, sb m, s –/55 [74, 142, 164, 200, 204, 216] 1832) Clavistrombina clavulus (Sowerby, Me, P, TP ES, P PM it, of, sb m, r, s –/46 [200, 216] 1834) Columbella fuscata Sowerby, 1832 Mg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM it bo, r, s –/2 [2, 18, 45, 75, 113, 138, 204, 216, Ga, TP 276, 279, 285, 360] Columbella labiosa Sowerby, 1822 P N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/24 [12, 45, 75, 216, 247, 250, 276, 279, 360] Columbella major Sowerby, 1832 Me, P, TP N, P PM it bo, m, r, s –/4 [45, 75, 216, 276, 360] Columbella sonsonatensis (Mörch, Co, Me, P, Ga N, P PM, IC sb bo, r n.a. [138, 204, 216, 221, 260, 276, 1860) 360, 379] Columbella strombiformis Lamarck, Co, Me, P, TP, PM it r n.a. [75, 185, 216, 276] 1822 PC Cosmioconcha modesta (Powys, 1835) P ES, N, P PM it, sb m, r –/30 [72, 164, 216, 276] Cosmioconcha palmeri (Dall, 1913) Co, Me, P ES PM m, s 7/52 [103, 164, 216, 276, 324] Cosmioconcha rehderi (Hertlein & Me, P PM of m, sh 22/48 [158, 185, 216] Strong, 1951) Costoanachis boivini (Kiener, 1841) P N, P PM it, sb r n.a. [185, 216, 270, 276] Costoanachis cf. coronata (Sowerby, Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [113, 185, 216, 324] 1832) Costoanachis costellata (Broderip & Me, P, TP PM cr r n.a. [216, 360, 361] Sowerby, 1829) Costoanachis fluctuata (Sowerby, P, TP ES, N, P PM es, it, sb bo, m, r, 0/1 [2, 74, 75, 154, 185, 216, 276, 1832) ru, s 280, 353, 360] Costoanachis cf. gracilis (C.B. P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Adams, 1852) Costoanachis hannana (Hertlein & Ca, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Strong, 1951) Costoanachis hilli (Pilsbry & Lowe, Co, Me, P N PM it, sb r n.a. [216, 276] 1932)

Costoanachis lentiginosa (Hinds, Me, P, TP G, N, P PM cr, it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/1 [75, 185, 216, 276, 360, 361] 305 1844) (continued) 306 Species List g 360] 379] 307] References f Depth (m) n.a. [75, 204, 216, 272, 360, 361] 27/110 [72, 185, 200, 216, 319] n.a.n.a. [14, 87, 138, 204, 216, 267, 276, [185, 216] e Habitat/ Community r r d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] PM sb m, ru, r, s n.a. [280] PM it, ofIC g, m, sr, of –/25 ru, s [72, 75, 200, 216, 276, 296, 320] 12/70 [75, 138, 204, 216, 250, 276, 336, PM n.a. n.a. 25/110 [200] PMIC it n.a. co, g, ru, s 95/200 [2, 63, 114, 200, 204, 216] b N, P Central America ES, N, P PM, Car it ES, P PM es, it, ma m, wr, n.a. [74, 185, 216, 272, 276] G, ES, P PM n.a. m, r 40/183 [200] ES PM n.a. r a Ga World World distribution P TPMe, P, Ga, TPP, C, Co, Me, P, ES, N, P PM P es, it, ma PM m, sh, r, w n.a. cr [74, 75, 153, 185, 272, 276, 379] r P, TP P, Ga, TPMe, P, ES, N, P PM it, ma bo, m, sr, 0/11 [74, 103, 185, 204, 216, 272, 276, P, TP P, G, C, Me, P, TPG, C, Me, P, Ga Me, P, N, P PM it, sb s r, n.a. [164, 216, 272, 276, 290, 292] Me, P Co, Me, P P Co, Me, P Ga, TP P, GaCo, Me, P, Me, P G, N, P PM of g, m, s, sh 2/236 [200, 216, 218] (continued)

(Reeve, vexillum (Reeve, 1897) 1844) 1852) 1844) 1832) 1942) 1858) d’Attilio, 1969) Species List 28.2 Species Costoanachis Costoanachis oerstedi (von Martens, 1832) Costoanachis rugosa (Sowerby, Costoanachis rugulosa (Sowerby, 1832) Costoanachis varia (Sowerby, Costoanachis Costoanachis moesta (C.B. Adams, Costoanachis nigricans (Sowerby, Mitrella loisae Mitrella Pitt & 1979 Kohl, Mazatlania fulgurata (Philippi, 1846) uncinata (Sowerby, Microcithara (Sowerby, 1832) Cotonopsis turrita (Sowerby, Cotonopsis suteri Jung, 1989 Cotonopsis panacostaricensis (Olsson, Costoanachis cf. Cotonopsis (Emerson deroyae & Cotonopsis hirundo (Gaskoin, 1852) 1970) Cotonopsis mendozana (Shasky, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Mitrella ocellata (Gmelin, 1791) Ber, F, G, C, Br, N, P PM, IC, c, cr, it, ma, bo, m, r, s, 0/34 [1, 15, 18, 75, 84, 89, 113, 130, SCA, NEA, Car of, sb sg 185, 187, 223, 244, 247, 250, IP, Mg, Co, 267, 276, 279, 292, 302, 307, Me, P, Ga 324, 360, 377, 379, 387] Nassarina vespera Keen, 1971 Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 27/55 [216, 324] Parvanachis cf. dalli (Bartsch, 1931) P, Ma, TP P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 212, 216, 272] Parvanachis cf. milium (Dall, 1916) P P PM n.a. m, r, s 5/11 [103, 185, 216] Parvanachis pardalis (Hinds, 1843) P N, P PM it bo, r n.a. [216, 276, 324, 360] Parvanachis pygmaea (Sowerby, 1832)Me, P, TP N, P PM cr, it bo, m, r, s 0/1 [75, 185, 216, 272, 276, 360, 361, 379] Sincola dorsata (Sowerby, 1832) Ca, Co, Me, P, G, ES, PM it, of co, m, r, ru, –/88 [72, 103, 200, 216, 320] TP N, P s, sh Sincola gibberula (Sowerby, 1832) Ca, Mg, Co, Me, G, ES, PM it a, bo, g, m, –/165 [18, 75, 103, 200, 216, 218, 276, P, TP, PC N, P r, ru, s, 284, 353, 379] sg, sh Steironepion melanosticta (Pilsbry & Co, Me, P, Ma, N PM, IC n.a. bo 9/25 [91, 138, 204, 212, 216, 250, 276, Lowe, 1932) Ga 324, 360] Strombina angularis (Sowerby, 1832) Co, Me, P P PM of m, r, s, sh 37/300 [200, 216] Strombina carmencita Lowe, 1935 Co, Me, P P PM of m, r, s, sh 9/165 [200, 216] Strombina elegans (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P P PM b, of m, r, s, sg, sh 0/90 [200, 216, 218, 353] Strombina fusinoidea Dall, 1916 Co, Me, P, TP ES, N, P PM of m, s, sh 4/278 [2, 72, 200, 216] Strombina maculosa (Sowerby, 1832) Ca, Co, Me, P, P PM it, of co, g, m, r, –/110 [200, 204, 216, 324] Ga s, sh Strombina pulcherrima (Sowerby, Me, P G, P PM it, of m, s, sh –/91 [200, 216, 353] 1832) Strombina recurva (Sowerby, 1832) Co, Me, P, Ga, G, N, P PM it, of bo, g, m, r, –/128 [72, 75, 138, 200, 204, 216, 276] TP s, sg, sh Zafrona incerta (Stearns, 1892) Co, Me, P, Ma, IC of r 13 [204, 212, 216, 250] Ga Zanassarina cf. anitae (Campbell, Co, P PM of s 33/55 [91, 103, 185, 216]

1961) 307

(continued) 308 Species List g 324] 204, 216, 276] References f Depth (m) 18/110 [72, 216] –/50 [72, 216, 276, 324, 337, 379] –/50 [45, 57, 74, 75, 103, 113, 185, e sh sg, sh Habitat/ Community m, r, m, ru, r, s, d sb Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM ofPM n.a. n.a. m 37/333 [72, 112, 113, 185, 204, 216, 285] PMPM of n.a. n.a. n.a. 65/100 n.a. [72, 204, 212, 216, 261, 285] [185] IC of co, ru, s 46/146 [63, 204, 216, 239, 247, 250] b Central America ES, N, P PM it, ma, sb a, m, sES, N, P PM –/11 it, of [57, 74, 75, 103, 216, 272, 276] n.a. –/37 [154, 185, 216] N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 337] N PM es, it, ma, of, ES, P PM ma n.a. n.a. [74, 216, 218] a PC Ga Ga, TP World World distribution Co, Me, P N, P PM, IC it, of a, ru, s, sg, Co, Me, P, GaCo, Me, P, N, P PM, IC it, sb m, ru, s –/61 [45, 113, 185, 204, 216, 250, 276, Co, Me, P, TP, TP, Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P TPCo, Me, P, ES, N, PP PM it, ma, sb, sp m, s n.a. [74, 75, 185, 216, 276, 379] Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P Ma, Co, Me, P, PP PM Mg, Co, Me, P, sb m, s 5/37 [103, 185, 216, 276] P, TP P, TPCo, Me, P, N, P Ga P, PM es, it m, s n.a. [1, 2, 74, 75, 216, 272, 276] (continued)

stimpsonianus (C.B. 1852) 1937 1835) 1829) Sowerby, 1932) Adams, 1852) 1852) Sowerby, 1829) Sowerby, Species List 28.2 Species Nassarius nodicinctus (A. Adams, Nassarius Strong gallegosi & Hertlein, Nassarius nassiformis Leson, 1842 Nassarius complanatus (Powys, Nassarius luteostomus (Broderip & Nassarius myristicatus (Hinds, 1844) Zanassarina poecila (Pilsbry & Lowe, Family NASSARIIDAE Nassarius catallus (Dall, 1908) Nassarius pagodus 1844) (Reeve, Nassarius shaskyi McLean, 1970 Nassarius cf. Nassarius versicolor (C.B. Adams, Family Family MELONGENIDAE Melongena patula (Broderip & Nassarius wilsoni (C.B. Adams, 1852) Family FASCIOLARIIDAE Fusinus allyni McLean, 1970 Benthic, ShelledGastropods Fusinus colpoicus Dall, 1915 Co, Me, P PM of 110/165 [216, 296] Fusinus dupetitthouarsi (Kiener, Co, Me, P, Ga, PM, IC it, of m, s –/200 [1, 2, 18, 103, 138, 204, 216, 250, 1840) TP 287] Fusinus felipensis Lowe, 1935 Co, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] Fusinus spectrum (A. Adams & Co, Me, P, TP PM of n.a. 7/275 [72, 216, 272, 285] Reeve, 1848) Fusinus turris (Valenciennes, 1832) P, Ma IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [212] Latirus concentricus (Reeve, 1847) Co, Me, P, Ga P PM it n.a. n.a. [45, 138, 204, 216, 320] Latirus hemphilli Hertlein & Strong, Mg, Co, Me, P P PM of m, s, sg, sh 2/45 [72, 158, 216, 285] 1951 Latirus mediamericanus Hertlein & Me, P N, P PM it r 8 [45, 158, 185, 216, 276, 320] Strong, 1951 Latirus cf. praestantior Melvill, 1892 Co, P PM n.a. n.a. 10/20 [185, 216] Leucozonia cerata (Wood, 1828) Co, Me, P, Ga P PM, IC it, sb bo, r 0/2 [45, 75, 185, 204, 216, 231, 250, 279, 360] Leucozonia tuberculata (Broderip, P, Ma, Ga IC it, sb bo, r 2/24 [18, 39, 204, 212, 216, 247, 250] 1833) Opeatostoma pseudodon (Burrow, Me, P, Ma PM cr, it, sb bo, m, r, s 0/2 [12, 45, 185, 212, 216, 360, 361] 1815) Pleuroploca granosa (Broderip, 1832) Me, P ES, P PM es, it, ma, sb m –/9 [2, 37, 74, 75, 216, 276] Pleuroploca princeps (Sowerby, 1825) P, Ma, Ga PM, IC of r, s 9/27 [204, 212, 250] Pleuroploca salmo (Woods, 1828) Me, P P PM it, of m –/7 [1, 216, 276] Family VOLUTIDAE Enaeta barnesii (Gray, 1825) Me, P N, P PM it, of m, s –/80 [2, 216, 276, 320, 379] Family OLIVIDAE Agaronia griseoalba (von Martens, P G, N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216, 229, 230] 1897) Agaronia nica A. López, Montoya & Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [230] J. López, 1988 Agaronia propatula (Conrad, 1849) Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 36 [216, 230, 343] 309

(continued) 310 Species List g 230, 267, 276, 307, 384] 297] References f Depth (m) –/34 [1, 2, 45, 216, 345] –/2011/60 [1, 2, 216, 276, 379] [1, 12, 103, 216, 247, 250, 379] 6 [1, 75, 216, 276, 379] 10/105 [216, 247, 250, 324, 325] –/9 [75, 86, 216] e Habitat/ Community s m, s –/11 n.a. [103, 216, 272, 276] m, s n.a. [74, 75, 216, 273, 276] m, r n.a. [216] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica IC n.a. n.a. 15/46 [275] PMPMPM n.a. it, sbPM n.a. n.a. of s n.a. 7/11 m, s n.a. [185, 216] 3/7 [75, 216] [216] b Central America N, P PM, Car es, it m, s, r, sg 0/1 [1, 2, 74, 75, 86, 130, 187, 216, PN, P PM PM of it n.a. n.a. [275] P PM it, of s N, PP PM it, sb PM it m, s –/73 [1, 72, 216, 272, 276, 284, 379] N PM of n.a. n.a. [2, 216] N PM it N IC of s ES, N, P PMN es PM, IC of n.a. –/100 [2, 72, 216, 247, 250, 272, 276, P PM n.a. n.a. 60/70 [185, 216, 318] a PC TP TP TP World World distribution C, Co, Me, P, C, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, P Co, Me, P, TPCo, Me, P, P PMe, P PM, IC of s Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, Me, P PMg, Co, Me, P N PM P b, sb IC s of co, ru, s 10/60 [208, 250, 362] P P Me, P, TP Me, P, TP Mg, Me, P, TP Me, P, Co, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P, P Me, P (continued)

riverae Olsson, 1956 inconspicua (C.B. Adams, Sargent, Sargent, 1986 1852) Species List 28.2 Species Agaronia testacea Agaronia Lamarck, 1811 Oliva undatella Lamarck, 1811 Oliva truncata Marrat, 1867 Oliva spicata (Röding, 1798) Oliva spicata Petuch deynzerae & 1825 Oliva splendidula Sowerby, Oliva porphyria (Linnaeus, 1758) Oliva polpasta Duclos, 1833 Oliva julieta Duclos, 1835 Stingley, 1984 Oliva foxi Stingley, Oliva incrassata (Lightfoot, 1786) (Sowerby, 1825) Olivella columellaris (Sowerby, Olivella cocosensis Olsson, 1956 (Gray, Olivella 1839) semistriata (Gray, Olivella (Duclos, tergina 1835) Olivella volutella (Lamarck, 1811) Olivella zanoeta (Duclos, 1835) Family HARPIDAE Harpa Swainson, crenata 1822 Olivella cf. Olivella cf. Benthic, ShelledGastropods Morum tuberculosum (Reeve, 1842, Me, P, TP, Ga N, P PM it, sb r 8 [1, 45, 138, 204, 216, 276] ex Sowerby, MS) Morum veleroae Emerson, 1968 P, Ga IC of co, g, ru, s 50/110 [2, 63, 106, 204, 216, 247, 250] Family MARGINELLIDAE Dentimargo zetetes Roth, 1978 P PM it, of m, s, sh –/55 [314] Prunum aletes Roth, 1978 P P PM of r, sh 3/82 [314] Prunum curtum (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P, TP, PC ES, P PM n.a. s 2/65 [72, 75, 154, 216] Volvarina taeniolata taeniolata Ca, Me, P, Ga IC it, of n.a. –/100 [113, 170, 204, 216, 250] Mörch, 1860 Family CYSTISCIDAE Gibberula achenea Roth & Coan, P IC, E n.a. co, ru, s 24/100 [247, 250, 315] 1971 Gibberula minor (C.B. Adams, 1852) P, Ga N PM, IC it n.a. –/120 [18, 185, 204, 216, 247, 250, 276] Gibberula polita (Carpenter, 1857) Ca, Me, P, Ga P IC it co, r, ru –/100 [1, 138, 204, 216, 250, 324] Gibberula subtrigona (Carpenter, Ca, Me, P IC it, sb a, s –/100 [30, 113, 216] 1864) Granulina cf. margaritula (Carpenter, NEP, Ca, Me, P, P PM it sg –/110 [30, 113, 185, 204, 216] 1857) Ga Persicula imbricata (Hinds, 1844) Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. ru, s, sg, sh 2/60 [45, 204, 216, 276] Persicula phrygia (Sowerby, 1846) Mg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM it n.a. –/20 [18, 204, 216, 276] Ga Persicula pulchella (Kiener, 1834) I, IP, P, Ma IC n.a. ru, s 9/70 [83, 196, 212, 250, 322] Family MITRIDAE Mitra belcheri Hinds, 1843 Mg, Co, Me, P P PM of n.a. 37/100 [2, 59, 216, 285] Mitra crenata Broderip, 1836 Co, Me, P, Ma, PM, IC n.a. bo, g, r, ru 5/55 [91, 204, 212, 216, 250, 359, 360, Ga 379] Mitra effusa Broderip, 1836 Me, P, Cl, Ma, P PM, IC it m, r, s –/30 [40, 45, 59, 75, 112, 204, 212, Ga 216, 250] Mitra ferruginea Lamarck, 1811 RS, IP, NWP, CtP, IC cr, it co –/100 [2, 59, 212, 214, 250, 326] P, Cl, Ma

Mitra fultoni E.A. Smith, 1892 Ca, Co, P IC it, of, sb n.a. –/90 [1, 216, 218, 247, 250, 285, 357] 311 Mitra inca d’Orbigny, 1841 Co, Me, P, TP PM, IC n.a. g, r 9/18 [185, 216, 250] (continued) 312 Species List g 250, 276, 279, 359, 360] 250, 359, 378] 379] 247, 250, 272, 276, 360] References f Depth (m) e s –/28 [2, 45, 75, 185, 204, 216, 247, Habitat/ Community bo, g, m, r, m, r, m, sr, –/112 [20, 62, 75, 216, 250, 379] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica IC n.a.ICPM, IC of sb co, m, ru, s 1/50 ru, r, s [2, 214, 216, n.a.250, 336] 1/31 5/200 [59, 60, 204, 216, 250, 324, 359] [1, 2, 72, 216, 250, 272] PM of n.a.IC 18/46 ofPM [216] n.a. n.a. n.a. 45/110 [204, 250, 334, 358] 150/200 [72, 204, 216] b Central America P PM, IC cl, itcr, a, co, m, sr, –/130 [2, 59, 85, 108, 110, 204, 214, N, P PM, IC it, of, sb N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, m, sr, 0/22 [1, 45, 75, 113, 204, 212, 216, a CtP, P, Ga P, CtP, TP P, Cl Ga, TP World World distribution I, IP, NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, I, IP, Co, Me, P, Ga, Co, Me, P, I, IP, NWP, CtP, CtP, NWP, I, IP, P Ga Co, Me, P, TP Co, Me, P, Ma, Co, Me, P, P IC it, of, sb co –/21 [216, 250] Co, Me, P N, P PM it, of n.a. –/73 [62, 216, 249, 285, 296, 320] Co, Me, P G PM, IC it Co, Me, PCo, Me, P GaCo, Me, P, P N PM, IC of IC Ga P, it, of GaMe, P, bo, r ru, s Ga P, P 9/91 –/165 PM [40, 62, 72, 216, 250, 360] [1, 62, 204, 216, 250, 276, 324, it, sb bo, r n.a. [3, 204, 216, 358, 360] in (continued)

Swainson, MS) 1964 1836 ex Sowerby, 1825) Sowerby, 1836) 1931) Species List 28.2 Species Mitra Mitra mitra (Linnaeus, 1758) Wood, 1828 Mitra lens Wood, Mitra Mitra papalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Mitra rupicola 1844 Reeve, Mitra sphoni Shasky & Campbell, Mitra swainsonii swainsonii Broderip, Mitra tristis Broderip, 1836 Subcancilla gigantea 1844, (Reeve, Subcancilla sulcata (Swainson Subcancilla attenuata (Broderip, Subcancilla 1960) calodinota (Berry, (Tomlin, Subcancilla erythrogramma Family COSTELLARIIDAE Thala jeancateae Sphon, 1969 Thala solitaria (C.B. Adams, 1852) Superfamily CANCELLARIOIDEA Family CANCELLARIIDAE Admetula (Petit, deroyae 1970) Benthic, ShelledGastropods Axelella campbelli (Shasky, 1961) Co, Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 18/91 [1, 216, 344] Axelella funiculatum (Hinds, 1843) Mg, Me, P P PM of n.a. 65 [72, 216, 379] Cancellaria albida Hinds, 1843 Me, P N PM of, sb n.a. 20/128 [72, 75, 216, 276] Cancellaria buccinoides Sowerby, P, PC N PM of m, s 13/27 [216, 352] 1832 Cancellaria bulbulus Sowerby, 1832 Me, P ES, N, P PM it, of m –/40 [72, 153, 216, 276, 320, 348] Cancellaria cassidiformis Sowerby, Co, Me, P PM it, of, sb m, s –/40 [72, 103, 216] 1832 Cancellaria decussata Sowerby, 1832 Mg, Co, Me, P P PM it, of m, s -/120 [72, 216, 285, 320, 352] Cancellaria gemmulata Sowerby, 1832Me, P, Ga P PM it, of m, s –/73 [72, 204, 216, 320, 352] Cancellaria indentata Sowerby, 1832 Co, Me, P, Ga PM of n.a. 50/110 [72, 204, 216, 285] Cancellaria jayana Keen, 1958 Co, Me, P P PM it, of n.a. –/100 [72, 216, 320] Cancellaria obesa Sowerby, 1832 Ca, Me, P, Ga PM it, of m, s –/90 [1, 75, 138, 204, 216, 276, 352] Cancellaria pulchra Sowerby, 1832 Co, Me, P, Ga, IC of n.a. –/55 [1, 45, 63, 204, 216, 303, 333] TP Cancellaria solida Sowerby, 1832 Me, P N, P PM it, of s –/37 [216, 276, 320, 352] Cancellaria urceolata Hinds, 1843 Mg, Co, Me, P N, P PM of n.a. 30/100 [72, 216, 276, 345] Cancellaria ventricosa Hinds, 1843 Mg, Co, Me, P, P PM of n.a. 37/184 [204, 216, 276, 285] Ga Narona clavatula (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P, TP P PM it, of n.a. –/110 [75, 216, 276, 320] Sveltia centrota (Dall, 1896) Co, Me, P P PM, IC of n.a. –/200 [2, 63, 72, 216, 247, 250, 285] Trigonostoma breve (Sowerby, 1832) Me, P N, P IC it, of, sb n.a. –/25 [216, 250, 347] Trigonostoma bullatum (Sowerby, Co, Me, P P PM of m 13/200 [1, 72, 216, 352] 1832) Trigonostoma goniostoma (Sowerby, Co, Me, P P PM it, of, sb s –/24 [216, 352] 1832) Trigonostoma milleri Burch, 1949 Co, P, Ga PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [42, 138, 204, 216, 348] Superfamily CONOIDEA Family TEREBRIDAE Hastula cinerea (Born, 1778) F, G, C, Br, EA, N, P PM, Car c, it, of m, p, r, s, sh 0/27 [1, 36, 45, 55, 84, 86, 130, 216,

Co, Me, P 276, 302, 307, 377, 384] 313 Terebra allyni Bratcher & Burch, 1970 Co, Me, P PM it, of n.a. –/27 [34, 36, 216] (continued) 314 Species List g 248, 250, 276] 250, 276, 285] 284] 247, 250] 248, 250, 276, 284] 276] References f Depth (m) –/100 [2, 85, 110, 214, 216, 248] 1/200 [2, 18, 36, 85, 110, 113, 214, 216, e Habitat/ Community n.a. –/70 [36, 55, 216, 248, 250, 276, 284] m, s –/80 [36, 75, 103, 138, 204, 248, 250, m, s –/110 [34, 36, 55, 72, 75, 103, 204, 216, d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica IC it, ofIC cl, it, cr, sb n.a. s –/60 [1, 35, 216, 247, 250, 324] PM, IC it, of n.a. –/82 [1, 2, 72, 113, 204, 216, 248, 250, IC it b Central America G, N, P PM, IC it P PM n.a. n.a. 7/27 [36, 216, 276, 324] N, P PM, ICP it, of IC n.a. cl, sb –/90 s [2, 34, 72, 216, 248, 250] a NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, Cl Me, P, CtP, TP NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, Cl Me, P, CtP, World World distribution Co, Me, P Co, Me, P RS, PG, I, IP, NCo, Me, P Ga, I, Co, Me, P, IC N, P of PM, IC it n.a. 13/135 [33, 216, 250, 276, 285] Mg, Me, P, GaMg, Me, P, G, N, P PM, IC it, of m, s –/110 [35, 36, 55, 72, 103, 204, 216, Me, P Co, Me, P, GaCo, Me, P, P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/110 [2, 14, 36, 55, 72, 204, 216, 248, Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P, TPCo, Me, P, RS, PG, I, IP, G, N, P PM it, of n.a. –/146 [36, 55, 75, 216, 272, 276, 285] Co, Me, P, Ga Co, Me, P, Me, P (continued)

1932 1932 1880) 1970 Species List 28.2 Species Terebra berryi Campbell, 1961 Terebra corintoensis Pilsbry & Lowe, Terebra (Linnaeus, crenulata 1758) Terebra elata Hinds, 1844 Terebra glauca Hinds, 1844 Terebra Terebra armillata Hinds, 1844 Terebra Terebra sanjuanensis Pilsbry & Lowe, Terebra Hinds, 1844 robusta Terebra Gray, 1834 ornata Gray, Terebra Terebra larvaeformis Hinds, 1844 Terebra maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Terebra Terebra guayaquilensis (E.A. Smith, Terebra hancocki Bratcher & Burch, Terebra Benthic, ShelledGastropods Terebra strigata Sowerby, 1825 Co, Me, P, Ga, PM, IC it, of n.a. –/55 [2, 36, 75, 113, 204, 216, 248, TP 250, 276, 379] Terebra variegata Gray, 1834 Co, Me, P, Ga, PM, IC it, of m, s –/300 [2, 36, 55, 103, 204, 216, 248, TP 250, 272, 276, 341] Family TURRIDAE Agathotoma alcippe (Dall, 1918) Co, Me, P, Ga PM, IC sb g, r –/133 [185, 204, 216, 250] Agathotoma stellata (Mörch, 1860) Mg, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Bellaspira melea Dall, 1919 Co, Me, P IC of n.a. 20/183 [216, 250, 342] Buchema granulosa (Sowerby, 1834) Co, Me, P IC n.a. n.a. 20/55 [216, 276] Calliclava jaliscoensis McLean & Me, P, Ga PM n.a. n.a. 10/50 [204, 216] Poorman, 1971 Calliclava pallida (Sowerby, 1834) Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 10/25 [216] Calliclava subtilis McLean & P P PM n.a. s 9/30 [216, 344] Poorman, 1971 Carinodrillia adonis Pilsbry & Lowe, Co, Me, P, Ga PM n.a. m, s 29/80 [72, 103, 204, 216] 1932 Carinodrillia alboangulata (E.A. Me, P PM sb g, r –/30 [185, 216] Smith, 1882) Clathurella rigida (Hinds, 1843) Ca, Co, Me, P, P IC of, sb r, s 11/25 [1, 103, 204, 212, 216, 250, 333] Ma, Ga Cochlespira cedonulli (Reeve, 1843) Co, Me, P, Ga P PM n.a. n.a. 50/275 [1, 72, 204, 216] Compsodrillia alcestis (Dall, 1919) Co, Me, P PM n.a. m, s 20/90 [72, 103, 216] Compsodrillia aff. opaca McLean & Ca, Co, Me, P PM of n.a. 95/140 [185, 216, 285] Poorman, 1971 Crassispira abdera (Dall, 1919) P N IC of, sb n.a. 33/133 [216, 250] Crassispira ballenaensis Hertlein & Me, P PM of m, s 20/90 [72, 158, 216] Strong, 1951 Crassispira cerithoidea (Carpenter, Me, P IC of r 20/70 [216, 250, 336] 1857) Crassispira discors (Sowerby, 1834) Co, Me, P N PM sb g, r –/25 [1, 75, 216, 276, 341]

Crassispira erigone Dall, 1919 Co, Me, P IC n.a. n.a. 20/60 [216, 250] 315

(continued) 316 Species List g References f Depth (m) 6/45 [158, 216, 346] –/35 [185, 216] e Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PMPM n.a.PM n.a.PM n.a. n.a.PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4/70 n.a.PM [185] 50/100 [204, 216, 346] [216] n.a. 9/30 10/55 [204, 344] [72, 216] n.a. 30/200 [72, 216] PMPM of, sbPM, IC of n.a. s m, sIC n.a. n.a. –/65 20/133 [75, 216, 250, 276] [72, 216, 284] n.a. 25/40 [204, 216, 250] b Central America P PM n.a.P n.a. PM n.a. 30/119 [1, 72, 216, 265] n.a. 20/75 [216] a World World distribution Me, P, Ga Me, P, Co, Me, P Ga P, Co, Me, P Co, Me, P GaCo, Me, P, Co, Me, P ES PP Co, Me, P PM P PM N, P of PM of PM, IC n.a. n.a. m a, m, s, sh 40/280 m, s n.a. [1, 72, 204, 158, 216] 11/67 10/30 [103, 216, 250, 276] [216, 276] Co, Me, P, GaCo, Me, P, P ICP it, of n.a. –/60 [204, 216, 250, 285] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P Mg, Co, Me, P Co, Me, PMe, P N Ga Co, Me, P, Co, Me, P PMP ma P IC l, s, sh 7/55 n.a. [1, 158, 216, 284] n.a. 14/75 [216, 250, 324] (continued)

actinocycla Dall & 1971 1955) Strong, 1951) Simpson, 1901 1834) Lowe, 1932 1951 1971 Species List 28.2 Species (Sowerby, 1834) Drillia clavata (Sowerby, Drillia inornata McLean & Poorman, 1992 Drillia macleani Tucker, Drillia (Hertlein roseola & Strong, Drillia salvadorica (Hertlein & Fusiturricula armilda (Dall, 1908) Globidrillia micans (Hinds, 1843) Glyphostoma bayeri Olsson, 1971 Glyphostoma (Hinds, neglecta 1843) (Sowerby, incrassata Crassispira (Sowerby, Daphnella allemani (Bartsch, 1931) Daphnella mazatlanica Pilsbry & “ Drillia ” aff. (Sowerby, 1834) maura Crassispira (Sowerby, 1834) turricula Crassispira (Sowerby, xanti Crassispira Hertlein & Strong, 1843) Cruziturricula (Reeve, arcuata Daphnella McLean retusa & Poorman, 1971 Doxospira hertleini Shasky, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Glyphostoma scobina McLean & P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 20/200 [204, 216, 247, 250] Poorman, 1971 Hindsiclava militaris (Reeve, 1843, Mg, Co, Me, P PM of s, so 20/90 [72, 103, 125, 159, 216] ex Hinds, MS) Hindsiclava resina (Dall, 1908) P P PM, IC of n.a. 15/245 [72, 216, 247] Hormospira libya (Dall, 1919) Mg, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 35/90 [72, 216] Hormospira spectabilis Berry, 1958 Co, Me, P ES PM of n.a. 11/123 [1, 73, 216] Imaclava pilsbryi Bartsch, 1950 Co, Me, P P PM n.a. n.a. 10/70 [72, 216] Iredalea ella (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) Co, Me, P N, P PM, IC sb g, r 9 [216, 250, 276, 324] Iredalea perfecta (Pilsbry & Lowe, Co, Me, P IC of s 20/70 [216, 250, 285] 1932) Ithycythara penelope (Dall, 1919) Co, Me, P, Ga P IC of n.a. 20/70 [204, 216, 250, 324] Knefastia howelli (Hertlein & Strong, P PM of m, r, sh 77/112 [158, 185] 1951) Knefastia olivacea (Sowerby, 1833) Co, Me, P N PM it, of, sb n.a. –/50 [1, 75, 216, 276] Knefastia tuberculifera (Broderip & Co, Me, P N PM n.a. n.a. 20/50 [1, 216, 276] Sowerby, 1829) Knefastia walkeri Berry, 1958 Co, Me, P PM of n.a. 40/70 [72, 185, 216] Kurtzia granulatissima (Mörch, 1860) Mg, Co, Me, P PM n.a. g, r 20/40 [216, 284, 324] Kurtziella plumbea (Hinds, 1843) NEP, Ca, Co, P IC n.a. co 10/50 [216, 250, 337, 340] Me, P Kylix impressa (Hinds, 1843) P P PM n.a. n.a. 10/30 [216] Microdaphne trichodes (Dall, 1919) I, IP, Ca, Co, Me, P PM, IC it g –/146 [108, 110, 185, 204, 212, 214, P, Ma, Ga 216, 250] Microdrillia zeuxippe (Dall, 1919) P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 20/110 [204, 216, 247, 250] Mitromorpha filosa (Carpenter, 1865) Ca, Me, P, Ma, P IC of, sb r –/33 [1, 30, 204, 212, 216, 250] Ga Nannodiella nana (Dall, 1919) Co, Me, P IC of n.a. 20/70 [216, 250, 324] Pilsbryspira loxospira (Pilsbry & Me, P PM of r –/20 [216] Lowe, 1932)

Pilsbryspira cf. melchersi (Menke, Me, P PM of, sb r n.a. [185, 216] 317 1851) (continued) 318 Species List g 216, 247, 250, 276, 279] 250, 262, 276] 216, 250, 379] References [204, 216, 247, 250] f Depth (m) –/40 [1, 2, 45, 68, 75, 112, 113, 204, –/331,159/1,850 [1, 216, 250, 276] n.a. [216, 276] e Habitat/ Community n.a.r –/20 [185, 216] r, sr, –/15 [1, 45, 70, 204, 212, 216, 247, p, r, p, sr, n.a. [2, 69, 85, 108, 110, 204, 214, d rl, sb Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PM n.a. s, soPM 11/70 it ICIC [1, 14, 72, 103, 216, 276] of of n.a. n.a.PM of 1,950 [216, 247, 250] n.a. 10/50 [1, 2, 68, 219, 379, 380] b Central America P PM, IC it, cr, of, P PM ma, sb n.a. n.a. [216] N, P PM, IC it, of, sb r P PM, IC it a CtP, P, Cl, Ga P, CtP, Ga Ga World World distribution I, IP, NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, I, IP, Co, Me, P P PM it, of bo, sr, n.a. [216, 324, 360] Co, Me, PCa, Co, Me, PCo, Me, P N PP PM PMCo, Me, P of ofMe, P P Ga P, s, so m, s, sh, soP PM 20/200Co, Me, P 13/200 [1, 2, 72, of103, 216, 276] Co, Me, P N, P [1, 72, 103, 185, 216, 276, 379] Co, Me, P PM a, m, s, r, shMe, P P 25/112 Cl, Mg, Me, P, P it, of, sb [72, 105, 158, 216] PM r PM of of n.a. n.a. 20/400 10/100 [2, 45, 72, 216, 276, 284, 345] [1, 2, 14, 72, 216, 263, 276] Co, Me, P N PM, IC it Co, Me, P, Ma, Co, Me, P, Beck, ex (continued)

concinna (C.B. Adams, Strong, 1951 MS) 1856) 1852) Adams, 1852) 1829 Species List 28.2 Species Conus chaldaeus (Röding, 1798) Shasky, 1971 Strictispira stillmani Shasky, Hertlein & crockeri Strombinoturris (Sowerby, 1834) (Sowerby, oxytropis Polystira picta 1843, (Reeve, Polystira fuscoligata (Carpenter, Pyrgocythara cf. Tenaturris Xanthodaphne agonia (Dall, 1890) Xanthodaphne encella (Dall, 1908) Zonulispira grandimaculata (C.B. Family CONIDAE Broderip, Conus 1833 archon Conus Broderip arcuatus & Sowerby, Conus bartschi Hanna & Strong, 1949 1828 Conus brunneus Wood, Polystira nobilis (Hinds, 1843) Polystira Tenaturris merita (Hinds, 1843) Tenaturris Conus dalli Stearns, 1873 Benthic, ShelledGastropods Conus diadema Sowerby, 1834 Co, Me, P, Cl, P IC cr, it co, r, s –/30 [1, 2, 18, 70, 113, 204, 212, 216, Ma, Ga 247, 250, 262, 285, 379] Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 RS, I, IP, NWP, G, P PM, IC cr, it, of, rl co, r n.a. [2, 85, 107, 110, 147, 155, 157, SWP, CtP, P, 188, 204, 214, 216, 250, 336, Cl, Ga 366] Conus emarginatus Reeve, 1844 Me, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 37 [204, 276, 345] Conus fergusoni Sowerby, 1873 Mg, Me, P, Ga, N, P PM it, of r –/165 [2, 72, 75, 204, 216, 272, 276, TP 279, 379] Conus gladiator Broderip, 1833 Mg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM, IC it bo, m, r, s n.a. [2, 113, 185, 204, 212, 216, 247, Ma, Ga, TP 272, 276, 355, 360, 379] Conus gradatus Wood, 1828, ex Ca, Me, P, Cl P IC of n.a. 28/119 [1, 2, 216, 247, 263] Mawe, MS Conus lucidus Wood, 1828 Mg, Me, P, Ga, P PM, IC it, of n.a. –/33 [2, 45, 75, 138, 204, 216, 250, TP 320] Conus mahogani Reeve, 1843 Co, Me, P, Ga, P PM, IC sb m n.a. [139, 194, 204, 272, 276] TP Conus nux Broderip, 1833 Mg, Co, Me, P, N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, r, s –/2.5 [12, 18, 45, 113, 138, 185, 204, Cl, Ma, Ga 212, 216, 250, 262, 274, 276, 355, 360] Conus orion Broderip, 1833 C, Co, Me, P P PM it r, s –/30 [1, 2, 216, 320, 355, 379] Conus patricius Hinds, 1843 Me, P, Ga ES, N, P PM of, sb n.a. 16 [2, 76, 117, 153, 204, 216, 263, 264, 276, 379] Conus perplexus Sowerby, 1857 Mg, Co, Me, P, P PM of s 15/37 [72, 103, 126, 138, 185, 204, 216] Ga Conus poormani Berry, 1968 Co, Me, P P PM of s 20/100 [1, 2, 103, 216, 263, 285] Conus princeps Linnaeus, 1758 Co, Me, P, TP N, P PM cr, it, sb co, m, r, s n.a. [2, 45, 75, 216, 276, 355] Conus purpurascens Sowerby, 1833, Mg, Me, P, Cl, N, P PM, IC it, sb bo, m, r, s n.a. [1, 2, 12, 18, 45, 75, 113, 138, ex Broderip, MS Ma, Ga, TP 204, 212, 216, 247, 250, 272, 274, 276, 279, 355, 360] Conus recurvus Broderip, 1833 Mg, Co, Me, P, PM, IC of g 18/210 [1, 2, 75, 119, 138, 204, 216, 247, Ga 250, 263] 319 Conus regularis Sowerby, 1833 Mg, Co, Me, P N, P PM it, of, sb a, m, s –/100 [1, 18, 72, 216, 276, 355]

(continued) 320 Species List g 244, 250, 267, 276, 302, 307, 342, 377, 387] 355] 250, 333, 335] 247, 250, 262, 274, 285, 355] References f Depth (m) e Habitat/ Community n.a. 10/136 [25, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250] r, sr, –/5 [2, 18, 113, 138, 204, 212, 216, d Oceanic distribution cr, sbcr, an, co, s, r, sh 1/250 [1, 2, 6, 24, 45, 72, 75, 84, 89, c Car Costa Rica PM, IC it PM of n.a. 18/50 [45, 216, 345] IC n.a. n.a. 17/201 [25, 250] PM, IC it b Central America P IC it, of n.a. –/30 [2, 108, 110, 113, 143, 204, 216, P IC n.a. co, g, m, ru 12/200 [1, 25, 172, 204, 216, 250] P PM, IC, P IC n.a. a, co, m, ru, s –/50 [108, 214, 250, 305, 336] a CtP, Co, Me, CtP, Cl, Ga P, Ga Ga, TP Gu, Br, Gu, NEA, Br, SEA, Me, P CtP, SWP, P, Cl Ma, Ga World World distribution I, IP, NWP, SWP, SWP, NWP, I, IP, Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, GaCo, Me, P, P Ma, Co, Me, P, PM it, sb an n.a. [1, 25, 113, 185, 204, 216, 276] Ca, Me, P Ga, TPMe, P, N P PM G, C, F, PMNWA, it, of it, of n.a. n.a. –/100 Ga Ca, Me, P, –/90 [2, 216, 276, 379] NWP, RS, IP, [75, 138, 204, 216, 276, 379] Co, Me, P Co, Me, P, Cl, Co, Me, P, Ca, Co, Me, P P PM it, of m, s –/45 [1, 72, 75, 103, 216, 276, 320,

ex ex in Bruguière, (continued)

(Valenciennes, 1832) (Valenciennes, 1844) Lowe, 1932 ARCHITECTONICOIDEA 1841) 1792 Broderip, MS Broderip, MS Species List 28.2 Species Conus tessulatus Born, 1778 Heliacus areola Heliacus bicanaliculatus areola Discotectonica placentalis (Hinds, Heliacus mazatlanicus Pilsbry & Reeve, 1849 Conus Reeve, virgatus Conus vittatus Hwass Conus 1839 ximenes Gray, Superorder HETEROBRANCHIA Superfamily Family ARCHITECTONICIDAE nobilis Röding, Architectonica 1798 (O.G. Pseudotorinia Costa, architae Psilaxis radiata (Röding, 1798) Sowerby, 1833, Conus tiaratus Sowerby, 1833, Conus tornatus Sowerby, Benthic, ShelledGastropods Solatisonax propinqua Bieler, 1993 Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 18/88 [25] Superfamily RISSOELLOIDEA Family RISSOELLIDAE Rissoella tumens (Carpenter, 1857) Co, Me, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. n.a. [105, 204, 216, 250, 324, 333] Superfamily PYRAMIDELLOIDEA Family PYRAMIDELLIDAE Besla caneloensis (Hertlein & Strong, P PM n.a. m, s, sh 27 [158] 1951) Chrysallida clathratula (C.B. Adams, P, Ga PM ma n.a. n.a. [204] 1852) Chrysallida cf. communis (C.B. P, TP P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216, 272] Adams, 1852) Chrysallida costaricensis (Hertlein & P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158, 216] Strong, 1951) Chrysallida fasciata (Carpenter, 1857) Co, Me, P PM ma n.a. n.a. [9, 91, 216] Chrysallida inconspicua (C.B. Adams, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] 1852) Chrysallida cf. paupercula (C.B. Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [91, 185, 216] Adams, 1852) Chrysallida cf. swetti (Strong & P P PM of n.a. 5/15 [185, 216] Hertlein, 1939) Chrysallida cf. telescopium Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. 18 [185, 216, 232, 363] (Carpenter, 1857) Chrysallida woodbridgei Hertlein & P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158] Strong, 1951 Eulimastoma dotella (Dall & Bartsch, P N PM ma l, m, s, sh 22/27 [1, 158] 1909) Herviera gliriella (Melvill & Standen, SWP, CtP, Me, IC cr, it sh –/65 [204, 212, 214, 250, 329, 333] 1896) Co, P, Ma, Ga Iselica cf. kochi Strong & Hertlein, Co, P P PM n.a. n.a. 5/15 [96, 185, 216]

1939 321 (continued) 322 Species List g References [185, 216, 324] f Depth (m) e Habitat/ Community co, ru, s 9/33 [91, 185, 216, 250, 324, 341] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica ICIC n.a.PM ofIC n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 18/25 m, s, sh [216, 250] 22/27 n.a. 9/60 [158, 216] [204, 250, 285, 333] 25 [216, 250, 324] PMPM n.a. n.a. n.a. m, s, sh 27 55 [158] [216] PMPM maPM n.a.PM sh n.a.PM n.a. PM n.a. n.a. m, sh n.a. of n.a. 22 n.a. [1] m, sh n.a. [158] n.a. 22/35 [216] [216, 285] [158, 285] b Central America PP PM PM, IC n.a. it n.a. 5/15 [216] NN PM PM ma ma l, m, s, sh 22/27 l, m, s, sh 22/27 [158] [158] a World World distribution P PM ma n.a. n.a. MZUCR 5304 and 3684 Me, P Ga Co, Me, P, P Me, P P Co, P P P Ca, Me, P Me, .P P Me, P Co, P Co, P P P (continued)

Carpenter, mammillata Carpenter, azteca (Strong & Hertlein, 1864) 1852) Strong, 1928) Strong, 1951) 1939) 1951) 1951) 1909 1857 (Hertlein & Strong, 1951) Strong, 1951) Strong, 1951) Species List 28.2 Species Iselica maculosa 1857 Carpenter, Menestho aequisculpta (Carpenter, (C.B. Miralda terebellum Adams, Menestho grijalvae Hanna (Baker, & Menestho nicoyana (Hertlein & Miralda armata 1857) (Carpenter, Miralda cf. Pyrgiscus ekidana Pyrgiscus (Hertlein & Strong, (Hertlein biolleyi Pyrgiscus & Strong, craticulata (Mörch, Pyrgiscus 1859) Odostomia fetella Dall & Bartsch, Odostomia cf. Ptycheulimella portoparkerensis Pyramidella bicolor Menke, 1854 Pyramidella elenensis Bartsch, 1924 amiriana Pyrgiscus (Hertlein & ayamana Pyrgiscus (Hertlein & Benthic, ShelledGastropods Pyrgiscus guanacastensis (Hertlein & P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158] Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus cf. indentata (Carpenter, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] 1857) Pyrgiscus cf. lara (Dall & Bartsch, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] 1909) Pyrgiscus macbridei (Dall & Bartsch, Co, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. –/18 [185, 216] 1909) Pyrgiscus nicoyana (Hertlein & P PM n.a. m, s, sh 22/27 [158] Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus subula (Mörch, 1859) P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] Pyrgiscus sulacana (Hertlein & P PM n.a. m, sh 22 [158] Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus templetonis (Hertlein & P PM n.a. m, s, sh 27 [158] Strong, 1951) Pyrgiscus tenuicula (Gould, 1853) Ca, Me, P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [1, 185, 216] Pyrgiscus zacae (Hertlein & Strong, P PM n.a. m, sh 22 [158] 1951) Salassia cf. tropidita Dall & Bartsch, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] 1909 Triptychus incantatus (Hertlein & Co, Me, P, Ga IC n.a. n.a. 90/100 [138, 204, 216, 242, 250, 285] Strong, 1939) Turbonilla cf. aculeus (C.B. Adams, Co, P P PM of n.a. 35 [185, 216, 285] 1852) Turbonilla cf. andrewsi Dall & Co, P P PM of n.a. 35 [185, 216, 285, 324] Bartsch, 1909 Turbonilla excolpa Dall & Bartsch, P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] 1909 Turbonilla cf. festiva de Folin, 1867 P P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216] Turbonilla masayana Hertlein & P N PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [185, 216]

Strong, 1951 323 (continued) 324 Species List g 216, 222, 247, 250, 268, 269, 270, 276, 279, 360, 361, 364, 365] 361, 364, 365] References f Depth (m) e Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica PMIC ofPM n.a.PM n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 35 12/18 m, s, sh [9, 185, 216, 285, 363] n.a. [216, 250] 27 [9, 185, 216, 232] [158] b Central America N PM it cr, bo, s, r, sh n.a. [75, 216, 222, 268, 270, 276, 360, NES, N, P PM PMP n.a. n.a. IC n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ru, s [185, 216, 324] [99, 216, 218, 153] 30/35 [204, 216, 333] PP PM PM, IC it, sb, sp n.a. a, r m, sr, 0/33 0/1 [1, 67, 185, 204, 212, 216, 250] [216, 379] a PC Ga World World distribution Mg, Co, Me, P, Mg, Co, Me, P, P Ga, PCMe, P, N, P PM, IC it, cr, sb s, r, sh n.a. [2, 12, 13, 45, 75, 138, 185, 204, Me, P Co, Me, P P P Ga P, Co, Me, P Me, P Ma, Ca, Me, P, (continued)

(Carpenter, muricata (Carpenter, (Carpenter, peltoides (Carpenter, 1852) 1857) 1857) 1951 1951 1857) 1864) Species List 28.2 Species Sowerby, 1835 Siphonaria maura Sowerby, Family Family AMATHINIDAE Cyclothyca corrugata Stearns, 1890 Phasianema saxicola (C.B. Adams, PULMONATA Order BASOMMATOPHORA Superfamily SIPHONARIOIDEA Family SIPHONARIIDAE 1825 Siphonaria gigas Sowerby, (Carpenter, paucilirata (Carpenter, Turbonilla subangulata (Carpenter, Turbonilla utuana Hertlein Turbonilla & Strong, vestae Hertlein Turbonilla & Strong, cf. Turbonilla cf. Williamia Siphonaria palmata 1857 Carpenter, Order EUPULMONATA Suborder ACTOPHILA Superfamily ELLOBIOIDEA Benthic, ShelledGastropods Family ELLOBIIDAE Creedonia acuta (d’Orbigny, 1835) P P PM ma rt, w n.a. [74, 75, 216] Detracia globulus (d’Orbigny, 1837) P P PM ma n.a. n.a. [75, 216] Detracia strigosa (von Martens, 1900) P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [216] Detracia zeteki Pilsbry, 1920 P P PM ma ru, rt, w n.a. [74, 216] Ellobium stagnalis (d’Orbigny, 1835) P, Ga ES, P PM, IC ma, sp rt, w n.a. [74, 75, 141, 204, 216, 247, 250] Marinula concinna (C.B. Adams, P, TP P PM ma l, rt n.a. [74, 216, 272] 1852) Melampus carolianus (Lesson, 1842) P, Ga, TP P PM, IC ma rt, w n.a. [74, 75, 204, 216, 247, 250, 272] Melampus tabogensis C.B. Adams, Co, Me, P, Ga P PM, IC it, sb, sp bo, r, ru, w n.a. [45, 204, 216, 247, 250, 285] 1852 Pedipes angulatus C.B. Adams, 1852 Ca, Me, P, Ga P PM, IC ma, sp bo, r –/60 [1, 204, 216, 250, 324] Phytia (?) infrequens (C.B. Adams, P P PM ma n.a. n.a. [216] 1852) Tralia panamensis P P PM, IC sp bo, r n.a. [216, 247, 250] (C.B. Adams, 1852) n.a. = information not available a A = Atlantic; Ber = Bermuda; Br = Brazil (including Fernando de Noronha and Trinidade islands); C = Caribbean; Ca = California; Cl = Clipperton Island; Co = Gulf of California; ct = circumtropical; CtP = Central Pacific; EA = East Atlantic; F = Florida; G = Gulf of Mexico; Ga = Galapagos Islands; Gu = Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana; I = Indian; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; Ma = Malpelo Island; Me = Mexican; Mg = Magdalena Bay (transition area from the Californian province to the Mexican province); NEA = Northeast Atlantic; NEP = Northeast Pacific; NWA = Northwest Atlantic; NWP = Northwest Pacific; P = Panamic; PC = Peruvian-Chilean; PG = Persian Gulf; RS = Red Sea; SCA = South-Central Atlantic (Ascension and Saint Helena islands); SEA = Southeast Atlantic; SWA = Southwest Atlantic; SWP = Southwest Pacific; TP = (transition area from the Panamic province to the Peruvian Chilean province); WA = West Atlantic; Note: the classification of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific provinces are based on Díaz Merlano and Puyana Hegedus (1994) and Reid (2002), respectively; but with modifications as indicated above. b ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c Car = also present on the Caribbean coast; IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b = bays and coves; bw = brackish water; c = cienaga facies; cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; d = drift; es = estuaries; fw = freshwater seepage; it = intertidal; ls = low salinity; ma = mangroves; of = offshore; rl = reef lagoons; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf); sm = salt marsh; sp = supratidal e a = algae; an = anemones; as = artificial substrates (jetties, pilings); ba = barnacles; bo = boulders; co = corals; e= equinoderms; g = gravel; l = leaves; m = mud; o 325 = octocorals; p = polychaetes; r = rocks; rt = rotten vegetation; ru = rubble; s = sand; sd = sedge tussocks; sg = sea grasses; sh = shells; So = sponges; W = wood f Lowermost occurrence (m)/uppermost occurrence (m) g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. MZUCR refers to catalogue numbers from the Museo de Zoología, Universidad de Costa Rica 326 Species List by f References e n.a.100–2000–300 [7] [7] [7, 8] 0–7000–2000–500 [2] 0–200 [2] 0–250 [2] [2] [4] Habitat/ Comunity Depth (m) wc wc wc wc wc wc c ep ep,o ep ep,mp wc ep ep,mpep ep wc Oceanic distribution b N,P CA CA CA CA CA Central America a ct n.a. ct ct ct ct World World distribution longirostris Péron lamarcki (Lesueur, 1813)inflexa (Lesueur, cp Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Caribbean Sea. Systematic arrangement follows that proposed

& Lesueur, & 1810 Lesueur, (d’Blainville, 1821) (d’Blainville, Species List 29.1 Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA Order MESOGASTROPODA Superfamily HETEROPODA Family ATLANTIDAE (Smith, souleyeti Protatlanta 1888) Family CARINARIIDAE placenta Cardiapoda (Lesson, 1830) f. Carinaria lamarcki Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Order THECOSOMATA Suborder EUTHECOSOMATA Family LIMACINIDAE 1836) Limacina inflata (d’Orbigny, (d’Orbigny, 1836) (d’Orbigny, Limacina trochiformis Family CAVOLINIIDAE Cavolinia inflexa f. acicula Creseis (Rang, 1828) ct Diacavolinia f. longirostris Lalli and Gilmer (1989), Van Lalli der and der Spoel Gilmer Spoel (1996a, (1989), and b), Van Dadón Van (1999), and Richter and Seapy (1999) Species Pelagic Gastropods 327 0–500n.a.0–250 [2] [9] 50–500 [2] [2] n.a. wc ep,mpn.a. ep wc ep,mp wc CA CA n.a. ct CA = all Central American countries; N= Nicaragua; P = Panama Uppermost/lowermost occurrence (in meters) cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; o = offshore wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Van der Spoel, Diacria 1968 danae Van Styliola subula (Quoy & Gaimard, 1827)Suborder PSEUDOTHECOSOMATA Family DESMOPTERIDAE Desmopterus papilio Chun 1889 ct n.a. = information not available Diacria trispinosa 1827)(d’Blainville, ct a b c d e f 328 Species List f by Lalli by [7] [7] [7, 8] [7] [7] [7, 8] [7] [7, 8] [5, 6, 7, 8, 11] (m) References e n.a n.a n.a. 48–350 [5, 6, 7, 11] 48–350 [5, 6, 7, 11] n.a. 48–350 [5, 6, 7, 11] 48–200 [7, 8] n.a. 100–200 [5, 6, 7, 11] 100–350 [5, 6, 11] n.a. n.a. 143–350 [5, 6, 11] n.a. 200 Habitat\ Community Depth wc wc wc wc wc wc wc wc n.a. wc wc wc c Oceanic distribution n.a n.a n.a. ep,n,o wc ep,n,o wc n.a. ep,n,o wc ep,n,o wc n.a. ep,o ep,o n.a. n.a. n.a. ep,o ep,o b Central America CA CA CA n.a. a WA WA n.a. World World distribution n.a. n.a. Ant,cp,EP,IP,Med Ant,cp,EP,IP,Med CA ct Ant,EP,IP CA ct Car,EA,EP,IP P Ant,EP,IP n.a. Car,EP,IP,Med, EP,IP,IO,Med, lamarcki cristata (Linnaeus, 1776) n.a. Pelagic gastropod mollusks recorded from Costa Rican waters of the Pacific Ocean. Systematic arrangement follows that proposed that follows arrangement Systematic Ocean. Pacific the of waters Rican Costa from recorded mollusks gastropod Pelagic

Peron & 1810 Lesueur, Species List 29.2 List Species Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA Order MESOGASTROPODA Superfamily HETEROPODA Family ATLANTIDAE Atlanta fusca Souleyet, 1852 and Gilmer (1989), Van der and der Spoel Gilmer Spoel (1996a, (1989), and b), Van Dadón Van (1999), and Richter and Seapy (1999) Species Atlanta gaudichaudi Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta helicinoides Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta inclinata Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta lesueuri Souleyet, 1852 Lesueur, 1817 Atlanta Lesueur, peroni d’Orbigny, 1836 Atlanta turriculata d’Orbigny, 1817)(Lesueur, Oxygyrus keraudrenii Med,EP,IP,WA CA (Smith, souleyeti Protatlanta 1888) Family Family CARINARIIDAE placenta Cardiapoda (Lesson, 1830) Vayssière, 1904 Vayssière, richardi Cardiapoda f. Carinaria lamarcki Carinaria cristata f. Pterosoma planum Pterosoma Lesson, 1827 Family Family PTEROTRACHEIDAE 1817 Lesueur, desmaresti Firoloida Forskål, 1775 coronata Pterotrachea Pelagic Gastropods

Subclass OPISTHOBRANCHIA Order THECOSOMATA Suborder EUTHECOSOMATA Family LIMACINIDAE Limacina inflata (d’Orbigny, 1836) ct CA ep,m wc 0–700 [3, 5, 6, 11] Limacina trochiformis (d’Orbigny, 1836) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [3] Family CAVOLINIIDAE Cavolinia uncinata (Rang, 1829) ct CA ep wc 60–250 [3, 5, 6, 11] Clio pyramidata f. lanceolata (Lesueur, 1813) ct CA ep wc 50–200 [9] Clio pyramidata f. pyramidata Linnaeus, 1767 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [3, 5, 6, 11] Creseis virgula f. conica Eschscholtz, 1829 Ct P ep wc 0–80 [1, 5, 6, 11] Creseis acicula f. acicula (Rang, 1828) ct CA ep wc 50–250 [3, 5, 6, 11] Creseis acicula f. clava (Rang, 1828) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [5, 6, 11] Diacavolinia longirostris (d’Blainville, 1821) ct CA ep wc 0–250 [3, 4, 5, 6, 11] Diacria quadridentata (d’Blainville, 1821) EP,IP CA ep wc 0–200 [3, 5, 6, 10, 11] Diacria schmidti Van der Spoel, 1971 EP P n.a. n.a. n.a. [9] Hyalocylis striata (Rang, 1828) ct CA ep wc 80–250 [3, 5, 6, 11] Suborder PSEUDOTHECOSOMATA Family DESMOPTERIDAE Desmopterus pacificus Chun, 1889 ct N ep wc n.a. [5, 6, 11] n.a.= Information not available a Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic b CA = all Central American countries; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; m = mesopelagic n = neritic; o = offshore d wc = water column e Uppermost/Lowermost occurrences (in meters) f

References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 329 330 Species List f 113] 106, 108] References e 0–1240–3660–110 [1, 71, 104, 106, 108] [1, 55, 106, 108] [1, 30, 33, 65] 0–510–16 [1, 30, 33, 65, 80, 104, 105, [55, 106, 108] n.a.5–1740–800 [55] [1, 30, 33, 104] 9 [1, 30, 33, 53, 71, 106, 108] 1–2 [33, 100] 1–18 [33, 74] [33] Depth (m) d Substrate c Habitat it, sbit, mp sb a, sb, rub sbn.a.it, mp co, mb, sb n.a. sb a, sb 27–79sb rb [1, 106, 108] it, sb a rb it, sb a, mb, sb, sg 0–49 [1, 33, 55, 104, 106, 108] b H, P it, sb a, rb, sb, spP 0–15 it, sb [1, 30, 33, 39, 78, 104, 108, n.a. Central America a Car, WA Car, n.a WA Car, Car, WA Car, WACar, ct P ep, it n.a. WA Car, WACar, WA Car, P sb EA, Car, WA rb Car, WA Car, WA WA WACar, P it, sb rb, re, sb World World distribution Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

caelatus (Bush, 1885) Moro, 2001 Marcus, 1963) Er. McGinty, 1958 McGinty, McGinty, 1955 Acteon finlayi McGinty, Rictaxis punctostriatus (C.B. Adams, 1840) Family APLUSTRIDAE undatus Micromelo (Bruguière, 1792) Family RETUSIDAE Pyrunculus aff. Retusa oxytatus Born, 1885 1841) Retusa sulcata (d’Orbigny, persimilis (Mörch, 1875) Volvulella Family PHILINIDAE Philine caballeri Ortea, Espinosa & Family RUNCINIDAE Runcina Marcus divae & (Ev. Family AGLAJIDAE Navanax orbygnianus (Rochebrune, 1881) Species List 30.1 “Lower” HETEROBRANCHIA Family ACTEONIDAE Acteon candens 1939 Rehder, CEPHALASPIDEA Family CYLICHNIDAE Acteocina 1826) canaliculata (Say, 1841) Acteocina candei (d’Orbigny, Acteocina inconspicua Olsson & Species Benthic Opisthobranchs 331 (continued) 96, 104, 106, 108, 114] 63, 71, 75, 78, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113] 113] [104, 108, 113] [1, 33, 56, 71, 77, 78, 104, 108] 23–602–9326 [106] 2–3 [1, 30, 33, 106, 107] 10–52 [33a, 71] [104] [1, 62, 77, 114] 1–250–11 [1, 33, 71, 104, 113] [1, 5, 28c, 30, 33, 55, 56, 58, 0 [1, 28c, 33] 160160–30 [94] [1, 33, 63, 69] [1, 33, 63, 69, 108, 113] 80–82 [1, 33, 71, 74, 77, 104] [33, 72, 108] [112] a, sg sbsbsb mb sb rb it, sb a, sb, sg sb, sg a, rb, rub, sb, sg, mb 0–30it, sb [1, 33, 55, 56, 62, 71, 78, a, rb sbitsbit, sb a a a, rb a, re, sg sbit, sbsb a a a P it a Car, WACar, WA Car WA Car, P EA, Car, WA sb rb ct WACar, B, H, P it, sb a, rb, re, rub, sg 0–24 [1, 33, 69, 71, 78, 104, 108, n.a WACar, EA, Car, WA P it, sb sb a, co, rb, re, rub a 0–183 [1, 30, 32, 104, 106, 108] 6 [33, 92, 108] Car, WACar, P WACar, WA EP, sb P n.a. a WA ct ct Car, WA Car, WA Car, WA Car, Atys riiseanus Mörch, 1875 Atys sandersoni Dall, 1881 1901 Atys sharpi Vanatta, 1825) Haminoea (Gray, elegans Family BULLIDAE Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792 Family OXYNOIDAE 1857 Fisher, Lobiger souverbii P. Family PLACOBRANCHIDAE Elysia crispata Mörch, 1863 Philinopsis aeci Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Family Family HAMINOEIDAE 1841) Atys caribaeus (d’Orbigny, Smith, Atys 1872 macandrewi SACOGLOSSA Family JULIIDAE Berthelinia caribbea Edmunds, 1963 Oxynoe antillarum Mörch, 1863 Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1943 Elysia eugeniae Ortea & Espinosa, 2002 Elysia Marcus, evelinae 1957 Er. 1901 Elysia flava Verrill, Elysia ornata (Swainson, 1840) Verrill, 1901 Elysia papillosa Verrill, Elysia Marcus, patina 1980 Ev. Thompson, Elysia 1977 purchoni 332 Species List f 108, 114] 110, 114] References e 0.5–30 [1, 33, 69, 71, 77, 78, 104, 1.500 [73a] 167 [33, 104] [33, 91] 0–1.5 [33, 108, 113] 16 [33, 83, 108] 0–9 [77] 0–7 [33, 87, 108] [33, 77, 104] [28c, 33, 71, 78, 79, 108, 5–2020 [94] 0–259 [33, 89, 108] [33, 71, 113] n.a.8 [77] [33, 110] [1, 71, 104, 108, 115] 0–13 [1, 55, 71, 108] Depth (m) d Substrate c Habitat it, sb a sbitit a sbsb n.a. a it, sb a sb a it, sb a a n.a. sbsbit, sb a sb rb, re a n.a.sb a n.a. a it, sb a, co, rb b P it, sb a, rb Central America a Car, WA Car, Car, WA Car, Car, WA Car, n.a WA Car, EA Car, Car Car EP Car, Car Car Car WA Car EA WA WA Car, World World distribution (continued)

Ev. Marcus, 1970 Ev. Marcus, 1966 Species List 30.1 Elysia Marcus tuca Marcus, & Ev. 1967 Er. Costasiella ocellifera (Simroth, 1895) selva Ercolania Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 Placida 1977 kingstoni T.E.Thompson, Placida verticilata Ortea, 1981 Family CALIPHYLLIDAE * Caliphylla mediterranea A. Costa, 1867 habanensis Cyerce Ortea 1989 & Templado, Marcus germaineae & Mourgona Er. viridis (Deshayes, 1857) Polybranchia Elysia zuleicae Ortea & Espinosa, 2002 Thuridilla mazda Ortea & Espinosa, 2000 Family BOSELLIIDAE Marcus, 1972 Bosellia Ev. marcusi * Bosellia mimetica 1891 Trinchese, Family HERMAEIDAE Hermaea bifida (Montagu, 1815) Hermaea cruciata Gould, 1870 Family LIMAPONTIIDAE * Costasiella Marcus nonatoi & Ev. Er. ANASPIDEA Family APLYSIIDAE Aplysia brasiliana Rang, 1828 Species Benthic Opisthobranchs Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 ct H, P it, sb a, co, rb, re, sg 0–37 [1, 30, 33, 55, 56, 58, 64, 70, 71, 75, 78, 104, 113] Aplysia parvula Guilding in Mörch, 1863 ct ES, P it, sb a, rb, sb, rub 0–30 [6, 28c, 30, 33, 37, 46, 56, 58, 65, 70, 75, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113] Bursatella learchii de Blainville, 1817 ct it, sb sg 0.5–15 [1, 33, 56, 70, 71] Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828) ct B, ES, it, sb a, rb, sb 0–16 [1, 28c, 35, 58, 59, 81, 109, N, P 110, 111] Notarchus punctatus Philippi, 1836 Car, WA sb sb, sg 25 [33, 71, 113] Petalifera ramosa Baba, 1959 IP, WA sb a, mb 6–37 [1, 33, 70, 71, 75, 104, 108, 113] Phyllaplysia engeli Er. Marcus, 1955 Car, WA it, sb a, rb 0–23 [33, 62, 70, 71, 104, 108] Stylocheilus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard, ct it, sb a, rb, rub, sb, sg 0–30 [1, 28c, 33, 37, 56, 58, 70, 1824) 71, 75, 78, 108, 113] TYLODINOIDEA Family UMBRACULIDAE Umbraculum umbraculum Car, EP, IP P it, mp rb 0–203 [1, 30, 58, 108, 110, 111] (Lightfoot, 1786) PLEUROBRANCHOMORPHA Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE *Pleurobranchus sp. n.a sb rb 7.5 LACM Pleurobranchus areolatus Mörch,1863 Car, EP, WA ES, N, P it, sb rb, re 0–31 [1, 17, 28c, 33, 37, 56, 58, 59, 71, 73, 75, 77, 81, 108, 110, 111, 113] NUDIBRANCHIA Doridacea Family GONIODORIDIDAE Ancula espinosai Ortea, 2001 n.a sb rb 9 [33, 84] Family POLYCERATIDAE Polycera hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1964 EA, EP, IP, Med sb b 25 [33, 66] 333 (continued) 334 Species List f 108, 114] 114] References e Depth (m) 88–25 [33, 97, 108] 7.5 [33, 79] 12 [95a] 6–33 [33, 79, 104] [33, 55, 71, 108, 116] 0–2520 [1, 33, 56, 71, 75, 79, 104, [33, 90] 3–157.5 [33, 80] 0.5–12 [74] 6, 37 [16, 56, 114] [33, 56, 71, 108] d Substrate c Habitat sb a sb rb sb a, re sb rb sb rb b Central America P sb rb P sbP rb it, sb co, rb a World World distribution Car Car Car WACar, WACar, H P sb it, sb a, rb, re, rub, sp a, re, rub, sp 3–15 0.5–20 [1, 33, 56, 71, 108] [33, 56, 71, 78, 79, 108, WA WA EA, Car, EP, P sb WACar, n.a. P WP EA, Car, WA, HWA it, sb ep, sb WACar, co, sp Car a, rb, co, sp WACar, P 2–185 P it, sb [1, 33, 56, 71, 75, 108, 114] sb co, rb, rub re, sp 0–30 [1, 33, 57, 72, 80, 110, 116] Car n.a (continued)

Hughes, 1974 Templado, 1990 Templado, Marcus, 1962 Er. Marcus, 1963 Marcus, 1967 Er. Camacho, 1999 Espinosa, 2001 Species List 30.1 Species Ev. Hypselodoris Marcus ruthae & Ev. Meyer, 1977 oliva Meyer, Tambja Family AEGIRETIDAE gomezi Ortea, Luque * Aegires & 1932 sublaevis Odhner, Aegires Family HEXABRANCHIDAE Marcus morsomus & Ev. Hexabranchus Family DENDRODORIDIDAE (Mörch, krebsii 1863) Dendrodoris Family PHYLLIDIIDAE Ceratophyllidia papilligera (Bergh, 1890) Phyllidiella 1977) molaensis (Meyer, Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Marcus binza & * Chromodoris Ev. Er. clenchi (Russell, Chromodoris 1935) 1980 grahami T.E.Thompson, Chromodoris Marcus, 1971 Ev. kempfi Chromodoris Hypselodoris Marcus acriba & Ev. Polycera manzanilloensis Ortea, Espinosa Polycera & Dendrodoris magagnai Ortea Dendrodoris & Benthic Opisthobranchs Noumea regalis Ortea, Caballer & n.a sb rb 9 [99] Moro, 2001 Tyrinna evelinae (Er. Marcus, 1958) Car, EA, EP, WA it, sb rb 0–14 [1, 6, 15, 33, 37, 58, 59, 75] Family DISCODORIDIDAE Discodoris evelinae Er. Marcus, 1955 Car, WA P it, sb co, rb 0–30 [33, 56, 62, 71, 75, 79, 104, 108] Discodoris phoca Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, WA sb rb, sp 12 [1, 33, 71, 75] 1967 *Jorunna spazzola Er. Marcus, 1955 Med, WA sb rb 7.5 [70a] Paradoris mulciber (Ev. Marcus, 1970) WA sb a, rb 12–52 [33, 68, 108] Platydoris angustipes (Mörch, 1863) Car, WA P it, sb re 0–11 [33, 56, 71, 75, 77, 79] Taringa tritorquis Ortea, Pérez & Llera, 1982 Car, EA sb rb 10 [33, 95] Family DORIDIDAE Aphelodoris antillensis Bergh, 1879 Car, WA P sb co, re 1–16 [1, 33, 56, 71, 75, 77, 79, 104, 108, 114] Doris verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 EA, Med, WA it, sb rb 0–12 [1, 33, 62, 63, 71] DENDRONOTACEA Family BORNELLIDAE Bornella calcarata Mörch, 1863 Car, WA P ep, sb co, rub, sg 4–103 [33, 56, 64, 71, 75, 108, 114] Family DOTIDAE Doto awapa Ortea, 2001 n.a sb h 10 [33, 85] Doto cabecar Ortea, 2001 Car sb h 20 [77, 85] Doto chica Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1960 Car, WA sb h, rb 4–9 [33, 71, 85, 103] Doto curere Ortea, 2001 n.a sb rb 6 [33, 85] Doto duao Ortea, 2001 n.a sb h 10–19 [33, 85] Doto escatllari Ortea, Moro & Espinosa, WA it, sb h 1–2 [33, 85, 108] 1999 Doto iugula Ortea, 2001 n.a sb rb 25 [33, 85] Doto kekoldi Ortea, 2001 n.a sb h 9 [33, 85] Doto pita Er. Marcus 1955 Car, WA, EA sb h 23 [1, 33, 71, 85, 104] 335 (continued) 336 Species List f References e 0–50–16 [2, 22, 28c, 103, 109, 110] 3–8 [1, 33, 56, 104, 108] 20 [1, 33, 71, 75, 108] [33, 88] 7.516 LACM 8 [33, 76] 19 [33, 64, 78, 104] [93] 5–15 [26, 33] 69 [33, 82, 107] 0–30 [33, 98] [33, 63, 103] [1, 33, 56, 64, 77, 104, 114] Depth (m) d Substrate c it, sbsb a sb co, g re sbsb rb sb h sbsb a a sb a sbsb n.a. sb h n.a. h Habitat b Central America a Car WA n.a n.a ct WA Car WA Car, n.a Car WA Car, WA Car, n.aEP sb it, sb h a 9 [33, 85] World World distribution (continued)

daedali Poorman & Espinosa, 2000 Marcus, 1968 Er. 2002 Caballer, Espinosa, 2001 Mulliner, 1981 Mulliner, Scyllaea pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 Family TRITONIIDAE Marcus, wellsi 1961 Er. Tritonia JANOLIDACEA Family PROCTONOTIDAE costacubensis Janolus Ortea & AEOLIDACEA Family FLABELLINIDAE * Flabellina sp. Flabellina Marcus engeli & Ev. Family EUBRANCHIDAE Marcus, conicla Eubranchus 1958) (Er. Ortea convenientis Eubranchus & leopoldoi Eubranchus Ortea Caballer, & Family TERGIPEDIDAE Cuthona genovae (O’Donoghue, 1929) Cuthona iris Edmunds & Just, 1983 Cuthona Marcus, tina 1957) (Er. Family FACELINIDAE Dondice occidentalis (Engel, 1925) Ortea, Doto 2001 proranao Family Family SCYLLAEIDAE cf. * Crosslandia Species List 30.1 Species Benthic Opisthobranchs Learchis poica Ev. Marcus & Car, WA it, sb h, rb 0.5–18 [1, 33, 55, 77, 104, 114] Er. Marcus, 1960 Nanuca sebastiani Er. Marcus, 1957 Car, WA sb a 20 [33, 63, 77, 104, 108] Phidiana adiuncta Ortea, Caballer & n.a. sb rb 8 [101a] Moro, 2004 Phidiana lynceus Bergh, 1867 Car, EP, WA it, sb a, rb 0–23 [1, 33, 56, 75, 77, 78, 104, 108, 114] Flabellina marcusorum Gosliner & Car, EP, WA P it, sb rb 0–22 [6, 10, 28c, 33, 52, 56, 110, Kuzirian, 1990 111] Family AEOLIDIIDAE Berghia creutzbergi Er. Marcus & Car it a 3 [33a, 77] Ev. Marcus, 1970 Berghia verrucicornis (A.Costa, 1864) Arc, EA, Med, WA P it, sb an 0–9 [33, 113] Millereolidia ritmica (Ortea, Caballer & n.a it a 0 [101] Espinosa, 2003) Spurilla neapolitana (delle Chiaje, 1823) ct P it, sb a, an, rb, sb 0–20 [1, 28c, 33, 63, 71, 75, 108, 110] Family GLAUCIDAE Cratena piutaensis Ortea, Caballer & n.a sb a 4 [101] Espinosa, 2003 n.a. = information not available *New records for the Caribbean Coast of Costa Rica LACM = specimens deposited at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County a Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic (no Caribbean); WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf) d a = Algae; an = Anemones; b = Bryozoans; co = Coral; g = Gorgonians; h = Hydroid colonies; mb = Muddy bottom; rb = Rocky bottom; re = Reefs; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = sea grass; sp = sponges e Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 337 338 Species List g 119] 119] 109, 110, 119] References f Depth (m) e mb 0–30n.a. [6, 28c, 53d, 54, 58, 109, 110, 0–2 [28c, 119] n.a. 0 [28c, 119] Substrate d Habitat c PMPM sb it n.a. 16–18 [28c, 119] Pacific Pacific Costa Rica PM it PMPM it, sb sb n.a.PM n.a. 0–42 sb 3–15 [28c, 58, 110, 119] [28c, 119] rb 2 [9, 28c, 37, 41, 109, 110, 119] b ES, N, P PM it, sb rb 0–18 [6, 28c, 41, 46, 53d, 56, 58, Central America a EP, WA EP, EP EPEP PEP PEPEP PM P PMEP P sb PM sb P PM n.a. it n.a. PM sb 3–64 18–64 ep, mp, sb [28c, 58, 110, 119] n.a. [28b, 58] n.a. 1–35 25–590 [28c, 58, 110, 119] [28c, 58, 119] EP EPEP P PM ep, mp n.a. 4–137 [28c, 58, 119] EPEP PEP EPEP PM P P EA, Car, sb IC, PM PM ep, mp, sb n.a. n.a. sb 1–90 26–457 [28c, 58, 110, 119] n.a. [28c, 58, 110, 119] 75 [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 54, 60, 110, World World distribution Benthic opisthobranchs and “cephalaspidean” heterobranchs from Costa Pacific Rica

Camacho-García, 2004 Hertlein, 1939) Acteocina sp. 2 Species List 30.2 “Lower” HETEROBRANCHIA Family ACTEONIDAE Acteon traskii Stearns, 1897 1840) venustus Crenilabium (d’Orbigny, CEPHALASPIDEA Family CYLICHNIDAE Acteocina carinata 1857) (Carpenter, Acteocina (C.B. infrequens Adams, 1852) Acteocina sp. 1 Cylichna atahualpa (Dall, 1908) & Cylichnella goslineri Valdés Cylichnella Cylichnella tabogaensis (Strong & panamica Dall, 1919 Volvulella Family AGLAJIDAE Bertsch, 1972 Aglaja regiscorona Family Family RETUSIDAE Retusa paziana Dall, 1919 Retusa sp. catharia Dall, 1919 Volvulella cylindrica 1864) (Carpenter, Volvulella Navanax aenigmaticus (Bergh, 1893) Species Benthic Opisthobranchs Navanax polyalphos (Gosliner & EP P PM it, sb mb, rb 0–3 [6, 9, 28c, 37, 52, 53d, 109, Williams, 1972) 110, 119] *Philinopsis cf. cyanea (Martens, 1879) EP, IP P PM sb rb 44–47 [28c, 53a, 53d] Family BULLIDAE Bulla punctulata A. Adams EP ES, P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–15 [1, 28c, 53d, 58, 109, 110, 119] in Sowerby, 1850 Family HAMINOEIDAE Atys defuncta (Baker & Hanna, 1927) EP PM sb n.a. 9–30 [1, 28c, 109, 119] Atys exarata (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM ep, it, sb n.a. 0–90 [28c, 119] Haminoea ovalis Pease, 1868 EP, IP P PM it, sb rb, re 0–15 [28c, 53a, 53d, 102, 109, 119] SACOGLOSSA Family JULIIDAE Berthelinia chloris (Dall, 1918) EP PM it a 0 [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 58, 110] Julia thecaphora (Carpenter, 1857) EP IC sb n.a. 20 [28c, 81, 109] Family OXYNOIDAE Lobiger souverbii Fischer, 1857 ct PM it, sb a, rb 0–11 [1, 5, 28c, 30, 33, 53d, 55, 56, 58, 63, 71, 75, 78, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 113] Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & EP, WA P PM it a 0 [1, 28c, 33, 53d] Olsson, 1943 Family PLACOBRANCHIDAE Elysia diomedea (Bergh, 1894) EP ES, N, P PM it, sb rb, re, sb, sg 0–23 [1, 17, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75, 110] Elysia pusilla (Bergh, 1872) IP PM it, sb a 0–30 [28c, 31, 53d, 57] Elysia sp. 1 n.a. PM it a 0 [28c, 53d] Elysia sp. 2 n.a. PM it a 0 [28c, 53b, 53d] Elysia sp. 3 n.a. PM it a 0 [28c] Family HERMAEIDAE Hermaea sp. 1 n.a. PM it rb 0 [28c] 339 (continued) 340 Species List g 120] 71, 75, 78, 108, 113] 64, 70, 71, 75, 78, 104,113] 58, 65, 70, 75, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113] 110] 109, 110, 111] References f 0–30 [1, 28c, 33, 37, 53d, 56, 58, 70, Depth (m) e sb, sg aa 0 0 [28c] [28c] Substrate d Habitat c Pacific Pacific Costa Rica PMPMPM it, sb it it rb 0–12 [4, 28c, 53d] PMPM sb it, sb a a, rb, rub, 6 [3, 28b, 31, 53d] PM it, sbPM a, rb it, sb 0–10 rb [28c, 53d, 110, 118] 0–20 [28c, 53b, 53d] b H, PES, P PM PMP it, sbB, ES, N, P PM it, sb PM rb, re, sg it, 0–37sb a, rb, sb, rub 0–30 it, sb [1, 28c, 30, 33, 53d, 55, 56, 58, [6, 28c, 30, 33, 37, 46, 53d, a, 56, rb, sb rb 0–16 [1, 28c, 35, 53d, 58, 59, 81, 0–18 [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 109, Central America a n.a.n.a.Med, WP PM PM it it a a 0 0 [28c] [28c] n.a. EPct P PM it, sb a 0–20 [28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 96, 110, EP ct ct ct EP, IP EP, EPCar, PEP ct ct PM it, sb rb 0–7 [28c, 33, 53d, 75, 79, 111, 112] World World distribution (continued)

Gaimard, 1832) Gosliner, 1973 Gosliner, Camacho-García, 2000 in Mörch, 1863 Species List 30.2 Hermaea sp. 2 Hermaea sp. 3 Family LIMAPONTIIDAE Placida (Thrinchese, cremoniana 1872) Stylocheilus striatus (Quoy & Placida sp. Phyllaplysia padinae & Williams Family Family CALIPHYLLIDAE Caliphylla sp. & orteai Cyerce Valdés Aplysia parvula Guilding Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786) Dolabrifera dolabrifera (Rang, 1828) indicus 1820 Scheigger, Notarchus Polybranchia viridis (Deshayes, 1857) Polybranchia ANASPIDEA Family APLYSIIDAE Aplysia californica 1863 Cooper, Aplysia dactylomela Rang, 1828 Species Benthic Opisthobranchs TYLODINOIDEA Family UMBRACULIDAE Umbraculum umbraculum Car, EP, IP P PM it, mp rb 0–203 [1, 28c, 30, 53d, 58, 108, 110, (Lightfoot, 1786) 111] Family TYLODINIDAE Tylodina fungina Gabb, 1865 EP P PM it, sb rb, sp 0–25 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 81, 109, 110, 111] PLEUROBRANCHOMORPHA Family PLEUROBRANCHIDAE Berthella agassizi (MacFarland, 1909) Car, EP P PM it, sb rb 0–6 [6, 28c, 36, 53a, 53d, 50, 109, 110] Berthella martensi (Pilsbry, 1896) EP, IP P PM it, sb rb 0–30 [28c, 36, 50, 53d, 109, 110] Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) ct P PM it, sb rb 0–10 [6, 28c, 50, 53d, 109, 110] Berthellina ilisima Ev. Marcus & Er. EP P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–31 [6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 81, Marcus, 1967 109, 110] Pleurobranchus areolatus Car, EP, WA ES, N, P IC, PM it, sb rb, re 0–31 [1, 17, 28c, 33, 37, 53d, 56, 58, (Mörch, 1863) 59, 71, 73, 75, 77, 81, 108, 110, 111, 1113] NUDIBRANCHIA DORIDACEA Family GONIODORIDIDAE Okenia academica Camacho-García & n.a. PM it rb 0 [28a, 28c, ] Gosliner, 2004 Trapania inbiotica Camacho-García & EP P PM sb rb 2 [27, 28c, 109] Ortea, 2000 Family POLYCERIDAE Limacia janssi (Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974) EP P PM it, sb sb 0–20 [1, 25, 28c, 53d, 75, 105] Polycera alabe Collier & Farmer, 1964 EP P PM it, sb b, rb 0–14 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 59, 109, 110] *Polycera gnupa Ev. Marcus & EP P PM sb b 7–31 [28c, 53a, 53d]

Er. Marcus, 1967 341 (continued) 342 Species List g 75, 81, 109] 75, 109] 109, 110] 75] 109, 110] 110, 117] References f Depth (m) e Substrate d Habitat c PMPMPM it, sb it, sb it, sb rb rb rb 0–9 0–22 15 [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 75, 110] [28c, 53b, 53d] [28c, 37, 59, 110] PMIC, PMPM sb sb it, sb rb rb rb 18–31 3–61 0–46 [28c, 102a] [28c, 36, 37, 53d, 59, 109, 110] [1, 6, 28c, 36, 37, 53d, 58, 59, Pacific Pacific Costa Rica b Central America a EP P PM it, sb rb 0–30 [1, 11, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, EP P IC, PM it, sb g, rb 0–21 [1, 6, 11, 14, 23, 28c, 53d, 58, EP EP EP ES, P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–21 [14, 20, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 59, EP P PM it, sb b WA EP, 0–16 [28c, 53b] EPEP PEP EP PM IPEP, EP P it, sbEP P b IC, PMEP P it, sb PM 0–20 P PM rb [6, 8, 28c, 53a, 53d, 109, 110] it, sb PM it, sb 0–21 rb it, sb [24, 28c, 53d, 81, rb109, 110] 0–18 rb 0–20 [1, 28c, 37, 53b, 53d, 58, 72, [28c, 37, 57, 74, 107] 0–40 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, World World distribution (continued)

Gosliner, 1988 Gosliner, Leuckart, 1831) Marcus, 1967 Er. Gosliner, 2005 Gosliner, Marcus, 1967) Er. Marcus, 1967 Er. Marcus, 1967) Er. Glossodoris dalli (Bergh, 1879) Glossodoris baumanni (Bertsch, 1970) Cadlina sp. 1963 norrisi Chromodoris Farmer, Marcus, sphoni 1971 Chromodoris Ev. sp. Polycera glandulosa, Behrens & Polycerella Family DENDRODORIDIDAE fumata Dendrodoris (Rüpell & Marcus & Doriopsilla Ev. rowena Cadlina sparsa 1921) (Odhner, Roboastra * Roboastra leonis Pola, Cervera & 1978 Farmer, abdere Tambja Marcus & eliora (Ev. Tambja Doriopsilla Marcus janaina & Ev. Family CHROMODORIDIDAE Cadlina Marcus luarna & (Ev. Species List 30.2 Species Benthic Opisthobranchs Glossodoris sedna Ev.Marcus & Car, EP, WA ES, H, P PM it, sb rb 0–19 [1, 11, 13, 14, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, Er. Marcus, 1967 58, 59, 75, 109, 110] Hypselodoris agassizii (Bergh, 1894) EP ES, P PM it, sb rb 0–19 [1, 11, 13, 14, 28c, 37, 53d, 61, 113, 114] Hypselodoris ghiselini Bertsch, 1978 EP PM it, sb rb 0–5 [6, 28c, 53d, 59, 110] Mexichromis antonii (Bertsch, 1976) EP P PM it, sb rb 0–28 [5, 10, 12, 14, 20, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 59, 109, 110] Mexichromis tica Gosliner, Ortea & EP PM sb rb 23 [28c, 52a] Valdés, 2004 Mexichromis tura (Ev. Marcus & EP P PM it, sb rb 0–20 [1, 12, 14, 23, 28c, 37, 53d, 59, Er. Marcus, 1967) 112] Tyrinna evelinae (Er. Marcus, 1958) Car, EA, EP, PM it, sb rb 0–14 [1, 6, 15, 28c, 33, 37, 53d, 58, WA 59, 75] Family DISCODORIDIDAE Atagema sp. EP P PM it rb 0 [28c, 53d] Diaulula aurila (Ev. Marcus & EP ES, P PM it, sb rb 0–6 [28, 28c, 53d, 75] Er. Marcus, 1967) Diaulula greeleyi (MacFarland, 1909) EP, WA P PM it, sb rb 0–10 [1, 22, 28, 28c, 53a, 53d, 86, 110] Discodoris ketos Ev. Marcus & Car, EP P PM it, sb rb 0–18 1, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 109, Er. Marcus, 1967 110 Geitodoris mavis (Ev. Marcus & EP PM it, sb rb 0–7 [28c, 75] Er. Marcus, 1967) Hoplodoris bramale Fahey & EP P PM it rb 0 [28c, 34, 53a, 53d] Gosliner, 2003 Jorunna osde Camacho-Garcia & EP PM it rb 0 [28c, 28d, 53d] Gosliner, 2008 Jorunna temspisquensi Camocho-Garcia EP PM it rb 0 [28c, 28d] & Gosliner, 2008 (continued) 343 344 Species List g 58, 75, 109] 110] References [28c, 53d] f Depth (m) e Substrate rb 0–1 [28c, 53d] a 0 [28c] d Habitat c Pacific Pacific Costa Rica PMPM it, sbPM it, sb rbPM it, sb rbPM 0–17 it, sb rb [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 109, 0–6 sb h 0–10 [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58] h [6, 28c, 53d, 110] 1–12 [6, 28c] PMPM it, sbPM sbPM h it, sbPM rb it 2–16 a sb [28c] 16 0–5 co [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 61] [2, 22, 28c, 53d, 103, 109, 110] 20 [28c, 53d] b Central America a World World distribution EP PEP PM P it, sb PM rb, sp it, sb 0–9 rb [28c, 28e] 0–9 [28c, 115a] EPEP P PEP PMEP PMEP it, sb it Ct rbEP 0–16 [1, 6, 7, 28, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, n.a EP EP n.a EP (continued)

Thordisa nieseni Thordisa Chan & Gosliner, 2007 Gosliner, 1964 Farmer, Marcus, 1967 Er. Er. Marcus, 1967 Er. Marcus, 1967 Er. Mulliner, 1981 Mulliner, Species List 30.2 Species Taringa sp. Thordisa Family DORIDIDAE Conualevia alba Collier & Doris immonda (Risbec, 1928) Marcus Doris & Ev. pickensi Ev. Marcus aivica & Ev. Taringa Doris Marcus, tanya 1971) (Ev. DENDRONOTACEA Family LOMANOTIDAE * Lomanotus vermiformis Eliot, 1908 Family DOTIDAE Doto Marcus lancei & Ev. Doto sp. Family Family HANCOCKIIDAE Hancockia californica MacFarland, 1923 Family SCYLLAEIDAE daedali Crosslandia Poorman & Notobryon sp. Family Family TRITONIIDAE Marionia sp. Benthic Opisthobranchs Tritonia myrakeenae Bertsch & EP PM it n.a. 0 [6, 21, 28c, 53d] Mosqueira, 1986 Tritonia pickensi Ev. Marcus & EP P PM it, sb g 0–18 [1, 19, 28c, 53a, 53d, 58, 75, Er. Marcus, 1967 109, 110] ARMINACEA Family ARMINIDAE Armina californica (Cooper, 1863) EP ES, P PM it, mp mb, sb 0–227 [1, 6, 28c, 53d, 58, 61, 109, 110] *Armina sp. EP P PM n.a. n.a. 44–47 [53a] Histiomena convolvula (Lance, 1962) EP PM sb n.a. 15 [28c, 53d, 58] JANOLIDACEA Family PROCTONOTIDAE Janolus barbarensis (Cooper, 1863) EP PM sb rb 6 [28b, 28c, 43, 53d] Janolus anulatus Camacho-García & EP PM sb rb 6 [28b, 28c, 53d] Gosliner, 2006 AEOLIDACEA Family FLABELLINIDAE Flabellina bertschi Gosliner & EP P PM it, sb h, rb 0–18 [10, 28c, 51, 53d, 96, 110] Kuzirian, 1990 Flabellina cynara (Ev. Marcus & EP P PM it, sb re, sb 0–18 [1, 28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 58, 59, Er. Marcus, 1967) 109, 110] Flabellina marcusorum Gosliner & Car, EP, WA P PM it, sb rb 0–22 [6, 10, 28c, 33, 51, 53d, 56, 58, Kuzirian, 1990 109, 110] Flabellina telja Ev. Marcus & EP P PM it, sb rb 0–21 [1, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 59, 75, Er. Marcus, 1967 110] Flabellina vansyoci Gosliner, 1994 EP P PM sb rb 10 [22, 28c, 47, 53d, 110] Family EUBRANCHIDAE Eubranchus sp. IP, EP PM sb rb 0 [28c, 53d] Family TERGIPEDIDAE Cuthona destinyae Hermosillo & P PM it rb 0 [28c, 53c, 53d, ]

Valdés, 2007 345

(continued) 346 Species List g References f Depth (m) e h 0 [6, 28c, 42] rbrb 0 0 [28c] [28c] Substrate d Habitat c PMPM sb it h 5 [28c, 53c] PMPMPMPM sb it sb it rb rb 14–18 14–18 [28c] [28c] PMPM it, sbPM ep rb sb 0–18 s [28c] rb 0 10 [53d] [28c, 67] Pacific Pacific Costa Rica b Central America a n.a EP EPn.a P PM sb rb 14–18 [28c, 53d] n.a EP n.a IP P IC, PM it, sb co, rb 0–21 [28c, 31, 53d, 109, 110] EPEP EP PCT EP P PMEP EP P PMEP sb P PMCt it, sb H, PEP h PM sb rb PM P N, P 18 sb 0–18 it, hsb PM PM [28c, 38, 49, 53d, 59, 109, 110] [28c, 39, 53d, 110] rb rb, sb 12 it, sb it, sb 0–22 2–20 rb rb [28c, 53a, 53d, 101] [28c, 37, 53a, 53d, 109, 110] [8, 28c, 45, 53a, 53d, 110] 0–18 0–10 [1, 6, 28c, 37, 53d, 58, 75, 110] [1, 28c, 44, 53c, 58, 109, 110 World World distribution (continued)

Valdés, 2007 Valdés, Behrens, 1986 & Troncoso, & 2001) Troncoso, Caballer & Espinosa, 2003) 1991 Gosliner, Ferreira, 1974 Eliot, 1905) Cuthona millenae Hermosillo & Cuthona phoenix 1981 Gosliner, Cuthona sp. 1 Cuthona sp. 2 Cuthona sp. 3 Cuthona sp. 5 Cuthona sp. 4 Phestilla lugubris (Bergh, 1870) Family FACELINIDAE Bajaeolis bertschi Gosliner & sp. Facelina elenalexiarum (García Favorinus * Glaucus atlanticus 1777 Förester, Hermosita hakunamatata (Ortea, Marcus, Noumeaella 1965 Er. rehderi Noumeaella rubrofasciata Phidiana lascrucensis Bertsch & Family AEOLIDIIDAE Aeolidiella alba (Risbec, 1928) (Cockerell Aeolidiella & chromosoma Species List 30.2 Species Benthic Opisthobranchs Aeolidiella indica Bergh, 1888 Ct P IC, PM it, sb rb 0–24 [1, 18, 28c, 48, 53b, 53d, 109, 110] Baeolidiella nodosa (Haefelfinger & Car, EP, IP, PM sb rb 1–4 [28c, 40, 53b, 53d] Stamm, 1958) Med *Berghia major (Eliot, 1903) EP, IP P PM it rb 1 [44, 53d] Spurilla neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1823) Ct P PM it, sb a, an, rb, sb 0–20 [1, 28c, 33, 53d, 63, 71, 75, 108, 110] n.a. = information not available * New records for the Pacific coast of Costa Rica a Car = Caribbean; CT = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic (no Caribbean); WP = western Pacific b B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; sb = subtidal (on continental shelf) e a = algae; an = anemones; b = bryozoans; co = coral; g = gorgonians; h = hydroid colonies; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; re = reefs; s = siphonophores; sb = sandy bottom; sg = sea grass; sp = sponges; rub = rubble bottom f Uppermost/lowermost occurrences (in meters) g References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 347 348 Species List e 76] 76] 76] 59a] 76] 76] 59a] 76] 59a , 41 , 43, 41 , 43] 41 , 43] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 41 , 43, 41 , 43, 41 , 43, 41 , 43, 41] 41 , 43, 41 , 43] 41] [1, [1, [1, [1, [1, [1, [1, [73] References d et al. (2000) m,sm,sm,sm,s [1, [1, [1, [43, r r r m r m Habitat/ Community m,s [1, c st st Oceanic distribution (m) b 5–10 of Depth a Car,WACar,WACar,WACar,WA 6–10Car,WA 5–10 12 6–12 of,st 0–5 of of of m,s st [1, Car,WACar,WA 6–12 0–12 st it,st r Car,WACar,WACar,WA 3–12 12–23 4 of,st of r Car,WA 12–23Car,WA of 8–12 of Car Car,WACar,WA 0 0 st m,s [1, World World distribution candida (Helbling, 1779) notabilis (Röding, 1798) brasiliana (Lamarck, 1819) chemnitzii (Philippi, 1851) acuta (Conrad, 1832) cancellaria (Lamarck, 1819) (Say, 1822) transversa (Say, Bivalves from the Bivalves Caribbean coast of Costa Rica; taxonomy the as higher-level proposed by Coan

Saccella ) Barbatia ) ) Cucullaearca Larkina ) ) Scapharca ) Scapharca ) Coloosarca Adrana Adrana elizabethae Ortea & Espinosa, 2001 ( Anadara ( Anadara ( Anadara ovalis Lunarca (Bruguière, 1798) Fugleria tenera (C.B. Adams, 1845) Subfamily ANADARINAE ( Anadara Arca zebra (Swainson, Arca 1833) Barbatia ( Barbatia ( Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA Order ARCOIDA Superfamily ARCOIDEA Family ARCIDAE Subfamily ARCINAE Acar dominguensis (Lamarck, 1819) Arca imbricata Bruguière, 1789 Nuculana ( Say, 1822 Nucula Say, proxima Species List 31.1 Subclass PROTOBRANCHIA Order NUCULOIDA Superfamily NUCULOIDEA Family NUCULIDAE Nucula A. crenulata Adams, 1856 * Superfamily Superfamily NUCULANOIDEA Family NUCULANIDAE Species Bivalves 349 (continued) 59a] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43] 42 , 43, 75] 41] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43, [1, 41, 43, 62, 75] [1, [1, [1, [1, 33, 41, 75] [41] [1, [1, [1, [1, [76] [76] co,sh [1, r r r r r r r s s s m,s of of of st 15 of 9 9 0–5 st Car,EP,WA 0–20 it,of,st r Car,WACar,EP,I,IP,WA 0–532Car 7–29Car,WA it,of,st of 9 co,sh [4, 43, 62, 75, 97] Car Car,WA 10 of Car Car,WA 9 Car,WA n.a. st Car,WA 6–12 st Car,WA 0–12 st Car Car,WA 4–12 of,st m,s [1, Car,WA 0–5 st (Leach, 1815) (Linnaeus, 1758) domingensis (Lamarck, 1819) undata (Linnaeus, 1758) spectralis Nicol, 1952 americanus pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) ) (Montagu, 1808) Hormomya ) ) Tucetona Glycymeris ) Glycymeris ) Modiolus ( Order PTERIOIDA Suborder PTERIINA Superfamily PTERIOIDEA Family PTERIIDAE Subfamily Subfamily MODIOLINAE Modiolus (Say, 1822) Musculus lateralis (Say, Subfamily LITHOPHAGINAE Botula fusca (Gmelin, 1791) 1853) Lithophaga antillarum (d’Orbigny, 1853) Lithophaga bisulcata (d’Orbigny, (Say, Lioberus 1822) castaneus (Say, Crenella decussata Subfamily Subfamily Crenellinae abbotti Crenella Altena, 1968 Brachidontes ( Brachidontes Hormomya) exustus Glycymeris ( Order MYTILOIDA Superfamily MYTILOIDEA Family MYTILIDAE Subfamily MYTILINAE ( Brachidontes Glycymeris ( Subfamily Subfamily STRIARCINAE adamsi Arcopsis (Dall, 1886) Superfamily GLYCYMERIDOIDEA Family GLYCYMERIDIDAE Glycymeris ( Family Family NOETIIDAE Subfamily NOETIINAE Noetia (Noetia) bisulcata (Lamarck, 1819) 350 Species List 59a , 75] e 59a , 75] 41 , 43] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43, 62, 75] 41 , 43, 41 , 43, 75] [1, [1, [1, [41 , 43, 67b, 75] [41 , 43, [1, 41, 43, 75, 67c] [1, [1, [1, [59a] [1, [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75, 67c] References d r sh,sp [1, 41, 43, 62, 81, 82] r r r r r r w r r Habitat/ Community c it of of Oceanic distribution (m) b 1–14 of,st r 2–102–52 of of 4–150–52 of it,of,st r 0 3 8 Depth a Car Car,WA 10–12 of Car,EP 8–23Car Car of Car Car Car,WA 0–12 of Car,WACar,WACar 6–12Car 3–52 of of Car World World distribution (Forskål, (Forskål, 1775) regulus (continued)

(Röding, 1798) ( Malvifundus ) Ctenoides scabra (Born, 1778) Limaria pellucida (C.B. Adams, 1846) Suborder PINNINA Superfamily PINNOIDEA Family PINNIDAE Atrina seminuda (Lamarck, 1819) Pinna carnea (Lightfoot, 1786) Order LIMOIDA Superfamily LIMOIDEA Family LIMIDAE Ctenoides mitis (Lamarck, 1807) 1853 Lima caribaea d’Orbigny, Order OSTREOIDA Suborder OSTREINA Superfamily OSTREOIDEA Family OSTREIDAE Subfamily CRASSOSTREINAE (Gmelin, virginica 1791) Crassostrea Pteria colymbus Family ISOGNOMONIDAE Isognomon alatus (Gmelin, 1791) Isognomon bicolor (C.B. Adams, 1845) Pinctada imbricata Röding, 1798 Isognomon Isognomon radiatus (Anton, 1838) Family MALLEIDAE Malleus Species List 31.1 Species Bivalves Subfamily LOPHINAE Dendostrea frons (Linnaeus, 1758) Car 3–23 of r [1, 41, 43] Family GRYPHAEIDAE Subfamily PYCNODONTEINAE Hyotissa mcgintyi Harry, 1985 Car 0–23 of r [41, 43] Superfamily PLICATULOIDEA Family PLICATULIDAE Plicatula gibbosa Lamarck, 1801 Car,WA 10–12 of r [41, 43, 75] Suborder PECTININA Superfamily PECTIONIDEA Family PECTINIDAE Subfamily PECTININAE Bractechlamys antillarum (Récluz, 1853) Car,WA 1–10 of,st r,s [1, 41, 43, 75] Subfamily CHLAMYDINAE Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) Car,WA 9–365 of r [1, 41, 43, 75] Caribachlamys ornata (Lamarck, 1819) Car 1–23 of,st r [1, 41, 43, 75] Caribachlamys sentis (Reeve, 1853) Car,WA 1–15 of,st r [1, 41, 43, 75] Nodipecten nodosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Car,WA 0–5 of,st r,s [1, 76] Pacipecten leucophaeus (Reeve, 1852) Car,WA 0–5 of r [1, 41, 75] Spathochlamys benedicti (Verrill & Bush, 1897) Car 10 of r [1, 41, 43, 75] Family SPONDYLIDAE Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781 Car,WA 9–45 of r [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Superfamily ANOMIOIDEA Family ANOMIIDAE Pododesmus rudis (Broderip, 1834) Car,WA 2–46 of r [1, 42, 43] Subclass HETERODONTA Order VENEROIDA Superfamily CORBICULOIDEA Family CORBICULIDAE Polymesoda arctata Deshayes, 1854 Car 0 of r [41] 351 (continued) 352 Species List 59a] 59a] e 59a] 59a , 75] 59a] 41 , 41 , 43, 41 , 43, 41 , 43] [1, [1, [1, [1, [41 , 43] [1, 41, 43, 67c] [41] [1, 41, 59a, 67c] [41 , 43, [41 , 43, 75] [41 , 75] [41 , 43, 75] [41 , 43, References d s r s s s s Habitat/ Community c it Oceanic distribution (m) b 12 of 0–12 it,of,st2–12 s it,of,stn.a. ru,s n.a. n.a. [59a, 67c] 8–122–96–182 of 0 of of 0–95 it,of,st s Depth a Car Car Car,WACar 0–23Car,WA it,of,st 12–52Car Car,WA s Car,WA it,of,st 0–58 ru,s 8–60 it,of,st of,st ru,s ru,s [1, 43, 75, 76, 67c] Car,WA 4–12CarCar Car of Car 1–10Car Car of,st sCar,WA [1, 41, 43, 59a, 67c] 1–60 of,st ru,s World World distribution alba Link, 1807 (continued)

) Pegophysema Lucinisca muricata 1778) (Spengler, Divalinga weberi Olsson 1958 & McGinty, Subfamily MILTHINAE Anodontia ( Family UNGULINIDAE Diplodonta notata Dall & Simpson, 1901 Diplodonta semiaspera Philippi, 1836 Superfamily CRASSATELLOIDEA Family CRASSATELLIDAE Subfamily SCAMBULINAE 1853) Crassinella guadalupensis (d’Orbigny, Crassinella lunulata (Conrad, 1834) 1853) Crassinella martinicensis (d’Orbigny, Superfamily Superfamily DREISSENOIDEA Family DREISSENIDAE Mytilopsis dominguensis Récluz, 1852 Superfamily Superfamily LUCINOIDEA Family LUCINIDAE Subfamily LUCININAE 1953) Codakia costata (d’Orbigny, Codakia orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ctena orbiculata (Montagu, 1808) Ctena pectinella (C.B. Adams, 1852) Phacoides pectinata (Gmelin, 1791) Subfamily DIVARICELLINAE 1845) Divalinga quadrisulcata (d’Orbigny, Diplodonta 1822) punctata (Say, Species List 31.1 Species Bivalves Superfamily CARDITOIDEA Family CARDITIDAE Carditamera gracilis (Shuttleworth, 1856) Car 4 of,st s [1, 41, 43] Carditamera dominguensis (d’Orbigny, 1853) Car,WA 1–128 of,st s [1, 41, 43] Family CONDYLOCARDIIDAE Carditopsis bernardi (Dall, 1903) Car 5–42 of,st s [1, 59a, 75, 76] Superfamily CHAMOIDEA Familia CHAMIDAE Arcinella arcinella Linnaeus, 1858 Car 6–73 of r [1, 41] Chama congregata Conrad, 1833 Car,WA n.a. of sh [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Chama florida Lamarck, 1819 Car 1–88 of r [1, 41, 43, 75] Chama inezae Bayer, 1943 Car 5–18 of r,sh [1, 11a, 41, 43] Chama macerophylla (Gmelin, 1791) Car,WA 0 it r [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Chama radians Lamarck, 1819 Car,WA 4–72 of r,sh [1, 11a, 41, 43, 75] Superfamily ARCTICOIDEA Family TRAPEZIDAE Coralliophaga coralliophaga (Gmelin, 1791) Car,WA 0–52 it,of,st r [1, 41, 43, 75] Superfamily CARDIOIDEA Family CARDIIDAE Subfamily CARDIINAE Papyridea semisulcata (Gray, 1825) Car,WA 2–73 of s [1, 41, 43, 75] Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguière, 1789) Car,WA 2–10 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 75] Trachycardium (Dallocardia) muricatum (Linnaeus, 1758) Car,WA 9–30 of s [1, 41, 43, 75] Subfamily FRAGINAE Americardia media (Linnaeus, 1758) Car,WA 1–60 of,st s [1, 41, 43] Trigoniocardia antillarum (d’Orbigny 1853) Car 5–332 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 67c] Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE Laevicardium pictum Ravanel, 1861 Car,WA 155 of s [1, 41, 43] (continued) 353 354 Species List 59a] 76] 59a] e 41 , 43] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43, 41 , 43] 41 , 43] [1, [1, [1, 43, 75, 76] [41 , 43] [1, [1, [1, [1, [1, [1, 43, 75, [1, [1, [41 , 43] [1, 41, 43, 59a, 67c] [1, [1, 41, 43, 75, 67c] [41 , 43] References d s s s s Habitat/ Community c st Oceanic distribution (m) b 0–14 of,st s 14–541–5 of,st st s 12 st 0–50–12 it,st8 of,st0–12 s s 9–12 of,st of s Depth a Car,WA 0–8 it,of,st s CarCar,WA 1–25 1 of,st st s s Car Car,WA 12 of,st s Car Car Car,WACar,WACar 1–85 1–100Car,WA of,stCar of,stCar 1–173 s Car,WA s Car of,stCar 12–23 s Car of,st s World World distribution (Gmelin, drone 1758) (Born, circinatus 1778) (continued)

(Conrad, intapurpurea 1849) cancellata (Linnaeus, 1767) ) Hysteroconcha ) Hysteroconcha albidus (Gmelin, 1791) fulminatus (Menke, 1828) Subfamily Subfamily CHIONINAE brasiliana (Gmelin, Anomalocardia 1791) Chione Pitar Pitar Family PETRICOLIDAE 1834) (Sowerby, Choristodon robustum Superfamily Superfamily VENEROIDEA Family VENERIDAE Subfamily VENERINAE Globivenus rigida (Dillwyn, 1817) (Gray, 1838) listeri (Gray, Periglypta Chiatropsis paphia (Linnaeus, Lirophora 1767) Subfamily DOSINIINAE Dosinia concentrica (Born, 1778) Subfamily GOULDIINAE Gouldia cerina (C.B. Adams, 1845) Subfamily MERETRICINAE abaconis Dall, Tivela 1902 (Born, mactroides 1778) Tivela Subfamily PITARINAE maculata Macrocallista (Linnaeus, 1758) Pitar ( Pitar ( 1853) cubaniana (d’Orbigny, Transennella Species List 31.1 Species Bivalves Superfamily MACTROIDEA Family MACTRIDAE Subfamily MACTRINAE Mactrellona alata (Spengler, 1802) Car,WA 2–18 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 59a] Mactrotoma fragilis (Gmelin, 1791) Car,WA 5–10 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 75] Mactrotoma petitii (d’Orbigny 1846) Car 12–40 of s [41] Mulinia cleryana (d’Orbigny, 1846) Car 1–12 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 59a] Subfamily PTEROPSELLINAE Anatina anatina (Spengler, 1802) Car,WA 5–35 of s [76] Superfamily SOLENOIDEA Family SOLENIDAE Solen obliquus Spengler, 1794 Car 0–5 it,st s [76, 96] Solen tayrona Cosel, 1985 Car 8 of,st s [43, 76] Superfamily TELLINOIDEA Family TELLINIDAE Subfamily TELLININAE Strigilla (Pisostrigilla) pisiformis (Linnaeus, 1758) Car 8 of s [1, 41, 43] Strigilla (Strigilla) carnaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Car,WA 0–12 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Strigilla (Strigilla) producta Tryon, 1870 Car 0–5 of,st s [1, 76] Strigilla (Strigilla) pseudocarnaria Boss, 1969 Car 0–5 of,st s [1, 41, 43] Tellina (Angulus) exerythara Boss, 1964 Car 0–5 it,st s [43, 76] Tellina (Angulus) mera Say, 1834 Car 0–5 it,st s [43, 76, 96] Tellina (Arcopagia) fausta (Pulteney, 1799) Car,WA 1–3 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 59a, 75] Tellina (Eurytellina) alternata Say, 1822 Car,WA 0–5 it,st s [1, 59a, 76] Tellina (Eurytellina) angulosa Gmelin, 1791 Car,WA 0–5 it,st s [1, 43, 76] Tellina (Eurytellina) lineata Turton, 1819 Car 0–5 it,st s [1, 43, 59a, 75, 76] Tellina (Eurytellina) nitens C.B. Adams, 1845 Car,WA 5–100 st s [1, 41, 43] Tellina (Eurytellina) punicea Born, 1778 Car 0–12 it,st s [41] Tellina (Laciolina) laevigata Linnaeus, 1758 Car,WA 23 of s [41, 43] Tellina (Merisca) aequistriata Say, 1824 Car,WA 5–12 of,st s [1, 41, 43, 75] 355 (continued) 356 Species List 41, 43, 62] 76] 76] 59a] e 59a , 59a , 41] 41 , 43, 41 , 43] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43] 41] 41 , 43] 41 , 43, 75] 41 , 43] [1, [1, [1, 43, [41 , 43] [1, [1, [1, [1, 43, [1, 43, [1, 43, 76] [1, [1, [1, [41] [41 , 43, 67c] [1, [1, 8, 29, 33, References d s s s s s s s Habitat/ Community c it it Oceanic distribution (m) b 0–120–120–5 it,of,st of,st it,st s s s 0 1–14 it,st s 0–12 it,of,st s 5–12 of Depth a A 2–12 of ,W Car Car Car Car Car,IP 1 Car Car,WA 7–60 of Car Car,WACar,WACar,WA 0–5 15 0–5 st of,st it,st s s Car,WACar,WACar,WACar 0–23 5–10 2–12 of,st of,st of,st s s s Car Car,EP,WA 6–12 of World World distribution (Spengler, 1794) (Spengler, (Say, 1844) (Say, brevifrons (d’Orbigny, 1853) caribaea (d’Orbigny, divisus listeri Röding, 1798 (continued) sandix Boss, 1968 Spengler, cristallina 1798 Spengler,

(H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) purpurascens (Gmelin, 1791) 1799) (Pulteney, proficua Psammacoma ) ) Caryocorbula ) Mesopleura Semele ) Semele ) Scissula ) ) Tellinella Merisca ) Family Family DONACIDAE Donax denticulatus Linnaeus, 1758 Donax striatus Linnaeus, 1758 Iphigenia brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) Family PSAMMOBIIDAE Asaphis deflorata (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Family SOLECURTIDAE Solecurtus cumingianus 1861 Dunker, Psammotella cruenta (Lightfoot, 1786) Family SEMELIDAE Semele ( Semele ( Semelina nuculoides (Conrad, 1841) ( Tagelus Subfamily Subfamily MACOMINAE Macoma ( ( Tellina ( Tellina brasiliana (Dall, 1921) Temnoconcha ( Tellina Family Family CORBULIDAE Subfamily CORBULINAE ( Corbula Order MYOIDA Suborder MYINA Superfamily MYOIDEA Family MYIDAE Sphenia fragilis Species List 31.1 Species Bivalves Corbula (Juliacorbula) aequivalvis Philippi, 1836 Car 10 of s [41, 43] Corbula (Varicorbula) limatula (Conrad, 1846) Car 10 of s [41, 43, 67a, 67c] Superfamily GASTROCHAENOIDEA Familia GASTROCHAENIDAE Gastrochaena (Spengleria) rostrata (Spengler, 1783) Car 0 it r [41, 43] Suborder PHOLADINA Superfamily PHOLADOIDEA Family PHOLADIDAE Subfamily PHOLADINAE Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis Gmelin, 1791 Car 0 it r [43, 59a, 76] Subfamily MARTESIINAE Martesia (Martesia) striata (Linnaeus, 1758) cp 0–15 it w [1, 43, 59a, 62, 76] Subclass ANOMALODESMATA Order PHOLADOMYOIDA Superfamily PANDOROIDEA Family PANDORIDAE Pandora bushiana Dall, 1886 Car 0–15 it r [41, 43] Family LYONSIIDAE Entodesma beana (d’Orbigny, 1853) Car 0–15 it r [42, 43, 67c] Superfamily THRACIOIDEA Family PERIPLOMATIDAE Periploma (Periploma) margaritaceus (Lamarck 1801) Car 0–15 it r [41, 59a, 76] n.a. = information not available Species in bold font = present in both Caribbean and Pacific coasts * = endemic species a Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; EP = Eastern Pacific; I = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = Western Atlantic b Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) c it = intertidal; of = offshore; st = subtidial d co = coral reef; m = mangrove; r = rocks; ru = rubble; s = sand; sh = shells; sp = sponges; w = wood e References are indicated by numbers according to the references list; numbers in bold font correspond to references where the species is reported as present 357 in Costa Rica. 358 Species List f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] 62] IB] IB] IB] IB] [34, 62, [62, [62, [62, 74, [62] [62, [34, 62, [34, [ 62, 71, IB ] [62, [62, [62, References e m m m m m m s s m Habitat/ Community d et al. (2000) Oceanic distribution c Depth b PM 37–4 of,st m PM 73–13 of PMPMPM 65–100PMPM of 30–100PM 480–470 of 13–112 of 4–150 of 20–50 of,st of m PMPMPM 0 26–37 18–42 of it of Costa Rica a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM 13–45 of m,s EPEPEP PMEP EP 7–80 PM of,st 20 m,s of [62, n.a. [36 , 62] EP PM 10–1900 of m,s [34, 62, World World distribution Sowerby, 1833 costellata Sowerby, Hertlein, marella Sowerby, 1833 exigua Sowerby, callimene (Dall, 1908) Acrua Dall, 1908. 1833 eburnea Sowerby, Bivalves from the Bivalves coast Pacific of Costa Rica; taxonomy the as higher-level proposed by Coan

declivis Hinds, 1843 Saccella ) ) Jupiteria Saccella ) Costelloleda ) Costelloleda ) Nucula ) Lamellinucula ) Lowe, Lowe, 1932) Hanna & Strong, 1940 Strong, 1940 Sowerby, 1833 polita Sowerby, Nuculana (Politoleda) Subclass PTERIOMORPHIA Order ARCOIDA Nuculana ( Nuculana ( Nuculana ( Nuculana 1833 (Saccella) elenensis Sowerby, Nuculana 1860) (Saccella) hindsii (Hanley, Nuculana (Saccella) impar (Pilsbry & (Pilsbry Adrana suprema & Olsson, 1935) Nucula ( Superfamily NUCULANOIDEA Family NUCULANIDAE Subfamily NUCULANINAE 1833 Sowerby, Adrana crenifera Adrana tonosiana (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935) Nuculana ( Nuculana ( Species List 31.2 Subclass PROTOBRANCHIA Order NUCULOIDA Superfamily NUCULOIDEA Family NUCULIDAE Nucula ( Nucula (Lamellinucula) shencki Hertlein & Species Bivalves Superfamily ARCOIDEA Family ARCIDAE Subfamily ARCINAE Acar bailyi Bartsch, 1931 EP PM 0–5 it,st r [34, 62, IB] Acar gradata (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) EP PM,IC 0–37 it,of,st r [1, 62, IB] Acar rostae (Berry, 1954) EP PM 0–20 it,of,st r [1, 62, IB] Arca (Arca) mutabilis (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM,IC 0–82 it,of,st r [8, 62] Arca (Arca) pacifica (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM,IC 0–137 it,of,st r [8, 62] Barbatia (Barbatia) lurida (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–22 it,of,st r [62, IB] Barbatia (Calloarca) alternata (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 7–27 of,st r [62, IB] Barbatia (Cucullaearca) reeveana EP PM,IC 0–120 it,of,st r [8, 62] (d’Orbigny, 1846) Fugleria illota (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–70 it,of,st r [62, IB] Subfamily ANADARINAE Anadara (Anadara) adamsi Olsson, 1961 EP PM 2 st m,s [62, IB] Anadara (Anadara) concinna (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–90 it,of,st m [1, 62, IB] Anadara (Anadara) obesa (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 22–112 of,st m [62, IB] Anadara (Anadara) similis (C.B. Adams, 1852) EP PM 24 of m [62, IB] Anadara (Anadara) tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–5 it,of,st m [34, 48, 62, 78, IB] Anadara (Cunearca) aequitorialis EP PM 11–73 of m [62, IB] (d’Orbigny, 1846) Anadara (Cunearca) bifrons (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 0 it m [62, IB] Anadara (Cunearca) esmeralda (Pilsbry & EP PM 73–55 of m [62, IB] Olsson, 1941) Anadara (Cunearca) perlabiata (Grant & EP PM 0–82 it,of,st s [62, IB] Gale, 1931) Anadara (Esmerarca) reinharti (Lowe, 1935) EP PM,IC 2–91 st m,s [62, 68] Anadara (Grandiarca) grandis (Broderip & EP PM,IC 0 it m,s [62, 68] Sowerby, 1829) Anadara (Larkinia) multicostata (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–230 it,of,st m,s [48, 62, 78, IB] 359 (continued) 360 Species List f IB] IB] IB] IB] 68 , 70] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] [62, [62, [8 , 62] [62, [8 , 62] [34 , 62, 89] [8, 62, [8 , 62] References e Habitat/ Community r,s s m,s m,sm,s [62, [8, 62, m,sm,sm,s [8, 62, [62, d Oceanic distribution n.a. n.a. [8 , 62, 64] c Depth 7–60 of,st s n.a. b Costa Rica IC PM 90 of PM 4–24 of,st m,s PMPM,IC 5–45 13–110PM st of 0–40 it,st r,s IC PMPMPMPM 5–51 11–82 5–80PM of,st 0–44 of PM st PM,IC it,of,st m,s 22–73 37–100 20–50 of PM r of [62, of 0–2 it,st m,s [62, a EP EP EP EP EP EP EPEP EP EP EP PMEP EP 4–74EP it,of,stEP m,s [62, World World distribution multicostata lintea Olsson, 1961 (Reeve, gigantea 1843) (Reeve, maculata (Reeve, delessertii 1843) (Reeve, inaequalis (Sowerby, 1833) strigilata (Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) biangulata (Sowerby, delgada (Lowe, 1935) (Sowerby, 1833) nux (Sowerby, (continued)

(Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, emarginata 1833) formosa (Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, reversa Glycymeris ) Glycymeris ) Ballaxinaea ) ) Tucetona Axinactis ) Axinactis ) Glycymeris ) ) Potiarca Rasia ) Rasia ) ) Scapharca Noetia ) Sheldonella ) (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, (Broderip, 1832) Species List 31.2 Species Glycymeris ( Glycymeris ( Glycymeris ( Glycymeris ( Superfamily PHILOBRYOIDEA Family PHILOBRYIDAE Philobrya setosa 1864) (Carpenter, Order MYTILOIDA Superfamily MYTILOIDEA ( Anadara ( Anadara ( Anadara ( Anadara 1833) (Sowerby, breviforns Lunarca Family NOETIIDAE Subfamily NOETIINAE Noetia ( Noetia ( Subfamily STRIARCINAE 1833) solida Arcopsis (Sowerby, Superfamily GLYCYMERIDOIDEA Family GLYCYMERIDIDAE Glycymeris ( Glycymeris ( Glycymeris ( Bivalves Family MYTILIDAE Subfamily MYTILINAE Brachidontes adamsianus (Dunker, 1857) EP PM 0 it r [62, 88] Brachidontes puntarenensis, (Pilsbry & EP PM 0–15 it,of,st r [62] Lowe, 1932) Brachidontes semilaevis (Menke, 1849) EP PM 31 of r [1, 62, IB] Mytella charruamis d’Orbigny, 1842 Car,EP PM 0 it m,s,r. [34, 62, IB] Mytella speciosa (Reeve, 1857) EP PM 10 st m,s [62, IB] Mytella strigata (Hanley, 1843) Car,EP,Ca,WA PM 0 it m [62, IB] Mytilus strigatus Hanley, 1843 EP PM 10–12 of m [62, IB] Subfamily CRENELLINAE Crenella decussata (Montagu, 1808) Arc,Car,EA,EP,IP, PM,IC 0–492 it,of,st mr [5, 49, 62, 88, 92, IB] WA,WP Gregariella coarctata (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 0–100 it,of,st r [34, 62, IB] Lioberus salvadoricus (Hertlein & Strong, 1946) EP PM 4–30 of,st r [62] Subfamily LITHOPHAGINAE Botula cylista Berry, 1959 Car,EP,I,IP,WA PM 0–532 it,of,st co,sh [4, 43, 62, 75, 97, IB] Leiosolenus spatiosa (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 0–27 it,of,st sh [62, IB] Lithophaga (Diberus) plumula (Hanley, 1843) EP PM,IC 0–40 it,of,st co,sh [8, 34, 49, 59, 62, 88] Lithophaga (Labis) attenuata (Deshayes, 1836) EP PM 0–15 it,of,st r [49, 62, 88, IB] Lithophaga (Myoforceps) aristata EP PM,IC 0–15 it,of,st r,sh [10, 11, 34, 49, 62, (Dillwyn, 1817) 88, 91] Lithophaga (Stumpiella) calyculata EP PM,IC n.a. n.a. sh [1, 8] (Carpenter, 1857) Subfamily MODIOLINAE Amygdalum americanum Soot-Ryen, 1955 EP PM 4–37 st r [62, IB] Modiolus (Modiolus) americanus (Leach, 1815) Car,EP,WA PM 0–20 it,of,st r [1, 41, 43, 62, 75] Modiolus (Modiolus) capax (Conrad, 1837) EP PM 0–46 it,of,st m,r [8, 34, 62, IB] Modiolus (Modiolus) eiseni Strong & EP PM 4–360 of,st m,s,sh [62, IB] Hertlein, 1937 361 (continued) 362 Species List IB] IB] f 34 , 62] IB] IB] IB] 38 , 48, 62] 83] 39 , 62, 69] 39 , 62, 69] 8 , 62] 8 , 33, [8 , 62] [8, 34, 48, 62, [34, [62, 64, [8, [61, [6, [6, 8, 34, 62, [8 , 62] [6, References e Habitat/ Community r,s m,s,r [8, sh,sp [1, 41, 43, 62, 81, 82] m m,sm [62, 80, Rs Rs r m d Oceanic distribution c 0–5 it,st r Depth b Costa Rica PM,IC 1–25 st PM,IC 0–35 st IC PM,IC 8–23PMPM,IC of PMPM,IC 0 27 0 1–2PM,IC of it,ofPM st PM,IC it 9–110PM m 7–22 0–2 of 55–42 st st of a EPEP PM,ICEP 90 PM of 0–27 r of r,s [62, EP EP Car,EP EP EP EP EP,IP EP EP EP EP World World distribution (Forskål, (Forskål, 1775) regulus Carpenter, janus 1857 Carpenter, (Mabille, recognitus 1895) (Sowerby, 1835) maura (Sowerby, 1835) (Sowerby, tuberculosa (continued)

Melina ) Melina ) similaris (Dall, 1908) ( Malvufundus ) Servatrina ) Servatrina ) Species List 31.2 Species Subfamily Subfamily Septiferinae Septifer zeteki Hertlein & Strong, 1946 Order PTERIOIDA Suborder PTERIINA Superfamily PTERIOIDEA Family PTERIIDAE 1856) Pinctada mazatlanica (Hanley, Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851) Family Family ISOGNOMONIDAE ( Isognomon 1846) Limaria pacifica (d’Orbigny, ( Isognomon Family MALLEIDAE Malleus Suborder PINNINA Superfamily PINNOIDEA Family PINNIDAE Atrina ( Atrina ( 1835 Pinna rugosa Sowerby, Steptopinna saccata (Linnaeus, 1758) Order LIMOIDA Superfamily LIMOIDEA Family LIMIDAE Lima tetrica Gould, 1851 Limaria 1930) orbignyi (Lamy, Limatula Bivalves Order OSTREOIDA Suborder OSTREINA Superfamily OSTREOIDA Family OSTREIDAE Subfamily OSTREINAE Ostrea conchaphila Carpenter, 1857 EP PM 0–10 n.a. r [34, 62, IB] Undulostrea megodon (Hanley, 1846) EP PM 0–110 of r [8, 62, IB] Subfamily CRASSOSTREINAE Crassostrea columbiensis (Hanley, 1846) EP PM 0 it r,m [8, 62, IB] Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) M,NEP,NWA,NWP PM 0 it r,m [34, 94] Crassostrea palmula (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM,IC 0 it r,m [2, 62] Crassostrea prismatica (Gray, 1825) EP PM,IC 0 it r [8, 62, 68] Subfamily LOPHINAE Dendostrea folium (Linnaeus, 1758) ct IC 0 it r [6, 8, 81] Family GRYPHAEIDAE Subfamily PYCNODONTEINAE Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758) EP,IO,IP,WP PM 0–22 it,st r [8, 39, 62, IB] Hyotissa solida (Sowerby, 1871) EP IC n.a. it,st r [8] Superfamily PLICATULOIDEA Family PLICATULIDAE Plicatula inezana Durham, 1950 EP PM 45–140 st r [62, 84] Plicatula penicillata Carpenter, 1857 EP PM 20–80 st r,sh [8, 62, IB] Plicatula spondylopsis Rochebrune, 1895 EP PM 8–13 st r [8, 62] Suborder PECTININA Superfamily PECTINOIDEA Family PECTINIDAE Subfamily PECTININAE Euvola galapagensis (Grau, 1959) EP IC 86 of m,s [62] Envola perulus (Olsson, 1961) EP PM,IC 8–22 st m,s [8, 62] Euvola vogdesi (Arnold, 1906) EP IC 2–155 of,st m,s [8, 34, 46, 49, 62, 77] 363 Leopecten sericeus (Hinds, 1845) EP PM,IC 13–183 of,st m,s [8, 62, 68, IB] (continued) 364 Species List IB] IB] 68] IB] IB] 62, 86] f IB] IB] 33a, 38 61, 66, 85] IB] 68] IB] 95, 26a , 62, 8 , [49 , 62] [8, 49, 62, [6, [62, [46, 49, 62, 77, [26a , 62] [62, [8, 46, 62, 77, [2 , 8, [ 6, [8, 62, 86, [8 , 34, 62, IB] [62, 64, References e s [34, 46, 49, 62, 77, s s s r m,s [62, Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c 95–11322–274 of of 0 it Depth b Costa Rica PM,IC 0–55 it,of,st r PMPMPM,ICPM 18–220PM 5–100 0–110 of IC 0–128 of,st it,of,stIC 2–85PM of,st s s of,stIC 8–355PM s s of,stPM,IC 3–32 s 0–130 of,st it,of,stPMPM r r 0 0–20 it,st it m a EP PM 1–55 st EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP World World distribution G.B. Sowerby II, 1847 anomala (Deshayes, 1855) inflata (Philippi, 1851) (continued) d’Orbigny, 1846 peruviana d’Orbigny,

) Egeta ) Egeta Anomia ) Subfamily Subfamily CHLAMYDINAE 1842) ventricosus Argopecten (Sowerby, Family Family PROPEAMUSSIIDAE Cyclopecten cocosensis (Dall, 1908) Family SPONDYLIDAE Spondylus limbatus Leptopecten (Hertlein biolleyi & Strong, 1946) Leptopecten (Hertlein, velero 1935) 1853) Nodipecten subnodosus (Sowerby, 1846) tumbezensis (d’Orbigny, Pacipecten Spathochlamys vestalis 1853) (Reeve, Cyclopecten exquisitus Grau, 1959 Cyclopecten (Dall, rotundus 1908) 1847 Spondylus linguaefelis Sowerby, Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833 Superfamily ANOMIOIDEA Family ANOMIIDAE Anomia ( Subclass HETERODONTA Order VENEROIDA Superfamily CORBICULOIDEA Family CORBICULIDAE ( Polymesoda ( Polymesoda Species List 31.2 Species Bivalves Polymesoda (Neocyrena) nicaraguana EP PM 0 It m [62, IB] (Prime, 1869) Polymesoda (Polymesoda) notabilis EP PM 0–12 it,st m [62] (Deshayes, 1855) Superfamily CYRENOIDOIDEA Family CYRENOIDIDAE Cyrenoida panamensis Pilsbry & Zetek, 1931 EP PM 0 it m [62, IB] Superfamily GLOSSOIDEA Family VESICOMYIDAE Calyptogena costaricana Krylova & Sahling, 2006 Genus Calyptogena Dall, 1891 *Calyptogena costaricana Krylova & Sahling, 2006 Superfamily LUCINOIDEA Family LUCINIDAE Subfamily LUCININAE Callucina prolongata (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 30–90 of s [62, IB] Codakia distinguenda (Tryon, 1872) EP PM,IC 20–50 of s [8, 62] Ctena clarionensis Hertlein & Strong, 1946 EP IC 20–50 of s [40, 62] Ctena galapagana (Dall, 1901) EP PM 0–37 it,of,st s [62, 64, IB] Ctena mexicana (Dall, 1901) EP PM 20–50 of s [8, 62, IB] Lucinisca centrifuga (Dall, 1901) EP PM 0–100 it,st s [6, 8, 62, IB] Lucinisca fenestrata (Hinds, 1845) EP PM 13–73 it,st s [6, 62, IB] Parvilucina approximata (Dall, 1901) EP PM 0–14 it,of,st s [50, 58, 62, IB] Parvilucina mazatlanica (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 4–14 of,st s [58, 62, IB] Radiolucina cancellaris (Philippi, 1846) EP PM 7–70 of,st s [6, 8, 9, 62, IB] Subfamily DIVARICELLINAE Divalinga eburnea (Reeve, 1850) EP PM,IC 0–55 it,st s [8, 62] Divalinga perparvula (Dall, 1901) EP PM,IC 30 st s [8, 62] Family UNGULINIDAE Diplodonta (Diplodonta) sericata (Reeve, 1850) EP PM 0–75 it,of,st m,ru [51, 62, IB] 365 (continued) 366 Species List IB] IB] IB] f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] 8 , 55, 62] [62, [8, 18, 62, [15, 18, 62, [15, 62, [15, 18, [8, 15, 62, [8, 15, [62, [8, 62, [8 , 62] [8 , 62] [62, [6, References e r s m s r m Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c Depth b PM 0PMPM it PM 22–37PMPM 9–100 of PM 0–55 0–62 of,st 0–158 it,of,st 0–113PM it,st it,of,stPM s it,of,st s PM s 0–27 s PM,IC s 24PM,IC it,of,st 0–55 0–27 30–100 of m,s it,of it,of,st of r,s m [6, 62, PMPMPM 11–64 0 of,st 0–18 it,of m,ru it m,r [62, [62, PM 30–137 of Costa Rica a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP World World distribution (Hertlein & Reeve, 1850) Reeve, inezensis caclata inezensts subquadrata (continued)

Phlyenderma ) Diplodonta ) ) Phycuderata ( Phycuderma ) insula (Olsson, 1961) ) ( Timothynus Strong 1947) (Hertlein & Strong 1947) Carpenter, 1857 Carpenter, Superfamily Superfamily CRASSATELLOIDEA Family CRASSATELLIDAE Subfamily CRASSATELLINAE 1832) Eucrassatella gibbosa (Sowerby, Subfamily SCAMBULINAE Crassinella adamsi Olsson, 1961 Crassinella ecuadoriana Olsson, 1961 1940 Crassinella nuculiformis Berry, Crassinella pacifica (C.B. Adams, 1852) Crassinella varians 1857) (Carpenter, Superfamily CARDITOIDEA Family CARDITIDAE Subfamily CARDITAMERINAE 1833) (Sowerby, affinis Carditamera 1833) radiata (Sowerby, Carditamera Subfamily CARDITESINAE 1825) crassicostata (Sowerby, Cardites laticostata Cardites (Sowerby 1833) 1825) (Gray, megastropha Strophocardia Diplodoma ( Diplodonia Diplodoma Diplodonta ( Diplodonta ( Species List 31.2 Species Bivalves Family CONDYLOCARDIIDAE Condylocardia digueti Lamy, 1916 EP PM 20–50 of r,s [8, 32, 62, IB] Condylocardia hippopus (Mörch, 1861) EP PM,IC 0–50 of,st r,s [8, 32, 62, IB] Condylocardia sparsa Coan, 2003 EP PM 20–50 of s [32, IB] Superfamily GALEOMMATOIDEA Family GALEOMMATIDAE Galeomella peruviana (Olsson, 1961) EP PM 20–30 st s [6, 8, 62, IB] Family LASAEIDAE Aligena cokeri Dall, 1909 EP PM 25 of an,m [8, 62, IB] Amerycina colpoica (Dall, 1913) EP IC 0–24 it,of,st m,s [8, 62, IB] Bornia papyracea (Deshayes, 1856) EP PM 10–50 of m [62, IB] Ensitellops hertleini Emerson & Puffer, 1957 EP PM 2–35 of,st s [27, 28, 62, IB] Kellia suborbicularis (Montagu, 1803) Arc,EP,Med, PM 0–20 it,of,st r [10, 51, 62, 67, IB] WA,WP Lasaea adansoni (Gmelin, 1791) Arc,cp PM 0–10 it,st r [21, 34, 35, 44, 51, 62, IB] Rochefortia compressa (Dall, 1913) EP PM 5–40 of,st m,s [62, 92] Solecardia eburnea Conrad, 1849 EP PM,IC 0–60 it,of,st s [8, 62] Superfamily CHAMOIDEA Family CHAMIDAE Arcinella californica (Dall, 1903) EP PM 25–77 of s [4, 62, IB] Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852 EP PM 0–2 it,st r,s [4, 55, 62] Chama echinata Broderip, 1835 EP PM 2–15 of,st r,s [4, 8, 55, 62, IB] Chama frondosa Broderip, 1835 EP PM 0–20 it,of,st r,s [4, 8, 55, 62, IB] Chama sordida Broderip, 1835 EP PM 0–82 it,of,st r,s [4, 62, 72, IB] Chama squamuligera Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 EP PM,IC 0–20 it,of,st r [4, 8, 62] Chama venosa Reeve, 1847 EP PM 0–16 it,of,st r,s [4, 62, IB] Pseudochama clarionensis Willett, 1938 EP IC 27–55 of r,s [4, 8, 62] Pseudochama corrugata (Broderip, 1835) EP PM 0–5 it,st r,s [4, 8, 62, IB]

(continued) 367 368 Species List IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] [51, 62, [51, 62, [34, 62, [6, 51, 62, [34, 51, 62, [51, 62, [8, 51, 62, 63, [51, 62, 63, [8, 51, 62, [51, 62, [62, 93, [8, 51, 62, [36 , 62] [62, [62, 87, References e s s s Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c 22–26 of Depth b Costa Rica PM 1–90 it,of,st s PM 0–35 it,of,st s PM 0–20 it,of,st s PM 0–80 it,of,st s PM 0–100 it,of,st s PMPM,IC 0–45 0–80 it,of,st it,of,st s s PM 35–140 of PM 0–50 it,of,st s PM 0–40 it,of,st s PMPM,ICPMPM 0–90 0–60 30–157 it,of,st it,of,st 0–8 of s s of,st s PM a World World distribution EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP consors granifera belcheri cumingii annettae senticosum procerum obovale (continued)

) Trachycardium ) Phlogocardia ) Mexicardia ) Dallocardia ) Trigoniocardia ) Apiocardia ) Lophocardium ) Lophocardium (Broderip, 1833) (Dall, 1889) (Broderip & Sowerby, 1833) (Broderip & Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, Sowerby, 1829) Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) (Broderip & Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1833) (Sowerby, Species List 31.2 Species ( Nemocardium Subfamily Subfamily LAEVICARDIINAE 1833) elatum (Sowerby, Laevicardium ( Nemocardium ( Trigoniocardia ( Trigoniocardia Americardia biangulata Americardia (Broderip & Subfamily Subfamily FRAGINAE 1833) planicostata Americardia (Sowerby, ( Trachycardium ( Trachycardium ( Trachycardium Superfamily Superfamily CARDIOIDEA Family CARDIIDAE Subfamily CARDIINAE pristipleura (Dall, Acrosterigma 1901) (Sowerby, 1833) aspersa (Sowerby, Papyridea Strong & crockeri Hertlein, 1937 Papyridea mantaensis Olsson, 1961 Papyridea ( Trachycardium Bivalves Nemocardium (Microcardium) pazianum EP PM 20–100 it,of,st s [8, 51, 62, IB] (Dall, 1916) Superfamily VENEROIDEA Family VENERIDAE Subfamily VENERINAE Globivenus isocardia (Verrill, 1870) EP PM,IC 20–90 of s,m [8, 62] Periglypta multicostata (Sowerby, 1835) EP PM 2–20 of,st s [62, IB] Subfamily CHIONINAE Chione compta (Broderip, 1835) EP PM 18–39 it,of,st m [6, 62, IB] Chione guatulcoensis Hertlein & Strong, 1948 EP PM 13 it,of,st s [8, 62, IB] Chione subimbricata (Sowerby, 1835) EP PM 0–28 it,of,st s [62, IB] Chionopsis amathusia (Philippi, 1844) EP PM 73 of s [6, 62, IB] Chionopsis gnidia (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) EP PM 10–33 of s [62, IB] Chionopsis pulicaria (Broderip, 1835) EP PM 0–18 it,of,st s [62] Chionopsis purpurissata (Dall, 1902) EP PM 30–80 of s [62, 84] Iliochione subrugosa (Wood, 1828) EP PM 0–17 it,of,st m [8, 62, IB] Lirophora mariae (d’Orbigny, 1846) EP PM 110 of s [8, 62, IB] Lirophora obliterata (Dall, 1902) EP PM 18 of s [6, 62, IB] Notochione columbiensis (Sowerby, 1835) EP PM 0 it s [62, IB] Leukoma asperrima (Sowerby, 1835) EP PM 0–9 it,st s,r [8, 33b, 62, IB] Leukoma beili (Olsson, 1961) EP PM 0 it r,s [62, 33b, IB] Leukoma grata (Say, 1831) EP PM 0–390 it,of,st m [62, 33b, IB] Leukoma metodon (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) EP PM 0 it s [62, 33b, IB] Subfamily DOSINIINAE Cyclinella producta (Carpenter, 1856) EP PM 0 it m [62, IB] Cyclinella subquadrata (Hanley, 1845) EP PM 14–90 of s [8, 62] Dosinia (Dosinia) dunkeri (Philippi, 1844) EP PM 0–100 it,of,st m,s [8, 62, IB] Dosinia (Dosinia) ponderosa (Schumacher, 1817) EP PM 60 of s [8, 62, IB] Dosinia (Dosinia) semiobliterata Deshayes, 1853 EP PM 12–28 of s [62, IB]

(continued) 369 370 Species List f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] [62, [8 , 47, 62] [62, [1, 6, 62, [1, 62, [62, [62, [8, 62, [62, [6, 62, [6, 8, 62, [8, 62, [62, [62, [1, 62, [62, [62, References e Habitat/ Community s s,ms s [47, 62, s s s s m,s [62, s s s d Oceanic distribution c Depth b Costa Rica PM 0 it PMPM,ICPM 77–110 17 of 24 of of PM 4–80 of,st s PMPM 0–11 0–12 it,st it,st s s PMPMPM 0PM 0–73PM 0PM I it,of,st 0–10 0–160 it 35–100 s it,of,st it,of,st of s s PMPMPM 0–73 91 10–90 it,of,st of of s PMPMPM 10–73 0–55 of 18–73 it of a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP PM 3–160 of,st s [1, 8, 62, EP EP EP World World distribution hertleini Olsson, 1961 aletes Hertlein & (Broderip roseus & lupanaria (Lesson, 1830) multispinosus vinaceus (Olsson, 1961) d’Orbigny, 1845 paytensis d’Orbigny, tortuosus (Broderip, 1835) 1835) unicolor (Sowerby, (Sowerby, 1851) alternatus (Sowerby, callicomatus (Dall, 1902) 1835) concinnus (Sowerby, planulata (continued) catharius (Dall, 1902) mexicanus Hertlein & californica Dall, 1917

(Gray, 1838) (Gray, byronensis 1851) lineata (Sowerby, , 1829) Gouldia ) ) Tivela ) Tivela Planitivela ) ) Hysteroconcha Hyphantosoma ) ) Hysteroconcha ) Hysteroconcha Hyphantosoma ) ) Lamelliconcha Agriopoma ) Agriopoma ) ) Lamelliconcha ) Lamelliconcha ) Lamelliconcha ) Lamelliconcha ) Lamelliconcha ) Lamelliconcha werby So (Sowerby, 1851) (Sowerby, Strong, 1948 Strong, 1948 (Broderip & Sowerby, 1830) (Broderip & Sowerby, Species List 31.2 Species Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( ( Tivela ( Tivela Subfamily PITARINAE 1831) aurantiaca (Sowerby, Megapitaria 1835) squalida Megapitaria (Sowerby, Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Subfamily Subfamily GAFRARIINAE Gouldia ( Subfamily Subfamily METETRICINAE ( Tivela Pitar ( Pitar ( Pitar ( Bivalves Pitar (Pitar) consanguineus (C.B. Adams, 1852) EP PM 5–44 of,st s [6, 62, IB] Pitar (Pitar) helenae Olsson, 1961 EP PM 45 of s [62, IB] Pitar (Pitar) perfragilis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 EP PM 14–183 of m,s [8, 62, 72, 84] Pitar (Tinctoria) vulneratus (Broderip, 1835) EP PM 0–15 it,of,st s [62, IB] Transennella modesta (Sowerby, 1835) EP PM 90 of s [6, 8, 62, IB] Subfamily TAPETINAE Notopaphia ellipticus (Sowerby, 1834) EP PM 0–24 it,of,st r,m [62, IB] Family NEOLEPTONIDAE Neolepton (Neolepton) subtrigonum EP PM,IC 90–10 of r,s [8, 19, 62, 79] (Carpenter, 1857) Family PETRICOLIDAE Cooperella subdiaphana (Carpenter, 1864) EP PM 37–46 of s [34, 62, IB] Petricola exarata (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 0 it r [25, 26, 62, IB] Petricola (Petricola) lucasana Hertlein & EP PM 0–30 it,of,st co,sh [25, 26, 62, IB] Strong, 1948 Petricola (Petricolirus) denticulata Sowerby, 1834 EP PM 0–22 it,of,st r [25, 26, 62, IB] Superfamily MACTROIDEA Family MACTRIDAE Subfamily MACTRINAE Harvella elegans (Sowerby, 1825) EP PM 70–26 of s [54, 62, IB] Mactoderma velata (Philippi, 1849) EP PM 0 it m [8, 62, IB] Mactrellona clisia (Dall, 1915) EP PM 0 it s [54, 62, IB] Mactrellona exoleta (Gray, 1837) EP PM 0–24 of s [6, 8, 54, 62, IB] Mactrellona subalata (Mörch, 1860) EP PM 0–15 it,of,st s [54, 62, IB] Mactrinula goniocyma (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932) EP PM 40 of m [54, 62, 74, IB] Mactrotoma californica (Conrad, 1837) EP PM 0–15 it,of,st m [34, 62] Mactrotoma isthmica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 EP PM 0–30 it,of,st s [54, 62, IB] Mulinia pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) EP PM 0–25 it,of,st s,m [54, 62, IB] Spisula williamsi (Berry, 1960) EP PM 18–60 of s,m [62, IB]

(continued) 371 372 Species List IB] f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] 68a] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] 62] References [62, [62, [62] [62, [8, 62, [62, [6, 62, [62, [62, [62, [62, [8, [62, [62, 72, e Habitat/ Community m s s,ms s [8, 62, 64, s s m m m m d Oceanic distribution c Depth 0–15 it,of,st12–50 s of b PMPM 0–10PM of 0–20PMPMPM of,st 9–29 n.a.PM 7–24 of s,m n.a. n.a. of,st 0–50PM n.a.PM [34, 54, 62, PM it,of,st s,m s,mPM 0–100PM s,m 0–90PM s,m 20–50 it,of,st [62, [62, 0 it,of,st 14–90 of s,m 0–90 [62, of s it it,of,st [8, 62, s PM PMPMPMIC 0PM 29–50PM 0 of it 4–55 18–33 it of of Costa Rica a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP World World distribution serrata Mörch, 1860 interrupta Mörch, 1860 pacifica Dall, 1900 Carpenter, decumbens 1865 Carpenter, Hanley, 1844 hiberna Hanley, inaequistriata 1802 Donovan, (continued) Salisbury, 1934 Salisbury, chroma (Philippi, cicercula 1846) dichotoma (Philippi, 1846) disjuncta 1856) (Carpenter, ervilia (Philippi, 1846)

oerstedii Mörch, 1860 rudis (C.B. Adams, 1852) Hertlein & crockeri Strong, 1950 1935 pfeifferi Dunker, Pisostrigilla ) Simplistrigilla ) Strigilla ) Strigilla ) Strigilla ) Strigilla ) Strigilla ) Ellipidollina ) Elliptotellina ) Eurytellina ) Eurytellina ) Solen ) Solen ) Solen ) Solena ) Reeve, 1850) Reeve, Species List 31.2 Species Subfamily Subfamily PTEROPSELLINAE Raeta undulata (Gould, 1851) Superfamily SOLENOIDEA Family SOLENIDAE Solen ( * Solen ( Solen ( Solen ( Family PHARIDAE Ensis nitidus (Clessin, in Küster & Clessin, 1888) Superfamily TELLINOIDEA Family TELLINIDAE Subfamily TELLININAE 1844) Cymatoica undulata (Hanley, Strigilla ( Strigilla ( Strigilla ( Strigilla ( Strigilla ( Strigilla ( Tumbeziconcha thracioides (A. Adams Tumbeziconcha & Strigilla ( 1829) burneti (Broderip & Sowerby, Tellidora ( Tellina ( Tellina ( Tellina ( Tellina Bivalves Tellina (Eurytellina) laceridens Hanley, 1844 EP PM 0 it m [62, IB] Tellina (Eurytellina) regia Hanley, 1844 EP PM 0–2 it,st m,s [62, IB] Tellina (Eurytellina) rubescens Hanley, 1844 EP PM 0–10 it,st m [62, IB] *Tellina (Hertellina) nicoyana Hertlein & EP PM 64 of m,s [62] Strong, 1949 Tellina (Laciolina) ochracea Carpenter, 1864 EP PM,IC 80 of m,s [8, 36, 62, 84] Tellina (Lyratellina) lyrica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 EP PM 10–603 of m,s [62, IB] Tellina (Merisca) brevirostris Deshayes 1855 EP PM 0–30 it,of,st m,s [62, IB] Tellina (Merisca) cristallina Spengler, 1798 EP PM 0–90 it,of,st m,s [62, IB] Tellina (Merisca) martinicensis d’orbigny, 1853 EP PM 22–48 of m,s [62, IB] Tellina (Merisca) reclusa Dall, 1900 EP PM 5–70 of m,s [62, IB] Tellina (Moerella) amianta Dall, 1900 EP PM 10–28 of m [56, 62, IB] Tellina (Moerella) carpenteri Dall, 1900 EP PM 0–823 it,of,st ru [12, 34, 52, 62, 92, IB] Tellina (Moerella) coani Keen, 1971 EP IC 30 of m,s [8, 62] Tellina (Moerella) felix Hanley, 1844 EP PM 0–73 it,of,st m [62] Tellina (Moerella) meropsis Dall, 1900 EP PM 0–180 it,of,st m,s [12, 62, 72] Tellina (Moerella) subtrigona Sowerby II in Reeve, EP PM 0–22 it,of,st m [62, IB] 1866 Tellina (Phyllodella) insculpta Hanley, 1844 EP PM 6–26 of s [62, IB] Tellina (Phyllodina) pristiphora Dall, 1900 EP PM 22–155 of m,s [62, 72] Tellina (Scissula) virgo Hanley, 1844 EP PM 0–30 it,of,st s [62, IB] Tellina (Tellinella) cumingii Hanley, 1844 EP PM,IC 9–73 of m,s [6, 8, 62] Tellina (Tellinidella) purpurea Broderip & EP PM 0–10 it,of s [62, IB] Sowerby, 1829 Temnoconcha cognata (C.B. Adams, 1852) EP PM 8–73 of s [62, IB] Subfamily MACOMINAE Macoma (Psammacoma) elytrum Keen, 1958 EP PM 10–110 of m [62, IB] Macoma (Psammacoma) siliqua EP PM 10–150 of m [6, 62, IB] (C.B. Adams, 1852) 373 (continued) 374 Species List IB] IB] f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] 36] IB] IB] IB] IB] References [16, 62, [8, 16, 62, [62, [62, [6, 8, 62, [16 , 20] [16, 62, [16, 62, [16, 62, [16, [16, 20, 62, [16, 62, [8, 16, 62, [16, 62, [30, 62, [30, 62, [30, 62, [14, 54, 62, [62, [62, [62, e s s s m s s s s s s s m,s [1, 62, Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c Depth b PMPM 0 0 it it PMPMPM 15–100PM of 22PM 33PMPM 0–3PM of 0–1PM of 0–6PM it,st 0 it,t 0 it,st 0 0–12 s it it s it,of,st s it s PMPMPM 0–50PM 0–24PMPM it,of,st 0–155PM it,of,st 0–18PM 15–17 it,of,st s 0–2PM s it,of,st 0 of PM s 0 it,st s 10–165 it 0–24 it of s it,of,st m Costa Rica a World World distribution EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP (Hanley, 1844) (Hanley, aurora (Hanley, 1844) dombei (Hanley, cognata (Pilsbry & Carpenter, 1857 Carpenter, Hanley, 1843 carinatus Hanley, transversus Hanley, 1845 acilis Hanley, californicus Conrad, 1837 gr (continued)

lata (Deshayes, 1855) maxima (Deshayes, 1855) Hanley, 1845 asper Hanley, 1845 assimilis Hanley, 1843 dentifer Hanley, caelatus ecuadorianus Olsson, 1961 1845 obesus d’Orbigny, helenae Olsson, 1961 Leporimetis ) ) Psammotreta Leporimetis ) ) Paradonax ) Paradonax Chion ) Chion ) Chion ) Donax ) Donax ) Donax ) ) Macherodonax ) Macherodonax Dysmea ) ) Gobraeus ) Gobraeus Sowerby, 1825 Sowerby, Vanatta, 1902) Vanatta, Species List 31.2 Species Donax ( Donax ( ( Psammotreta ( Psammotreta Family DONACIDAE Donax ( Donax ( Donax ( Donax ( Donax ( Donax ( Donax ( Donax ( ( Psammotreta (Sowerby, 1833) Iphigenia altior (Sowerby, Family PSAMMOBIIDAE Gari ( Gari ( Gari ( pacificus (Conrad, Heterodonax 1837) Sanguinolaria ovalis 1857 Reeve, Sanguinolaria tellinoides A. Adams, 1850 Family SEMELIDAE Abra palmeri Dall, 1915 1833 Cumingia lamellosa Sowerby, Bivalves Leptomya ecuadoriana Soot-Ryen, 1957 EP PM 0–10 it,st m [62, IB] Semele (Amphidesma) formosa (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM,IC 1–68 of,st s [17, 23, 62] Semele (Amphidesma) pallida (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 13–128 of s [17, 23, 62, IB] Semele (Amphidesma) purpurascens EP PM,IC 0–78 it,of,st s [22, 23, 62] (Gmelin, 1791) Semele (Amphidesma) venusta (Reeve, 1853) EP PM 1–200 of,st s,ru [23, 53, 62, IB] Semele (Elegantula) rupium (Sowerby, 1833) EP IC 1–73 of,st s [23, 62] Semele (Semele) elliptica (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–9 it,st s [23, 62, IB] Semele (Semele) flavescens (Gould, 1851) EP PM 0–5 it,st s [23, 62, 64, IB] Semele (Semele) lenticularis (Sowerby, 1833) EP PM 0–44 it,of,st s [23, 62, IB] Semele jamesi Coan, 1988 EP PM,IC 5–161 of,st s [23, 62] Semele jovis (Reeve, 1853) EP PM 0–100 it,of,st s [23, 62] Semele verrucosa Mörch, 1860 EP PM 0–23 it,of,st s [23, 62] Semelina subquadrata (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 35 of s [62, IB] Family SOLECURTIDAE Solecurtus guaymasensis Lowe, 1935 EP PM 30–110 of m,s [33, 34, 62, IB] Tagelus affinis (C.B. Adams, 1852) EP PM 0–73 it,of,st m [8, 13, 62, IB] Tagelus californianus (Conrad, 1837) EP PM 0 it m,s [13, 34, 54, 62] Tagelus peruanus (Dunker, 1862) EP PM 0–10 it,of,st m,s [62, 64, IB] Tagelus peruvianus Pilsbry & Olsson, 1971 EP PM 0–35 it,of,st s [62, IB] Tagelus politus (Carpenter, 1857) EP PM 0–90 it,of,st s [62, 64, IB] Order MYOIDA Suborder MYINA Superfamily MYOIDEA Family MYIDAE Subfamily CRYPTOMYINAE Sphenia fragilis (H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854) Car,EP PM 0–55 it,of,st r [1, 8, 29, 33, 41, 43, 62] IB (continued) 375 376 Species List IB] f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] [1, 62, [62, [31, 62, [31, 62, [31, 62, [31, 62, [31, 62, [5, 34, 37, 45, 62, 92, [31 , 62] [31 , 62] [31, [31 , 62] References e w r Habitat/ Community d Oceanic distribution c Depth b PM 0–30 it,of,st m,r [34, 54, 62, 90, PMPM 0 0 st it PM 0–22 it,of,st s PMPMPMPM 0–73 0–57 0–137PM it,of,st 4–30 it,of,st it,of,st s it,st 0–40 s s it,of,st s co,s [62, PMPM,ICPM n.a.PM 2–152 0–55 it,of,st it,of,st 0–55 it,of,st m,s m,s it,of,st s s Costa Rica a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP,WA EP EP Arc,EP,WP PM 0–390 it,of,st r EP EP EP EP World World distribution ventricosa A. Adams & Sowerby, 1833 nasuta Sowerby, otra Coan, 2002 1833 ovulata Sowerby, amythestina Sowerby, 1833 tenuis Sowerby, subtruncata (continued) chiloensis Molina, 1782

) Tenuicorbula ) Caryocorbula ) Caryocorbula ) Caryocorbula ) Panamicorbula ) Caryocorbula ) Anchomasa ) Thovana (Sowerby, 1834) (Sowerby, Reeve, 1850 Reeve, (Olsson 1961) Species List 31.2 Species (Sowerby, 1834) Cyrtopleura crucigera (Sowerby, Pholas ( ( Corbula 1833 Corbula biradiata Sowerby, Corbula marmorata Hinds, 1843 1833 Corbula speciosa Sowerby, Superfamily GASTROCHAENOIDEA Family GASTROCHAENIDAE 1834 Lamychaena truncata Sowerby, Superfamily HIATELLOIDEA Family HIATELLIDAE Hiatella (Linnaeus, arctica 1767) Suborder PHOLADINA Superfamily PHOLADOIDEA Family PHOLADIDAE Subfamily PHOLADINAE Barnea ( ( Corbula ( Corbula ( Corbula ( Corbula Family Family CORBULIDAE ( Corbula Bivalves Subfamily JOUANNETIINAE Jouannetia duchassaingi Fischer, 1862 EP PM 0 n.a. n.a. [62, 65] Pholadopsis pectinata (Conrad, 1849) EP PM 0 it r [62, IB] Subfamily MARTESIINAE Martesia (Martesia) striata (Linnaeus, 1758) Cp PM 0–15 it,st w [1, 43, 59a, 62, 76] Parapholas acuminata (Sowerby, 1834) EP PM 0 it r [62, IB] Parapholas calva (Sowerby, 1834) EP PM 8–35 of r [6, 8, 62, IB] Family TEREDINIDAE Subfamily Teredininae Lyrodus pedicellatus (Quatrefages, 1849) Cp PM 0 it w [60, IB] Psiloteredo healdi (Bartsch, 1931) EP PM 0 st w [62, IB] Subfamily Bankiinae Bankia zeteki Bartsch, 1921 EP PM 0 st w [62, IB] Subclass ANOMALODESMATA Order PHOLADOMYOIDA Superfamily PANDOROIDEA Family PANDORIDAE Pandora cornuta C.B. Adams, 1852 EP PM 30–50 of m,ru [57, 62, IB] Pandora uncifera Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 EP PM 35–50 of m,ru [62, IB] Family LYONSIIDAE Entodesma sechuranum Pilsbry & Olsson, 1935 EP PM 20 of m,ru [62, IB] Superfamily THRACIOIDEA Family THRACIIDAE Astheonthaerus villosior Carpenter, 1964 EP PM 0–73 it,of,st r [24, 62] Bushia galapagana (Dall, 1915) EP IC 57–83 of r [24] Cyathodonta undulata Conrad, 1847 EP PM 9–39 of r [24, 34, 62, IB] Thracia (Ixartia) curta Conrad, 1837 EP PM 0–48 it,of,st r [24, 34, 50, 62] Thracia (Odontocineta) bereniceae Coan, 1990 EP PM 0–46 it,of,st r [24] Thracia (Odontocineta) squamosa EP PM 90 of r [24, 62, IB] Carpenter, 1856 377 (continued) 378 Species List IB] f IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] IB] 92] [7, 34, 62, [62, 92, [8 , 62] [7, 62, [7, 62, [7, 62, [24 , 62] [24] References e Habitat/ Community m,s [8, 33b, 62, s m,ss [3, 62, m,s s s s d Oceanic distribution c Depth 175–190 of b PM 30–66 of PM 0PMPMPM st 0–39 20–50 40–100IC it,of,st of of m,s [3, 33, 62, PM 0 st PMPM 91–110 0–40 of it,of,st s PMPM 0–42 13–91 it,of,st of ru,s Costa Rica IB = records new for Costa Rica from Institute the (INBio) National Data Biodiversity a World World distribution EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP (A Adaras carpenteri Dall, 1896 discus Stearns, 1890 planiusculum (continued) bold font correspond to references where the species is reported as present in Costa Rica.

Cricoploma ) Cricoploma ) ) Periploma bold font = present in both Caribbean and coasts Pacific & Reeva, 1850) & Reeva, Sowerby, 1834 Sowerby, Olsson, 1935) IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Mainland Pacific it = intertidal; of = offshore; st = subtidal Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = Cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EP = Eastern Pacific; I = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; M = Mediterranean; Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) an = annelid (commensal, parasitic); co = coral reef; m = r mangrove; = rocks; ru = rubble; s = sand; sh = shells; sp = sponges; w = wood References are indicated by numbers according to the references list; Species List 31.2 Species n.a. = information not available Species in = endemic species * Order SEPTIBRANCHIDA Superfamily CUSPIDARIOIDEA Family CUSPIDARIIDAE 1834) costata Cardiomya (Sowerby, ecuadoriana Cardiomya (Olsson, 1961) Cuspidaria parapodema Bernard, 1969 Superfamily VERTICORDIOIDEA Family VERTICORDIIDAE Subfamily VERTICORDIINAE Haliris aequacostata 1950) (Howard, novemcostams Trigonulina ( Periploma ( Periploma ( Periploma Base; numbers in Family Family SPHENIOPSIDAE Grippina californica Dall, 1912 a b c d e f Coan, Spheniopsis 1990 frankbernardi Family PERIPLOMATIDAE Albimanus pentadactulus (Pilsbry & NEP = North-east Pacific; NWA = Atlantic; North-west NEP Pacific WP = Atlantic; = = Western NWP North-east Western NWA = Pacific; North-west WA Pacific; Squids andOctopuses Species List 32.1 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica World Central Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab distributionc Depth (m)d Communitye Referencesf Order SEPIOLIDA Family SEPIOLIDAE Semirossia equalis (Voss, 1950) Car, WA CA b, n 130–260 s/mb [Voss 1950] Semirossia tenera (Verrill, 1880) Car, WA M b, n 80–150 s/mb [25, 26, 33] Order MYOPSIDA Family LOLIGINIDAE Doryteuthis (Amerigo) pealei LeSueur, 1821 WA CA n 0–400 sb, wc [7, 24, 25, 33] Doryteuthis (Doryteuthis) plei Blainville, 1823 WA CA n 0–350 sb, wc [7, 9, 24, 25] Doryteuthis (Doryteuthis) roperi Cohen, 1976 Car CA n 45–300 sb, wc [24, 25, 28, 33] Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) brevis (Blainville, 1823) WA CA eb, st <20 s/mb, wc [24, 25, 33] Pickfordiateuthis pulcella Voss, 1953 WA CA eb, st <20 sg, sb [4, 32, 33] Sepioteuthis sepioidea (Blainville, 1823) Car CA eb, st <20 cr, sg, wc [16, 22, 24, 25, 33] Order OEGOPSIDA Family LEPIDOTEUTHIDAE Pholidoteuthis adami Voss, 1956 Car, WA CA eb, oc 80–935 wc [8a, 15a, 33] Family OMMASTREPHIDAE Illex coindetii (Verany, 1839) EA, WA CA oc 0–1, 000 wc [25] Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821) Cp CA oc 0–1, 500 wc [25] Ornithoteuthis antillarum Adam, 1957 Ct CA oc 0–1, 200 wc [25, 35] Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Steenstrup, 1855) EA, WA CA oc 0–1, 500 wc [25] Family THYSANOTEUTHIDAE Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 Cp CA oc 0–500 wc [24, 25] Order OCTOPODA Family OCTOPODIDAE Amphioctopus burryi (Voss, 1950) EA?, WA M b, st 10–200 sb, rub [12, 25, 31, 33] Muusoctopus januarii (Hoyle, 1885) Car, WA CA b 350–750 mb [25, 29, 31 Gleadall] Benthoctopus oregonae Toll, 1981 Car V b 600–1, 000 mb [29] 379 (continued) 380 Species List f column 36] 33] References [25, 39] [25, 33] [25, 33] [25, 37] e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) 5–200 s/mb [11, 14, 17, 25, 5–10020–60 sb, cr, rub sb [11, 19, 25, 34] 5–20010–100 rub, cr, sb rb, sg [1, 6, 19, 20, 25] [25, 30, 40] 200–400 s/mb [25, 33] 200–800 mb 0–20 wc 10–75 sb c Oceanic distribution b, st b Central America S M, B b, st CA b CA ep C b, st a EA, WA? CA b, st World World distribution EA, WA?WA CA b, st Car, WACar, Car CA b, st Car EA, WA? WACar, CA CA b, it, st b 0–100 rb, rub, sb [11, 15, 19, 25] Cp Car, WACar, WACar, M, CCar CA b, it, st b, it, st 0–20 0–100 rb, cr, sb, sg [10, 13, 21, 25, rub, cr, sb [8, 11, 20, 25] continued) ( (Verany, 1851) defilippi (Verany,

Cuvier, vulgaris 1797 Cuvier, Robson, briareus 1929 joubini Robson, 1929 Voss, 1968 zonatus Voss, Adam, 1936] CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; C = Colombia; M = Mexico; S = Surinam; V = Venezuela Shallowest and deepest records of occurrence (in meters; rounded off) Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = = western eastern Atlantic Atlantic; WA b = benthic; eb = epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; n = neritic; oc = oceanic; st = subtidal cr = coral reefs; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; s/mb = sand-mud bottom; wc = water References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list cf. Macrotritopus Voss, 1975 Euaxoctopus pillsburyae Voss, Species List 32.1 Species Callistoctopus (Risso, cf. macropus 1826) a b c d e f Octopus filosus Howell, 1868 [= hummelincki & Solis, 1966 Octopus maya Voss Voss, 1955 spinicirrhus Voss, Tetracheledone Octopus cf. Pteroctopus schmidti (Joubin, Pteroctopus 1933) Family Family ARGONAUTIDAE Linneus, argo Argonauta 1758 Generic placement not determined “ Octopus ” “ Octopus ” “ Octopus ” Squids andOctopuses Species List 32.2 Cephalopods known to occur commonly in waters in the Pacific of Costa Rica and Isla del Coco World Central Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf Referencesg Family LOLIGINIDAE Lolliguncula (Lolliguncula) argus Brakonieki & Roper, EP CA PM n <50 sb, wc [5, 25, 26] 1985 Lolliguncula (L.) panamensis Berry, 1911 [= tydeus EP C, G, M, P PM n <75 sb, wc [3, 25–27] Brakoniecki, 1980] Lolliguncula (Loliolopsis) diomedeae (Hoyle, 1904) EP CA IC, PM n <100 sb, wc [25, 26, 38] Order OEGOPSIDA Family ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach, 1817) Cp CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–500 wc [25, 26] Family OMMASTREPHIDAE Dosidicus gigas (d’Orbigny, 1835 [in 1834–1847]) EP CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–500 wc [25, 26] Ommastrephes bartrami (LeSueur, 1821) Cp CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–1, 500 wc [25, 26] Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (Lesson, 1830) EP, IO, WP CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–500 wc [25, 26] Family THYSANOTEUTHIDAE Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857 Cp CA IC, PM ep, mp 0–500 wc [25] Order OCTOPODA Family OCTOPODIDAE Euaxoctopus panamensis Voss, 1971 EP C, P PM b, st <50 sb [18, 26, 38, H] Octopus cf. hubbsorum Berry, 1953 EP CA PM b, it, st 0–20 sb [26, H] Paroctopus digueti (Perrier & Rochebrune, 1894) EP M, P PM b, it, st 0–10 sb [26, H] Generic placement not determined “Octopus” alecto Berry, 1953 EP CA IC, PM b, it, st 0–20 rb, sb [26, H] “Octopus” balboai Voss, 1971 EP ES, P PM b, st 20–100 s/mb [38, H] “Octopus” chierchiae (Jatta, 1889) EP CA PM b, pit, st 0–100 rub, sb [23, 26, 38, H] “Octopus” fitchi Berry, 1953 EP CA PM b, it, st 0–20 rb H

“Octopus” penicillifer Berry, 1954 [= stictochrus Voss, EP M, P PM b, st 20–40 sb [2, 26, 38, 381 1971] H] (continued) 382 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e 50–200 rb, sb0–200–200–20 wc [26, 38, H] wc wc [38, H] [38, H] [38, H] Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b Central America a EPEPEP C P, EP CA PM CA CA IC, PM IC, PM b IC, PM ep ep ep World World distribution 1971 (continued)

CA = all Central American countries; C = Colombia; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; M = Mexico; P = Panama b = benthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the references list; H = Hochberg, unpublished cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern IO Pacific; = Indian Ocean; WP = western Pacific PM = mainland; Pacific IC = Isla del Coco Shallowest and deepest records of occurrence (in meters; rounded off) rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; s/mb = sand-mud bottom; wc = water column Voss, “Octopus” selene Voss, a b c d e f g Family Family ARGONAUTIDAE cornutus Argonauta Conrad, 1854 nouryi Argonauta Lorois, 1852 pacifica Dall, Argonauta 1871 Species List 32.2 Species Phoronids

Species List 33.1 Phoronida species reported from the Caribbean Sea World Central Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Americab distributionc Depthd Communitye Referencesf Larvae (planktonic) Superphylum LOPHOPHORATA Phylum PHORONIDA Phoronis hippocrepia Car, EA,EP, P b,it,st 0–55 rb [1, 2] Actinotrocha hippocrepia Silén, 1954 Wright, 1856 Med, WA,WP Phoronis muelleri Selys- cp P b,st 10–400 mb,sb [1, 2, 3] Actinotrocha branchiata Müller, 1846 Longchamps, 1903 Phoronis psammophila cp P b,it,st 0–69 cl,mb,sb,sg [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Actinotrocha sabatieri Roule, 1896 Cori, 1889 a Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b P = Panama c b = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal d Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) e cl = coastal lagoons; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list. 383 384 Species List Zimmer, 1964 Zimmer, 1896 Müller, 1846 Müller, Silén, 1954 Actinotrocha harmeri Actinotrocha Actinotrocha sabatieri Roule,Actinotrocha branchiata Actinotrocha hippocrepia Actinotrocha Larvae Larvae (planktonic) f References e Habitat/ Community d 1–55 cl,mb,sb [2, 4, 5] unkown Depth c Oceanic distribution b P b,st P b,it,st 0–69 cl,mb,sb,sg [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] P b,it,st 0–55 rb [1, 2] Central America a Med,WA,WP EA,EP,Med,WP,WA P b,it,st 0–100 cl,mb,sb,sg [2, 3, 4] cp cp cp P b,st 10–400 mb,sb [1, 2, 3] Car,EA,EP, Car,EA,EP, World World distribution Phoronida species reported from the Central Pacific America

1912 Gilchrist, 1907 1889 Longchamps, 1903 LOPHOPHORATA 1856 P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = = eastern Med western Pacific; = Atlantic; Mediterranean; WP WA = western Pacific b = benthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal cl = coastal lagoons; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Phoronopsis harmeri Phoronopsis Pixell, Phoronopsis albomaculata Phoronopsis Phoronis psammophila Phoronis Cori, Phoronis muelleri Phoronis Selys- Superphylum Superphylum Phylum PHORONIDA Wright, hippocrepia Phoronis Species List 33.2 a b c d e f Species Bryozoans 385

Species List 34.1 Bryozoans from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica Species Location in Costa Rica Referencea Class GYMNOLAEMATA Order CHEILOSTOMATA Family ARACHNOPUSIIDAE Poricella mucronata (Smitt, 1873) Portete [1] Family BRYOCRYPTELLIDAE Rhamphostomella sp. Portete [1] Family CALLOPORIDAE Parellisina latirostris Osburn, 1940 Portete [1] Family CRIBILINIDAE Cribrilaria flabellifera (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Portete [1] Family HIPPOPODINIDAE Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884) Portete [1] Family MEMBRANIPORIDAE Membranipora tuberculata (Bosc, 1802) Portete [1] Family PHIDOLOPORIDAE Rhynchozoon sp. 1 Portete [1] Rhynchozoon sp. 2 Portete [1] Family STEGINOPORELLIDAE Labioporella granulosa (Canu and Bassler, Portete [1] 1928) (in ref.: Labioporella sinuosa) Family STOMACHETOSELLIDAE Trematooecia aviculifera (Canu and Bassler, Portete [1] 1923) (in ref.: Cigclisula aviculifera) Trematooecia turrita (Smitt, 1873) Portete [1] (in ref.: Cigclisula turrita) Family TEUCHOPORIDAE Teuchopora sp. Portete [1] Unplaced Cheilostome Escharina porosa (Smitt, 1873) Portete [1] a References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 386 Species List

Species List 34.2 Bryozoans from the Pacific of Costa Rica Species Location in Costa Ricaa Referenceb Class STENOLAEMATA Order CYCLOSTOMATA Family CRISIIDAE Crisia elongata Milne Edwards, 1838 PC [1] Crisia occidentalis Trask, 1857 BSE [5] Family DIAPEROECIIDAE Diaperoecia californica (d’Orbigny, 1852) PB [1, 5] Family LICHENOPORIDAE Disporella californica (d’Orbigny, 1853) BSE [5] Family ONCOUSOECIIDAE Proboscina major (Johnston, 1847) IC [5] Family TUBULIPORIDAE Tubulipora pulchra (MacGillivray, 1885) BSE [5] Class GYMNOLAEMATA Order CTENOSTOMATA Family VESICULARIIDAE Amathia convoluta Lamarck, 1816 BC [6] Order CHEILOSTOMATA Family ADEONIDAE Reptadonella violacea (Johnston, 1847) PC,IC [1, 4] (in ref. 4 as: Adeona violacea) Family BEANIIDAE Beania hirtissima (Heller, 1867) BC [3] Family BITECTIPORIDAE Hippoporina porcellana Busk, 1860 Costa Rica [4] Family BRYOCRYPTELLIDAE Cyclocolposa ? parva (Marcus, 1938) PC [1] Porella patens Osburn, 1952 IC [4] Porella porifera (Hincks, 1884) BC [4] Family BUFFONELLODIDAE Aimulosia uvulifera (Osburn, 1914) BC,BCo,IC [4] Family BUGULIDAE Bugula minima Waters, 1909 IC [3] Sessibugula translucens Osburn, 1950 BSE [3] Family CALLOPORIDAE Aplousina filum (Jullien & Calvet, 1903) IC [3] Copidozoum spinatum Osburn, 1950 GD [3] Family CANDIDAE Amastigia rudis (Busk, 1852) BCo [3] Scrupocellaria bertholetti (Audouin, 1826) PC [1, 3] Scrupocellaria bertholetti var tenuirostris Off Costa Rica [3] Osburn, 1950 (continued) Bryozoans 387

Species List 34.2 (continued) Species Location in Costa Ricaa Referenceb Family CELLEPORIDAE Celleporina marginata Canu & Bassler, 1930 IC [4] Family CREPIDACANTHIDAE Crepidacantha setigera (Smitt, 1873) IC [4] Family CUPULADRIIDAE Cupuladria canariensis Busk, 1859 Costa Rica [3] (probably a mis-identification, not in the tropical Americas) Discoporella aff. umbellata (Defrance, 1823) Costa Rica [3] (in ref.: Discoporella umbellata) Family ELECTRIDAE Electra cf. angulata (Levinsen, 1909) GD [2] Conopeum commensale BCo [3] (Kirkpatrick & Metzelaar, 1922) Family EXECHONELLIDAE Anexechona ancorata Osburn, 1950 BSE [3] Triporula manica (Canu & Bassler, 1930) IC [4] Family HIPPOPODINIDAE Hippopodina feegeensis (Busk, 1884) PC [1] (probably a mis-identification) Family HIPPOPORIDRIDAE Hippoporella costulata Canu and bassler, 1923 PC [1] Hippoporella gorgonensis Hastings, 1930 Costa Rica [4] Odontoporella adpressa (Busk, 1854) Costa Rica [4] Family HIPPOTHOIDAE Hippothoa divaricata Lamouroux, 1821 Costa Rica [4] Trypostega venusta (Norman, 1864) IC [4] Family LACERNIDAE Arthropoma cecili (Audouin, 1826) IC [4] Family MAMILLOPORIDAE Mamillopora cupula Smitt, 1873 BC,IC [4] Family MEMBRANIPORIDAE Membranipora arborescens (Canu & Bassler, 1928) PC [1] Membranipora savarti (Audouin,1826) BC [3] Family MICROPORELLIDAE Microporella gibbosula Canu & Bassler, 1930 BC [4] Microporella umbracula (Audoin, 1826) PC [1] Family PETRALIIDAE Hippopetraliella japonica (Busk, 1884) BC,BSE [4] (in ref.: Petralia japonica) Family PHIDOLOPORIDAE Reteporellina denticulata var. gracilis (Busk, 1884) BS,IC [4] (continued) 388 Species List

Species List 34.2 (continued) Species Location in Costa Ricaa Referenceb Rhynchozoon rostratum (Busk, 1855) PB [4] (only found on the Caribbean in Panamá) Rhynchozoon sp. 3. PC [1] Family SCHIZOPORELLIDAE Schizoporella linearis var. inarmata (Hincks, 1884) BSE [4] Schizoporella ?serialis (Séller, 1867) PC [1] Family SMITTINIDAE Parasmittina crosslandi (Hastings, 1930) PC [1] Family WATERSIPORIDAE Watersipora biserialis (Hincks, 1885) IC [4] a BC = Bahía Culebra; BCo = Bahía del Coco; BS = Bahía Salinas; BSE = Bahía de Santa Elena; GD = Golfo Dulce; IC = Isla del Coco; PB = Playa Blanca; PC = Playas del Coco b References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Brachiopods 389

Species List 35.1 Brachiopoda species reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica World Central Oceanic Habitat/ Refer- Species distributiona America distributionb Depth (m)c Communityd encese Order TEREBRATULIDA Suborder TEREBRATULIDINA Superfamily TERE- BRATULOIDEA Family TEREBRATULIDAE Subfamily TEREBRATULINAE Liothyrella moseleyi EP,Car,IO b,st 250–4,000 mb,sb [2, 3] (Davidson, 1878) a Car = Caribbean; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean b st = subtidal; b = benthic c Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) d sb = sandy bottom; mb = muddy bottom e References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 390 Species List g References f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Pacific b Central America a EPEPEP Pcp PM PMAnt,EP b,it,st b,it,st 0–477 0–3 it,bEP sb IC b,stCar,EP,IO sb P 0–33 P [4,] 90–5,530 b,st [4, 5, 7] IC rb rb IC 1–4,513 [2, 3, 7, 8] [6] b,st mb b,st 250–4,000 [2, 3] 2,149–3,721 mb,sb mb [2, 3] [2, 3] World World distribution Brachiopoda species reported from the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

Glottidia audebarti (Broderip, 1835) Superfamily DISCINOIDEA Family DISCINIDAE Discradisca strigata (Broderip, 1834) atlanticus (King, 1868) Pelagodiscus Subphylum RHYNCHONELLIFORMEA Class RHYNCHONELLATA Order RHYNCHONELLIDA Superfamily BASILIOLOIDEA Family BASILIOLIDAE Subfamily BASILIOLINAE (Dall, Neorhynchia strebeli 1908) Order TEREBRATULIDA Suborder TEREBRATULIDINA Superfamily TEREBRATULOIDEA Family TEREBRATULIDAE Subfamily TEREBRATULINAE clarkeana Liothyrella (Dall, 1895) (Davidson, 1878) moseleyi Liothyrella Species List 35.2 Subphylum LINGULIFORMEA Class LINGULATA Order LINGULIDA Superfamily LINGULOIDEA Family LINGULIDAE Glottidia albida (Hinds, 1844) Species Brachiopods 391 Ant,EPEPAnt,EP P P IC IC type-locality IC type-locality b,st b,st b,st 2,150–4,600 2,149 mb 112–4,062 mb mb,sb [1, 2, 3] [2, 3] [2, 3] P = Panama it = intertidal; st = subtidal; b = benthic References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EP = eastern IO Pacific; = Indian Ocean PM = mainland; Pacific IC = Isla del Coco Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; mb = muddy bottom Macandrevia craniella Dall, Macandrevia 1895 diamantina (Dall, Macandrevia 1895) Suborder TEREBRATELLIDINA Superfamily ZEILLERIOIDEA Family ZEILLERIIDAE Subfamily MACANDREVIINAE americana Dall, Macandrevia 1895 a b c d e f g 392 Species List f record] [36, USNM E18074, new record] [36, USNM E18729, new record] [36, UCR 161, UCR 201, new [36,51, pers. obs., new record] [18, 36, 51] [36, 69] [USNM E18415, new record] [USNM E18387, new record] [36, 69] [19, 28, 31, 36, 69] References e Habitat/ Community d 0–46 cl,mb,sb [36] Depth (m) c eb,st 3–148eb,steb,st cr 20–40 6–15eb,st cr n.an.a. rb 0–165st 55–69 19 sb n.a. eb,st n.a. 18–27 cr Oceanic distribution b Central America a CarCar B,P B eb,it,st 3–339 cr,rb Car CarCarCar G,H,N,P CA eb,st CA CarCar Car 2–92 CA Car cr,rb Car G,B,P eb,st 1–37 sg World World distribution List of echinoderms from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Order VALVATIDA Family ASTEROPSIDAE 1881) echinulata (Perrier, Poraniella Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE 1840 Linckia guildingii Gray, Family Family COMASTERIDAE Comactinia 1840) (Müller, echinoptera Nemaster discoideus 1888) (Carpenter, Nemaster rubiginosa (Pourtalès, 1869) Class ASTEROIDEA Order PAXILLLOSIDA Family ASTROPECTINIDAE 1825) articulatus Astropecten (Say, cingulatus Astropecten Sladen, 1833 1840 Gray, marginatus Astropecten Family LUIDIIDAE Luidia (Lamarck, senegalensis 1816) Family OREASTERIDAE (Linnaeus, reticulatus Oreaster 1758) Species List 36.1 Class CRINOIDEA Order COMATULIDA Family COLOBOMETRIDAE Analcidometra armata (Pourtalès, 1869) Echinoderms 393 (continued) [36, UCR 461, new record] [7, 36] [7, 36] [36] [UCR 498, new record] [7, 36] [7, 24, 36] 1–27 cr,sg 0–500–24 cr,sg cr,sg 1–223 sg,cr 2–70 m2–70 cr,rb,sb0–24 [36] 0–241–24 cr,rb cr,m,sg cr,rb [36, 40, pers. obs., new record] it n.a.it,st n.a. 12–161it,st cr,rb,sb n.a. it 1–223 [36, UCR 300, new record] it,st mb,sg,sb 0–518 [7, 36] sg,sr,rb [36] st it Car CarCarCar B,PCar B,P B Car it,st B it Car 1–221 B,P cr,rb,sg [36, UCR 463, new record] it CarCarCar B,PCar CA B,P it Car it Car CA Troschel, 1842 Troschel, 1842) Troschel, Devaney, 1974 Devaney, 1842 Troschel, (Lamarck, 1816) Ophiocomella sp. Family OPHIONEREIDIDAE 1825) (Say, reticulata Ophionereis Family OPHIODERMATIDAE 1825) Ophioderma (Say, appresum 1825) (Say, Ophioderma brevispinum Ophioderma Müller cinereum & Family OPHIACTIDAE Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Family AMPHIURIDAE Ophiostigma 1825) isocanthum (Say, Order OPHIURIDA Family OPHIURIDAE Ophiolepis Lütken, impressa 1859 Family OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) Ophiocoma paucigranulata Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & 1913 Ophiopsila Koehler, hartmeyeri Class OPHIUROIDEA Order PHRYNOPHIURIDA Family GORGONOCEPHALIDAE muricatum Astrophyton 394 Species List f [35] [7, 36] [35] [7, 36] [15, 17, 19, 28, 44, 56, 65, 68, 69] [28, 36, 43, 44, 68, 69] [37, 44, 69] [16, 18–20, 36, 44, 69] [7, 36] [20, 36] References e Habitat/ Community d 0–100–490–10 sg,cr cr cr 5–50 sb,sg [36, USNM E14506, new record] 0–40 cr,rb Depth (m) c it it it it,st 0–479 cr,rb eb,st 0–45eb,st cr,rb 5–570it cr,rb Oceanic distribution b Central America a CarCarCar B P B Car P CarCar G,B,H,P eb,stCar G,B,H,PCar eb,st 0–50 G,B,H,P B,H,PCar eb,st 0–50 cr,rb,sgCar eb,st CA 0–50 cr,rb [18, 28, 36, 44, 68, 69] ct G,B,H,P 0–55 sg it Car sg World World distribution (continued)

(Lamarck, 1816) (Linnaeus, 1758) Lyman, Ophiothrix 1860 lineate Lyman, Ophiothrix stri 2005 Hendler, Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856 Class ECHINOIDEA Order CIDAROIDA Family CIDARIDAE Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) Order DIADEMATOIDA Family DIADEMATIDAE Diadema antillarum (Philippi, 1845) Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE (Lamarck, variegatus 1816) Lytechinus ventricosus Tripneustes Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINOMETRIDAE lucunter Echinometra viridis Echinometra A. Agassiz, 1863 Order HOLECTYPOIDA Family ECHINONEIDAE Echinoneus cyclostomus Leske, 1778 Order CLYPEASTEROIDA Family CLYPEASTERIDAE 1825) Clypeaster (Gray, subdepressus Species List 36.1 Family OPHIOTHRICHIDAE Ophiothrix cimar 2005 Hendler, Echinoderms 395 [17, 28, 32, 36, 61, 62] [7, 36] [36, UCR 459, new record] [USNM E12973, new record] 0–241–7 cr,sg cr,sg n.a.eb,st 55 2–200 n.a. cr,sg,sb [20, 36, 44] it CarCar G,B,H,PCar G,B,HCar st,eb B,P eb,st B 0–54 0.5–20 it cr,rb,sg sg [7, 36] CarCar P PCar Car,MedCar H,P eb eb,st CA eb,st 0–60 n.a. 0–240 sb sb rb,sb [36, 43, pers. obs., new record] [10, 68] [10, 36, 44, 68] (Leske, (Leske, 1778) B = Belize; CA = all Central American countries; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; Med = Mediterranean eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal cr = coral reefs; m = mb mangroves; = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Class HOLOTHUROIDEA Order ASPIDOCHIROTA Family HOLOTHURIDAE Actinopyga agassizi (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875 Order APODIDA Family SYNAPTIDAE Euapta lappa 1850) (Müller, Synaptula hydriformis 1824) (Lesueur, n.a. = information not available Mellita quinquiesperforata Order SPATANGOIDA Family BRISSIDAE Brissopsis atlantica Mortensen, 1908 Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) Family Family MELLITIDAE Leodia (Leske, sexiesperforata 1778) a b c d e f 396 Species List new new record] record] record] References f Habitat/ Community n.a. [USNM E28834, new n.a. [UCR 19, UCR 213, n.a. [49, 52] n.a. [49, 52] n.a. [49, 52] n.a. [UCR 135–001, new e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c PM n.a.IC n.a. eb 1,571–5,780 n.a. [49, 53] PM eb,st n.a. IC eb 1,158–6,035 n.a. [53] IC st 95 IC bp 589–1,969 rb [52, 53] IC eb 732–1,593 n.a. [27, 49, 53] IC bpPM 596–1,429 eb,st rbIC 0–160 st [52, 53] sb 121 [6, 9, 13, 42] PM eb n.a. X IC n.a. n.a. X IC eb 1,408 n.a. [49, 52] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP EP EP,WP EP EP EP EPEP P EP EPEP ES,P EP EP World World distribution List of echinoderms from the coast Pacific of Costa Rica

Thomson, 1877 (Hartlaub, 1895) Luidia tessellata Lütken, 1859 Family PORCELLANASTERIDAE pacificus (Ludwig, Eremicaster 1905) ceruleus Porcellanaster Lütken, Luidia 1871 brevispina Family Family LUIDIIDAE Luidia armata Ludwig, 1905 Species List 36.2 Class CRINOIDEA Order COMATULIDA Family ANTEDONIDAE parvula (Hartlaub, 1895) Fariometra Family Family THALASSOMETRIDAE Thalassometra agassizii Leptychaster inermis (Ludwig,1905) armiger Ludwig, 1905 Persephonaster Class ASTEROIDEA Order PAXILLLOSIDA Family ASTROPECTINIDAE 1840 armatus Astropecten Gray, benthophilus Astropecten Ludwig, 1905 sulcatus Astropecten Ludwig, 1905 Gray, 1840 Gray, regalis Astropecten Species Echinoderms 397 (continued) UCR 124, new record] record] n.a. [38, 53, 71] n.a. [UCR 356, new record] rb [UCR 268, new record] n.a. [49] n.a.n.a. [USNM E11398, new [UCR 391, new record] IC,PM eb,st 0–183 rb [6, 9, 13, 42, 59, 69, PMPMIC,PM eb,st eb,st eb,st 1–130 1–50 n.a. rb rb [6, 9, 13, 39, 64] [6,.8, 13, 39, 64] ICICIC it,st st n.a. 0–100 57–91 n.a. n.a. n.a. [53] [53] ICIC ebIC,PM eb eb,stIC 702–1,618 80–121 2,149 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. [27, 49, 53] [38, 49, 70] [49] IC n.a. n.a. ICIC eb ebICPM 1,618–2,323 eb 790–2,323 n.a. itIC n.a. 1,789–1,847 [49, 53] n.a. n.a. 3 [49, 53] [49] n.a. EP ES,N,P EPEPEP ES,P ES,N,P EP EP EP EPEP EP P EP EP EPEP P EP P EP EP Family Family OREASTERIDAE 1840) armata Nidorellia (Gray, (Gray, 1840) Pharia pyramidatus (Gray, Phataria 1840) unifascialis (Gray, obstipa Ziesenhenne, 1942 Tamaria Gray, 1840 Linckia columbiae Gray, gracilis A.H. Narcissia Clark, 1916 Ophidiaster sp. Nymphaster diomedeae Ludwig, 1905 Pillsburiaster ernesti (Ludwig, 1905) Family ASTERODISCIDIDAE aenigma Ludwig, 1905 Pauliella Family OPHIDIASTERIDAE Leiaster sp. Family Family GONIASTERIDAE Mediaster Ludwig, elegans 1905 Order NOTOMYOTIDA Family BENTHOPECTINIDAE Benthopecten spinuliger (Ludwig, 1905) agassizii (Ludwig, 1905) Pectinaster Order VALVATIDA Family ARCHASTERIDAE spinuliger Ludwig, 1905 Parachaster Family ASTEROPSEIDAE carinifera (Lamarck, Asteropsis 1816) Family ASTERINIDAE sp. Asterope 398 Species List record] record] References f n.a. [52] n.a. [USNM E34363, new Habitat/ Community rb [52, 53] n.a. [52] n.a.ep [UCR 351, new record] [9,67] cr [8, 30, 33] cr [5] sg [9, 13, 53] e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c IC eb 245 IC st 80–88 n.a. [USNM E1020062, new IC ebPMIC eb,st 1,408IC eb,stIC n.a. eb n.a. 52–84 st [49, 52] 1,618–2,418 cr,rb n.a. 121 [37, 53, 72] [52, 53] IC eb n.a. IC n.a.PM eb,st n.a. n.a. IC,PM eb,st n.a. IC st 15 IC,PM eb,st 10 Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP EP B,N EP EP,WP P EP,WP EP World World distribution (continued)

Ziesenhenne, 1942 (Gary, 1840) (Gary, Taraster cocosanus (Ludwig, 1905) Taraster Fisher, 1924 Fisher, Sclerasterias heteropaes Family Family ASTERIDAE marchenus Coronaster Pteraster Pteraster diaphanous Ludwig, 1905 Order FORCIPULATIDA Family HELIASTERIDAE Heliaster solaris A.H. Clark, 1920 (Ludwig, Hydrasterias 1905) improvisa Sclerasterias alexandri (Ludwig, 1905) Order SPINDULOSIDA Family ECHINASTERIDAE Echinaster (Othilia) aculeata Family PTERASTERIDAE Hymenaster Ludwig, purpureus 1905 Family Family MITHRODIIDAE sp. Mithrodia Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) Family Family ACANTHASTERIDAE Acanthaster 1840) ellisii (Gray, Species List 36.2 1840) cummingi (Gray, Pentaceraster Species Echinoderms 399 (continued) record] record] n.a. [UCR 35, UCR 96, new n.a. [71] cr [13] m,mb [13, 52] n.a.n.a. [UCR 25, new record] [50, 52] n.a. [13, 38, 53] PMIC n.a. eb,st n.a. 51–2,906 n.a. [53] PM n.a.IC n.a. eb 878–5,203 n.a. [53] PM eb,st n.a. ICIC eb eb 1,400–2,500 mb 405–5,869 n.a. [49, 52, 53] [53] IC eb 825–4,700 n.a. [53] IC eb 1,650 n.a. [50, 52] PM n.a.IC n.a. eb 245 IC eb,st n.a. EP EP EP EP EP EP P EP,WP EP EP EP ES,H,N,P PM eb,st n.a. EP IC ebEP 2,149 n.a. [USNM E34432, new EPEP IC eb,st 48–2,418 n.a. [53] EP P Mortensen, 1899) 1899) Mortensen, 1899) Mortensen, 1899) Mortensen, 1899 Ophiolepis Lütken, variegata 1856 Ophiomusium lymani Thomson, 1873 Ophiosphalma glabrum (Lütken & Ophiolepis plateia Ziesenhenne, 1940 Ophiozonella alba (Lütken & Mortensen, Ophiolepis pacifica Lütken, 1856 1860) (Lyman, Ophiura irrorata Ophiura nana (Lütken & Order OPHIURIDA Family OPHIURIDAE Amphiophiura abcisa (Lütken & Ophiocten 1878 hastatum Lyman, Ophiolepis grisea Clark, 1940 Family Family PEDICELLASTERIDAE Ludwig, 1905 improvisus Pedicellaster Order BRISINGIDA Family BRISINGIDAE panamensis Astrolirus (Ludwig, 1905) Class OPHIUROIDEA Order PHRYNOPHIURIDA Family OPHIOMYXIDAE Ophiomyxa panamensis Lütken & Family GORGONOCEPHALIDAE 1875) spinosum Astrocaneum (Lyman, 400 Species List record] record] 16, UCR 20, new record] References f mb [13] n.a. [USNM E28342, new rb [41, UCR 111, new n.a. [73] cr [9, 13, 64] Habitat/ Community n.a.mb [38, 71] [52] cr,rb [53] e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c IC,PMPM st,ebIC,PMPM st,eb st,eb 0–20IC st,eb 0–45 0–110 st crPM n.a. rb,sb cr n.a. 43–183 [6, 13, 42, 53, 63, 73] [13, 40, 53, 64, 73] n.a. [6, 13, 39, 64, 66] cr [13, 38, 53] IC,PM it,st 0–128 rb,m [6, 9, 53, 62, UCR PM st,eb n.a. IC n.a. n.a. IC,PMPM it,stIC n.a.IC 0–60 n.a. n.a. stIC,PM n.a. cr,sb st,eb 73–155 [6, 13, 53, 54, 64, 66] n.a. n.a. [52] IC,PMIC,PM itIC it st,eb 0–30.5 0–70 n.a. cr cr,sb [6, 7, 13, 42, 53, 68, 69] [6, 9, 13, 42, 52, 53, 67] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP P EPEPEPEP ES,N,P ES,N,P N,P P EP EP B,ES,P EP B,P EP n.a. EP EPEP ES,P EP G,ES,P EPEPn.a. CA CA World World distribution (continued)

Mortensen, 1899 Troschel, 1842) Troschel, Ziesenhenne, 1940 Mortensen, 1899 Family Family HEMIEURYALIDAE Sigsbeia lineata Lütken & Ophioderma panamense Lütken, 1859 1860) Ophioderma (Lyman, teres Ophioderma Lütken, variegatum 1856 Ophiopaepale diplax (Nielsen, 1932) Family OPHIACTIDAE 1867 Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & (Say, 1825) Ophioderma (Say, appressum Ophiocrytus granulosus Nielsen, 1932 eurybrachiplax Ophionereis nuda Ophionereis Lütken & Family Family OPHIONEREIDIDAE annulata Ophionereis (Le Conte, 1851) dictyota Ophionereis Ziesenhenne, 1940 Family OPHIODERMATIDAE 1867) Diopederma danianum (Verrill, Species List 36.2 Family OPHIOCOMIDAE Ophiocoma aethiops Lütken, 1859 Ophiocoma 1860 alexandri Lyman, Ophiocomella (Duncan, sexradia 1887) Species Echinoderms 401 (continued) record] record] record] record] n.a.n.a.mb [UCR 486, new record] [57, 67] n.a. [13, 57] [UCR 499, new record] n.a. [2] n.a. [USNM E28338, new n.a. [70] n.a. [13] mb [13, 57, 62, 66] n.a.n.a. [USNM E28344, new [52] n.a. [11, 38] n.a.mb [USNM E28346, new [13] IC eb,it,st 6–849 n.a. [53] IC,PM eb,it,st 0–730 cr [6, 13, 53, 59] PMPM n.a. st,eb n.a. PM n.a. IC,PM n.a. it,st n.a. 0–134 n.a.PM [53] n.a. n.a. PM n.a. n.a. PMIC st it,st n.a. 0–134PM n.a. n.a. n.a. [53] PM st n.a. PMIC n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. IC st n.a. IC,PMPM it,stPM n.a. 0–118 st n.a. n.a. n.a. [53] EP EP ES,N,P EPEP P EP G,B,H,N,PEP PM st n.a. EP EP EP EP EP EP P EP EP ES,P EP EP B EPEPEP EP EP IC,PM it,st PM n.a. 0–302 n.a. n.a. [53] n.a. [USNM E28248, new (Lütken, (Lütken, 1856) (delle Chiaje, 1828) Mortensen, 1899 (Lütken, 1859) Ziesenhenne, 1940 Nielsen, 1932 Nielsen, 1932 Amphiopholis puntarenae Amphiopholis squamata H.L. Amphiura arcystata Clark, 1911 Amphiura diomedeae Lütken & Ophiophragmus marginatus Ophiothrix spiculata Le Conte, 1851 (Lyman, Amphipholis 1860) pugetana (Lyman, Ophiophragmus ophiactoides Ophiophragmus paucispinus 1867 Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, Amphipholis platydisca Nielsen, 1932 Ophiophragmus tabogensis Family OPHIOTRICHIDAE Ophiothela gracilis Nielsen, 1932 Amphipholis germinata (Le Conte, 1851) abdita Clark, Triodia 1970 Amphiodia violacea (Lütken, 1856) Ophiactis simplex (Le Conte, 1851) Family AMPHIURIDAE Amphiodia oerstedii (Lütken, 1856) Amphiodia tabogae Nielsen, 1932 Amphiodia 1860) urtica (Lyman, Amphiodia vicina H.L. Clark, 1940 402 Species List new new record] 60, 64, 68] References f Habitat/ Community n.a. [UCR 500, new record] n.a. [47] e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c IC,PM eb 100–600 n.a. [14, 38] IC eb 1,820–2,763 n.a. [53] PM eb 54–183 mb,rb [14, UCR 60, UCR 67, IC eb,st 13–644 n.a. [38, 53, 71] PMIC eb eb 540 1,643–1,974 n.a. [50] IC eb 100–250 n.a. [14, 53] ICIC,PM n.a. eb,st n.a. 0–150 cr [6, 13, 14, 29, 42, 59, Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP EP P EP P EP EP EP EP P EP EP ES,P World World distribution (continued)

(A. Agassiz, 1898) (A. Agassiz, 1898) Ziesenhenne, 1940 (Lyman, 1879) (Lyman, Mortensen, 1899) (A. Agassiz, 1898) Döderleini, 1887 1846) (Valenciennes, Hesperocidaris panamensis Hesperocidaris Order ECHINOTHURIOIDA Family ECHINOTHURIIDAE hispidum Tromikosoma Hesperocidaris asteriscus Hesperocidaris Clark, 1948 Species List 36.2 Family OPHIACANTHIDAE Ophiacantha phragma Ophiophthalmus normani Ophiotoma paucispina (Lütken & Class ECHINOIDEA Order CIDAROIDA Family CIDARIDAE doerderleini Centrocidaris Eucidaris galapagensis Eucidaris thouarsii Species Echinoderms 403 (continued) 67] 50, UCR 99, new record] 64] n.a.n.a. [46] [58] n.a. [46] n.a. [46] ICIC,PMIC,PM eb,st st n.a.IC 0–24 0–300 n.a. IC,PM it eb,st rb n.a. 0–53 n.a. [6, 8, 14, 62] [13, 64] cr [6, 13, 37, 53, 54, 64, ICIC st eb 46 1,625–3,241 n.a. [53] IC st 3–5 IC ebPM eb,st 1,200–3,058 n.a. 0–92 [53] rb [6, 9, 14, 64, UCR PM eb,st 0–37 mb,rb,sb [6, 9, 14, 39, 59] IC,PM eb,st 1–125 rb [2, 39, 45, 53] IC,PM eb,st 0–104 cr,rb [6, 14, 26, 29,30, 59, EP,WP EP CA EPEPEP P ES,P P EP EP,WP EP P EP,WP EP ES,P EP ES,P EP P EP ES,P (Blainville, 1825) (Blainville, (Linnaeus, 1758) (A.Agassiz, 1898) (A.Agassiz, 1898) (Verrill, 1867) (Verrill, (A. Agassiz, 1863) Order ECHINOIDA Family ECHINOMETRIDAE oblonga Echinometra vanbrunti Echinometra Order TEMNOPLEUROIDA Family TOXOPNEUSTIDAE 1867) pictus Lytechinus (Verrill, (A. roseus Agassiz, 1863) Toxopneustes A. depressus Agassiz, Tripneustes 1863 Family Family ASPIDODIADEMATIDAE Plesiodiadema horridum Echinothrix Echinothrix calamaris (Pallas, 1774) Order SALENIOIDA Family SALENIIDAE Salenocidaris miliaris Echinothrix Echinothrix diadema (Linnaeus, 1758) Order ARBACIOIDA Family ARBACIIDAE Arbacia incisa (A. Agassiz, 1863) Order DIADEMATOIDA Family DIADEMATIDAE pulvinata Astropyga (Lamarck, 1816) coronatus Centrostephanus Diadema mexicanum 404 Species List UCR 168, UCR 169, new record] new new record] 75, UCR 92, new record] References f n.a. [pers. obs., new record] sb [6, 65] Habitat/ Community sb [14,38] e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c IC eb 1,974–2,471 n.a. [1] PM itPM n.a. 0–60PM n.a. sb eb,st 0–76 [6, 14, 37, 42, 67] sb,rb,mb [6, 14, 42, UCR 160, PMPM it it 8–25 n.a. sb [12, 14] IC,PM itICIC,PMIC it it 0–110 itPMPM 0–92 mb 0–84 it eb 0–92IC,PM rb [13, 14, 42, 53, 64] it sb 3–34 3–90 n.a. [14, 37, 64] [13, 14, 39, 64] 0–30 sb [13] sb sb [14] [41, UCR 27, UCR [6, 9, 14, 53, UCR 166, X IC it 4–8 Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP EP ES,P EPEP CA EP EP ES,P EP P EPEPEP P EP CA EPEP P EP ES,P World World distribution (continued)

Valenciennes, 1846 Valenciennes, Cark, 1914 Order SPATANGOIDA Family AEROPSIDAE fulva Aeropsis (A.Agassiz, 1898) Family SCHIZASTERIDAE Agassizia scrobiculata Mellita longifissa Michelin, 1858 Order CASSIDULOIDA Family CASSIDULIDAE Cassidulus pacificus (A. Agassiz, 1898) Encope perspectiva L. Agassiz, 1841 Mellitela stokessi L. Agassiz, 1841 Species List 36.2 Order CLYPEASTEROIDA Family CLYPEASTERIDAE H.L Clypeaster europacificus Clypeaster ochrus H.L. Clark, 1914 Clypeaster (A. rotundus Agassiz, 1863) 1870 Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, Family MELLITIDAE Encope cocosi H.L. Clark, 1948 H.L. Clark, Encope 1948 irregularis Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 L. Encope Agassiz micropora 1841 Species Echinoderms 405 (continued) obs.] n.a. [21, 22] n.a. [21, 22] n.a. [22] rb [6, 9, 22, 64] rb [21, 22] n.a. [1, 52] n.a. [13] mb [13, 14, 64] sb [10, 14] few few meters PMPMPM eb,it eb eb 0–73 73 0–183 rb n.a. [9, 21, 22] [23] PM eb n.a. PM it 1–10 rb [63, new record, pers. PM eb n.a. PM eb n.a. IC it,st 0–200 sb [9, 13, 14, 64] IC ebIC eb n.a. PM 1,952 eb n.a. tide marks to [1, 52] ICPMIC,PM eb,it,st it it,st 9–1,430IC,PM n.a. 0–110 0–45 n.a. n.a. sb [53] sb [9, 14, 64] [3, 55] PM itIC 20 it,st 50 EP CA EPEP P EP EP P EP EP ES EP P EP EP EP P EP CT EPEP P EP P EP P (Semper, 1868) (Semper, Deichmann, 1938 Laguarda-Figueras, 1999 (A.Agassiz, 1898) H.L. Clark, 1940 Pseudoconus californicus (Ludwig, 1887) chierchia Pentamera beebi Deichmann, 1938 Pentamera Family PHYLLOPHORORIDAE Euthyonidium ovulum Cucumaria flamma Solís-Marín & Family Family CUCUMARIIDAE Cucumaria dubiosa 1868 Semper, Neothyone gibbosa Deichmann, 1938 Lovenia A. cordiformis Agassiz, 1872 Family ASTEROSTOMATIDAE aculeata Argopatagus Family Family LOVENIIDAE Homolampas hastata (A.Agassiz, 1879) Class HOLOTHURIA Order DENDROCHIROTA Family SCLERODACTYLIDAE Neothyone gibber (Selenka, 1867) Family Family BRISSIDAE Brissopsis pacifica (A.Agassiz, 1898) Brissus latecarinatus (Leske, 1778) 1851 Meoma grandis Gray, Plagiobrissus pacificus Stylocidaris dubia (H.L. Clark, 1907) Moira Moira clotho (Michelin, 1855) 406 Species List record] 64] References f n.a. [21] cr [6, 23, 37] n.a. [3, UCR 361 new n.a. [2114] Habitat/ Community n.a. [UCR 354, new record] e to few meters Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c ICPM eb,st eb 1–25 n.a. n.a. [21, 23] ICIC,PM eb,st eb,st Shallow water Shallow water rb [23, 38] IC,PM n.a. n.a. ICIC,PMPM eb,st eb eb Shore Shallow water n.a. n.a. rb,sb [23, 38] [23, 36] PM ebIC eb shore 11–133 sb, cr n.a. [6, 22] ICIC,PM [21, 22, 48, 64] eb,st n.a. Shallow water rb Shallow water n.a. [21, 24, 26, 32, 41, 49, [4] IC ebIC,PMIC eb,it 225–4,082 n.a. n.a. 0–61 n.a. [53] rb [6, 9, 23, 37, 42, 64] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP EP EPEP P ES,P EP EP,WPEPEP P CA EP ES EP EP Pn.a. IC,PMEP eb CA 4–37 n.a. [21, 22] EP EPEP CA World World distribution (continued)

Deichmann, 1937 (Ludwig, 1893) Holothuria inhabilis Selenka, 1867 Holothuria inornata 1868 Semper, Holothuria imitans (Ludwig, 1875) Holothuria impatiens (Forskål, 1775) Holothuria hilla Lesson, 1830 (Jaeger, Holothuria 1833) atra (Jaeger, 1868) Holothuria (Semper, difficilis Holothuria gyrifer (Selenka, 1867) Species List 36.2 Euthyonidium veleronis Family Family PSOLIDAE Psolus diomedeae Ludwig, 1894 Thyonepsolus beebi Deichmann, 1937 Order DACTYLOCHIROTIDA Family YPSILOTHURIIDAE Ypsolothuria bitentaculata Family HOLOTHURIDAE ? Bohadschia sp. 1868) Holothuria (Semper, arenicola Order ASPIDOCHIROTA Family STICHOPODIDAE Isostichopus fuscus (Ludwig,1875) Selenka, Stichopus horrens 1867 Species Echinoderms 407 (continued) n.a. [53] n.a.n.a. [53] [23] rb [21, 23, 64] rb [23] n.a. [6, 21, 23] n.a. [52] ICIC eb eb,it,st 1,160–4,507 0–540 n.a. n.a. [53] [53] PM eb,st 0–55 mb,rb,sb [6, 21, 42, 64] ICPM itIC eb,stIC eb n.a. n.a. eb,st 0–64 1–306 cr rb [23, 38] [23, 38, 39, 48] IC,PMPM eb,st eb,st Shallow water rb n.a. [6, 23, 38] PMPM eb,stIC eb,st n.a. eb,st Shallow water sbIC 55–92 ebIC [23, 38] rb eb 725–4,064 n.a. [29, 23] 100–5,203 n.a. [53] [53] IC,PM ebIC n.a. ebIC n.a. ebIC n.a. 1,618–2,487 n.a. n.a. [53] EP EP P EP ES EPEP P EP,WP EP,CT H,P EP ES,P EPEP P EP P EP,RS,WP EP EP,WP EP ES EP EP EP,WP Diechmann, 1958 (Deichmann, 1937) (Caso, 1954) (Selenka, 1867) Deichmann, 1938 (Ludwig, 1894) Ludwig, 1894 Family Family ELPIDIIDAE Theel, vitrea 1882 Peniagone Family PELAGOTHURIIDAE natatrix Ludwig, 1894 Pelagothuria Holothuria lubricans Selenka, 1867 Holothuria maccullochi Holothuria paraprinceps Holothuria leucospilota (Brandt, 1835) Holothuria Selenka, pardalis 1867 Holothuria portovallartensis Holothuria rigida f. atipica Holothuria kefersteini (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria languens (Selenka, 1867) Holothuria theeli (Deichmann, 1938) Labidodemas americanum Family SYNALLACTIDAE Mesothuria multiples (Ludwig, 1893) Pseudostichopus macdonaldi Pseudostichopus mollis Theel, 1886 Order ELASIPODIDA Family DEIMATIDAE Deima validum pacificum Family Family PSYCHROPOTIDAE Benthodytes sanguinolenta Theel, 1882 408 Species List record] References f Habitat/ Community n.a. [UCR 381, new record] e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c PM eb 0–10IC eb n.a. n.a. [21, 54] Costa Rica Endemic Pacific b Central America a EP EPEP CA PM eb 0–24 cr [36, UCR 112, new World World distribution (continued)

B = Belize; CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N= Nicaragua; P = Panama bp = bathypelagic eb = epibenthic; it = intertidal; st = subtidal References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list ct = circumtropical; EP = eastern RS Pacific; = Red Sea; WP = western Pacific IC = Isla del Coco; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cr = coral reefs; ep = epiphytic; m = mb mangroves; = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass n.a. = information not available Species List 36.2 Order MOLPADONIA Family CAUDINIDAE 1850) chilensis (Müller, Paracaudina a b c d e f g Order APODIDA Family SYNAPTIDAE (Semper Euapta 1868) godeffroyi Family CHIRIDOTIDAE Chiridota pacifica Heding, 1928 Species Chaetognaths or Arrow Worms 409 fS ws [7] [7] [5, 8] References [1, 5, 8] [1, 5, 8] [7] [5, 8] e Habitat/ Community d 200–1,000+ wc Depth (m) 0–200 wc 0–1,0000–200 wc wc 0–200 wc c ep,n (semi) 0–200 wc bp,mp Oceanic distribution n ep,mp ep ep b n.a P Central America n.a CA a World World distribution Cp EA,EP,WA CA Cp CpCpCp n.a n.a CA bp,mp bp,mp ep,mp,n (semi) 200–1,000+ 200–1,000+ 0–500 wc wc wc [7] [7] EA,IO,WA CA Cp Cp Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomic arrangement and generic names follo

CA = all Central American countries; P = Panama; n.a= information not available Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern IO = Pacific; = western Indian Atlantic Ocean; WA n = neritic; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; bp = bathypelagic wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list classification classification proposed by Bieri (1991) Species Mesosagitta Mesosagitta minima (Grassi, 1881) tenuis (Conant, 1896) Parasagitta Family Family SAGITTIDAE 1904) (Fowler, Caecosagitta macrocephala Species List 37.1 Class SAGITTOIDEA Order MONOPHRAGMOPHORA Family EUKROHNIIDAE bathypelagica Alvariño, 1962 Eukrohnia 1909 fowleri Eukrohnia Ritter-Záhony, Order APHRAGMOPHORA Family KROHNITTIDAE pacifica (Aida, Krohnitta 1897) a b c d e f Serratosagitta Serratosagitta serratodentata (Krohn, 1853) (Fowler, 1905) Solidosagitta zetesios (Fowler, Family PTEROSAGITTIDAE draco (Krohn, Pterosagitta 1853) 410 Species List

f References [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] [4, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 6] [1, 4, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [4, 9, 10] [1, 2, 6] [1, 6] [3, 5, 6] [1, 6] [1, 3] [5, 6] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10] [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10] [2, 4, 5, 6] e Habitat/ Community d Depth (m) 0–200 wc 200–1000 wc 0–2000–200 wc 0–2000–200 wc 0–200 wc 0–200 wc wc wc 0–200 wc 0–2000–200 wc 0–2000–200 wc wc wc 0–2000–200 wc wc 0–200 wc c Oceanic distribution ep mp ep,n ep ep ep,n ep ep,n ep ep,n b Central America ES,G,H,N,PES,G,H,N,P ep, mpCA ES,G,N,P ep ES,G,N,P 0–500ES,G,H,N,PES,G,H,N,P ep H,N ep ep wc ES,G,H,N,P ep,mpP ep G, P 0–500G CA CA wc CA ES,G,N,PCA ep,n a World World distribution Cp CA n(semi), ep, mp 0–500 wc Cp IP IP IP IP Cp Cp Cp Cp EP EA,EP,WAEP CA EP EP IP IP IP Cp Chaetognatha effectively recorded in waters of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomic arrangement and generic names follows

CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N= Nicaragua; P = Panama Uppermost and lowermost occurrence (in meters) cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = = western eastern Atlantic IP Pacific; = WA Indo-Pacific; ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list classification classification proposed by Bieri (1991) Species Species List 37.2 Class SAGITTOIDEA Order APHRAGMOPHORA Family KROHNITTIDAE pacifica (Aida, Krohnitta 1897) a b c d e f Krohnitta subtilis Krohnitta (Grassi, 1881) Family SAGITTIDAE Aidanosagitta (Aida, neglecta 1897) (Aida, 1897) Aidanosagitta regularis 1902) (Doncaster, ferox Ferosagitta 1902) (Doncaster, robusta Ferosagitta Flaccisagtita enflata (Grassi, 1881) 1836) Flaccisagitta (d’Orbigny, hexaptera 1905) Mesosagitta decipiens (Fowler, Mesosagitta minima (Grassi, 1881) euneritica (Alvariño, 1962) Parasagitta 1911) friderici (Ritter-Záhony, Parasagitta peruviana (Sund, 1961) Parasagitta Zonosagitta popovicii (Sund, 1961) Serratosagitta bieri (Alvariño, 1961) 1940) Serratosagitta pacifica (Tokioka, Zonosagitta bedotii (Beraneck, 1895) 1902) Zonosagitta (Doncaster, pulchra Family PTEROSAGITTIDAE draco (Krohn, Pterosagitta 1853) Appendicularians (Urochordata) 411 f [1] References * * * * * e Habitat/ Community d 0–700 wc 0–300 cl,wc 0–500 cl,wc Depth (m) C Oceanic distribution mp ep,n ep,n b Costa Rica os PM PM Pacific Central America n.a. n.a. n.a. a World World distribution ct ctctct n.a.ct n.a. n.a. PM PM ep,n PM ep,n 0–300 ep,n 0–462 cl,wc cl,wc 0–500 cl,wc ct List of appendicularian species recorded in Costa Rican waters (eastern tropical Pacific). Systematic arrangement follows that proposed by proposed that follows arrangement Systematic Pacific). tropical (eastern waters Rican Costa in recorded species appendicularian of List

personal observation os = offshore; PM = mainland Pacific Uppermost and lowermost occurrences (in meters) ct = circumtropical ep = epipelagic; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic cl = coastal lagoons; wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Fenaux (1998) Species Species List 38.1 List Species Class APPENDICULARIA Family OIKOPLEURIDAE Subfamily BATHOCHORDAEINAE Chun, 1900 charon Bathocordaeus 1854) Oikopleura longicauda (Vogt, Oikopleura rufescens Fol, 1872 Family FRITILLARIDAE Subfamily FRITILLARINAE formica Fol, Fritillaria 1872 haplostoma Fol, Fritillaria 1872 n.a. = information not available * a b c d e f Subfamily Subfamily OIKOPLEURINAE Oikopleura fusiformis Fol, 1872 412 Species List f Habitat/ Community wc sb e Depth (m) 240 20–35 d Oceanic distribution c UCR XX mp b b Central America N a Car Car,EA,EP CarctCarCarcp NCarCar,WP CA CACar CACarCar CA CA CACarCar HCar CA X CACar CA Pct ep H,N,P ep epct ep CACar epct ep ep X n.a. CA n.a. n.a. ep CA ep P n.a. ep ep n.a. CA n.a. n.a. ep ep wc wc n.a. wc n.a. ep n.a. wc 29–42 wc wc wc n.a. ep n.a. ep wc n.a. wc ep wc wc ep n.a. wc wc n.a. n.a. wc n.a. wc wc wc wc World World distribution Fishes reported and expected from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica

Family Family GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Ginglymostoma cirratum Family CARCHARHINIDAE altimus Carcharhinus falciformis Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Carcharhinus longimanus Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus signatus Carcharhinus cuvier Galeocerdo brevirostris Negaprion Prionace glauca Rhizoprionodon lalandii Rhizoprionodon porosus Family LAMNIDAE Isurus oxyrinchus Family RHINCODONTIDAE Rhincodon typus Family SPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna lewini Sphyma media Sphyma mokarran Species List 39.1 FISHES CARTILAGINOUS Family HEXANCHIDAE vitulus Hexanchus Species Marine Fish 413 (continued) CarCarCar CACar NCarWA NWA X CACar CACar epWA CAWA CA n.a. CAWA CA n.a. X 6–27WA eb CA n.a.Car n.a. CA bWA X n.a. X P wc WA X b n.a. n.a. bWA CA bWA n.a. 6–20 b X n.a. CA n.a. b mb CA n.a. 1–18 CA wc 20–24 mb X n.a. b 12–49 mb b n.a. mb b mb b mb n.a. mb b b,mb 1–53 wc n.a. n.a. mb n.a. n.a. mb mb mb mb Family Family SCYLIORHINIDAE Scyliorhinus boa Scyliorhinus hesperius Family SQUATINIDAE Squatina dumeril Family SQUALIDAE Squalus cubensis Family RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos percellens Family RAJIDAE Raja ackleyi Family DASYATIDAE Dasyatis americana Dasyatis guttatus Himantura schmardae Family UROLOPHIDAE jamaicensis Urolophus Family RHINOPTERIDAE Rhinoptera bonasus Family TORPEDINIDAE nobiliana Torpedo Family NARCINIDAE Diplobatis colombiensis bancroftii Narcine Family GYMNURIDAE Gymnura micrura Family PRISTIDAE Pristis pectinata Pristis pristis Sphyma tiburo 414 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a ctCarcpCar CA CACar CA CACar,EA,EPCar CA CACarCar CACar ep ep CAWA X X P epWA epCar CACar n.a. n CA n.a. n XWA X CACar n.a. CA n.a.WA CA n X n 1 X wc 2 CA wc CA b CA X wc wc b X 7–31 b 6–27 b wc X wc b 0.3–2 X b n.a. wc b n.a. wc b 2 b 0.5–7 mb n.a. sb 0.3–8 sb 0.5–8 n.a. sb sb sb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb World World distribution (continued)

Species List 39.1 Family MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari Myliobatis goodie Family MOBULIDAE Manta birostris Mobula hypostoma BONY FISHES Family ELOPIDAE Elops saurus Family MEGALOPIDAE atlanticus Megalops Family ALBULIDAE Albula nemoptera Albula vulpes Family ANGUILLIDAE Anguilla rostrata Family MORINGUIDAE Moringa edwardsi Neoconger mucronatus Family CHLOPSIDAE Chilorhinus suensoni Kaupichthys hyoproroides Kaupichthys nuchalis Family MURAENIDAE Echidna catenata nigricans Enchelycore Enchelocyne carychroa Species Marine Fish 415 (continued) CarCarCarCarCar CAWA CAWA CA CACar CA PCar CA XWA X XCar X H,N,P bCar X b CA bWA X bCar P bWA HWA X X 0.3–2 bWA b 0.5–8 CACar 0.3–35Car X 12–33 CACar b eb 0.5–7 CACar CA cr,rb 0.5–3 n.a. eb CACar cr,rb cr,rb CAWA X mb CACar n.a. n.a. CA cr,rb X b X b X b CA cr,rb 0.5–3 X CA cr,rb X b CA b b X mb mb b n.a. n.a. b 0.5–8 mb X b b X n.a. 3 X 3 b 0.4–2 mb n n.a. mb n mb n n.a. n.a. mb n.a. mb mb mb 11–91 2 mb n.a. mb mb mb wc wc wc Gymnothorax Gymnothorax funebris Gymnothorax miliaris Gymnothorax moringa Gymnothorax ocellatus Gymnothorax vicinus Muraena robusta macularius Uropterygius Family HETERENCHELYIDAE Pythonichthys sanguineus Family MURAENESOCIDAE Cynoponticus savanna Family NETASTOMATIDAE Hoplunnis macrura Family CONGRIDAE Ariosoma anale Ariosoma balearicum Family OPHICHTHIDAE Ahlia egmontis Caralophia loxochila Echiophis intertinctus platyrhynchus Myrophis punctatus Myrophis Myrichthys ocellatus Myrichthys breviceps Ophichthys gomesi Ophicththys ophis Family CLUPEIDAE clupeola Harengula humeralis Harengula jaguana Harengula 416 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a CarCarWACarCar,WP CACar CA H,N,PWA CA CAWAWA CACar X CACar PCar PCar X nCar CACar n n CAWA H nCar X n CAWA CACar X n 2 CACar CA nWA n.a. n.a. CA 1–18 G,P n.a. nWA CAWA P X CACar n.a. n P wc 18 n X wc wc CA n n wc 18 B wc n n.a. CA n n n.a. wc X n.a. n wc n n.a. n.a. X n n wc 6–55 wc n.a. 15 n wc b n.a. n.a. wc b n.a. b 6–27 wc wc n.a. wc 18–110 wc wc n.a. 180–192 wc wc sb wc sb sb World World distribution (continued)

Jenkinsia Jenkinsia majua Jenkinsia stolifera Opisthonema oglinum aurita Sardinella brasiliensis Sardinela Family PRISTIGASTERIDAE bleekerianus Chirocentrodon harroweri Pellona Odontognathus compressus Family ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa colonensis Anchoa cubana Anchoa filifera Anchoa lamprotenia Anchoa lyolepis Anchoa parva Anchoa spinifer Anchovia clupeoides Anchoviella elongata Anchoviella perfasciata Cetengraulis edentulis grossidens Lycengraulis Family SYNODONTIDAE Saurida brasiliensis Saurida caribbaea Saurida normani Species List 39.1 Jenkinsia lamprotaenia Species Marine Fish 417 (continued) WAWAWAWAWA CA CACar NWA CAWA CAWAWA CACar X Pn.a. X NWA P XWA X b X b CAWAWA b CA bWA bWA XWA 7–20 CAWA 0.5–8 b CAWA X X H,N 11–33 b b 0.5–8 PCar X 18–35 CACar b CA b bWA sb P sb Car n.a.WA X sb b n.a. CA sb X 15–18 sb CA b CA n.a. X X b n.a. 11–20 b P X b CA mb X n.a. n.a. mb b mb b b n.a. X mb mb n.a. n.a. b mb 15–18 X b b mb 2–6 11–75 b n.a. mb b sb 18–110 b sb sb 1.3 0.5–8 sb sb n.a. sb sb 0.3–8 n.a. rb rb rb rb rb Synodon intermedius Synodon poeyi Synodon synodus myops Trachinocephalus Family ARIIDAE Ariopsis assimilis Ariopsis bonillai Arius melanopus Arius proops bagre Bagre marinus Bagre melanopus Cathorops spixii Cathorops Selanaspis herzbergii Family BATRACHOIDIDAE Amphichthys cryptocentrus gilberti Batrachoides surinamensis Batrachoides plectrodon Porichthys porosissimus Porichthys Sanopus barbatus Thalassophryne maculosa Family GOBIESOCIDAE Acyrtops beryllina rubiginosus Arcos Gobiesox punctulatus Rimicola brevis fasciatus Tomicodon Synodus foetens 418 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a CarWAWAWA CACar CAWA CACar CAWACar CAWA CA X CAWA H,N,P X CAWA N bWAWA X b H bWA XCar X X n CA bWA X 0.5–2 CA bCar CA b bWA 35–55 6–18 CAWA b n.a.Car 33–44 H b rb X 110 CA rb 12–49 15 n.a. rb X X 15 b CA wc b sb b 180–192 b X sb sb 180–220 b X sb X 11–31 b mb sb n.a. X b n.a. b wc 1–8 0.5–2 b n sb n.a. sb 1–2 n.a. sb sb sb n.a. 0.4–1 sb rb sb c World World distribution (continued)

Antennarius ocellatus Antennarius striatus Histrio histrioi Family OGCOCEPHALIDAE Halieutichthys aculeatus Halieutichthys caribbaeus Ogcocephalus nasutus Ogcocephalus parvus Ogcocephalus pumilus Zalieutes mcgintyi Family BREGMACEROTIDAE atlanticus Bregmaceros Family OPHIDIIDAE barbata Brotula Lepophidium brevibarbe Ophidion holbrookii schmidti Parophidion sanguineus Petrotyx Family BYTHITIDAE Calamopteryx goslinei Dinematichthys minyomma Ogilbia cayorum Ogilbia sp. Family CARAPIDAE Carapus bermudensis Species List 39.1 Family ANTENNARIIDAE Antennarius multiocellatus Species Marine Fish 419 (continued) Car,EACarWACar CACar,EA CACar CACar CACar,EP,IO CACarCar CA CACar CAct X CAct ep CAWA CAWA ep epCarct CA epct ep CA 0 CA CACar ep ep CA n.a. n.a. epCar CA n.a.WA CA ep 0Car ep CACar X wc ep 0 0Car X P 0 wc Car wc X CA ep ep P 0 wc ep ep CA 0 X wc CA 0 ep X H,N wc wc ep 0 ep wc 0 0 n 0 wc X 0 X wc X wc n n 0 0 n n wc 0.5–7 wc n wc wc n wc n.a. n.a. wc n.a. n.a. wc wc 8 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc wc Hemiramphus Hemiramphus brasiliensis Hyporhamphus roberti Hyporhamphus unifasciatus Family EXOCOETIDAE Cypselurus cyanopterus Cypselurus furcatus Cypselurus melanurus Exocoetus obtusirostris Exocoetus volitans Hirundichthys affinis hillianus Parexocoetus Family BELONIDAE Ablennes hians Platybelone argalus marina Strongylura notata Strongylura timucu Strongylura acus Tylosurus crocodilus Tylosurus Family ATHERINIDAE Atherinomorus stipes Family ATHERINOPSIDAE Atherinella beani Atherinella blackburni Atherinella chagresi Atherinella milleri Melanorhinus microps Membras sp. Family Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Hemiramphus balao 420 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a WACarCarCar CACarCar CAWA CACar CACar CACar CA X CAWA CA X CACar X n.a. CA XCar P ebCar X eb CA ebCar 256n.a. X eb CA ebCar X CAWA 0.5–3 ebWA 2–35 eb X CA ebWA 2–8 CA ebWA X n.a. CA 180 n.a. P n.a. P n.a. cr,rb X P 0.5–8 rb, n 4–8 B 1–4 cr,rb X ep cr,rb ep X cr,rb 256 cr,rb X b cr,rb 3–35 X cr,rb b X b cr,rb n.a. 2–49 b n.a. b b 3–4 wc b n.a. 33–49 wc wc 33–49 0.4 0.4–0.5 sb,rb n.a. rb,rub sb,rb rb,rub sb,rb sb,rb sb,rb World World distribution (continued)

Family Family HOLOCENTRIDAE Holocentrus ascensionis Holocentrus rufus Myripristis jacobus Myripristis trachypoma Neoniphon marianus Ostichthys trachypoma Plectrypops retrospinis coruscus Sargocentron vexillarium Sargocentron Family ZENIONTIDAE Zenion hololepis Family AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus maculatus Family FISTULARIIDAE petimba Fistularia tabacaria Fistularia Family SYNGNATHIDAE Bryx dunckeri Cosmocampus elucens Hippocampus erectus Hippocampus reidi Oosthethus brachyurus Pseudophallus mindii Syngnathus caribbaeus Species List 39.1 Family POLYMIXIIDAE nobilis Polymixia Species Marine Fish 421 (continued) CarCarCarWA PWAWA PWAWA H,PWA CAWA CAWA CA XCar CACar CAWA NCar b CA X CAWA b CAWA b CAWA b b CAWA XWA n.a. b CA XCar X b CACar n.a. b H b n.a.WA X H,N 180–256WA X b n.a. N bWA X N,H n.a. sb,rb b CA bCar n.a. N b n.a. rub,cr sb,rb 6–49 CA sb,rb b CA 6–33 1–4 rub,cr b CA rub,cr 6–55 b 1–73 rub,cr X 1–8 b rub,cr rub,cr b 18 rub,cr b b rub,cr b 180 rub,cr n.a. rub,cr X b b rub,cr n.a. n.a. b rub,cr 12–40 12–35 b 7–18 rub,sb rub,sb 12–40 n.a. rub,sb rub,sb n.a. rub,sb rub,sb 2–35 rub,sb rub,sb b,rub,sb rub,sb rub,sb Syngnathus pelagicus Syngnathus scovelli Family SCORPAENIDAE Neomerinthe beanorum longispinus Pontinus Scorpaena albifimbria Scorpaena bergii Scorpaena brachyptera Scorpaena brasiliensis Scorpaena calcarata Scorpaena grandicornis Scorpaena isthmensis Scorpaena plumieri Scorpenodes caribbaeus Scorpenodes tredecimspinosus Family TRIGLIDAE Bellator brachychir Bellator militaris Bellator ribeiroi Prionotus beani Prionotus ? evolans Prionotus ophryas Prionotus punctatus Prionotus roseus Prionotus scitulus Prionotus stearnsi Family DACTYLOPTERIDAE Dactylopterus volitans Syngnathus floridae 422 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a CarCarCarCar CACar CACar CACar CACarCar,EA CACar CACar X CACar X CA CACar XCar X CA nCar P nWA X P nWA X CA nWA X CAWA X X CA ebWA 0.3–6 H ebCar X n.a. P ebWA 0.2–28 CA eb ebn.a. 0.3–2 CACar X CA ebWA 2 CACar m,cl 0.5–8 X CA eb 0.5–8 m,cl m,cl n.a. eb n.a. eb n.a. CA m,cl eb CA n 2–35 CA cr,rb eb cr,rb n.a. cr,rb eb X n.a. eb n.a. rb,rub X mb,rub n n.a. X n 11–180 rb,rub X eb eb 35–55 X eb n.a. rb,rub n.a. eb rb,rub rb,rub eb n.a. wc rb,rub eb n.a. 12–40 11–18 rb,rub 11–75 2–12 rb,rub rb,rub 11–15 wc 7–10 rb,rub wc rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub rb,rub World World distribution (continued)

Centropomus paralellus Centropomus pectinatus Centropomus undecimalis Centropomus Family SERRANIDAE Alphestes afer Cephalopholis cruentata Cephalopholis fulva Diplectrum bivitattum Epinephelus adscencionis Epinephelus guttatus Epinephelus itajara Epinephelus morio Epinephelus niveatus Epinephelus striatus Hemanthias vivanus Hypoplectrus puella acutirostris Mycteroperca bonaci Mycteroperca furcifer Paranthias martinicensis Pronotogrammus Serranus annularis Serranus atrobranchus Serranus baldwini Serranus flaviventris Serranus phoebe Serranus tigrinus Species List 39.1 Family CENTROPOMIDAE ensiferus Centropomus Species Marine Fish 423 (continued) CarCarEA,WAWA NCar,EAWA CA CAWA CA Pct CACar,EA XWA CA XEA,WA CAWA X CA eb XWA CA ebWA eb X CAWA eb X eb CACar CA eb 12–35WA X CA 0.5–8 12–40 CA ebcp X 0.5–8 n 7–20 Nct CA rb,rub 0.5–8 n Xcp X n eb rb,rub rb,rub cp n.a. X CA X rub,mb eb rb,rub 31–49 CA eb rb,rub n.a. eb X CA eb 11–75 n.a. CA rb,rub X 0.5–8 wc b? n 8 X 2–12 wc cr,rb 0.5–8 wc cr,rb n 2–8 n.a. cr,rb cr,rb ep cr,rb ep 7–240 4–7 sb wc n.a. n.a. wc wc wc wc Family Family GRAMMISTIDAE Pseudogramma gregoryi Rypticus bistripinus Rypticus randalli Rypticus saponaceus Rypticus subbifrenatus Family GRAMMATIDAE Gramma loreto Family PRIACANTHIDAE cruentatus Heteropriacanthus Priacanthus arenatus Pristigenys alta Family APOGONIDAE Apogon affinis Apogon maculates Apogon townsendi Astrapogon stellatus Phaeptyx pigmentaria Family MALACANTHIDAE Caulolatilus cyanops Malacanthus plumieri Family RACHYCENTRIDAE canadum Rachycentron Family ECHENEIDAE Echeneis naucrates Family CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphaena hippurus Coryphaena equiselis Family CARANGIDAE Serranus Serranus tortugarum 424 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a ctCarCarWActCar,EA CA CACar CACar CACar CACar CAct CACar CA Xct X CAWA X CAWACar X CA n CA X nct nCar X CA GCar X n n Hct n CAct nCar 6–64 CA 2 CA nCar 15 CACar nCar 2 1–6 CA nWA 0.2–30 CA CA X n n 2–6 wc CACar 9–31 CA n X wc CA n wc n.a. X CA n 35–49 wc wc n wc n.a. CA n n 2–18 wc n wc 15 n.a. n wc wc 15 n n.a. n n 11–31 n.a. wc wc X n 1–6 n wc n wc n.a. n.a. eb wc n.a. wc wc n.a. wc n.a. wc 2 n.a. wc 1–2 wc wc wc wc wc wc m,sg World World distribution (continued)

Species List 39.1 Alectis ciliaris Caranx bartholomaei Caranx crysos Caranx fusus Caranx hippos Caranx latus Caranx rubber chrysurus Chloroscombrus Decapterus macarellus Decapterus punctatus Elagatis bipinnulatus Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus Naucrates doctor Oligoplites palometa Oligoplites saliens Oligoplites saurus Selar crumenophthalmus Selene setapinnis Selene vomer Seriola dumerili Seriola rivoliana Seriola zonata carolinus Trachinotus falcatus Trachinotus goodie Trachinotus lathami Trachiurus Family LUTJANIDAE Lutjanus analis Species Marine Fish 425 (continued) mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb mb rb mb n.a. n.a. 2 2–31 n.a. 0.2–18 1–7 0–3 2–4 2–8 1–18 n.a. eb eb XXXX eb X eb eb eb eb X eb XXX eb eb CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CarCarCarCar,EACar CACar CACar CA CACarCar CACar,EA CACar CAWA X CACar X CA CACar X X CA ebcp X P,B eb X eb G,P ebWA CA X eb X eb CA 0.3–3 n.a. X eb CA eb n.a. n.a. eb eb n.a. eb 0.5–7 sg,sb n.a. 0.3–76 2–49 rb eb 1–35 m,sb X m,rb eb n.a. 18 rb sb,sg eb n.a. eb eb n.a. n.a. sb wc n.a. sb n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. sb wc Car Car Car WA Car WA Car Car Car Car Car Lutjanus apodus Lutjanus bucanella Lutjanus cyanopterus Lutjanus griseus Lutjanus jocu Lutjanus mahogany Lutjanus purpureus Lutjanus synagris Lutjanus vivanus Ocyurus chrysurus Pristipomoides aquilonaris Pristipomoides freemani Pristipomoides macrophthalmus Rhomboplites aurorubens Family LOBOTIDAE Lobotes surinamensis Family GERREIDAE Diapterus auratus Diapterus rhombeus Eucinostomus argenteus Eucinostomus gula Eucinostomus harengulus Eucinostomus melanopterus brasilianus Eugerres Eugerres plumieri Eugerres cinereus Gerres Family Family HAEMULIDAE surinamensis Anisostremus virginicus Anisostremus Conodon nobilis 426 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a CarCarCarCarCar CACar CACar CACar CACar CACar CACar CACar CACar X CACar X CACar X CAWA eb CA eb X CA VWA X CA ebWA CACar X eb H ebCar X n.a. ebCar 2–49 X CAWA X 2–6 eb CA eb 0.5–4 CA ebCar X CA n.a. ebCar 1–8 X CA ebWA 0.5–8 CA rb rb eb n.a. eb 0.5–8 rb rb CA eb 2–12 CA 2 N rb eb 2–18 rb rb X eb n.a. 7–18 eb rb rb 0.4–2 eb rb X eb eb n.a. X rb rb eb n.a. X n.a. mb rb eb sb n.a. eb 6–27 18–49 eb mb n.a. sb 7–37 sb 2–18 sb sb sb 11–31 sb mb mb mb World World distribution (continued)

Haemulon aurolineatum Haemulon bonariense Haemulon carbonarium Haemulon chrysargyreum Haemulon flavolineatum Haemulon macrostomum Haemulon melanurum Haemulon parrai Haemulon plumieri Haemulon sciurus Haemulon steindachneri Haemulon striatum Haemulopsis corvinaeformis croco Pomadasys Orthopristis rubber Family SPARIDAE probatocephalus Archosargus rhomboidalis Archosargus Calamus bajonado Calamus penna Calamus pennatula pagrus Pagrus Family SCIAENIDAE ronchus Bairdiella Corvula sanctaeluciae Ctenosciaena gracilicirrhus Species List 39.1 Haemulon album Species Marine Fish Cynoscion acoupa WA P eb n.a. mb Cynoscion jamaicensis Car CA X eb 7–18 mb Cynoscion leiarchus WA P eb n.a. mb Cynoscion virescens WA N X eb 15 mb Equetus lanceolatus WA CA eb n.a. mb Equetus punctatus Car CA eb 8–10 mb Isopisthus parvipinnis WA CA X eb n.a. mb Larimus breviceps Car CA X eb 7–18 mb Menticirrhus americanus Car CA X eb 7–18 mb Menticirrhus littoralis WA CA eb n.a. mb Micropogonias furnieri Car CA eb 2–18 mb Odontoscion dentex Car CA X eb 2–8 mb Ophioscion punctatissimus WA CA X eb n.a. mb Paralonchurus brasiliensis WA P X eb 15–18 mb Paraloncherus trewavasae WA P n.a. n.a. n.a. Pareques acuminatus Car CA X eb 1–8 mb Pareques iwamotoi WA CA eb n.a. mb Pareques umbrosus WA CA eb n.a. mb Protsciaena bathytatos WA P eb n.a. mb Stellifer colonensis Car P eb n.a. mb Stellifer stellifer WA P eb n.a. mb Stellifer venezuelae WA H eb n.a. mb Umbrina broussonnetii Car CA X eb 9–20 mb Umbrina coroides Car P eb n.a. mb Family MULLIDAE Mulloidichthys martinicus Car CA X eb 2–4 cr Mullus auratus Car CA eb n.a. sb Pseudupeneus maculatus Car CA eb n.a. sb,mb Upeneus parvus Car CA X eb 11–18 sb

(continued) 427 428 Species List f wc cr,rb cr,rb Habitat/ Community cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb wc wc cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb e 6–18 2–8 0.5–35 Depth (m) 0.5–35 n.a. n.a. 2–8 8 2–35 2–4 0.3–7 0.3–8 12 2–8 0.5–8 1–8 0.5–8 0.5–8 2–7 8–10 d eb Oceanic distribution eb eb n c XXX eb eb eb UCR X eb XXXX eb eb X eb X eb it,st it,st XXXX n X it,st X it,st it,st it,st it,st b CA CA CA CA Central America CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA CA a Car Car WA WA EA,WACar,WA CA WACarCar CA CA CA X X X n n.a. n 0.5–2 2 1–2 wc wc wc World World distribution Car Car Car Car Car,EACar Car CA Car Car EA,WACar EA,WACar CA WA CA (continued)

Family Family CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon capistratus Chaetodon ocellatus Chaetodon sedentarius Chaetodon striatus aculeatus Prognathodes Family Family KYPHOSIDAE incisor Kyphosus sectatrix Kyphosus Family EPHIPPIDAE Chaetodipterus faber Species List 39.1 Family PEMPHERIDAE schomburgki Pempherus Species Family Family POMACANTHIDAE argi Centropyge Holacanthus ciliaris Holocathus tricolor arcuatus Pomacanthus paru Pomacanthus Family POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf saxatilis Abudefduf taurus cyanea Chromis Chromis multilineata Chromis chrysurus Microspathodon adustus Stegastes leucostictus Stegastes planifrons Stegastes variabilis Stegastes Marine Fish Family CIRRHITIDAE Amblycirrhitus pinos Car CA X b 3–8 rb,rub Family MUGILIDAE Agonostomus monticola WA CA X n n.a. rb Joturus pichardi WA CA X n n.a. rb Mugil cephalus ct CA X st 0.2 cl,m,sb Mugil curema Car,EP CA X st n.a. cl,m,sb Mugil incilis WA CA X st 2 cl,m,sb Mugil lisa Car CA X st n.a. cl,m,sb Mugil trichodon Car CA st n.a. cl,m,sb Family SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena barracuda Car,EA CA X n 2 wc Sphyraena guachancho Car,EA CA X n 4–15 wc Sphyraena borealis Car CA X n 18–22 wc Family POLYNEMIDAE Polydactylus octonemus WA CA b n.a. sb Polydactylus virginicus Car CA X b 1–18 sb Family LABRIDAE Bodianus pulchellus Car CA st n.a. cr,rb Bodianus rufus Car CA X st 0.5–8 rb Decodon puellaris WA CA st n.a. rb Doratonotus megalepis Car CA X st 2–4 cr Halichoeres bivittatus WA CA X st 0.5–2 cr,rb Halichoeres caudalis WA CA n.a. cr,rb Halichoeres garnoti WA CA st 7–10 cr,rb Halichoeres maculipinna WA CA X st 0.3–8 cr,rb Halichoeres poeyi Car CA X st 0.5–8 cr,rb Halichoeres radiatus Car CA X st 0.5–3 cr,rb Hemipteronotus novacula Car,EA,Med CA st n.a. sb

(continued) 429 430 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a WACarEA,WAWAWA CAWA CA CACar CACar CACar CACarCar X CA XCar,EA X CACar CACar st CACar st CA CA stCarCar,EA CACar,EA X st CACar X st CA 4 X st CA CACar 0.3–8 n.a. CA stCar X X stCar CA n.a. stn.a. X n.a. X st st CA n.a. stWA X cr,rb CA X sb X rb CA st X 6–31 st 2 sb st X CA st sb st n.a. 3 2–3 st sb n.a. st rb X 1–8 cl,sb,sg 8–44 1–31 rb 0.5–8 b rb 0.5–4 rb,sg b b rb 0.5–8 rb rb b rb n.a. rb rb 180 rb,sg 6–7 n.a. rb,sg 18 1–7 n.a. sb sb sb n.a. World World distribution (continued)

Species List 39.1 splendens Hemipteronotus Lachnolaimus maximus Thalassoma bifasciatum Xyrichtys martinicensis Xyrichtys novacula Xyrichtys splendens Family SCARIDAE Cryptotomus roseus Nicholsina usta Scarus coelestinus Scarus coeruleus Scarus iseri Scarus guacamaia Scarus taeniopterus Scarus vetula Sparisoma aurofrenatum Sparisoma chrysopterum Sparisoma radians Sparisoma rubripinne Sparisoma viride Family OPISTOGNATHIDAE Lonchistium lemur Lonchopisthus higmani Opistognathus macrognathus Opistognathus maxillosus Family PERCOPHIDAE anatirostris Bembrops Species Marine Fish Family DACTYLOSCOPIDAE Dactyloscopus crossotus WA CA b 12 sb Dactyloscopus peratikos Car P b n.a. sb Dactyloscopus tridigitatus WA CA X b 0.5–4 sb Gillelus greyae WA CA,B n.a. sb Gillelus rubrocinctus WA CA X b 0.5–7 sb Gillelus uranidea Car B,P n.a. sb Family URANOSCOPIDAE Astroscopus y-graecum WA H b n.a. sb Kathetostoma cubana WA H b 180 sb Family BLENNIIDAE Entomacrodus nigricans WA CA X b 0.5–8 rb Hypleurochilus bermudensis Car CA b n.a. rb Hypleurochilus springeri WA CA b 2 rb Hypsoblennius invemar WA P X b 8 rb Lupinoblennius nicholsi WA CA X b 0.5–3 rb Lupinoblennius vinctus WA CA b n.a. rb Ophioblennius atlanticus Car CA X b 0.5–4 rb Scartella cristata WA CA X b 0.5–8 rb Family TRIPTERYGIIDAE Enneanectes altivelis Car CA X b 7–8 rb Enneanectes atrorus Car CA X b 2–8 rb Enneanectes boehlkei Car CA X b 0.5–8 rb Enneanectes pectoralis Car CA X b 0.5–8 rb Family LABRISOMIDAE Labrisomus bucciferus WA CA X b 1–4 rb Labrisomus gobio Car CA b 2–8 rb Labrisomus guppyi WA CA b n.a. rb Labrisomus haitiensis Car B b n.a. rb Labrisomus kalisherae WA CA X b 0.5–3 rb 431 (continued) 432 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a WAEA,WAWAWACar CA CAWAWA CACar CACar HCar CAWA P XWA CACar CACar HCar X b CA b CACar X PWA b b CAWA X HCar X bCar b 0.5–4 CACar n.a. CA bCar b X P bWA n.a. n.a. CACar X CACar b b 1–8 rb n.a. b CACar CA rb X 0.5–8 P n.a. b X b 1–30 CA n.a. rb X H b n.a. H b n.a. 1–4 rb rb b rb X b 0.5–7 rb n.a. rb b X b n.a. b 8 rb b rb 7–8 rb b rb 0.5–8 b rb n.a. b n.a. rb b n.a. 2–8 rb rb 1–4 rb n.a. rb n.a. sb n.a. sb rb n.a. n.a. sb sb World World distribution (continued)

Labrisomus nuchipinnis Malacoctenus aurolineatus Melacoctenus delalandi Melacoctenus gilli Melacoctenus triangulatus Malacoctenus sp. cingulatus Paraclinus fasciatus Paraclinus grandicornis Paraclinus marmoratus Paraclinus nigripinnis Paraclinus Starksia occidentalis Starksia sluiteri Starksia starcki Family CHAENOPSIDAE Acanthemblemaria aspera Acanthe betinensis Acanthe rivasi Acanthe spinosa Chaenopsis limbaughi Chaenopsis ocellata Coralliozetus cardonae Ekemblemaria nigra Emblemaria pandionis Emblemaria hyltoni Hemiemblemaria simulus Species List 39.1 Labrisomus nigricinctus Species Marine Fish Stathmonotus gymnodermis Car CA X b 2 rb Stathmonotus stahli Car H b n.a. rb Family ELEOTRIDAE Dormitator maculatus WA CA X b n.a. mb Eleotris amblyoposis WA CA X b n.a. mb,rb Eleotris pisonis WA CA X b n.a. mb,rb Erotelis smaragdus WA CA b n.a. mb Gobiomorus dormitor WA CA X b n.a. rb,sb Guavina guavina WA P X b n.a. sb Family GOBIIDAE Barbulifer ceuthoecus WA CA X b 1 n.a. Bathygobius mystacium Car CA b n.a. sb,mb Bathygobius soporator Car,EA CA X b 0.5–6 rb Bollmannia boqueronensis WA CA b n.a. mb Coryphopterus dicrus Car CA X b 0.5–8 sb Corythopterus glaucofraenum WA CA X b n.a. sb Corythopterus lipernes Car CA b n.a. sb Ctenogobius boleosoma WA CA X b 1–2 sb Ctenogonius fasciatus Car CA X b 0.3–2 sb Ctenogonius saepepallens WA CA X b 2–8 sb Elacatinus illecebrosum WA P X b 4 mb Elacatinus multifasciatum WA CA X b 1–3 mb Evorthodus lyricus WA CA X b 0.3–2 sb Ginsburgellus novemlineatus Car CA b n.a. n.a. Gnatholepis thompsoni Car CA X b 0.5–8 rb Gobioides broussonetti WA CA b n.a. sb Gobionellus hildebrandi Car P b n.a. mb Gobionellus oceanicus WA CA b 7–18 sb Gobionellus spilotum WA P X n.a. 8 mb Gobiosoma spes WA CA b n.a. mb 433 (continued) 434 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a WAWACarCarCar CAWA CAWA CAWA CAWA CAWA NWA P PWA CACar X HCar X H bCar b CA bCar CA bCar P X bCar CA b n.a. CAcp n.a. b n.a. b CAcp b 8Car,EA,Med CA bcp n.a. b CAWA n.a. sb CA X b n.a. mb CA X 0.5–8 b rb n.a. X b CA rb n.a. CA st sb X n.a. st sb st n.a. mb rb n.a. n.a. n n.a. 0.5–8 n.a. ep X 0.3–8 n.a. ep 0.5–7 ep mb,sb mb 11–46 ep ep cr,rb mb n.a. cr,rb n.a. cr,rb n.a. wc 4–40 n.a. wc wc wc wc wc World World distribution (continued)

Lophogobius Lophogobius cyprinoides mowbrayi Lythrypnus nesiotes Lythrypnus phorellus Lythrypnus signatus Microgobius Nes longus paradoxus Palatogobius Priolepis hipoliti Psilotris batrachoides Psilotris kaufmani Family MICRODESMIDAE floridana Cerdale carri Microdesmus luscus Microdesmus Family ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus bahianus Acanthurus chirurgus Acanthurus coerulus Family TRICHIURIDAE lepturus Trichiurus Family SCOMBRIDAE Acanthocybium solandri Auxis rochei Euthynnus alletteratus Katsuwonus pelamis brasiliensis Scomberomorus Species List 39.1 Gobulus myersi Species Marine Fish Thunnus albacares ct CA ep n.a. wc Thunnus atlanticus Car CA ep n.a. wc Thunnus obesus ct CA ep n.a. wc Family ISTIOPHORIDAE Istioiphorus albicans WA CA ep n.a. wc Tetrapturus albidus WA CA ep n.a. wc Family GEMPYLIDAE Ruvettus pretiosus ct CA X ep 240 wc Family STROMATEIDAE Peprilus paru Car CA X n 18 wc Family BOTHIDAE Bothus lunatus Car CA b n.a. sb Bothus maculiferus Car CA b n.a. sb Bothus ocellatus WA CA X b 1–35 sb Bothus robinsi WA CA b n.a. sb Engyophrys senta WA CA X b 18 mb Trichopsetta caribbea WA CA X b n.a. mb Family PARALICHTHYIDAE Ancylopsetta cycloidea WA N b n.a. sb Citharichthys arctifrons WA H b n.a. mb Citharichthys gymnorhinus WA CA b n.a. sb Citharichthys cornutus WA CA b n.a. sb Citharichthys macrops WA CA b n.a. sb Citharichthys spilopterus WA CA X b 0.2–20 mb Citharichthys uhleri Car CA X b 1–2 mb Cyclopsetta chittendeni WA CA X b 9–60 mb Cyclopsetta fimbriata WA CA b 35 mb Etropus crossotus EP,WA CA b n.a. sb Paralichthys albigutta WA P b n.a. mb Syacium gunteri WA CA X b 15–20 mb 435 (continued) 436 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a EA,WAWAn.a. CAWAWA CACarWAWA CA CA XCar CACar CACarCar bWA CACar X X CAWA X b CACar X CA CA bCar,EA n.a. 2–15 b CACar,EA X CA bCt CAWA 2–31 b CACar,EA,EP CA b n.a.WA 1–20 mb CA 6 b CA b 1 CA X b mb n.a. b CA b 0.4–18 n.a. mb X b b n.a. n.a. mb b n.a. n mb n mb n.a. mb n.a. n n.a. 9–20 n mb n n.a. mb 2–31 mb 0.5–49 n mb mb n.a. mb mb n.a. n.a. mb cr,rb cr,rb n.a. cr,rb wc wc wc World World distribution (continued)

Syacium papillosum Family ACHIRIDAE Achirus declivifrons Achirus lineatus Gymnachirus nudus inscriptus Trinectes maculates Trinectes paulistamus Trinectes Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Symphurus arawak Symphurus caribbeanus Symphurus diomedianus Symphurus marginatus Symphurus parvus Symphurus pelicanus Symphurus plagusia Symphurus tessellatus Family BALISTIDAE Balistes capriscus Balistes vetula Canthidermis maculata Canthidermis sufflamen Melichthys niger Xanthichthys ringens Species List 39.1 Syacium micrurum Species Marine Fish Family MONACANTHIDAE Alutera heudolotii EA,WA CA n n.a. wc Alutera monoceros WA CA n n.a. wc Alutera schoepfii Car CA n n.a. f,wc Alutera scriptus WA CA n n.a. wc Cantherhines pullus Car,EA CA n 2–35 rb Monacanthus ciliatus Car,EA CA n 6–35 wc Stephanolepis hispidus WA CA n n.a. wc Stephanolepis setifer Car CA X n n.a. wc Family OSTRACIONTIDAE Acanthostracion polygonius WA CA n n.a. cr,rb Acanthostracion quadricornis Car,EA CA X eb 6–35 cr,rb Lactophrys trigonus Car CA X eb 2–3 rb Lactophrys triqueter Car CA X eb 0.5–2 rb Rhinesomus bicaudalis Car CA eb 35 rb Family TETRAODONTIDAE Canthigaster rostrate Car,EA CA X eb 0.5–44 cr,rb Lagocephalus laevigatus Car,EA CA X eb 6 n.a. Lagocephalus lagocephalus ct CA eb n.a. n.a. Sphoeroides dorsalis WA CA X eb 12–31 mb Sphoeroides greeleyi Car CA eb 12 mb Sphoeroides nephelus Car CA eb 6 mb Sphoeroides pachygaster ct CA eb n.a. n.a. Sphoeroides spengleri Car CA X eb 2–35 mb Sphoeroides testudineus Car CA X eb 2 mb Sphoeroides yergeri WA H eb n.a. n.a. Family DIODONTIDAE Chilomycterus antennatus Car CA eb 12 rb Chilomycterus antillarum WA CA X eb 7–35 rb Diodon hystrix Car CA eb n.a. rb 437 Diodon holocanthus ct CA eb n.a. rb (continued) 438 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c UCR b Central America a ctct CA CA ep ep n.a. n.a. wc wc World World distribution (continued)

CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama b= benthic; eb epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; st = subtidal Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; WA = western Atlantic; UCR: X = specimens deposited at of University Costa Rica (Museo de Zoología) Uppermost and lowermost occurrences in Costa Rican samples (trawl, seine, ichthyocide, etc.). c = commensal; cl = coastal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; mb m = = muddy mangroves; bottom; rb = bottom; rocky rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; sg = seagrass; wc = water column Ranzania laevis n.a.= information not available Species List 39.1 Family MOLIDAE Mola mola a b c d e f WP = western Pacific Species Marine Fish Species List 39.2 Fishes reported and expected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica

World Costa Rica Oceanic Habitat/ Species distributiona Central Americab UCR Pacificc distributiond Depth (m)e Communityf CARTILAGINOUS FISHES Family HETERODONTIDAE Heterodontus mexicanus EP CA X PM b 46–72 rb,sb Family LAMNIDAE Carcharodon carcharias ct CA IC mp n.a. wc Family ALOPIIDAE Alopias superciliosus n.a. CA X PM n 180 wc Alopias vulpinus n.a. CA X PM,IC n 51 wc Alopias pelagicus n.a. CA PM n n.a. wc Family GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Ginglymostoma cirratum EP,EA,WA CA X PM b 35–55 sb Family RHINCODONTIDAE Rhincodon typus ct CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc Family TRIAKIDAE Mustelus dorsalis n.a. CA X PM n.a. n.a. wc Mustelus lunulatus n.a. CA X PM n.a. 10–194 wc Family CARCHARHINIDAE Carcharhinus albimarginatus IP,EP CA X PM,IC ep n.a. wc Carcharhinus altimus ct CA PM ep n.a. wc Carcharhinus falciformis ct CA X IC ep n.a. wc Carcharhinus galapagensis ct CA IC ep n.a. wc Carcharhinus leucas EP,WA CA X PM ep n.a. wc Carcharhinus limbatus ct CA X PM,IC ep 3–27 wc Carcharhinus porosus EP,WA CA X PM ep 10–56 wc Carcharhinus signatus n.a. H,N,P PM ep n.a. wc Galeocerdo cuvier ct CA X PM,IC ep n.a. wc 439 (continued) 440 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPctctIP,EP CAEP CAct P CAEP,WActEP,WA CA CAct X CA CAn.a. X CA X PMn.a. CA X PM PM,ICn.a. PM,IC CA X ep Xct ep CA PM b ep PM PM,ICEP CA PMEP ep XEP ep PM,IC n.a. CA epEP 3–36 X ep n.a. PM 13 CA epEP PM CA wc XEP wc PM 15–48 CA 36 ep wc n.a. sb X n.a. PM P 6–27 wc X n.a. CA ep X wc PM wc b n.a. X n.a. X PM 770–880 wc PM b n.a. 275–329 PM PM,IC b n.a. b eb 80 b PM b PM n.a. b n.a. b b 9–64 mb,sb n.a. 5–82 mb mb mb mb n.a. 15–90 mb mb World World distribution (continued)

Negaprion brevirostris Negaprion Rhizoprionodon longurio obesus Triaenodon Family SPHYRNIDAE Sphyrna corona Sphyrna lewinii Sphyrna media Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna tiburo Sphyrna zygaena Family DALATIIDAE nigrum Centroscylllum Family ECHINORHINIDAE Echinorhinus cookei Family SQUATINIDAE Squatina californica Family PRISTIDAE Pristis pristis Family RHINOBATIDAE Rhinobatos glaucostigma Rhinobatos leucorhyncus Rhinobatos planiceps Zapteryx xyster Family RAJIDAE Raja badia Raja cortezensis Nasolamia velox Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Raja equatorialis EP CA X PM b 20–91 mb Raja velezi EP CA X PM b 15–91 mb Raja sp. EP CA X PM b 36–91 mb Family DASYATIDAE Dasyatis dipterura EP CA PM b 0–20 mb Dasyatis longa EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Himantura pacifica EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Taeniura meyeni IP,EP X IC eb 10–20 sb Family GYMNURIDAE Gymnura afuerae EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Gymnura marmorata EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Family UROLOPHIDAE Urobatis concentricus EP CA X PM b 11–53 mb Urobatis halleri EP CA X PM b 0.6–11 mb Urotrygon aspidura EP CA X PM b 10–20 mb Urotrygon chilensis EP CA X PM b 5–130 mb Urotrygon cimar EP P X PM b 10 mb Urotrygon munda EP CA X PM b 9 mb Urotrygon nana EP CA X PM b 5–156 mb Urotrygon reticulata EP P PM b n.a. mb Urotrygon rogersi EP CA X PM b 10–17 mb Urotrygon simulatrix EP P PM b n.a. mb Family MYLIOBATIDAE Aetobatus narinari ct CA X PM,IC ep 7–40 wc Pteromylaeus asperrimus EP P PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Rhinoptera steindachneri EP CA X IC ep 36 wc Family MOBULIDAE Manta birostris ct CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc Mobula japonica ct CA PM ep n.a. wc Mobula munkiana n.a. CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc 441 (continued) 442 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a ctIP,EA,EPEP CAEP CAEPEP CA CA CAEP CAEP PM,ICEP,Car X X PM CAEP X ep CA PM CAEP X PM epEP PM CA bEP X PM n.a. bEP CA b XEP X CAEP n.a. PM bIP,EP wc CAIP,EP PM X PM CA 12–106 CA 18–60 n wc X CA CA 13–40 mb PM n P n mb 80–274 X PM mb X b PM mb X 3–16 X X PM,IC n 23 PM,IC 1–42 X n PM,IC b wc PM,IC PM,IC b 4–36 b wc PM,IC wc b b 55–108 b sb n.a. 1–18 n.a. 0.2–15 n.a. 0.5–18 0.3–9 cr,rb n.a. cr,rb 0–15 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb World World distribution (continued)

Mobula Mobula tarapacana Family NARCINIDAE Diplobatis ommata entemedor Narcine vermiculatus Narcine Family TORPEDINIDAE peruana Torpedo BONY FISHES Family ELOPIDAE Elops affinis Family ALBULIDAE Albula esuncla Albula nemoptera Family MORINGUIDAE Neoconger vermiformis Family CHLOPSIDAE Chlopsis apterus Chlopsis kazuko Family MURAENIDAE galapagensis Anarchias Echidna nebulosa Echidna nocturna octaviana Enchelycore Gymnomuraena zebra Gymnothorax buroensis Mobula Mobula thurstoni Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Gymnothorax castaneus EP CA X PM,IC b 1–30 cr,rb Gymnothorax dovii EP P X PM,IC b 0.2–11 cr,rb Gymnothorax equatorialis EP CA X PM b 21–130 mb Gymnothorax flavimarginatus IP,EP P X PM,IC b 0.3–12 cr,rb Gymnothorax javanicus n.a. n.a. n.a. IC n.a. n.a. n.a. Gymnothorax meleagris n.a. n.a. n.a. IC n.a. n.a. n.a. Gymnothorax panamensis EP CA X PM,IC b 0.2–12 cr,rb Gymnothorax phalarus EP CA X PM b 54–295 mb Gymnothorax undulatus IP,EP P X PM b 3–12 cr,rb Gymnothorax verrilli EP CA X PM b 12–35 cr,rb Muraena argus EP CA X PM,IC b 53–94 sb Muraena clepsydra EP CA X PM,IC b 0.2–57 cr,rb Muraena lentiginosa EP CA X PM,IC b 0.2–12 cr,rb Scuticaria tigrina EP CA X PM,IC b 9–15 cr,rb Sideria picta IP,EP CA PM,IC b n.a. cr,rb Uropterygius macrocephalus IO,EP CA X PM,IC b 0.3–6 cr,rb Uropterygius versutus EP CA X PM,IC b 0.3–30 cr,rb Family HETERENCHELIDAE Pythonichthys asodes EP ES,N,P X PM b 13–36 mb Family MURAENESOCIDAE Cynoponticus coniceps EP CA X PM eb 3–30 mb Family NETTASTOMATIDAE Facciolella equatorialis EP X PM n.a. 500 n.a. Hoplunnis pacifica EP CA X PM b 47–275 mb Family CONGRIDAE Ariosoma gilberti EP CA X PM,IC b 18–73 mb Bathycongrus macrurus EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Bathycongrus varidens EP CA PM b n.a. mb Chiloconger obtusus EP CA X PM b 55–200 mb Congrosoma evermanni EP P PM b n.a. mb 443 (continued) 444 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP CAEP CAEP CAEPEP PEP CA CAEP X CAEP X CAEP CA PMEP X PM XEP X PM CAEP XEP X b P IC bEP PM PM,IC CA bEP PM CAEP PM CA bEP b b CA PMEP b PMEP n.a. X CA n.a. bEP CA n.a. PMEP b CAEP X b CA PM,IC n.a. mb n.a. X sb 130–275 CA PM PM sb n.a. CA n.a. b PM X X mb PM,IC CA 15–284 X mb PM CA sb b n.a. b b mb X n.a. mb b PM,IC PM,IC X PM,IC 15–145 b X b 5–6 mb b PM X PM b mb n.a. X PM,IC n.a. n.a. PM,IC n.a. n.a. sb b PM b b PM 2–98 b sb 110 n.a. sb sb 2–17 b sb b mb mb n.a. sb 8–15 0.3–83 mb 15–79 sb 0.1–55 mb mb mb 98 mb mb World World distribution (continued)

Gnathophis cinctus punctata Gorgasia pellegrini Heteroconger klausewitzi Heteroconger proriger Japanoconger californiensis Paraconger similes Paraconger Rhynchoconger nitens varidens Uroconger Xenomystax atrarius Family OPHICHTHIDAE Apterictus equatorialis Bascanichthys bascanoides Bascanichthys cylindricus Bascanichthys panamensis Callechelys cliffi Callechelys eristigma Echiophis brunneus combibus Gordichthys Herpetoichthys fossatus Ichthyapus selachops Leptenchelys vermiformis rosenblatti Letharchus Myrichthys tigrinus Myrichthys aspetocheiros vafer Myrophis Ophichthus frontalis Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Ophichthus longipenis EP CA X PM b 55–69 mb Ophichthus mecopterus EP CA X PM b 43–64 mb Ophichthus melope EP P X PM b 110–224 mb Ophichthus remiger EP N,P X PM b 0.6–295 mb Ophichthus rugifer EP X IC b n.a. mb Ophichthus tetratrema EP P X PM b 900 mb Ophichthus triserialis EP CA X PM b 80–280 mb Ophichthus zophochir EP CA X PM b 2–37 mb Paraletharchus pacificus EP CA X PM,IC b 14–21 mb Phaenomonas pinnata EP CA X PM b 8–12 mb Pisodonophis daspilotus EP P X PM b n.a. mb Pseudomyrophis micropinna EP CA X PM b 43–188 mb Quassiremus evionthas n.a. n.a. n.a. IC n.a. n.a. n.a. Quassiremus nothochir EP CA X PM b 6–14 mb Scytalichthys miurus EP X IC b n.a. mb Family CLUPEIDAE Etrumeus acuminatus IP,EP CA X PM n 67–106 wc Harengula thrissina EP CA X PM n 6–23 wc Lile stolifera EP CA X PM n 0.3–26 wc Opisthonema bulleri EP CA X PM n 15–37 wc Opisthonema libertate EP CA X PM n 0.5–16 wc Opisthonema medirastre EP CA X PM n 15–56 wc Family PRISTIGASTERIDAE Ilisha furthii EP ES,H,N,P X PM n 3–47 wc Neopisthopterus tropicus EP CA X PM n 0.2–50 wc Odontognathus panamensis EP CA X PM n 0.5–48 wc Opisthopterus dovii EP CA X PM n 0.5–220 wc Opisthopterus equatorialis EP CA X PM n 3–42 wc Opisthopterus macrops EP P X PM n 18 wc Pliosteostoma lutipinnis EP CA X PM n 0.5–37 wc 445 (continued) 446 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP PEP CAEP CAEP PEP CAEP CAEP CAEP X CAEP X CAEP P XEP X PM P PMEP X PM ES,H,N,PEP X CA PM X PM CA nEP n X PM P n X PM CA XEP PM n ES,H,N,P n X PM nEP X PM P nEP PM X 18 n 0.5–102EP PM X 0.3–18 nEP X PM n wc 0.5–49 PM n CA 18–80 wc PM n CA wc n.a. PM CA PM 0.3–34 n X wc wc CA n.a. n 18–44 n wc X wc 0.3–34 n n PM X 0.7–18 X wc 7.3–55 wc X wc IC 0.3–17 wc X PM n 0.2–37 wc PM,IC 1–50 wc PM 13–55 n.a. wc n PM b b wc wc b 71–195 wc b wc 95–180 23–284 0.6–73 wc 1–91 mb sb 25–40 mb mb World World distribution (continued)

Anchoa Anchoa chamensis Anchoa curta Anchoa eigenmannia Anchoa exigua Anchoa ishana Anchoa lucida Anchoa mundeola Anchoa nasus Anchoa panamensis Anchoa spinifer Anchoa starksi Anchoa walkeri Anchovia macrolepidota Anchoviella balboae Cetengraulis mysticetus poeyi Lycengraulis Family ARGENTINIDAE aliceae Argentina Family AULOPIDAE Aulopus bajacali Family SYNODONTIDAE Synodus evermanni Synodus lacertinus Synodus scituliceps Synodus sechurae Family Family ENGRAULIDAE Anchoa argentivittata Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Family CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE Chlorophthalmus mento EP P X PM,IC mp 128–360 wc Family ATELEOPODIDAE Guentherus altivela EA,EP P X PM n 200–700 eb Family CHANIDAE Chanos chanos IP,EP CA X PM,IC n 0.4–1 wc Family ARIIDAE Ariopsis guatemalensis EP CA X PM b 1.5–11 mb Ariopsis dasycephalus EP P X PM b 17–40 mb Ariopsis seemanni EP CA X PM b 0.5–15 mb Arius cookei EP CA X PM b 7–47 mb Arius kessleri EP CA X PM b 10–47 mb Arius lentiginosus EP P PM b n.a. mb Arius osculus EP P X PM b 7–32 mb Arius planiceps EP CA X PM b 9–91 mb Arius platypogon EP CA X PM b 0.3–91 mb Arius sp. A EP P X PM b 0.1–18 mb Bagre panamensis EP CA X PM b 9–30 mb Bagre pinnimaculatus EP CA X PM b 1–56 mb Cathorops fuerthii EP CA X PM b 1–22 mb Cathorops hypophthalmus EP P X PM b n.a. mb Cathorops multiradiatus EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Cathorops steindachneri EP CA X PM b 0.1–18 mb Cathorops taylori EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Cathorops tuyra EP P X PM b 10–18 mb Sciadeichthys dowii EP P X PM b 0.5–9 mb Sciadeops troschelii EP CA X PM b 3–28 mb Family BATRACHOIDIDAE Batrachoides boulengeri EP P X PM b 1–5 mb,sb Batrachoides pacifici EP P X PM b 9–50 mb,sb 447 (continued) 448 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP PEP CAEP P PEP PEP CAEP CAEP XEP P XEP PEP PM CA PM XEP X CAEP PM X N,PEP PM bEP b PM PM XEP PM b CA XEP XEP b b bEP PM X b PM,IC PM P 13 n.a.EP X CA PMEP X X PM n.a. b b CA b n.a. 0.3–8 IC mb,sb mb,sb 2–200 X b PM CA PM b 43–293 mb,sb X CA mb,sb mb mb,sb mb PM X b 3–21 0.2–5 IC b b PM 0.2–3 X PM PM X n.a. rb PM b rb n.a. X b rb b IC b 0–1 b PM,IC 0.5–2 b 36 rb rb PM b b n.a. rb rb 0.3 rb b <1 n.a. n.a. 0.2–5 rb rb m 20–295 0.3 rb rb rb 101–410 mb mb cr World World distribution (continued)

Batrachoides waltersi Batrachoides Daector dowi Daector reticulata Daector schmitti greenei Porichthys margaritatus Porichthys Family GOBIESOCIDAE decoris Arcos rhodospilus Arcos Gobiesox adustus Gobiesox crassicorpas Gobiesox daedeleus brachysoma Gobiesox fulvus Gobiesox milleri Gobiesox papillifer Gobiesox stenocephalus Gobiesox woodsi abuelorum Tomicodon bidens Tomicodon myersi Tomicodon petersi Tomicodon vermiculatus Tomicodon Family LOPHIIDAE Lophiodes caulinaris Lophiodes spilurus Batrachoides walkeri Batrachoides Species List 39.2 Species Family ANTENNARIIDAE Marine Fish Antennarius avalonis EP CA X PM,IC b 9–284 rb Antennarius coccineus ct P X PM,IC b 7–30 rb Antennarius commersoni ct P PM,IC b n.a. rb Antennarius sanguineus EP CA X PM,IC b 0.4–64 rb Antennatus strigatus EP CA X PM b 0.2–27 rb Family OGCOCEPHALIDAE Ogcocephalus porrectus EP X IC b 29–137 sb Zalientes elater EP CA X PM,IC b 50–284 sb Family MORIDAE Antimora rostrata EP P PM b n.a. mb Physiculus nematopus EP CA X PM b 17–256 mb Physiculus rastrelliger EP CA X PM b 220–275 mb Family BREGMACEROTIDAE Bregmaceros bathymaster n.a. CA X PM n.a. 36–191 n.a. Family MERLUCCIIDAE Merluccius angustimanus EP P X PM,IC eb 110–320 mb,sb Family OPHIDIIDAE Brotula clarkae EP CA X PM b 13–329 mb,sb Brotula ordwayi EP P X PM b n.a. mb,sb Cherublemma emmelas EP CA X PM b 108–410 mb,sb Lepophidium microlepis EP CA X PM b 53–200 mb,sb Lepophidium negropinna EP CA X PM b 67–220 mb,sb Lepophidium pardale EP CA X PM b 53–118 mb,sb Lepophidium prorates EP CA X PM b 8–80 mb,sb Neobythites stelliferoides EP P X PM b 73–295 mb,sb Ophidion fulvum EP P X PM b n.a. mb,sb Ophidion galeoides EP CA PM b n.a. mb,sb Ophidion sp. #1 EP CA X PM b n.a. mb,sb Ophidion sp. #2 EP CA X PM b n.a. mb,sb

Otophidium indefatigable EP CA X PM,IC b n.a. mb,sb 449 (continued) 450 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEP CAEP CAEP CAEPEP P Xn.a. CAn.a. X PEP X PM,IC CAEPct CA X PM b XEP,WA,EA CA PMn.a. X CA CAn.a. CA IC b Xn.a. PM X b CAn.a. PM,IC CA 1–20IP,EP PM,IC CA b PM,IC b nEP X P Xn.a. X CA n 73 PM n rb EP X CA 0.5–27 PMn.a. PM PM PM,IC CA X ep n.a. rb CA 73–91 rb 0.6–85 PM,IC ep CA X ep ep ep CA n.a. 2–128 PM n.a. ep PM,IC symbiont cr PM X symbiont ep surface PM,IC symbiont ep surface PM,IC surface surface surface X wc ep ep PM surface wc ep PM wc wc wc PM surface wc PM surface ep ep wc surface surface wc ep ep surface wc wc surface wc surface wc surface surface wc wc wc World World distribution (continued)

spp. n. sp. Family Family BYTHITIDAE Grammonus diagrammus Ogilbia Ogilbia Saccogaster normae Family CARAPIDAE Encheliophis dubius Encheliophis vermicularius Echiodon exsilium (Flying Family EXOCOETIDAE fishes) Cheilopogon papilio Cheilopogon xenopterus Cypselurus callopterus Exocoetus monocirrhus Exocoetus volitans acutus Fodiator Hirundichthys marginatus Hirundichthys speculiger brachypterus Parexocoetus tringa Prognichthys Family HEMIRAMPHIDAE Euleptorhamphus viridis Hemiramphus saltator Hyporhamphus gilli Hyporhamphus naos Hyporhamphus snyderi Petrotyx hopkinsi Petrotyx Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Hyporhamphus unifasciatus EP,WA CA X PM ep surface wc Oxyphorhamphus micropterus ct CA PM,IC ep surface wc Family BELONIDAE Ablennes hians ct CA X PM ep surface wc Platybelone argalus ct CA X PM,IC ep surface wc Strongylara exilis n.a. CA X PM,IC ep surface wc Strongylara scapularis EP CA X PM ep surface wc Tylosurus acus pacificus ct CA PM,IC ep surface wc Tylosurus crocodiles fodiator ct CA X PM,IC ep surface wc Family ATHERINOPSIDAE Atherinella argentea EP CA X PM n 0.3–4 wc Atherinella eriarcha EP CA X PM,IC n 0.4–6 wc Atherinella nepenthe EP CA X PM n 0.5 wc Atherinella nesiotes EP CA X PM n.a. 0–20 wc Atherinella pachylepis EP ES,H,N,P PM n n.a. wc Atherinella panamensis EP P PM n n.a. wc Atherinella starksi EP P X PM n 1.3–1.5 wc Melanorhinus cyanellus EP P X PM,IC n 6–18 wc Membras gilberti EP P X PM n 1.5 wc Family HOLOCENTRIDAE Myripristis berndti IP,EP CA X PM,IC eb 1–21 cr,rb Myripristis leiognathus EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.3–27 cr,rb Plectrypops lima IP,EP X IC eb 7 cr,rb Sargocentron suborbitalis EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.2–21 cr,rb Family AULOSTOMIDAE Aulostomus chinensis ct P X PM,IC n 3–15 wc Family FISTULARIIDAE Fistularia commersonii ct CA X PM,IC ep 2–53 wc Fistularia corneta n.a. CA X PM ep 9–80 wc

(continued) 451 452 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPn.a.IP,EPEPEP CA CA CAEPEP CAEP CAEPEP XEP X CAEP CAEP X PMEP X PM,IC CA PM,ICEPEP PM,IC CA b b X X b PM CAEP X CA bEPEP X X PM CA PM,IC bEP PM,ICEP X CA 3–14 0.2–27 bEP X n.a. PM,IC CA PM,IC b bn.a. X CA 6–119EP cr,rb PM,IC P cr,rb b b PM,IC X X PM,IC P 2 cr,rb PM,IC cr,rb,rub b X n.a. b b 110–180 X PM,IC CA IC 98–191 15–284 b X cr,rb rb PM 60–200 b 120–144 X rub rub PM,IC X b PM 2–165 cr,rb n.a. rub X n.a. 1–120 b b PM X 8–128 PM,IC cr,rub IC b cr,rub IC 0.2–90 cr,rub PM cr,rub b b n.a. cr,rub n.a. 19–295 55–165 b b 32–284 cr,rub rub,sb rub,sb 50–295 200–295 rub,sb n.a. rub,sb rub,sb 19–55 40–120 n.a. rub,sb rub,sb World World distribution (continued)

n. sp. n. sp. n. sp. n. sp. Bryx veleronis Doryrhamphus excisus Hippocampus ingens Syngnathus auliscus Family SCORPAENIDAE clemensi Pontinus furcirhinus Pontinus sierra Pontinus strigatus Pontinus Pontinus Scorpaena afuerae Scorpaena histrio Scorpaena mystes Scorpaena russula Scorpaena Scorpaenodes xyris Family TRIGLIDAE Bellator gymnostethus Bellator loxias Bellator xenisma barbiger Peristedion crustosum Peristedion Peristedion Prionotus Prionotus albirostris Family Family SYNGNATHIDAE Cosmocampus arctus Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Prionotus birostratus EP CA X PM b 9–23 rub,sb Prionotus horrens EP CA X PM b 9–60 rub,sb Prionotus ruscarius EP CA X PM b 9–73 rub,sb Prionotus stephanophrys EP CA X PM b 21–188 rub,sb Prionotus teaguei EP X PM b 17–284 rub,sb Family CENTROPOMIDAE Centropomus armatus EP CA X PM n 0.1–25 cl,m Centropomus medius EP CA X PM n 0.3–1 cl,m Centropomus nigrescens EP CA X PM n 0.3–2 cl,m Centropomus robalito EP CA X PM n 0.8–16 cl,m Centropomus viridis EP CA X PM n 0.8–1 cl,m Centropomus unionensis EP ES,H,N,P X PM n 0.1–28 cl,m Family SERRANIDAE Alphestes immaculatus EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.3–15 cr,rub Alphestes multiguttatus EP CA X PM eb 1–60 rb,rub Cephalopholis panamensis EP CA X PM,IC eb 1–20 cr,rub Dermatolepis dermatolepis EP CA X PM,IC eb 1–31 mb,rub Diplectrum eumelum EP CA X PM eb 40–120 mb,rub Diplectrum euryplectrum EP CA X PM eb 80–284 mb,rub Diplectrum labarum EP CA X PM eb 42–120 mb,rub Diplectrum macropoma EP CA X PM eb 5–220 mb,rub Diplectrum maximum EP CA X PM eb 44–293 mb,rub Diplectrum pacificum EP CA X PM eb 9–195 mb,rub Diplectrum rostrum EP CA X PM eb 36–201 mb,rub Epinephelus acanthistius EP CA X PM eb 19–141 rb,rub Epinephelus analogus EP CA X PM eb 3–82 rb,rub Epinephelus cifuentesi EP CA X PM,IC eb 19–120 cr,rub Epinephelus exsul EP CA X PM eb 20–82 rb,rub Epinephelus itajara EP,WA CA X PM,IC eb n.a. cr,rub Epinephelus labriformis EP CA X PM,IC eb 1–120 cr,rub 453 (continued) 454 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP CAEP CAEP CAEP CAEP PEP CAEP X CAEP X CAEP X CAEP X PM,IC CAEP PM CA XEP X PM CA ebEP X PM CAEP X CA n PM X PM,IC CA nIP,EP X PM eb X PM,IC CA ebct X 18–120 PM eb CAct X PM,IC CA eb nEP PM,IC rb,rub 64–201 X PM,IC 44–275 eb ebEP 73 PM,IC eb CAEP wc X X 27–31 eb CA PM 110–192 wc X PM CA eb X 11 7–64 rb,rub cr,rub rb,rub PM,IC IC 21–110 40–284 eb PM CA eb 70–192 PM,IC eb wc rb,rub 2–17 X rb,rub wc X eb 15–220 wc eb n PM,IC rb,rub rb,rub PM,IC n.a. X X 2–118 PM 1–53 n n 17–82 rb,rub 0.6–77 PM,IC IC rb,rub 0.3–3 n rb,rub rb,rub eb rb,rub wc eb n.a. 1–30 20–190 wc wc 1–30 wc 11–40 cr,rb cr,rb World World distribution (continued)

Hemanthias peruanus Hemanthias signfer fasciatum Liopropoma longilepis Liopropoma olfax Mycteroperca xenarcha Mycteroperca colonus Paranthias loro Paralabrax eos Pronotogrammus multifasciatus Pronotogrammus Pseudogramma thaumasium Serranus aequidens Serranus huascarii Serranus psittacinus Serranus tico Rypticus bicolor Rypticus nigripinnis Family KUHLIIDAE mugil Kuhlia Family PRIACANTHIDAE Cookeolus japonicus cruentatus Heteropriacanthus Pristigenys serrula Family APOGONIDAE Apogon atradorsatus Apogon dovii Epinephelus niphobles Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Apogon pacifici EP CA X PM eb 4–68 rb Apogon retrosella EP CA X PM eb 5–11 rb Family MALACANTHIDAE Caulolatilus affinis EP CA X PM,IC n 60–329 wc Caulolatilus hubbsi n.a. n.a. X IC n.a. n.a. n.a. Caulolatilus princeps EP CA X PM n 27–119 wc Malacanthus brevirostris IP,EP P X PM,IC b 8–21 sb Family EGHENEIDAE Echeneis naucrates ct CA X PM n 4–7 wc Phtheirichthys lineatus n.a. CA PM n n.a. wc Remora australis n.a. CA PM n n.a. wc Remora brachyptera n.a. CA X PM,IC n 200–250 wc Remora osteochir n.a. CA X PM,IC n 250 wc Remora remora ct CA X PM,IC n 4–91 wc Remorina albescens n.a. CA PM,IC n n.a. wc Family CARANGIDAE Alectis ciliaris ct CA X PM,IC n 2–35 wc Carangoides orthogrammus IP,EP CA X PM,IC n n.a. wc Carangoides otrynter EP CA X PM n 4–195 wc Caranx caballus EP CA X PM,IC n 3–83 wc Caranx caninus EP CA X PM,IC n 1–36 wc Caranx lugubris ct CA PM,IC n n.a. wc Caranx melampygus n.a. n.a. X IC n.a. n.a. n.a. Caranx sexfasciatus IP,EP CA X PM,IC n 1–9 wc Caranx vinctus EP CA X PM n 8–310 wc Chloroscombrus orqueta EP CA X PM n 10–40 wc Decapterus muroadsi n.a. CA X PM n 3–108 wc Decapterus macarellus ct CA X PM,IC n 20–170 wc Elagatis bipinnulata ct CA X PM,IC n 27 wc Gnathanodon speciosus IP,EP CA X PM,IC n 1–59 wc 455 (continued) 456 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPctEPEP CAEP CAct CAEP CAEP CAEP CAct X CAEP X CAct CAEP X PM CAEP X PM CAEP X CAEP PM,IC PM X n CAct X PM CA n X PM CA nEP X CA PM,IC n PM CA X nct X PM n CAct n PM X 4–156 X CA 7–20 PM,IC nIP,EP X PM,IC n.a. nEP X wc 0.5–19 PM,IC n CA n X PM 1–30 n CA wc PM 0.5–6 9–219 n wc wc PM X PM,IC CA 2–73 n wc wc 2–60 n wc PM,IC X 8–73 n n 68–77 PM X 5–120 wc n wc 101–119 X PM,IC wc wc X wc 1.5–4 PM,IC ep wc 23–130 ep IC 1–10 9 ep PM,IC wc wc n.a. eb wc 1 eb wc n.a. wc 34–549 wc wc wc 12–42 27–29 rb wc World World distribution (continued)

Hemicaranx Hemicaranx zelotes Naucrates ductor Oligoplites altus Oligoplites refulgens Oligoplites saurus Selar crumenophthalmus Selene brevoortii Selene oerstedii Selene peruviana Seriola lalandi Seriola peruana Seriola rivoliana kennedyi Trachinotus paitensis Trachinotus rhodopus Trachinotus stilbe Trachinotus Uraspis helvola Family NEMATISTIIDAE Nematistius pectoralis Family CORYPHAENIDAE Coryphaena equiselis Coryphaena hippurus Family LUTJANIDAE furca Aphareus Hoplopagrus guntheri Hemicaranx Hemicaranx leucurus Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Lutjanus aratus EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.2–64 cr,rb Lutjanus argentiventris EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.2–49 cl,m Lutjanus colorado EP CA X PM eb 0.5–49 rb Lutjanus guttatus EP CA X PM eb 0.5–156 mb Lutjanus inermis EP CA X PM,IC eb 6–18 cr,wc Lutjanus jordani EP CA X PM,IC eb 1–60 cr,m Lutjanus novemfasciatus EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.2–73 cl,m Lutjanus peru EP CA X PM eb 6–73 mb Lutjanus viridis EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.3–25 cr Family LOBOTIDAE Lobotes surinamensis ct CA X PM n 1–13 f,wc Family GERREIDAE Diapterus aureolus EP CA X PM eb 2–194 mb,sb Diapterus peruvianus EP CA X PM eb 0.3–50 mb Eucinostomus argenteus EP CA X PM eb 0.2–220 mb,sb Eucinostomus currani EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.2–54 cl,m,sb Eucinostomus entomelas EP CA X PM eb 0.2–8 mb Eucinostomus gracilis EP CA X PM eb 0.5–91 mb Eugerres brevimanus EP CA X PM eb 0.2–1 mb,sb Eugerres lineatus EP CA X PM eb n.a. sb Gerres cinereus EP CA X PM eb 0.2–30 sb Family HAEMULIDAE Anisotremus caesius EP CA X PM,IC eb 2–27 rb Anisotremus dovii EP CA X PM eb 0.3–195 mb Anisotremus interruptus EP CA X PM,IC eb 0.2–7 rb Anisotremus pacifici EP CA X PM eb 7–17 mb Anisotremus taeniatus EP CA X PM,IC eb 3–53 cr Conodon serrifer EP CA X PM eb 1–52 mb Haemulon flaviguttatum EP CA X PM eb 20 rb Haemulon maculicauda EP CA X PM eb 7 rb 457 (continued) 458 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEP,WAEPEP CA CAEP CAEPEP CAEP CAEP CAEP X CA XEP X CAEP CAEP X PM CA PMEP X PM CA XEP X PM CA eb X eb PM CA ebEP X PM CAEP X PM ebEP X PM CA ebEP PM ebEP X X 1–42 PM CA eb 1–77EP X 3–60 PM ES,H,n,P ebEP X CA ebEP 8–60 PM ES,H,N,P rb PM eb rb X 2–29 PM CA rb eb X 1–29 PM CA X 5–29 P mb,sb eb eb X 1–42 PM CA mb,sb eb X 15–213 mb,sb PM eb 0.2–80 PM mb,sb X 0.5–165 PM sb sb eb X PM sb eb 0.3–19 1 mb,sb eb X X 9–44 PM eb 2–42 PM eb sb PM 4–130 PM mb mb,sb eb mb,sb 1–56 eb 0.3–15 sb 3–247 eb eb 10–14 mb mb mb 123–295 mb 8–101 mb 9–29 10–220 mb mb mb World World distribution (continued)

Haemulon scudderi Haemulon sexfasciatam Haemulon steindachneri Haemulopsis axillaris Haemulopsis elongatus Haemulopsis leuciscus Haemulopsis nitidus brevipinnis Microlepidotus Orthopristis chalceus bayanus Pomadasys branickii Pomadasys empherus Pomadasys. macracanthus Pomadasys panamensis Pomadasys Xenichthys xanti Family SPARIDAE Calamus brachysomus Family SCIAENIDAE armata Bairdiella ensifera Bairdiella Corvula macrops Cynoscion albus Cynoscion nannus Cynoscion phoxocephalus Cynoscion praedatorius Cynoscion reticulatus Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Cynoscion squamipinnis EP CA X PM eb 10–30 mb Cynoscion stolzmanni EP CA X PM eb 3–220 mb Elattarchus archidium EP CA X PM eb 1–40 mb Isopisthus remifer EP CA X PM eb 9–19 mb Larimus acclivis EP CA X PM eb 10–56 mb Larimus argenteus EP CA X PM eb 13–31 mb Larimus effulgens EP CA X PM eb 0.4–37 mb Larimus pacificus EP CA X PM eb 9–82 mb Macrodon mordax EP P PM eb n.a. mb Menticirrhus elongatus EP CA PM eb 2–56 mb Menticirrhus nasus EP CA X PM eb 4–156 mb Menticirrhus paitensis EP CA PM eb n.a. mb Menticirrhus panamensis EP CA X PM eb 9–50 mb Micropogonias altipinnis EP CA X PM eb 0.3–47 mb Nebris occidentalis EP CA X PM eb 9–47 mb Odontoscion xanthops EP CA X PM eb 3–37 mb Ophioscion imiceps EP CA X PM eb 9–42 mb Ophioscion scierus EP CA X PM eb 0.5–50 mb Ophioscion simulus EP P X PM eb 2–4 mb Ophioscion strabo EP CA X PM eb 8–25 mb Ophioscion typicus EP P X PM eb 3–36 mb Ophioscion vermicularis EP P PM eb n.a. mb Paralonchurus dumerilii EP ES,H,N,P X PM eb 3–36 mb Paralonchurus goodei EP CA X PM eb 9–56 mb Paralonchurus petersi EP ES,H,N,P X PM eb 7–40 mb Paralonchurus rathbuni EP P X PM eb 31–52 mb Pareques viola EP P X PM eb 3–27 cr Stellifer chrysoleuca EP CA X PM eb 8–18 mb Stellifer ericymba EP CA X PM eb 0.4–275 mb Stellifer furthii EP H,N,P X PM eb 3–50 mb 459 (continued) 460 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP CAEP PEP ES,H,N,PEP P CAEP CAEP X X CA CA XEPEP PM PM CA XWP,EP CA PM XEP CA eb ebEP PM CA X CA PM PM ebEP X PMIP,EP X PM,IC eb CAEP,IP,RS eb CA ebEP X 2–50 9–47 PM,IC X ebEP X eb n.a. PM CA 0.4–37 ebEP PM mb mb PM,IC 3–50EP X PM,IC CA mb eb n.a. X 49–239 CA 1–49 n n n n.a. n.a. mb X PM CA mb 5–52 X PM CA sb sb IC X 3–72 PM,IC sb eb X cr IC eb 4–64 n.a. 0.3–47 eb X PM,IC eb mb,sb X PM,IC wc eb wc eb wc 2–275 PM,IC eb 3–183 PM,IC 1–239 eb <92 mb eb mb n.a. cr,rb 3–64 n.a. n.a. 2–59 cr,rb cr,rb 0.3–83 cr,rb cr,rb cr,rb World World distribution (continued)

Stellifer mancorensis Stellifer oscitans Stellifer zestocarus Umbrina analis Umbrina bussingi Umbrina dorsalis Umbrina xanti Family MULLIDAE Mulloidichthys dentatus Pseudupeneus grandisquamis Family KYPHOSIDAE analogus Kyphosus elegans Kyphosus Sectator ocyurus Family EPHIPPIDAE Chaetodipterus zonatus panamensis Parapsettus Family CHAETODONTIDAE Chaetodon humeralis Chaetodon lunula flavissimus Forcipiger nigrirostris Johnrandallia falcifer Prognathodes Family POMACANTHIDAE Holacanthus passer zonipectus Pomacanthus Stellifer illecebrosus Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Family POMACENTRIDAE Abudefduf concolor EP CA X PM,IC it,st 0.3–17 rb Abudefduf declivifrons EP CA X PM it,st 0.6–1 rb Abudefduf troschelli EP CA X PM,IC it,st 0.3–10 rb Chromis alta EP X PM,IC n n.a. rb Chromis atrilobata EP CA X PM,IC st 2–10 rb Microspathodon bairdii EP CA X PM,IC it,st 0.2–10 rb Microspathodon dorsalis EP CA X PM,IC it,st 0.2–20 rb Stegastes acapulcoensis EP CA X PM,IC it,st 0.3–20 rb Stegastes arcifrons EP X PM,IC it,st 0.3–21 rb Stegastes flavilatus EP CA X PM,IC it,st 0.2–27 rb Stegastes leucorus beebei EP CA X PM,IC st 7–33 rb Family CIRRHITIDAE Cirrhitichthys oxycephalus EP CA X PM,IC b 2–37 cr,rb Cirrhitus rivulatus EP CA X PM,IC b 0.3–120 cr,rb Oxycirrhites typus IP,EP CA X PM eb >30 rb Family MUGILIDAE Agonostomus monticola EP,WA CA X PM,IC n 0.2–2 sb,cl Chaenomugil proboscidens EP CA X PM,IC st 0.2–3 cr,rb Mugil cephalus ct CA X PM st n.a. cl,m,sb Mugil curema EP,WA CA X PM,IC st 0.3–22 cl,m,sb Mugil hospes EP,WA CA PM st n.a. m,mb,sb Xenomugil thoburni n.a. CA PM st n.a. n.a. Family SPHYRAENIDAE Sphyraena ensis EP CA X PM n 2–72 wc Sphyraena idiastes EP CA IC n n.a. wc Family POLYNEMIDAE Polydactylus approximans EP CA X PM,IC b 0.3–37 sb Polydactylus opercularis EP CA X PM b 3–42 sb

(continued) 461 462 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP CAEP CAEP PEP CAEP CAEP CAEP X CAEP X CAIP,EP CA XIP,EP X PM,IC CAEP X PM,ICIP,EP X CA stEP PM,IC X PM CA stEP X PMEP X IC st CA P X PM,IC stEP PM CA stEP X X PM,IC CA 3–49 stIP,EP st X X PM 80EP st stIP,EP X 0.3–7 CA PM,IC IC cr,rb X CA PM,IC IC 0.3–1 CA st X sb 1–18 st X cr,rb PM,IC CA 2–30 CA st 5–31 PM,IC st rb,m st X PM,IC n.a. 1–18 rb st X PM,IC st cr,rb cr,rb X 1–6 st IC 8–12 cr,rb st rb X X PM 3–21 n.a. PM PM 91 rb 136–201 sb st 0.3–11 PM PM,IC st sb mb 0.3–21 cr,rb st st 0.3–64 cr,rb st rub st cr,rb cr,rb 17 7 4–14 n.a. 3–12 1–8 sb rb rb rb cr,rb rb World World distribution (continued)

n. sp.? Decodon melasma adustus Halichoeres aestuaricola Halichoeres chierchiae Halichoeres discolor Halichoeres dispilus Halichoeres melanotis Halichoeres nicholsi Halichoeres notospilus Halichoeres salmofasciatus Halichoeres Halichoeres Iniistius pavo Novaculichthys taeniourus cruentum Polylepion Stethojulis bandanensis Thalassoma grammaticum Thalassoma lucasanum Xyrichthys victori Family SCARIDAE Nicholsina denticulata Scarus compressus Scarus ghobban Scarus perrico Scarus rubroviolaceus Family Family LABRIDAE Bodianus diplotaenia Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Family OPISTOGNATHIDAE Lonchopisthus sinuscalifornicus EP CA X PM b 40–73 sb Opistognathus brochus n.a. X PM n.a. 20–5574 n.a. Opistognathus fenmutis n.a. X PM n.a. n.a. n.a. Opistognathus galapagensis EP P X PM b 8–31 sb Opistognathus panamaensis EP P X PM,IC b 2–34 sb Opistognathus punctatus EP CA X PM b n.a. sb Opistognathus rhomaleus EP CA X PM b 31–37 sb Opistognathus scops EP CA X PM b 27–40 sb Opistognathus smithvanizi EP CA X PM b 9–20 sb Family DACTYLOSCOPIDAE Dactylagnus mundus EP CA X PM b 0.1 sb Dactylagnus parvus EP CA PM b n.a. sb Dactyloscopus amnis EP CA X PM b 0.5–2 sb Dactyloscopus byersi EP CA X PM b n.a. sb Dactyloscopus fimbriatus EP CA PM b n.a. sb Dactyloscopus lunaticus EP CA X PM b 8–9 sb Dactyloscopus minutus EP CA X PM b 3 sb Dactyloscopus pectoralis EP CA X PM,IC b 1–10 sb Dactyloscopus zelotes EP ES,H,N,P PM b n.a. sb Gillellus chathamensis EP X IC b 7–73 sb Gillellus searcheri EP CA X PM b 12–14 sb Gillellus semicinctus EP CA X PM b 12–21 sb Heteristius cinctus EP CA X PM b 9–15 sb Myxodagnus opercularis EP CA PM b n.a. sb Myxodagnus macrognathas EP CA PM b n.a. sb Platygillellus altivelis EP P X PM b 27 sb Platygillellus bussingi EP P X PM b 1–6 sb Family URANOSCOPIDAE Astroscopus zephyreus EP CA X PM b n.a. sb 463 Kathestostoma averruncus EP CA X PM b 80 sb (continued) 464 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP CAEP CAEP N,PEP PEP P PEP X CAEP X PEP CAEP PM,IC X PM,ICEP CA b X PMEP X CA bEP PM P XEP X PMEP PM b PM,IC CAEP b CAEP PM X X PM,IC 0.4–7 bEP b X b CA 0.5–21EP CA b XEP PM b CA IC rb EP n.a. X rb PM CA X n.a. CA PM P 0.3–50 b n.a. X b X 0.3–1 PM CA rb b X PM CA 0.4–27 rb X rb 0.5 b X rb PM PM rb b X rb,wc PM b PM 0.2–27 X rb 0.3–37 X PM 0.4–12 b b X PM b rb 0.4–27 rb b PM rb PM 0.5 b PM,IC 0.5–27 b rb b 0.4–27 b b 0.2–4 rb rb 0.6–12 0.2–3 rb 0.3–5 rb rb n.a. rb 0.2–6 rb 0.2–6 18–21 rb rb rb rb World World distribution (continued)

Hypsoblennius brevipinnis Hypsoblennius caulopus Hypsoblennius maculipinna Hypsoblennius paytensis Hypsoblennius striatus Ophioblennius steindachneri piersoni Parahypsos azaleus Plagiotremus Family TRIPTERYGIIDAE Axoclinus cocoensis Axoclinus lucillae Enneanectes sexmaculatus Lepidonectes clarkhubbsi Family LABRISOMIDAE Labrisomus multiporosus Malacoctenus tetranemus Malacoctenus costaricanus Malacoctenus ebisui Malacoctenus margaritae Malacoctenus zonifer Mnierpes macrocephalus altivelis Paraclinus beebei Paraclinus magdalenae Paraclinus mexicanus Paraclinus Family Family BLENNIIDAE chiostictus Entomacrodus Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Paraclinus monophthalmus EP P X PM b 0.2–12 rb Starksia fulva EP P X PM b 0.4–37 rb Starksia posthon EP P X PM b 5–34 rb Starksia n. sp. EP X IC b n.a. rb Family CHAENOPSIDAE Acanthemblemaria atrata EP X IC b 5–35 rb Acanthemblemaria exilispinus EP ES,H,N,P X PM b 1–27 rb Acanthemblemaria hancocki EP P X PM b 0.4–21 rb Chaenopsis deltarrhis EP P X PM b n.a. sb Chaenopsis schmitti EP P X PM b 8–9 sb Chaenopsis n. sp. EP X PM,IC b 17 rb Coralliozetus boehlkei EP CA X PM,IC b 1–27 rb Coralliozetus springeri EP P X PM,IC b 0.4–27 rb Ekemblemaria myersi EP CA X PM b 0.2–14 rb Emblemaria nivipes EP P X PM,IC b 11–46 sb Emblemaria piratica EP CA X PM b 5–27 rb Mccoskerichthys sandae EP P X PM b 8–21 rb Protemblemaria bicirrus EP CA X PM b 4–27 rb Stathmonotus culebrai EP P X PM b 1–27 rb Family AMMODYTIDAE Ammodytoides gilli EP CA X PM b n.a. sb Family CALLIONYMIDAE Synchiropus atrilabiatus EP CA X PM,IC b 55–275 mb,sb Family ELEOTRIDAE Eleotris picta EP CA X PM,IC b 1–3 cl,rb Eleotris tubularis EP X IC b 0.1–1 cl,rb Family GOBIIDAE Akko brevis EP CA X PM b n.a. mb Bathygobius andrei EP P X PM b 0.2–1 mb,sb,m Bathygobius ramosus EP CA X PM,IC b 0.1–3 rb 465 (continued) 466 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP PEP CAEP CAEP CAEP CAEP CAEP P XEP XEP X CAEP XEP PM X PM CAEP X PM CAEP PM CA XEP PM b CA bEP X X PM P bEP P bEP PM X X bEP X PM P IC bEP X CAEP X 10–220 PM,IC b CA IC 36–220EP PM 15–100 b XEP b PM P 16–48 sb b XEP sb PM CA 18–256 sb b X CA 36–189 b PM X sb H,N,P b sb PM X n.a. P b sb P IC n.a. n.a. X PM b PM 0.4–27 X X PM b sb 7–31 X X 0.7–2 sb b sb,rub PM −.3–4 sb,rub b b PM PM n.a. b X sb,rub PM PM sb X 10–27 sb,m b 1–18 b b PM cr,rb b b PM cr,rb 5–12 1–13 n.a. cr,rb 0.2–1 b cr,rb b <1 n.a. 0.1 n.a. sb 0.1–4 0.7–4 1–47 sb sb sb n.a. sb mb 1–25 sb sb World World distribution (continued)

n. sp. Bollmannia macropoma Bollmannia marginalis Bollmannia ocellata Bollmannia stigmatura Bollmannia umbrosa Bollmannia Chriolepis atrimelum Chriolepis cuneatus Chriolepis dialepta Coryphopterus urospilus Ctenogobius manglicola Ctenogobius sagittula Elacatinus puncticulatus Elacatinus inornatus Elacatinus janssi Elacatinus nesiotes Enypnias aceras Enypnias seminudus armiger Erotelis Evermannia erici Evermannia panamensis Evermannia zosterura Evorthodus minutus Gobioides peruanus Gobionellus daguae Gobionellus liolepis Bollmannia chlamydes Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Gobionellus microdon EP CA X PM b 0.5–4 sb,m Gobionellus mystax EP CA X PM b n.a. sb Gobiosoma etheostoma EP CA X PM b 0.5–3 sb Gobiosoma hildebrandi EP P PM b n.a. sb Gobiosoma homochroma EP P PM b n.a. sb Gobiosoma nudum EP CA X PM b 0.1–9 sb Gobiosoma paradoxum EP CA X PM b 1 sb Gobiosoma sp. 1 EP P PM b n.a. sb Gobiosoma sp. 2 EP CA PM b n.a. sb Gobulus crescentalis EP CA X PM b 2–18 sb Gobulus hancocki EP CA X PM,IC b 0.2–14 sb Gymneleotris seminudus EP CA X PM b 0.2–3 rb Lophogobius cristulatus EP P X PM b 0.3–0.5 sb Lythrypnus alphigena EP X IC b n.a. rub Lythrypnus cobalus EP X IC b 30–91 rb Lythrypnus lavenbergi EP X IC b n.a. rub Lythrypnus rhizophora EP X IC b 5–31 rb Microgobius brevispinis EP CA X PM b n.a. sb Microgobius crocatus EP ES,H,N,P X PM b 0.3–2 sb Microgobius curtus EP P X PM b 1–12 sb Microgobius cyclolepis EP CA PM b n.a. sb Microgobius emblematicus EP CA PM b n.a. sb Microgobius erectus EP CA X PM b 15–98 mb Microgobius miraflorensis EP CA X PM b 0.7–1 sb Microgobius tabogensis EP CA X PM b 1–2 sb Parella fusca EP P PM b n.a. sb Parella ginsburgi EP P PM b n.a. sb Parella lucretiae EP P X PM b 1 cl,sb Parella maxillaris EP CA PM b n.a. sb Sicydium cocoensis EP X IC b 0.1–11 cl,sb 467 (continued) 468 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEPEP PEP PEP PEP CAEP CAEP CAEP CAEP P XEP P X PEP P PMIP,EP PM X CAIP,EP X PM,IC CA PMWP,EP PMEP b PM b CA CA b XIP,EP PM CA b CA XEP? X b PM bEP? PM X CA CA bEP? PM n.a. PM X X 0.3 PM 0.3–3ct b CA X PM b X n.a. CA b CA n.a. PM,IC b PM,IC mb mb 0.7 b mb X X PM,IC 0.2–4 b PM,IC mb st CA st X mb st n.a. 0.7–3 PM,IC st mb PM,IC mb X n.a. 0.2–1 0.2–1 st st PM mb mb 15 X n.a. PM 0.3–11 PM mb mb mb 0.3–13 3–15 n.a. cr,rb sb PM n.a. cr,rb cr,rb n.a. 2–27 3–17 cr,rb n 0.7–3 cr,rb cr,rb n.a. 240 wc wc 9–275 wc wc World World distribution (continued)

Cerdale paludicola Cerdale prolata Cerdale Clarkichthys bilineatus affinis Microdesmus dipus Microdesmus dorsipunctatus Microdesmus hildebrandi Microdesmus intermedius Microdesmus multiradiatus Microdesmus retropinnis Microdesmus suttkusi Microdesmus carinata Ptereleotris Family ACANTHURIDAE Acanthurus nigricans Acanthurus triostegus Acanthurus xanthopterus Ctenochaetus marginatus Prionurus laticlavius Zanclus cornutus Family GEMPYLIDAE Gempylus serpens Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Ruvettus pretiosus Family TRICHIURIDAE lepturus Trichiurus Family Family MICRODESMIDAE ionthas Cerdale Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Family SCOMBRIDAE Acanthocybium solandri ct CA X PM,IC ep 1–27 wc Auxis rochei ct CA X PM,IC ep 10 wc Auxis thazard ct CA X PM,IC ep n.a. wc Euthynnus lineatus EP CA X PM,IC ep 107–549 wc Katsuwonus pelamis ct CA X PM,IC ep n.a. wc Sarda orientalis IP,EP CA X PM,IC ep 108 wc Scomber japonicus ct CA X PM ep 20–102 wc Scomberomorus sierra EP CA X PM,IC ep 1–549 wc Thunnus albacares ct CA X PM,IC ep 549 wc Family XIPHIIDAE Istiophorus platypterus ct CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc Makaira indica IP,EP CA PM ep n.a. wc Makaira mazara ct CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc Tetrapturus angustirostris IP,EP CA PM ep n.a. wc Tetrapturus audax IP,EP CA PM,IC ep n.a. wc Xiphius gladius ct CA PM ep n.a. wc Family NOMEIDAE Cubiceps carinatus ct CA X PM ep 62–107 wc Psenes cyanophrys ct P X PM ep n.a. wc Psenes sio ct? P X PM ep 275 wc Family STROMATEIDAE Peprilus medius EP CA X PM n 4–220 wc Peprilus snyderi EP CA X PM n 26–235 wc Family BOTHIDAE Bothus leopardinus EP CA X PM,IC b 3–110 sb Bothus mancus IP,EP X IC b 12–15 sb Engyophrys sanctilaurentii EP CA X PM b 40–294 mb Monolene asaedai EP CA X PM b 68–255 mb Monolene danae EP P X PM b 107–200 mb 469 (continued) 470 Species List f Habitat/ Community e Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPEPEPEP PEP CAEPEP CAEP CAEP CAEP CA XEP X CAEP CAEP X CAEP PM X PM CAEP CAEP X PM CAEP X PM b CA bEP CA PMEP X PM CA bEP X PM CA b X CA PMEP b PM P bEP X 65–256 PM 41–203 bEP X PM CA X b 13–66 mb b PM sb X PM P 0.3–1 b X PM,IC CA b n.a. PM mb CA 13–18 b PM mb 18–275 b b X X PM,IC n.a. mb 2–56 b mb mb PM 5–141 b b X X PM IC 13–60 X mb mb n.a. mb 12–19 n.a. b PM PM mb b b PM n.a. mb n.a. n.a. mb mb,sb b b b mb n.a. mb mb,sb 20–247 n.a. mb 10–59 mb 0.3–275 0.3–34 sb mb mb mb World World distribution (continued)

Perissias taeniopterus Perissias Family PARALICHTHYIDAE Ancylopsetta dendritica Citharichthys gilberti Citharichthys gordae Citharichthys mariajorisae Citharichthys platophrys Citharichthys xanthostigma Cyclopsetta panamensis Cyclopsetta querna crossotus Etropus delsmani Etropus peruvianus Etropus Hippoglossina bollmani Hippoglossina tetrophthalmus woolmani Paralichthys Syacium latifrons Syacium longidorsale Syacium maculiferum Syacium ovale Family ACHIRIDAE Achirus klunzingeri Achirus mazatlanus Achirus scutum Monolene maculipinna Species List 39.2 Species Species List 471 (continued) EPEPEPEPEP ES,H,N,P PEP CAEP X ES,H,N,PEPEP CAEP PM XEP X X CAEP CAEP CA bEP PM PM PM CAEP X CAEP CAEP PM X b CA b bEP X IC CAEP X CA 0.3–30EP X PM P bEP X PM CA b X mb PM CAEP X 1 PM CA 2–70 0.3–275 bct X PM bct X PM CA b mb ct n.a. PM b mb EP X PM CA mb b 5–21 X PM b CA X 8–19 b CA mb PM PM 25–224 b X sb X PM CA 2–275 b PM 9–220 mb mb X 8–60 b b PM mb IC X 21–200 b mb X 2–210 b PM,IC 9–60 mb mb X X 21–55 PM,IC b b mb PM,IC n 73–295 mb n.a. n PM,IC mb n.a. IC n 22–136 mb n mb 10–36 mb 88–180 mb n 2–80 13–212 mb sb 3–15 cr,rb f,wc 1–53 cr,rb 10 cr,rb cr,rb Trinectes fluviatilis Trinectes fonsecensis Trinectes opercularis Trinectes xanthurus Trinectes Family SOLEIDAE herrei Aseraggodes Family CYNOGLOSSIDAE Symphurus atramentatus Symphurus callopterus Symphurus chabanaudi Symphurus elongatus Symphurus fasciolaris Symphurus gorgonae Symphurus leei Symphurus melanurus Symphurus melasmatotheca Symphurus microlepis Symphurus oligomerus Symphurus prolatinarus Symphurus undecimplerus Symphurus varius Symphurus williamsi Family BALISTIDAE Balistes polylepis Canthidermis maculatus Melichthys niger Melichthys vidua Pseudobalistes naufragium Trinectes fimbriatus Trinectes 472 Species List f Habitat/ Community e 1–13 f,wc Depth (m) d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica UCR Pacific b Central America a EPIP,EPIP,EPct CAct P CA X X X PM,IC IC X X IC eb n PM,IC PM,IC n n n 2–82 n.a. cr,rb 10 17–82 cr cr f,wc WP,EPIP,EPIP,EPIP,EP CAEPEP CAn.a. CAEP XEP CAEP X PEP CAEP PM,IC XEP X CA PM,ICEP P eb X CA PM,IC ebEP P PM,IC X X CA eb PM,IC P eb X n.a. PM PM CA eb X X 14–20 PM X IC X 1–56 eb ep cr PM cr,rb PM,IC 03–21 X eb PM X 0.4–27 PM cr,rb eb eb cr,rb eb PM cr,rb 3–9 35–60 PM,IC eb eb 0.5–56 eb eb wc 2–91 n.a. mb,sb,m 2–64 mb 0.3–4 8–72 cr,rb cr,rb mb 3–52 n.a. mb mb mb cr,rb World World distribution (continued)

Sufflamen Sufflamen verres Xanthichthys caeruleolineatus Xanthichthys mento Family MONACANTHIDAE Aluterus monoceros Aluterus scriptus Cantherhines dumerili Family OSTRACIIDAE Ostracion meleagris Family TETRAODONTIDAE hispidus Arothron meleagris Arothron Canthigaster punctatissima Guentheridia formosa Lagocephalus lagocephalus angusticeps Sphoeroides annulatus Sphoeroides kendalli Sphoeroides lobatus Sphoeroides rosenblatti Sphoeroides sechurae Sphoeroides tricocephalus Sphoeroides Family DIODONTIDAE Chilomycterus reticulatus Species List 39.2 Species Marine Fish Diodon eydouxii n.a. CA PM ep n.a. wc Diodon holocanthus ct CA X PM,IC eb 0.4–53 cr,rb Diodon hystrix ct CA X PM,IC eb 5–11 cr,rb Family MOLIDAE Mola mola ct CA X PM ep n.a. wc Ranzania laevis ct CA PM ep n.a. wc n.a. = information not available a Car = Caribbean; ct = circumtropical; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IP = Indo-Pacific; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; ES = El Salvador; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama UCR: X = specimen deposited at University of Costa Rica (Museo de Zoología) c IC = Isla del Coco; PM = Pacific mainland d b= benthic; eb epibenthic; ep = epipelagic; it = intertidal; mp = mesopelagic; n = neritic; st = subtidal e Uppermost and lowermost occurrence in Costa Rican sample (trawl, seine, ichthyocide, etc.) f cl = costal lagoons; cr = coral reefs; f = flotsam; m = mangroves; mb = muddy bottom; rb = rocky bottom; rub = rubble bottom; sb = sandy bottom; wc = water column 473 474 Species List g Lamar, pers. Lamar, obs.] [28, 29] [7, 28] [10, 11] [5, 16, 17] References [24] [20] [2, 26] [31] [W. f r i r c [26, 28, 29] u Abundance r u u u r e PN,PO,ISL Cc Cc,Pc Cc Cc Costa Rican distribution Cc,Pc Cc,Pc Cc d sb,m wc,sb wc,sb wc,sb Marine habitat wc,sb,rb Cc,Pc m wc,sb,m,cl Cc,Pc sb,m m c t aq aq Life mode aq aq,t b B,G,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P aq Central American distribution N,P B,G,ES,H,N,P t B,G,H,N,P a Car* Cp Pan Cp World World distribution Pan*,ET B,G,ES,H,N,P t sb,m Cc,Pc,ICh, Pan ICA,NCA,NSAICA,NCA,Car,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P B,G,ES,H,N,PICA,NCA, SA aq aq ICA,NCA (Duméril & Bribon, 1841) (Vandelli, 1761) (Vandelli, Distribution Distribution in Central America other than Costa Rica: B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama cl = coastal lagoon; m = rb mangrove; = rocky beach; sb = sand beach; wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = Caribbean; Cp = cosmopolitan; ET = Extra NCA Tropical; = Nuclear Central America; ICA = Isthmian Central America; NSA = northern South America; Pan = Pantropical aq = aquatic most of the life cycle; t = terrestrial Cc = Caribbean coast; ICh = Isla Chira; PN = Península de Nicoya; PO = Península de Osa; Pc = coast; Pacific ISL = Isla San Lu cas c = common (can find many individuals); i = infrequent (not predictable); r = rarely seen; u = usual (can be found in the appropriate habitat and season Family Family HYLIDAE Osteopilus septentrionalis Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINATA Family DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys coriacea Family CHELONIIDAE (Linné, caretta Caretta 1758) Chelonia mydas (Linné, 1758) Species List 40.1 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine in environments Costa Rican Caribbean coast. See text for our definition of marine environment Species Class AMPHIBIA Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE Chaunus marinus Linné, 1758 a b c d e f g Eretmochelys imbricata (Linné, Eretmochelys 1766) Order CROCODILIA Family CROCODYLIDAE Caiman (Linné, crocodilus 1758) acutus 1807) Crocodylus (Cuvier, Order SQUAMATA Family BOIDAE Boa constrictor Linné, 1758 n.a. = information not available Introduced exotic * Family Family COLUBRIDAE Cope, nigroluteus 1861 Tretanorhinus Marine ReptilesandAmphibians Species List 40.2 Species of reptiles and amphibians found at marine environments in Costa Rican Pacific Ocean. See text for our definition of marine environment

World Life Marine Costa Rican Species distributiona Central Americab modec habitatd distributione Abundancef Referencesg

Class AMPHIBIA OrderGYMNOPHIONA Family CAECILIIDAE Gymnopis multiplicata Peters, 1874 ICA,NCA B,G,ES,H,N,P t i ICa r [26, 28] Order ANURA Family BUFONIDAE Chaunus marinus Linné, 1758 Pan*,ET B,G,ES,H,N,P t m,sb Cc,Pc c [26, 28, 29] Family LEPTODACTYLIDAE Craugastor stejnegerianus (Schmidt, 1857) ICA,NCA,NSA H,N,P t m,sb ICa c [28] Craugastorstejnegerianus (Cope, 1893) ICA N,P t sb ICa c [28] Leptodactylus pentadactylus ICA,NCA,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P t m Pc c [28] (Hallowell, 1860) Leptodactylus pentadactylus ICA,SA H,N,P t i Cc,ICa,Pc c [28] (Laurenti, 1768) Family HYLIDAE Smilisca phaeota (Cope, 1862) ICA,NCA H,N,P t i PO, ICa c [28] Class REPTILIA Order TESTUDINATA Family DERMOCHELYIDAE Dermochelys coriacea (Vandellli, 1761) Cp B,G,ES,H,N,P aq sb,wc Cc,Pc i [32]

(continued) 475 476 Species List g [28] [28] [28] [28] [34] [9, 32] [2, 27] [1, 8] [20] References f u i c r u Abundance u u e IC Cc,PO,ICa r ICh,PN Costa Rican distribution d Marine habitat c t i t i,sb PO,ICa t i t i,sb ICa Life mode b P N,P G,ES,H,N t i Central America a ICA,NCA B,G,S,H,N,P t i,sb Cc,ICa,Pc i ICA ICA ICA NCA ICA,NCA,NSA N,P ICA,NCA,Car,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P aq cl,m,sb,wc Cc,Pc World World distribution EP,SPPanWP,EP,WA G,ES,H,N,P G,ES,N,P G,H,N,P aq aq sb,wc aq sb,wc Pc,PG,PN,PO wc,rb,sb Pc Cc,Pc,PG,PN,PO i r [6, 28] [21, 22] ICA,NCA,NSA B,G,ES,H,N,P aq m Cc,Pc (continued)

(Houttoyn, (Houttoyn, 1782) Stejneger, 1903 Stejneger, Harris and Kluge, 1984 Noble 1916 (Eschscholtz, 1829) Thecadactylus rapicauda Sphaerodactylus pacificus Sphaerodactylus Sphaerodactylus graptolaemus Sphaerodactylus Family Family EUBLEPHARIDAE Coleonyx mitratus (Peters, 1863) Family GEKKONIDAE Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma Order SQUAMATA Suborder SAURIA Family CORYTOPHANIDAE Basiliscus basiliscus (Linné, 1758) Species List 40.2 Family CHELONIIDAE Chelonia agassizi Bocourt, 1868 Order CROCODILIA Family CROCODYLIDAE Caiman (Linné, crocodilus 1758) acutus 1807) Crocodylus (Cuvier, Species Eretmochelys imbricata (Linné, Eretmochelys 1766) Lepidochelys olivacea Marine ReptilesandAmphibians Family GYMNOPHTHALMIDAE Leposoma southi Ruthven & Gaige, 1924 ICA P t i ICa i [28] Family IGUANIDAE Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) ICA,NCA B,G,ES,H,N,P t m,sb MI,Pc c [26] Iguana iguana (Linné, 1758) NSA,Car B,G,ES,H,N,P t wc,sb,m Cc,Pc u [3, 25] Family PHRYNOSOMATIDAE Sceloporus variabilis Wiegmann, 1834 ICA,NCA G,ES,H,N t sb PN c [30] FAMILY POLYCHROTIDAE Norops limifrons (Cope, 1862) ICA,NCA H,N,P t i,sb ICa c [12, 19] Norops townsendi (Stejneger, 1900) ICA t i IC c [4] Family TEIIDAE Ameiva quadrilineata (Hallowell, 1860) ICA P t i,sb ICa c [12, 13] Cnemidophorus deppii Wiegmann, 1834 ICA,NCA G,ES,H,N t i,sb IS c [12, 13] Suborder SERPENTES Family BOIDAE Boa constrictor Linné, 1758 ICA,NCA,SA B,G,ES,H,N,P t i,m ICa,ISL u [14] Corallus ruschenbergerii (Cope, 1876) ICA,SA P t m PO u [15] Family COLUBRIDAE Chironius carinatus (Linné, 1758) ICA,NSA P t m,sb PO i [28] Coniophanes fissidens (Gunther, 1858) ICA,NCA,SA B,G,ES,H,N,P t i, m Pc,ICa i [31] Imantodes cenchoa (Linné, 1758) ICA,NCA,SA B,G,ES,H,N,P t i ICa c [28] Leptodeira rubricata (Cope, 1893) ICA P t m PO r [31] Leptodrymus pulcherrymus (Cope, 1874) ICA,NCA G,ES,H,N t m,sb PN r [26] Mastigodryas melanolomus (Cope, 1868) ICA,NCA G,ES,H,N,P t m,sb Pc,ICa c [28] Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) ET,ICA,NCA,SA B,G,ES,H,N,P t m Cc,Pc c [31] Pseustes poecilonotus (Gunther, 1858) ICA,NCA,SA B,G,ES,H,N,P t sb Cc,Pc u [28] (continued) 477 478 Species List g References f Abundance e Costa Rican distribution d Marine habitat c Life mode b Central America a World World distribution Pan ES,G,H,N,P aq wc Pc u [18] ICAICA,NCA N,P G,ES,H,N t t sb i PN MI i r [23] [31] (continued)

Distribution Distribution in Central America other than Costa Rica: B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama cl = coastal lagoon; i = island; m = rb mangrove; = rocky beach; sb = sand beach; wc = water column References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Car = Caribbean; Cp = cosmopolitan; EP NCA ET = = = eastern Nuclear Tropical; extra Pacific; Central America; ICA = Isthmian Central America; NSA = aq = aquatic most of the life cycle; t = terrestrial Cc = Caribbean coast; ICa = Isla del Caño; IC = Isla del Coco; ICh = Isla Chira; MI = Islas Murciélago; PN = Península de Nicoya; PO = Península de Osa; c = common (one can find many individuals); i = infrequent (not predictable); r = rarely seen; u = usual (can be found in the appropriate habitat and season Species List 40.2 Species Family Family ELAPIDAE platurus (Linné, 1766) Pelamis a b c d e f g northern South America; SA = South = America; western Pan Atlantic; = WP Pantropical; WA = western SP Pacific; = south Pacific Pc = whole coast; Pacific PG = Golfo de Papagayo; ISL = Isla San Lucas Family Family LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE 1939 Leptotyphlops ater Taylor, Family Family LOXOCEMIDAE Loxocemus bicolor Cope, 1861 n.a. = Information not available Introduced exotic * Birds in Coastal and Marine Environments 479 f References e o,ss * [2, 4, 6, 9] Habitat d Costa Rica Pacific PM,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM,IC,Off o,sIC,Off [2, 4, 6, 8, 9] o,s [2, 4, 6, 8, 9] IC,OffPM,Off o,s o,sPM,ICOff [2, 4, 6, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] s o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 9] OffIC,Off o,s o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] IC,Off o,s [1, 4, 7] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 8, 9] c Off IC,OffOff o,s Off [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Off CM Costa Rica Caribbean b P Central America ES,G,H,N,P ES,G,H,N,P ES,G,H,N ES,G,H,N,P ES,G,H,N,P P P ES,G,H,N,P a IP,RS,WA,WP WP World distribution World EP EA,EP,WA,WP Storm-Petrel Storm-Petrel English name Coastal and marine birds in Costa Rica (Pacific and Caribbean) and Central America. Nomenclature and species order follow Dicki nson

(2003) Species Oceanodroma tethys Oceanodroma (Bonaparte, 1852) Wedge-rumped (Coues, microsoma 1864)Oceanodroma Least Storm-Petrel EP Oceanodroma markhami Oceanodroma (Salvin, 1883) melania Oceanodroma (Bonaparte, 1854) Storm-Petrel Markham’s Black Storm-Petrel EP EP (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)griseus Puffinus (J.F. lherminieri Puffinus Lesson, 1839 Gmelin, 1789) pacificus (J.F. Puffinus Sooty Shearwater 1836) (Temminck, tenuirostris Puffinus Shearwater Wedge-tailed Shearwater Audubon’s Family HYDROBATIDAE EP,IO,WP Short-tailed Shearwater EA,EP,IP,WA,WPOceanites oceanicus Car,EP,IO,WA,WP (Kuhl, 1820) Arc,EP,IO,WP P CA (Harcourt, castro 1851)Oceanodroma P Storm-Petrel Wilson’s Band-rumped Ant,Car,EA,EP,IO, Pterodroma hasitata (Kuhl, 1820)Pterodroma Coues, creatopus Puffinus 1864 Black-capped Petrel Car,WA Pink-footed Shearwater EP Family Family PROCELLARIIDAE Calonectris diomedea (Scopoli, 1769) parkinsoni 1862Procellaria G.R. Gray, Shearwater Cory’s Petrel Parkinson’s phaeopygia (Salvin, 1876)Pterodroma Car,WA,WP,IP Dark-rumped Petrel EP,WP EP Species List 41.1 Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE (Salvin, Phoebastria 1883)irrorata Albatross Waved EP (Vieillot, 1818)leucorhoa Oceanodroma (Vieillot, Storm-Petrel Leach’s Car,EA,EP,IO,WA, 480 Species List f References e Habitat d PM,IC cr,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM cr,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] IC,Off o,sIC [3, 4, 6, 7, 9] s [2, 4, 8, 9] Costa Rica Pacific IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 8, 9] c Costa Rica Caribbean b CA Off IC,Off cr,o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] CAES,H,N,P CA CM Off PM,IC cr,s IC,Off [2, 4, 6, 7, 8,9] cr,s,o [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] ES,G,H,N,P CAB,G,P? Off Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Central America a WA,WP WP Ct World distribution World EA,EP,IO,IP,WA, Storm-Petrel Red-footed Booby Ct Neotropical Cormorant Car,EP,WA CA Black-necked Stilt CM Car,EP,WA PM CA cl,m [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] CM PM cl,m [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Masked Masked Booby Ct American White Pelican EP,WA (continued)

1789) 1776) J.F. Gmelin, 1789 J.F. Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783)Sula sula (Linnaeus, 1766) Brown Booby Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards, 1882 Family PHALACROCORACIDAE Blue-footed Booby Gmelin, brasilianus (J.F. Phalacrocorax EP Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family HAEMATOPODIDAE Haematopus 1820palliates Temminck, Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE American Oystercatcher Car,EP,WAHimantopus mexicanus (Statius Müller, CA CM PM cr,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Pelecanus occidentales Linnaeus, 1766Pelecanus Family SULIDAE Brown PelicanSula dactylatra Lesson, 1831 Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cr,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Family Family FREGATIDAE Mathews, 1914magnificens Fregata Gmelin, 1789)minor (J.F. Fregata Family PELECANIDAE Magnificent Frigatebird Car,EA,EP,WA erythrorhynchos Pelecanus Great Frigatebird CA EA,EP,IO,WA,WP CM PM,IC s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Phaethon lepturus Daudin, 1802 White-tailed Tropicbird Ct Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE Phaethon Linnaeus, aethereus 1758 Red-billed Tropicbird Car,EA,EP,IO,RS, Species List 41.1 marina (Latham, 1790)Pelagodroma White-faced Species English name Recurvirostra americana J.F. Gmelin, American Avocet Car,EP,WA CA PM cl,m [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Birds inCoastalandMarineEnvironments 1789 Family CHARADRIIDAE Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus, 1758 Snowy Plover Car,EA,EP,IO,Med, CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] RS,WA,WP Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818 Collared Plover Car,EP,WA CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825 Semipalmated Plover Arc,Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Charadrius wilsonia Ord, 1814 Wilson’s Plover Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Pluvialis dominica (Statius Müller, 1776) American Golden-Plover Arc,Car,EA,EP, CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] WA,WP Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-bellied Plover Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Med,RS,WA,WP Family SCOLOPACIDAE Actitis macularia (Linnaeus, 1766) Spotted Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Aphriza virgata (J.F. Gmelin, 1789) Surfbird EP ES,G,H,N,P PM cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruddy Turnstone Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Med,RS,WA,WP Calidris alba (Pallas, 1764) Sanderling Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] IP,Med,RS, WA,WP Calidris alpina (Linnaeus, 1758) Dunlin Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, CA PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Med,RS,WA,WP Calidris bairdii (Coues, 1861) Baird’s Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA ES,G,H,N,P PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Knot Arc,Car,EA,EP,IP, CA PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Med,WA,WP Calidris ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Curlew Sandpiper Arc,EA,EP,IO,IP, PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 9] RS,WA,WP Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819) White-rumped Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Calidris himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826) Stilt Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA CA PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857) Western Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] 481 Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819) Pectoral Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (continued) 482 Species List f References e Habitat d PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] PM,IC,Off o,sPM,OffPM,IC?,Off cl,m,o,s cl,m,o,s [2, 5, 6, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] IC cr,o [2, 4, 6, 9] Costa Rica Pacific PM,IC crPM [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] c Costa Rica Caribbean b CA CM,Off PM,Off cl,m,o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] CA Off IC,Off cr,o [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] G,P CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Central America ES,G,H,N,P a WA,WP WP IP,Med,RS, IP,Med,RS, WA,WP IP,RS,WA,WP Car,EA,EP,WA,WP B Car,EA,EP,Med, Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, Car,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC cl,cr,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] World distribution World Black Noddy Willet (continued)

Gmelin, 1789) (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)flavipes (J.F. Tringa Gmelin, 1789)melanoleuca (J.F. Tringa Greater Yellowlegssolitaria A. Tringa 1813Wilson, Lesser Yellowlegs Family PHALAROPODIDAE fulicarius Phalaropus (Linnaeus, 1758) Arc,Car,EP,WA lobatus Arc,Car,EP,WAPhalaropus (Linnaeus, 1758) Red Solitary PhalaropeSandpiper CA 1819)tricolor Steganopus (Vieillot, CA Red-necked Phalarope Family LARIDAE Arc,Car,EP,WAAnous minutus Boie, 1844 Arc,EP,IO,WP Phalarope Wilson’s Arc,EA,EPAnous stolidus (Linnaeus, 1758) CM CA CM ES,G,H,N,P Arc,Car,EP,WAChlidonias niger (Linnaeus, 1758) PM,IC ES,G,H,N CA Brown Noddy PM,IC CM Black Tern cl,m,s cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] PM,IC [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Car,EA,EP,IO,WA, cl,m [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Philomachus Philomachus pugnax (Linnaeus, 1758) Ruff (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)griseus Limnodromus (J.F. Short-billed Dowitcher 1823)scolopaceus Limnodromus (Say, Arc,Car,EP,WALimosa fedoa (Linnaeus, 1758) Long-billed DowitcherLimosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758) CA Arc,Car,EP,WANumenius americanus Bechstein, 1812 Hudsonian Numenius Godwitphaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) CA Long-billed Curlew Marbled Godwit Whimbrel CM Arc,Car,EP,WA Car,EP,WA CM Car,EP,WA CA PM CA PM CA cl,m,s CM [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] cl,m PM [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] (J.F. Gmelin, 1789)incanus Heteroscelus (J.F. Tattler Wandering EP,WP Species List 41.1 Calidris 1819)minutilla (Vieillot, Calidris pusilla (Linnaeus, 1766) semipalmatus Catoptrophorus (J.F. Least Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Arc,Car,EP,WA Arc,Car,EP,WA CA CA CM CM PM,IC PM,IC cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] cl,m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Species English name Birds inCoastalandMarineEnvironments Creagrus furcatus (Neboux, 1846) Swallow-tailed Gull EP P PM,IC,Off o,s [1, 4, 7, 9] Gygis alba (Sparrman, 1786) White Tern Car,EA,EP,WA,WP P IC,Off cr,o [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 Herring Gull Arc,Car,EA,EP,IO, CA CM PM,IC m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] WA,WP Larus atricilla Linnaeus, 1758 Laughing Gull Car,EA,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Larus delawarensis Ord, 1815 Ring-billed Gull Car,EA,EP,WA CA CM PM m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Larus heermanni Cassin, 1852 Heermann’s Gull EP G PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 9] Larus modestus Tschudi, 1843 Gray Gull EP,WA P PM,IC s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Larus philadelphia (Ord, 1815) Bonaparte’s Gull Car,EA,EP,WA CA CM PM m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Larus pipixcan Wagler, 1831 Franklin’s Gull Car,EA,EP,WA CA CM PM,IC m,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin, 1789) Large-billed Tern WA P CM o,s * Sterna anaethetus Scopoli, 1786 Bridled Tern Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, CA Off PM,OFF cr,o [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] RS,WA,WP Sterna antillarum (Lesson, 1847) Least Tern Car,EP,WA,WP CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770 Caspian Tern Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, CA PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Med,RS,WA,WP Sterna elegans Gambel, 1849 Elegant Tern Car,EA,EP,WA ES,G,H,N,P CM PM,IC? cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Sterna forsteri Nuttall, 1834 Forster’s Tern Car,EA,EP,WA CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Sterna fuscata Linnaeus, 1766 Sooty Tern Car,EA,EP,IO,WA, CA IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] WP Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 Common Tern Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Med,RS,WA,WP Sterna nilotica J.F. Gmelin, 1789 Gull-billed Tern Car,EA,EP,IO,IP, CA CM PM cl,m,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Med,RS,WA,WP Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787 Sandwich Tern Car,EA,EP,Med,WA CA CM,Off PM,IC,Off cl,m,o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Sterna maxima Boddaert, 1783 Royal Tern Car,EA,EP,WA CA CM PM s [2, 4, 6, 7, 9] Xema sabini (Sabine, 1819) Sabine’s Gull Arc,Car,EP,WP CA PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9] Family RYNCHOPIDAE Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758 Black Skimmer Car,EP,WA CA CM PM cl,m,s 2,4,6,7,9 483 (continued) 484 Species List f References e Habitat d Costa Rica Pacific c Costa Rica Caribbean b CA PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] CA CM,Off PM,IC,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] ES,G,H,N,P PM,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] ES,G,H,N,P CM,Off PM,Off o,s [2, 5, 6, 7, 9] Central America a IP,WA,WP IP,WA,WP WA,WP WA,WP World distribution World (continued)

CA = All Central American Countries; B = Belize; ES = El Salvador; G = Guatemala; H = Honduras; N = Nicaragua; P = Panamá IC = Isla del Coco; Off = Offshore; PM = mainland Pacific Ant = Antarctic; Arc = Arctic; Car = Caribbean; Ct = circumtropical; EA = IO Eastern = Atlantic; Indian Ocean; Med EP IP = = Eastern Indopacific; Pacific; CM = Caribbean mainland; Off = Offshore cl = Coastal lagoon; cr = Coastal rock; m = o Mangrove; = Oversea; s = Shore References are indicated by numbers according to the references list (Temminck, 1815)pomarinus (Temminck, Stercorarius Pomarine Jaeger Ant,Car,EA,EP,IO, * Unpublished; confirmed during the preparation of * this document Stercorarius parasiticus (Linnaeus, Stercorarius 1758) Parasitic Jaeger Ant,Car,EA,EP,IO, Vieillot, 1819longicaudus Vieillot, Stercorarius Long-tailed Jaeger Arc,Car,EA,EP, Species List 41.1 Family STERCORARIIDAE Catharacta maccormicki Saunders, 1893 South Polar Skua Ant,Car,EA,EP,IP, a b c d e f = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = Western Mediterranean; Atlantic; Pacific RS WP = = Western Red Western Sea; = WA Species English name Marine Mammals 485 f (continued) 26, 27, 29] References [5, 17, 25, 26] [10, 19, 25] e Status Ex LR/nt, I [10, 19, 25] ENA1 abd, ENA1 I [10, 19, 25] ENA1 abd, ENA1 I [10, 19, 25] DD LR/lc [10, 19, 25] ENA1 abd, ENA1 I [10, 19, 25] LR/lc [10, 19, 25] d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Ocurrence O C, R C2a VUA1cd [8, 22, 23, 25, b N, P Central America CA, B – – B, G, H, CA, P E P CA, P E P CA, P E P CA, P E P CA, P ECA, P E CP P I VUA1bd [10, 19, 25] CA, P E P a Med Med Car Car, EA, Car, WA EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP WP, WA, EA, EP, CA, P E P Marine mammals reported from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, Central America; taxonomic nomenclature based on Rice (1998)

1778 Species List 42.1 Order CARNIVORA Suborder PINNIPEDIA Family PHOCIDAE 1850 Gray, Monachus tropicalis Species distribution World Order SIRENIA Family TRICHECHIDAE manatus manatus Linnaeus, Trichechus Order CETACEA Suborder MYSTICETI Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Lacépède, Balaenoptera 1804acutorostrata cp(except RS) Lesson, Balaenoptera borealis 1828 cp Balaenoptera Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 Balaenoptera musculus, Linnaeus 1758 WA WP, IO, IP, cp EA, (except RS, Car, EP, Med) CA, P E CP DD, I [10, 19, 25] Family Family KOGIIDAE de 1838Blainville, breviceps Kogia IO WP, WA, EA, EP, Balaenoptera Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758 cp (except RS) Family Family ZIPHIIDAE Mesoplodon de 1817densirostris Blainville, IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Suborder ODONTOCETI Family PHYSETERIDAE Physeter Linnaeus, macrocephalus 1758 IO, IP, WP, WA, Ant, EA, EP, sima Kogia Owen, 1866 486 Species List f [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] References [10, 19, 25, 31] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 12, 25, 32] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] [10, 19, 25] e * * LR/cd [10, 19, 25] DD DD DD Status LR/lc DD DD d Oceanic distribution c Costa Rica Ocurrence b CA, B, P E P CA, B, P ECA, B, P CP E LR/cd P [10, 19, 25] CA, B, P E P CA, B, P E P CA, B, P FCA, B, P C CP CP DD DD CA, B, P F CP DD CA, B, P ECA, B, P CP O LR/lc CP LR/cd [10, 19, 25] Central America CA, B, P E P CA, B, P E CP DD* [10, 19, 25] CA E P CA, B, P EN, P C CP C LR/cd DD, I [10, 19, 25] [8, 9, 12, 25, 32] a Med, RS IP, RS IP, Med, RS Med Med, RS Med, RS IP, RS IP, RS IP, Med, RS Car, EA, Car, WA Car, EA, Car, WA Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, IO WA, EP, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, cp IO, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, CA, B, P E P EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP, Med IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, EP, CA, P IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, E CP DD (continued)

Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, 1833 Stenella 1850 clymene Gray, IO, IP, WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Cuvier, 1829 Stenella Cuvier, frontalis Gray, 1828 Stenella Gray, longirostris Gray, 1846 Gray, Globicephala macrorhynchus Grampus griseus 1812 Cuvier, IO, IP WP, WA, EA, Car, EP, Lagenodelphis hosei 1956 Fraser, CA, B, P O CP LR/cd [10, 19, 25, 32] Gray, 1874 attenuata Gray, Feresa Species List 42.1 Mesoplodon Gervais, 1855europaeus EA Car, Steno Lesson, bredanensis 1828 truncatus Montagu, Tursiops 1821 Pseudorca crassidens Owen, Pseudorca 1846 Linnaeus, orca Orcinus 1758 Bénéden, 1864Sotalia guianensis Van Stenella 1846 attenuata Gray, WA Car, Species distribution World Gray, 1846 electra Gray, Peponocephala Cuvier, 1823 Ziphius Cuvier, cavirostris Family DELPHINIDAE Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 Marine Mammals a Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; B = Belize; G = Guatemala, H = Honduras, N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c C = common; E = expected; F = frequent; O = occasional d C = Costal populations, P = Pelagic populations, CP = both coastal and pelagic populations, R = riverine e UICN Red List (1996, 2000, http://www/redlist.org). DD = data deficient; LR/cd = lower risk taxon-specific or habitat-specific; LR/nt = Lower Risk taxa close to be qualify as Vulnerable; LR/lc = ; Lower Risk taxa do not qualify for conservation-dependent or near-threatened; ENA1abd = Endangered, population reduction in form of direct observation, index of abundance appropriate to the taxon, decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and/or quality of habitat; VUA1cdC2a = vulnerable, observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat, actual, or potential levels of exploitation, population estimated to less than 10,000 mature individuals and either continuing decline, severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1,000 mature individuals); VUA1bd = vulnerable observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon and actual or potential levels of exploitation; Ex = extinct, I = Appendix I of CITES (http://www.cites.org/) f References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 487 Species List 42.2 Marine mammals reported from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, Central America; taxonomic nomenclature based on Rice (1998) World Central Costa Rica Oceanic Species distributiona Americab Pacificc Occurrenced distributione Statusf Referencesg Order CARNIVORA Suborder PINNIPEDIA Family OTARIIDAE Zalophus californianus Lesson, 1828 EP CA PM, IC A C LC/cd [1, 11, 15, 25] Zalophus wollebaeki Sivertsen, 1953 EP CA IC A C DD [15, 25] Order CETACEA Family BALAENOPTERIDAE Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, cp (except RS) CA, P O E P LR/nt, I [10, 19, 25, 31] 1804 Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 cp CA, P O, IC E P ENA1 abd, I [6, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 Car, EA, EP, IO, IP, WP, CA, P PM, O, IC O CP DD, I [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, WA 25, 31] Balaenoptera musculus, Linnaeus, 1758 Cp (exceptRS, Med) N, P IC, O O P ENA1 abd, I [10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 28, 31] Balaenoptera physalus, Linnaeus, 1758 Cp (exceptRS) CA, P O, IC E P ENA1 abd, I [6, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781 Ant, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P PM, IC F C VUA1ad, I [2, 6, 7, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, Med 24, 25, 30, 31] Family PHYSETERIDAE Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1766 Ant, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O, IC O CP VUA1bd, I [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, Med 25, 31] Family KOGIIDAE Kogia breviceps de Blainville, 1838 EA, EP, WA, WP, IO CA, P O E P LR/lc* [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] Kogia sima Owen, 1866 EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, IP CA, P O O P LR/lc* [10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31] Family ZIPHIIDAE Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O, IC R P DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] 1817 IO, IP, Med Mesoplodon peruvianus Reyes, Mead, EP CA, P O E P DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31] & Van-Waerebeek, 1991 Mesoplodon spp. EP CA PM, O, IC O P? [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25] Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823 EA, EP, WA, WP, IO, CA, P PM, O, IC O CP DD [3, 10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, IPMed 31] Family DELPHINIDAE Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O C P DD* [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, Med, RS 25, 31] Feresa attenuata Gray, 1874 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O E P DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 25, 31] IO, IP, Med Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P PM, O, IC C CP LR/cd [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 1846 IO, IP 31] Grampus griseus Cuvier, 1812 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O, IC C P DD [10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, Med, RS 25, 31] Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956 EP, WA, IO CA, P O R P DD [10, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] Peponocephala electra Gray, 1846 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O R P LR/lc* 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP 25, 31 Pseudorca crassidens Owen, 1846 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P O R CP LR/lc* [4, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, IO, IP, RS 21, 25, 31] Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758 cp CA, P PM, O, IC R CP LR/cd [6, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, 25, 31] Stenella attenuata Gray, 1846 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P PM, O C CP LR/cd [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, IO, IP, RS 21, 25, 31] Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA PM, O, IC F CP LR/cd [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, RS 25, 31] Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, 1833 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P PM, O, IC C P LR/cd [10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, Med, RS 25, 31] (continued) Species List 42.2 (continued) World Central Costa Rica Oceanic Species distributiona Americab Pacificc Occurrenced distributione Statusf Referencesg

Steno bredanensis Lesson, 1828 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P PM, O F CP DD [6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, 21, IO, IP, Med, RS 25, 31] Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821 Car, EA, EP, WA, WP, CA, P PM, O, IC C CP DD [3, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18.19, IO, IP, Med, RS 21, 25, 31] a Ant = Antarctic; Car = Caribbean; cp = cosmopolitan; EA = eastern Atlantic; EP = eastern Pacific; IO = Indian Ocean; IP = Indo-Pacific; Med = Mediterranean; RS = Red Sea; WA = western Atlantic; WP = western Pacific b CA = all Central American countries; N = Nicaragua; P = Panama c PM = Pacific mainland; IC = Isla del Coco; O = Pacific offshore d A = accidental; C = common; E = expected; F = frequent; O = occasional; R = rare e C = Costal populations, P = Pelagic populations; CP = both coastal and pelagic populations f UICN Red List (1996, 2000, http://www/redlist.org) DD = data deficient; LR/cd = lower risk taxon-specific or habitat-specific; LR/nt = lower risk taxa close to be qualify as vulnerable; LR/lc = lower risk taxa do not qualify for conservation-dependent or near-threatened; ENA1abd = endangered, population reduction in form of direct observation, index of abundance appropriate to the taxon, decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and/or quality of habitat; VUA1ad = vulnerable, observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on direct observation and actual or potential levels of exploitation; VUA1bd = vulnerable observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% the last 10 years or three generations based on an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon and actual or potential levels of exploitation; Ex = extinct, I = Appendix I of CITES (http://www.cites.org/) g References specified by numbers in the reference list Other Taxonomic Groups (Fungi, Kinorhynchs, Invertebrate Chordates) 491

Species List 43.1 Marine fungi collected in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Systematics according to http://www.plantbio.uga.edu/zoosporicfungi/index.html Species Costa Ricaa Habitatb Referencesc Kingdom FUNGI Phylum CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA Class CHYTRIDIOMYCETES Chytridiomycota, genus unidentified GN m [6] Dermocystidium sp. GN m [6] Phylum STRAMENOPILA Class LABYRINTHULOMYCOTA Family LABYRINTHULACEAE Labyrinthula sp. GN m [6] Family THRAUSTOCHYTRIACEAE Thraustochytrium sp. GN m [6] Schizochytrium sp. GN m [6] Ulkenia sp. GN m [6] a GN = Golfo de Nicoya b m = mangrove c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list

Species List 43.2 Salps collected off the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Systematics of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003) and Myers et al. (2006) Species Habitata Referencesb Phylum CHORDATA Subphylum UROCHORDATA Class THALIACEA Order SALPIDA Family SALPIDAE Thalia democratica (Forskål, 1775) pl [1] Weelia cylindrica (Cuvier, 1804) pl [1] a pl = planktonic b Reference are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 492 Species List

Species List 43.3 Kinorynchs and invertebrate chordates collected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Systematics of higher taxa as in Brusca & Brusca (2003) and Catalogue of Life (http:// annual.sp2000.org/2006) Species Costa Ricaa Habitatb Referencesc Phylum KINORHYNCHA Order CYCLORHAGIDA Family CENTRODERIDAE Campyloderes cf. vanhoeffeni CR be [2] Family ECHINODERIDAE * Fissuroderes thermoi Neuhaus and Blasche 2006 CR be [3] Phylum CHORDATA Class ASCIDIACEA Order ENTEROGONA Family ASCIDIIDAE Ascidia ceratodes (Huntsman, 1912) PC be,rb [5] Ascidia sp. PC be,rb [5] Family DIAZONIDAE * Rhopalaea birkelandi Tokioka 1971 PC be,rb [4,5] Family DIDEMNIDAE Didemnum (Didemnum) candidum Savigny, 1816 PC be,rb [5] Didemnum (Didemnum) moseleyi (Herman, 1886) PC be,rb [5] Lissoclinum caulleryi Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 PC be,rb [5] Lissoclinum fragile (Van Name, 1902) PC be,rb [5] Family POLYCLINIDAE Amaroucium constellatum Verrill, 1871 PC be,rb [5] Polyclinum laxum Van Name, 1945 PC be,rb [5] Order PLEUROGONA Family PYURIDAE Pyura lignosa Michaelsen, 1908 PC be,rb [5] Pyura sp. aff. vittata PC be,rb [5] Family STYELIDAE Polyandrocarpa (Eusyntyela) tincta Van Name, 1902 PC be,rb [5] Symplegma pizoni Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 PC be,rb [5] Styela partita Stimpson, 1852 PC be,rb [5] Class CEPHALOCHORDATA Family BRANCHIOSTOMIDAE Branchiostoma californiense Andrews, 1893 GN be,sb [7] * = Species described with specimens collected in Costa Rica a CR = Cocos ridge; G = Guanacaste; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; PC = Playas del Coco b be = benthic; rb = rocky bottom; sb = sandy bottom c References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Marine Fish Parasites 493

Species List 44.1 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomy of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003), and Rodíguez-Ortíz et al. (2004) Species Host Referencesa Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass COPEPODA Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family CALIGIDAE Caligus mutabilis Wilson, 1905 Scomberomorus brasiliensis [7] Family PSEUDOCYCNIDAE Pseudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922) Scomberomorus brasiliensis [7] a References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list 494 Species List

Species List 44.2 Marine parasites collected from fish from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Taxonomy of higher taxa as in Brusca and Brusca (2003), and Rodíguez-Ortíz et al. (2004) Species Host Sitesa Referencesb Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class MONOGENOIDEA Subclass POLYONCHOINEA Family ALLODISCOCOTYLIDAE Hargicola oligoplites (Hargis, 1957) Oligoplites altus GN [18] Lebedev, 1970 Family CEMOCOTYLIDAE Cemocotylella elongata (Meserve, 1938) Caranx caballus GN [18] Price, 1962 Family CHAUHANEIDAE Ahpua piscicola Caballero & Caranx caballus, GN [9,18] Bravo-Hollis, 1973 Oligoplites altus Family DICLIDOPHORIDAE Hargicotyle louisianensis (Hargis, 1955) Menticirrhus sp. P [2] Mamaev, 1972 Originally described as Choricotyle louisiana Family DISCOCOTYLIDAE Heterobothrium ecuadori (Meserve, 1938) Sphoeroides sp. ML [3,5,14] Originally described as Tagia ecuadori Pseudomazocraes monsivaisae Caballero & Vomer declivifrons P [9, 18] Bravo-Hollis, 1955 Family MICROCOTYLIDAE Jaliscia caballeroi (Bravo-Hollis, 1960) Tuna GN [18] Mamaev & Egorova, 1977 Polymicrocotyle manteri Lamothe- Luytjanus colorado GN [9, 18] Argumedo, 1967 Family PROTOMICROCOTYLIDAE * Neomicrocotyle pacifica (Meserve, 1938) Caranx marginatus BC [3, 14, 18] Yamaguti, 1968 Originally described as Protomicrocotyle pacifica Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family ACANTHOCOLPIDAE Helicometra sinuata (Rudolphi, 1819) Moray BC [10] Odhner, 1902 Manteria brachydera (Manter, 1940) Caranx caballus, GN [17] Caballero, 1950 Oligoplites altus, Oligoplites refulgens Stephanostomum casum (Linton, 1910) Epinephelus itajara J [16] McFarlane, 1934 Family BUCEPHALIDAE Bucephalopsis sp. Caranx caballus PC [18] Bucephalus introversus Manter, 1940 Caranx hippos, BC [9, 10, 18] Seriola sp. Family DIDYMOZOIDAE Didymozoidae gen. sp. nov. (metacercariae) Haemulon maculicauda BC [16] (continued) Marine Fish Parasites 495

Species List 44.2 (continued) Species Host Sitesa Referencesb Family FELLODISTOMATIDAE Tergestia laticollis (Rudolphi 1819) Caranx caballus BC,O [3, 10, 16] Stossich, 1899 Family HEMIURIDAE Ectenurus virgulus Linton, 1910 Fistularia commersoni O [16] Lecithochirium microstomum Fistularia commersoni O [16] Chandelr, 1935 Lecithochirium monticelli (Linton, 1898) Synodus sp. O [2] Crowcroft, 1946 Mecoderus oligoplites Manter, 1940 Oligoplites altus, GN,P [2, 17] Oligoplites refulgens, Oligoplites sp. Pseudolecithaster sp. Echidna nocturna J [16] * Theletrum lamothei Pérez-Ponce de León, Echidna nocturna J [16] León-Règagnon & Monks 1998 Family LEPOCREADIIDAE Bianium plicitum (Linton, 1928) Sphoeroides sp. ML [3, 5] in Brenes (1961) as Diploproctodaeum plicitum (Linstow, 1928) Bianium simonei (Travarssos, Freitas & Arothron hispidus N [15] Buhrheim1965) Yamaguti, 1971 Hypocreadium myohelicatum Epinephelus itajara C [16] Bravo-Hollis & Manter, 1957 Family MONORCHIIDAE * Lasiotocus costaricae (Manter, 1940) Yellow-striped grunt BC [3, 8, 10, 18] Yamaguti, 1954 or porgy Originally described as Proctptrema costaricae Family OPECOELIDAE Helicometra sinuata (Rudolphi, 1819) Moray BC [3, 10] Odhner, 1902 Class CESTODA Subclass EUCESTODA Family ONCHOBOTHRIIDAE * Acanthobothrium campbelli Marques, Urotrygon chilensis GN [11] Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium cimari Marques, Dasyatis longus GN [11] Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium costarricense Marques, Dasyatis longus GN [11] Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium franus Marques, Centritto Narcine entemedor J [13] & Stewart, 1997 * Acanthobothrium inbiorium Marques, Narcine entemedor J [13] Centritto & Stewart, 1997 * Acanthobothrium puntarenasense Dasyatis longus GN [11] Marques, Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothrium nicoyaense Brooks & Aetobatus narinari GN [4] McCorquodale, 1995 (continued) 496 Species List

Species List 44.2 (continued) Species Host Sitesa Referencesb * Acanthobothrium vargasi Marques, Dasyatis longus GN [11] Brooks & Monks, 1995 * Acanthobothroides pacificus Marques, Himantura pacifica BC [12] Brooks & Molina-Ureña, 1996 Family PHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE * Rhinebothrium geminum Marques, Himantura pacifica BC [12] Brooks & Molina-Ureña, 1996 Family PTEROBOTHRIIDAE Pterobothrioides carvajali Campbell Dasytis longus J [6] & Beveridge, 1997 Family TRILOCULARIIDAE * Escherbothrium molinae Berman Urotrygon chilensis GN [1] & Brooks, 1994 Phylum ACANTHOCEPHALA Class PALAEACANTHOCEPHALA Order ECHINORHYNCHIDA Family ILLIOSENTIDAE * Koronacatha pectinarius (Van Cleave, “Medialuna”, BC,J [15, 20] 1940) Monks et al., 1997; originally Microlepidotus brevipinnis described as Tegorhynchus pectinarius Phylum NEMATODA Class ADENOPHOREA Family GNATHOSTOMATIDAE * Echinocephalus janzeni Hoberg, Brooks, Himantura pacifica BC [8] Molina-Ureña & Erbe, 1998 Phylum ARTHROPODA Subphylum CRUSTACEA Class MAXILLOPODA Subclass COPEPODA Order SIPHONOSTOMATOIDA Family BOMOLOCHIDAE Unicolax collateralis Cressey & Euthynnus lineatus PC [7] Cressey 1980 Family CALIGIDAE Caligus omissus Cressey & Cressey, 1980 Scomberomorus sierra PC [7] Caligus chorinemi Kroyer, 1863 Seriola dorsalis BC [21] Family LERNANTHROPIDAE Lernanthropus micropterygis Seriola sp. BC [21] Richiardi, 1885 Family PANDARIDAE Pandarus satyrus Dana, 1852 Prionace glauca PC [19] Family PSEUDOCYCNIDAE Peudocycnoides buccata (Wilson, 1922) Scomberomorus sierra PC [7] Peudocycnus appendiculatus Heller, 1868 Thunnus albacares PC [7] * = species described with material collected in Costa Rica a BC = Bahía Culebra; C = Playa Cuajiniquil; GN = Golfo de Nicoya; J = Playa Junquillal; ML = Mata de Limón; N = Playa Nacascolo; O = Playa Ocotal; P = Puntarenas; PC = Pacific coast of Costa Rica, no specific location given b References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Sea Turtle Parasites Species List 45.1 Parasites reported from the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) of the Parque Nacional Tortuguero, north Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Santoro et al. 2006, 2007a, b, c) Parasites Microhabitat Geographical distributiona Other sea turtle hostsb Referencesc Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family ANGIODICTYIDAE Deuterobaris intestinalis Mehrotra, 1973 Intestine I None [31, 45] Microscaphidium reticulare van Beneden, Intestine A,C,E,G,J,M,NS,PR None [6, 15] 1859 Microscaphidium warui Blair, 1986 Urinary bladder A,P,T None [6] Octangium hiphalum Blair, 1987 Lower intestine A,I,T None [7, 16, 31] Polyangium linguatula Looss, 1899 Intestine A,B,C,E,F,H,I,PR,S 1 [6, 13, 14, 15] Family CLINOSTOMIDAE Clinostomum complanatum Rudolphi, 1814 Oesophagus Cosmopolitan None [24] Family PARAMPHISTOMIDAE Schizamphistomoides erratum Blair, 1983 Lower intestine A,K,M,PR,SL,T 4 [5] Schizamphistomoides scleroporum Stomach/Intestine A,C,EU,NA,TR 4 [5] Creplin, 1844 Family PRONOCEPHALIDAE Charaxicephaloides sp. Stomach C None [20, 21] Charaxicephalus robustus Looss, 1901 Oesophagus/Stomach E None [26, 41] Cricocephalus albus Kuhl & van Oesophagus/Stomach A,B,E,I,IC,J,P,PR,S,T,TR 4 [17, 25, 48] Hasselt, 1822 Cricocephalus megastomus Looss, 1902 Oesophagus/Stomach C,E,I,PR,T 4 [9, 15, 16, 17, 20, 27] Cricocephalus resectus Looss, 1902 Oesophagus/Stomach CE,E,I,T None [9, 16, 41, 48] Desmogonius desmogonius Stephens, 1911 Oesophagus/Stomach JA,T,F None [10, 16, 29, 44] Himasomum lobatus Looss, 1901 Intestine B,E,F,FI,JA,ME,P,PR,T 4,5 [14, 16, 17, 34, 48] Pleurogonius linearis Looss, 1901 Intestine B,E,J,ME,PR 4 [17, 48] Pleurogonius longiusculus Looss, 1901 Intestine B,E,I,P None [9, 48]

Pleurogonius sindhii Mehra, 1939 Intestine P,PK None [48] 497 (continued) 498 Species List c [48] [19, 23, 43] [40] [9, 48] [13, 14, 15, 33, 48] [14, 36] [8, 35] [8, 35] [42] [12, 13, 37] [1, 22, 30, 43] [30] References b 4 1 None None 5 4 None None None None 2,3,4 None Other sea turtle hosts a NZPW,P,PK,PR C,E A,BE,F,NZPW n. sp. B,E,J,P,PK E,F,H,ME,P,PR I,PR NZPW,P I A,B,BE,F,GC,H,I,ME, PK Geographical distribution oesophagus, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder Oesophagus/Gall bladder/Liver/Intestine Intestine Heart/Small vessels of Lower Lower intestine Urinary bladder Gall bladder/Liver NZPW,P Intestine Great vessels/Heart A,I,H Great vessels/Heart/ Heart Microhabitat et al. ** (continued) ,

2007c Chattopadhyaya, 1970 Pleurogonius solidus Looss, Pleurogonius 1901 Santoro tortugueroi Pleurogonius Pronocephalus obliquus Pronocephalus Looss, 1899 High intestine Pyelosomum cochlear Looss, 1899 Rao, 1975 uterocrescens Rameshwarotrema Oesophagus Family Family RHYTIDODIDAE Rhytidodoides intestinalis Price, 1939 Gall bladder Rhytidodoides similis Price, 1939 Family Family SPIRORCHIIDAE solus Simha Amphiorchis & Rao, 1976 postorchis Hapalotrema Price, learedi Learedius 1934 Monticellius indicum Mehra, 1939 sp.* Neospirorchis Species List 45.1 Parasites Sea Turtle Parasites 499 C. [18, 32] N. schistosomatoides Price, 1934 from 5 C. caretta and Lepidochelys Lepidochelys olivacea ct,ME Eretmochelys imbricata; 5 Eretmochelys = N. pricei Manter & Larson, 1950 from Chelonia mydas ; 4 = Skin Chelonia ; agassizii 3 = species Neospirorchis have been described to date: ; 2 caretta Caretta = 1 = A = Australia; B = Brazil; BE = Bermuda; C = Cuba; CE = Ceylon; Ct = circumtropical; E = Egypt; EU = Europe; F = Florida; FI = Filipinas; G = Ghana; References are indicated by numbers according to the reference list Phylum Phylum ANNELIDA Class CLITELLATA Subclass HIRUDINEA Family OZOBRANCHIDAE Menzies, branchiatus Ozobranchus 1791 a b c n. sp. = new species Only histological finding. * Two ** mydas . GC = Grand Cayman; H = Hawaii; I = India; IC = Iles de Cocotiers; J = Japan; JA = Jamaica; K = Kiribati; M = Malaysia; ME = Mexico; NA = North America; North = NA Mexico; = ME Malaysia; = M Kiribati; = K Jamaica; = JA Japan; = J Cocotiers; de Iles = IC India; = I Hawaii; = H Cayman; Grand = GC NS = North Sea; NZPW = National Zoological Park USA; of P Washington, = Panama; PK = Pakistan; PR = Puerto Rico; S = Singapore; SL = Sri Lanka; T TR = = Trinidad Taiwan; 500 Species List d 2002, 2004, 32] 43, 47] [personal observation [2, 20, 28, 34, 48] [2, 3, 4, 28, 34] [1, 11, 19, 38, 39, [4, 28, 33, 48] References c 3, 5 1, 3, 4 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4 Other sea turtle hosts b Lepidochelys Lepidochelys olivacea NG,P,PR,RS,S F,GC,H,ME,US NG,P,PR C,E,FR,IT,ME,S 1, 3, 4 A,AS,BWI,CS,CR, Geographical distribution a GN Nan,ONWR ct,ME ONWR A,F,FR,IT,ME,NA, Locality Eretmochelys imbricata ; 5 Eretmochelys = Chelonia mydas ; 4 = Skin Stomach Urinary bladder ONWR A,E,F,G,I,IT,J,ME, Microhabitat Lungs/Spleen/Intestine GN Chelonia ; agassizii 3 = Parasites Parasites reported from the ridley turtle olive ( Lepidochelys olivacea ) of the coast Pacific of Costa Rica (Santoro & Morales 2007)

* ; 2 caretta Caretta = (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1902 (Rudolphi, 1819) Looss, 1901 A = Australia; AS = Atlantic seaboard (Florida to Massachussetts); BWI = British Indies; West C = Cuba; CR = Costa Rica; CS = Caribbean Sea; Ct = cir- References are indicated by numbers according to the references list GN = Golfo de Nicoya; ONWR = Ostional National Refuge, Wildlife Nan = Nancite nesting beach 1 = * Only histological finding. * Family Family SPIRORCHIIDAE Spirorchiid eggs Family Family PLAGIORCHIIDAE Looss, 1899megachondrus Enodiotrema Intestine Phylum Phylum ANNELIDA Class CLITELLATA Subclass HIRUDINEA Family OZOBRANCHIDAE Menzies, branchiatus Ozobranchus 1791 Family Family PACHYPSOLIDAE irroratus Pachypsolus Species List 45.2 Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Class TREMATODA Subclass DIGENEA Family GORGODERIDAE Plesiochorus cymbiformis a b c d Parasites cumtropical; E = Egypt; F = Florida; FR = France; G = Greece; GC Northwest Atlantic = coast of Africa; Grand NG = New Guinea; Cayman; P = Panama; PR H = Puerto Rico; RS = = Red Sea; Hawaii; S = Spain; I US = USA = India; IT = Italy; J = Japan; ME = Mexico; NA =