DOCSLIB.ORG

A Preliminary Report on Expeditions Monsoon And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Preliminary Report on Expeditions Monsoon And A Preliminary Report on Expeditions Monsoon and Lusiad 1960 - 1963 University of California, San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography Cruises to the Indian Ocean By The Members of the Expedition Edited by Robert L. Fisher S. I. O. Reference 64-19 ― i ― FOREWORD Field participation in the International Indian Ocean Expedition by scientists and research vessels of the University of California's Scripps Institution of Oceanography comprises three multi- program investigations: MONSOON (1960-1), LUSIAD (1962-3) and DODO (1964). All three expeditions, though first broadly outlined in 1959, lie within the cooperative international exploration of the Indian Ocean being sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research and UNESCO. Therefore, though original schedules have to date been met, the programs have in fact been influenced and modified by the plans, interests and findings of other agencies and laboratories, and direct participation by marine scientists, students and trainees from other areas has been welcomed. Although the final SIO IIOE cruise, DODO, is just underway, a preliminary report on some generalized results of the first two expeditions seems appropriate now, with the clear understanding that many conclusions stated here may indeed be premature. Final analyses, syntheses and results will appear in more specialized formal publications and in the proposed SCOR-sponsored atlases which eventually will summarize Indian Ocean Expedition findings. At Scripps Institution, it is customary to give names, rather than number designations, to the major expeditions. The 1960-1 investigation, 3 ½ months in the Indian Ocean, embraced the first SIO field work in the "monsoon seas". It was funded primarily by the Office of Naval Research of the Navy Department, with auxiliary support for personnel and special equipment from the Bureau of Ships and the National Science Foundation. The primarily two-ship 1962-3 cruise, 11 ½ calendar months in the Indian Ocean, drew its name from "Os Lusiadas", the epic epic poem (ca. 1572) of Luis Camões celebrating the early explorations of the Indian Ocean by Portuguese navigators. LUSIAD was a joint operation of the University of California and the University of Rhode Island; the two three-months' equatorial current studies, aboard Argo, were planned ― ii ― and carried out under the over-all direction of John Knauss, formerly of SIO, now Dean of the Graduate School of Oceanography of URI. In greater part, LUSIAD was funded nearly equally by the Navy Department (through ONR and BuShips contracts) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF G-22255). The current cruise on Argo, DODO, receives its support from these same sources. Its name, with a slight bow to Lewis Carroll of course, commemorates the now- extinct flightless bird of Mauritius, an island intimately linked with all three SIO cruises to the Indian Ocean. Robert L. Fisher Director, SIO Indian Ocean Program June 2, 1964 ― iii ― Scripps Institution of Oceanography research vessels Argo and Horizon. R/V Argo carried out Monsoon Expedition and R/V Argo and Horizon carried out Lusiad Expedition. ― 1 ― ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This preliminary report was written by some members of MONSOON and LUSIAD Expeditions, as indicated in the several chapters covering various aspects of the scientific programs, and, in a few instances, by shore-based scientists who worked up samples or data records. Each member of LUSIAD Expedition is indebted to SIO's James Faughn, who visited in advance each Argo port between Manila and Cochin to make logistic and personnel arrangements; he also acted as scientific liaison at these ports and at Djakarta. The bulk of the preparation took place while the editor was based at the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics, Madingley Rise, Cambridge, and would not have occurred without the constant on-the-ground aid at Scripps Institution of Mrs. Marie Jantsch, Thomas W. C. Hilde and David Crouch of the SIO Indian Ocean Program Office. The clerical and logistic services of Mrs. Sue Chappell and Joseph Redfarn at Madingley Rise are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, the editor thanks Sir Edward Bullard and Dr. Maurice Hill for the facilities and support given him during his stay at the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics. ― 2 ― MONSOON EXPEDITION - NARRATIVE A. San Diego to Port Darwin (August 26 – October 17, 1960) The University of California's first oceanographic field study of the Indian Ocean got underway when R/V Argo, with Laurence E. Davis as Master, sailed from San Diego on August 26. George G. Shor, Jr., seismologist, was chief scientist, and the scientific party included eighteen others, primarily physical scientists but also two ichthyologists aboard to make air-borne insect, plankton and fish collections. Programs planned, and carried out in varying degree, for this segment enroute to the Indian Ocean included: short seismic refraction lines employing Argo's 32-foot utility boat as second vessel; continuous underway topographic, magnetic and gravity observations; hydrographic casts, piston and gravity coring, heat flow measurements, bottom photography and dredging, plankton tows and dip-netting on stations; BT's at two-hour intervals while underway; occasional air samples for CO2 analysis and surface water samples for radiocesium analysis. When Argo left San Diego, her first major port of call was to be Suva, Fiji. However, in 1960 Argo was a recently-reactivated and newly-converted vessel, and there were numerous small and large troubles plaguing her electrical circuits and her machinery, and especially the winches. On September 2, near 13°N, 145°W, her starboard-side steering cable nearly parted, and it was necessary to detour to Honolulu for repairs. En route, even so, a short seismic refraction line was attempted on the shelf and the upper slope in the lee, west of the island of Hawaii. Argo was in Honolulu from September 6 – 17, undergoing repairs to the ship's machinery and modifications to the large dredging winch. Due to this unplanned port stop, Suva was dropped from the itinerary and Argo sailed for Cairns, Queensland, on the afternoon of September 17. She reached Cairns on October 6 after brief stops ― 3 ― at Howland (September 24) and Nanumea (September 28). Between these stops, fourteen crew and scientists, in a "two-birds ceremony", were initiated as shellbacks when Argo crossed the Equator at 180° Longitude, a point "neither east nor west, north nor south". On October 1, while crossing the North New Hebrides Trench in the vicinity of Vanikoro Island (site of the shipwreck and loss of La Perouse's Astrolabe and Boussole, incidentally), Argo logged and confirmed a flat trench bottom at 4695 fms uncorrected (sounding velocity 4800 ft/second), about 1100 fms deeper than previously accepted for that trench. (Subsequent detailed exploration here by R/V Spencer F. Baird early in 1962 established that the North New Hebrides Trench reaches a depth of 5010 fms — Matthews-corrected — near Argo's crossing). En route across the Pacific Basin, Argo's complex scientific program yielded, in part, 5 seismic refraction stations (some reversed), 21 gravity cores, 11 temperature probe lowerings, 7 camera stations, 12 micro-plankton tows, 10 radiocesium samples, 11 GEK jogs in the Coral Sea, 8 hydrographic casts, 247 BT's nearly- continuous underway PDR, gravity and magnetic observations, and shore biological collections and a gravity station at Howland Island. At Cairns, three scientists (Belshe, Mero and Von Herzen) and the ship's physician (Chassy) left the expedition; another scientist (Helfer) went ashore to carry out a gravity survey overland to Port Darwin. Three men joined: Robert Thyer of the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Frank Carey of Western Gear Company and Alvin Edgerton, gravity program aide from UCLA. Here also inspections and arrangements were made to charter M/V Malita, Bert Cummings, Master, to serve as primary shooting ship during the Cairns to Djakarta portion of MONSOON. Argo left Cairns on October 8[*], and proceeded under coastal pilot inside the Barrier Reef to Princess Charlotte Sound; during this run the water was too shallow to permit towing of the magnetometer, and the primary program was measurement of gravity. In the Sound, an Argo- tender short seismic line was shot, to check the depth of the Tertiary sediments in the basin. Meanwhile, the biologists were making collections on nearby Wharton Reef. Argo ― 4 ― transited Torres Strait on October 10 and made gravity and magnetic runs southwest of the Strait before anchoring off Thursday Island October 11 to await Malita. Malita had sailed from Cairns on October 9 with two of the seismic party aboard. At Thursday Island a third seismologist, supplies, communications equipment and explosives were put aboard Malita and both ships headed for Tanimbar. On October 12 a 45-mile seismic line was shot on the shelf northwest of Carpenteria Lightship; this was followed by two similar shelf lines the next two days. During this period a great deal of time and effort went into correcting electrical troubles in the scientific equipment aboard Malita. On October 15 Argo and Malita, passing between Tanimbar and the Aroe Islands, reached the smooth-floored middle of the 3800-fm Weber Deep. Here Argo's recently-repaired dredging winch was tested by lowering a gravity corer to the basin floor. During retrieval, the wire walked out of the grooves in the winch's traction drums and snarls developed, necessitating the cutting and long-splicing of the cable before the corer with core was recovered. As a further test of the big winch, however, an otter trawl was towed southeastward along the flat-bottomed Weber Deep. Shortly after midnight a maximum of 12,000 meters of wire was out. No difficulties were experienced during the retrieval, although on surfacing the trawl was found to be wrapped in the cable. The trawl probably did not touch bottom, even at the + slow speed (1.5 - knots) and large wire scope (1.6 – 1.7) tried.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Diversity and Community Structure of Pelagic Cnidarians in the Celebes and Sulu Seas, Southeast Asian Tropical Marginal Seas
    Deep-Sea Research I 100 (2015) 54–63 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Deep-Sea Research I journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dsri Diversity and community structure of pelagic cnidarians in the Celebes and Sulu Seas, southeast Asian tropical marginal seas Mary M. Grossmann a,n, Jun Nishikawa b, Dhugal J. Lindsay c a Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST), Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan b Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan c Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan article info abstract Article history: The Sulu Sea is a semi-isolated, marginal basin surrounded by high sills that greatly reduce water inflow Received 13 September 2014 at mesopelagic depths. For this reason, the entire water column below 400 m is stable and homogeneous Received in revised form with respect to salinity (ca. 34.00) and temperature (ca. 10 1C). The neighbouring Celebes Sea is more 19 January 2015 open, and highly influenced by Pacific waters at comparable depths. The abundance, diversity, and Accepted 1 February 2015 community structure of pelagic cnidarians was investigated in both seas in February 2000. Cnidarian Available online 19 February 2015 abundance was similar in both sampling locations, but species diversity was lower in the Sulu Sea, Keywords: especially at mesopelagic depths. At the surface, the cnidarian community was similar in both Tropical marginal seas, but, at depth, community structure was dependent first on sampling location Marginal sea and then on depth within each Sea. Cnidarians showed different patterns of dominance at the two Sill sampling locations, with Sulu Sea communities often dominated by species that are rare elsewhere in Pelagic cnidarians fi Community structure the Indo-Paci c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Siphonophore Tentilla for Specialized Prey Capture in the Open Ocean
    The evolution of siphonophore tentilla for specialized prey capture in the open ocean Alejandro Damian-Serranoa,1, Steven H. D. Haddockb,c, and Casey W. Dunna aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; bResearch Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; and cEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Edited by Jeremy B. C. Jackson, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, and approved December 11, 2020 (received for review April 7, 2020) Predator specialization has often been considered an evolutionary makes them an ideal system to study the relationships between “dead end” due to the constraints associated with the evolution of functional traits and prey specialization. Like a head of coral, a si- morphological and functional optimizations throughout the organ- phonophore is a colony bearing many feeding polyps (Fig. 1). Each ism. However, in some predators, these changes are localized in sep- feeding polyp has a single tentacle, which branches into a series of arate structures dedicated to prey capture. One of the most extreme tentilla. Like other cnidarians, siphonophores capture prey with cases of this modularity can be observed in siphonophores, a clade of nematocysts, harpoon-like stinging capsules borne within special- pelagic colonial cnidarians that use tentilla (tentacle side branches ized cells known as cnidocytes. Unlike the prey-capture apparatus of armed with nematocysts) exclusively for prey capture. Here we study most other cnidarians, siphonophore tentacles carry their cnidocytes how siphonophore specialists and generalists evolve, and what mor- in extremely complex and organized batteries (3), which are located phological changes are associated with these transitions.
    [Show full text]
  • Crater Gradation in Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars J
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111, E02S08, doi:10.1029/2005JE002465, 2006 Crater gradation in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum, Mars J. A. Grant,1 R. E. Arvidson,2 L. S. Crumpler,3 M. P. Golombek,4 B. Hahn,5 A. F. C. Haldemann,4 R. Li,6 L. A. Soderblom,7 S. W. Squyres,8 S. P. Wright,9 and W. A. Watters10 Received 19 April 2005; revised 21 June 2005; accepted 27 June 2005; published 6 January 2006. [1] The Mars Exploration Rovers investigated numerous craters in Gusev crater and Meridiani Planum during the first 400 sols of their missions. Craters vary in size and preservation state but are mostly due to secondary impacts at Gusev and primary impacts at Meridiani. Craters at both locations are modified primarily by eolian erosion and infilling and lack evidence for modification by aqueous processes. Effects of gradation on crater form are dependent on size, local lithology, slopes, and availability of mobile sediments. At Gusev, impacts into basaltic rubble create shallow craters and ejecta composed of resistant rocks. Ejecta initially experience eolian stripping, which becomes weathering-limited as lags develop on ejecta surfaces and sediments are trapped within craters. Subsequent eolian gradation depends on the slow production of fines by weathering and impacts and is accompanied by minor mass wasting. At Meridiani the sulfate-rich bedrock is more susceptible to eolian erosion, and exposed crater rims, walls, and ejecta are eroded, while lower interiors and low-relief surfaces are increasingly infilled and buried by mostly basaltic sediments. Eolian processes outpace early mass wasting, often produce meters of erosion, and mantle some surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lower Bathyal and Abyssal Seafloor Fauna of Eastern Australia T
    O’Hara et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2020) 13:11 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1 RESEARCH Open Access The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia T. D. O’Hara1* , A. Williams2, S. T. Ahyong3, P. Alderslade2, T. Alvestad4, D. Bray1, I. Burghardt3, N. Budaeva4, F. Criscione3, A. L. Crowther5, M. Ekins6, M. Eléaume7, C. A. Farrelly1, J. K. Finn1, M. N. Georgieva8, A. Graham9, M. Gomon1, K. Gowlett-Holmes2, L. M. Gunton3, A. Hallan3, A. M. Hosie10, P. Hutchings3,11, H. Kise12, F. Köhler3, J. A. Konsgrud4, E. Kupriyanova3,11,C.C.Lu1, M. Mackenzie1, C. Mah13, H. MacIntosh1, K. L. Merrin1, A. Miskelly3, M. L. Mitchell1, K. Moore14, A. Murray3,P.M.O’Loughlin1, H. Paxton3,11, J. J. Pogonoski9, D. Staples1, J. E. Watson1, R. S. Wilson1, J. Zhang3,15 and N. J. Bax2,16 Abstract Background: Our knowledge of the benthic fauna at lower bathyal to abyssal (LBA, > 2000 m) depths off Eastern Australia was very limited with only a few samples having been collected from these habitats over the last 150 years. In May–June 2017, the IN2017_V03 expedition of the RV Investigator sampled LBA benthic communities along the lower slope and abyss of Australia’s eastern margin from off mid-Tasmania (42°S) to the Coral Sea (23°S), with particular emphasis on describing and analysing patterns of biodiversity that occur within a newly declared network of offshore marine parks. Methods: The study design was to deploy a 4 m (metal) beam trawl and Brenke sled to collect samples on soft sediment substrata at the target seafloor depths of 2500 and 4000 m at every 1.5 degrees of latitude along the western boundary of the Tasman Sea from 42° to 23°S, traversing seven Australian Marine Parks.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphipod Newsletter 39 (2015)
    AMPHIPOD NEWSLETTER 39 2015 Interviews BIBLIOGRAPHY THIS NEWSLETTER PAGE 19 FEATURES INTERVIEWS WITH ALICJA KONOPACKA AND KRZYSZTOF JAŻDŻEWSKI PAGE 2 MICHEL LEDOYER WORLD AMPHIPODA IN MEMORIAM DATABASE PAGE 14 PAGE 17 AMPHIPOD NEWSLETTER 39 Dear Amphipodologists, Statistics from We are delighted to present to you Amphipod Newsletter 39! this Newsletter This issue includes interviews with two members of our amphipod family – Alicja Konopacka and Krzysztof Jazdzewski. Both tell an amazing story of their lives and work 2 new subfamilies as amphipodologists. Sadly we lost a member of our amphipod 21 new genera family – Michel Ledoyer. Denise Bellan-Santini provides us with a fitting memorial to his life and career. Shortly many 145 new species members of the amphipod family will gather for the 16th ICA in 5 new subspecies Aveiro, Portugal. And plans are well underway for the 17th ICA in Turkey (see page 64 for more information). And, as always, we provide you with a Bibliography and index of amphipod publications that includes citations of 376 papers that were published in 2013-2015 (or after the publication of Amphipod Newsletter 38). Again, what an amazing amount of research that has been done by you! Please continue to notify us when your papers are published. We hope you enjoy your Amphipod Newsletter! Best wishes from your AN Editors, Wim, Adam, Miranda and Anne Helene !1 AMPHIPOD NEWSLETTER 39 2015 Interview with two prominent members of the “Polish group”. The group of amphipod workers in Poland has always been a visible and valued part of the amphipod society. They have organised two of the Amphipod Colloquia and have steadily provided important results in the world of amphipod science.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Planets
    Terrestrial Planets First ever ‘whole Earth’ picture from deep space, taken by Bill Anders on Apollo 8 Apollo 8 crew, Bill Anders centre: The Earth is just a planet courtesy Nasa 1- 4 from the Sun Image courtesy: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Terrestrial_planet_size_comparisons_edit.jpg Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are four astonishingly different planets Mercury and Venus have only been seen in any detail within the last 30 years Mercury in sight Courtesy NASA (Mariner 10) Mercury is visible only soon after the setting sun or shortly before dawn the Mariner 10 probe (1974/75) is the source of most information about Mercury – Messenger, launched 2004, first flypast in 2008 and orbit Mercury in 2011. ESA’s BepiColombo, to be launched in 2013 Mercury Mercury is like the Earth inside and the Moon outside Mercury has had a cooling and bombardment history similar to the moon It appears as cratered lava with scarps Its rocks are Earth-like Mariner 10 image Messenger images ↑ Double-ringed crater – a Mercury feature courtesy: http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/S trom02.jpg ← Courtesy: http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gal lery/sciencePhotos/pics/EN010 8828161M.jpg Messenger image Courtesy: http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/Prockter06.jpg Mercury Close-up Mercury’s topography was formed under stronger gravity than on the Moon The Caloris basin is an impact crater ~1400 km across, beneath which is thought to be a dense mass 2 Mercury’s rotation period is exactly /3 of its orbital period
    [Show full text]
  • The Lower Bathyal and Abyssal Seafloor Fauna of Eastern Australia T
    The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia T. O’hara, A. Williams, S. Ahyong, P. Alderslade, T. Alvestad, D. Bray, I. Burghardt, N. Budaeva, F. Criscione, A. Crowther, et al. To cite this version: T. O’hara, A. Williams, S. Ahyong, P. Alderslade, T. Alvestad, et al.. The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia. Marine Biodiversity Records, Cambridge University Press, 2020, 13 (1), 10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1. hal-03090213 HAL Id: hal-03090213 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03090213 Submitted on 29 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. O’Hara et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2020) 13:11 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1 RESEARCH Open Access The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia T. D. O’Hara1* , A. Williams2, S. T. Ahyong3, P. Alderslade2, T. Alvestad4, D. Bray1, I. Burghardt3, N. Budaeva4, F. Criscione3, A. L. Crowther5, M. Ekins6, M. Eléaume7, C. A. Farrelly1, J. K. Finn1, M. N. Georgieva8, A. Graham9, M. Gomon1, K. Gowlett-Holmes2, L. M. Gunton3, A. Hallan3, A. M. Hosie10, P.
    [Show full text]
  • G. Distribution of the Marine Asellota
    G. Distribution of the marine Asellota As part of the evaluation of the bathymetrical and eulittoral, sublittoral, bathyal, abyssal, and hadal regional distribution of bathyal and abyssal Asel- (cf. p. 16 and p. 271). lota, it was found important to compare the require- Temperature. The temperature records have been ments of the deep-sea forms, regarding distribution derived from many sources. In only very few cases and temperature, to those of the littoral asellotes. has the temperature been given by the author who However, a monographic compilation of the entire described or mentioned the species in question. tribe of Asellota is an undertaking not previously However, by scanning the station lists of the various attempted. GURJANOVA(1933b) gave a survey of expeditions it was sometimes possible to find a re- the occurrence and depth records of the Arctic and cord of the temperat~re;~even if records older than Subarctic marine isopods and a similar survey was some 50 years are not always reliable they should compiled by NIERSTRASZ(1941) for the Indo-Pacific be exact enough for biological purposes. In the isopods. There are many misprints in distribution majority of cases it was necessary to acquire infor- data in the former paper, and the latter paper is by mation on temperatures from hydrographical data no means complete. In the depth records of both of other expeditions, etc., working in the same or papers the conversions from fathoms to metres are an adjacent area. almost all incorrect. Recently, MENZIES(1962b) di- Where more temperature records over a succes- agnosed most of the abyssal Atlantic isopods and sion of years were available, the maximum and mini- will discuss their distribution at a later date.
    [Show full text]
  • First Record of Beaching Events for a Calycophoran Siphonophore: Abylopsis Tetragona (Otto, 1823) at the Strait of Gibraltar
    Marine Biodiversity https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0926-1 SHORT COMMUNICATION First record of beaching events for a caLycophoran siphonophore: Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) at the Strait of GibraLtar Elena Guerrero1 & Karen Kienberger2 & Ana ViLLaescusa 3 & Josep-Maria GiLi1 & GabrieL Navarro2 & Laura Prieto 2 Received: 26 March 2018 / Revised: 2 August 2018 / Accepted: 8 October 2018 # Senckenberg GeseLLschaft für Naturforschung 2018 Abstract Two beaching events of the calycophoran siphonophore Abylopsis tetragona (Otto, 1823) were observed in two different areas of the Strait of Gibraltar during the cold season. The first was discovered on November 2014, on Getares Beach (Algeciras Bay, Mediterranean part of the Strait of Gibraltar), where more than 700 colonies were found deposited along the tideline. The second event was discovered on January 2015, on Paloma Baja Beach (Tarifa, Atlantic part of the Strait of Gibraltar) where an average density of 170 colonies m−2 was spread along the seashore. Both events seemed to be promoted by strong easterly winds, preceded by upwelling episodes that may have concentrated high densities of the siphonophore in superficial layers. This study represents the first report of a calycophoran siphonophore mass stranding. The records were made thanks to citizen science and jellyfish outreach at secondary schools (PERSEUS@school initiative), illustrating the importance of citizen science projects in observing natural phenomena. We consider the monitoring and recording of cnidarian stranding events especially important in highly productive and biologically active areas such as the Strait of Gibraltar. Keywords Mass stranding . Gelatinous zooplankton . Citizen science . Outreach . Secondary schools Introduction abundant epipelagic siphonophore inhabitant of temperate and warm waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indican oceans Siphonophores are long pelagic colonial hydrozoans and the Mediterranean Sea (Alvariño 1971; Mapstone 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • CNIDARIA Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoans
    FOUR Phylum CNIDARIA corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans STEPHEN D. CAIRNS, LISA-ANN GERSHWIN, FRED J. BROOK, PHILIP PUGH, ELLIOT W. Dawson, OscaR OcaÑA V., WILLEM VERvooRT, GARY WILLIAMS, JEANETTE E. Watson, DENNIS M. OPREsko, PETER SCHUCHERT, P. MICHAEL HINE, DENNIS P. GORDON, HAMISH J. CAMPBELL, ANTHONY J. WRIGHT, JUAN A. SÁNCHEZ, DAPHNE G. FAUTIN his ancient phylum of mostly marine organisms is best known for its contribution to geomorphological features, forming thousands of square Tkilometres of coral reefs in warm tropical waters. Their fossil remains contribute to some limestones. Cnidarians are also significant components of the plankton, where large medusae – popularly called jellyfish – and colonial forms like Portuguese man-of-war and stringy siphonophores prey on other organisms including small fish. Some of these species are justly feared by humans for their stings, which in some cases can be fatal. Certainly, most New Zealanders will have encountered cnidarians when rambling along beaches and fossicking in rock pools where sea anemones and diminutive bushy hydroids abound. In New Zealand’s fiords and in deeper water on seamounts, black corals and branching gorgonians can form veritable trees five metres high or more. In contrast, inland inhabitants of continental landmasses who have never, or rarely, seen an ocean or visited a seashore can hardly be impressed with the Cnidaria as a phylum – freshwater cnidarians are relatively few, restricted to tiny hydras, the branching hydroid Cordylophora, and rare medusae. Worldwide, there are about 10,000 described species, with perhaps half as many again undescribed. All cnidarians have nettle cells known as nematocysts (or cnidae – from the Greek, knide, a nettle), extraordinarily complex structures that are effectively invaginated coiled tubes within a cell.
    [Show full text]
  • Fully Examined to Identify Cryptic Predators
    Front cover: Photo by Andrew Bruckner. Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation 8181 Professional Place Landover, MD, 20785 USA Philip G. Renaud, Executive Director http://www.livingoceansfoundation.org All research was performed under a permit obtained from the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) (ref #18/27, 8 December, 2011). No animals or plants were collected during the research project. No animals were killed or injured during the execution of the project, and no injured or dead marine mammals or turtles were observed. No oil spills occurred from the M/Y Golden Shadow or any of the support vessels, and oil slicks were not observed. The Golden Shadow used a single anchorage during the mission located behind Southwest Cay. The Golden Shadow provided potable water to the fishers living on Middle Cay. The information in this Final Report summarizes the outcomes of the research conducted during the March, 2012, as part of the Global Reef Expedition, to Pedro Bank Jamaica. Information presented in the report includes general methods, the activities conducted during the mission, general trends and observations, analyzed data and findings, and recommendations. The Living Oceans Foundation cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors. June 1, 2013. Citation: Bruckner, A. (2013) Global Reef Expedition: Pedro Bank, Jamaica. March 10-20, 2012. Final Report. Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation Publication #8, Landover MD. pp. 94. The Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation (KSLOF) was incorporated in California as a 501(c)(3), public benefit, Private Operating Foundation in September 2000. KSLOF headquarters are in Washington DC.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Planktonic Cnidarian Sin Response to South Atlantic Central Water Intrusion in the South Brazilian Bight
    Universidade de São Paulo Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica - IO/IOB Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - IO/IOB 2014-03-18 Distribution of planktonic cnidarian sin response to South Atlantic Central Water intrusion in the South Brazilian Bight Continental Shelf Research, v. 89, p. 93-102, 2014 http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/48819 Downloaded from: Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual - BDPI, Universidade de São Paulo Continental Shelf Research 89 (2014) 93–102 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Continental Shelf Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csr Research papers Distribution of planktonic cnidarians in response to South Atlantic Central Water intrusion in the South Brazilian Bight Miodeli Nogueira Júnior a,n, Frederico P. Brandini b, Juan C.U. Codina a a Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná 81531-980, Brazil b Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico 191, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP 05508-120, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Five oceanographic cruises were made between November 2005 and June 2006, sampling a cross-shelf Received 21 January 2013 transect off the South Brazilian Bight (SBB; 261460S) to follow the seasonal development of the South Received in revised form Atlantic Central Water (SACW) intrusion over the shelf and its influence on the assemblage of planktonic 26 February 2014 cnidarians. An onshore wind-driven bottom intrusion of the SACW was clearly perceptible, reaching the Accepted 28 February 2014 coast in January. From March onward, the SACW influence was gradually displaced seaward due to wind Available online 18 March 2014 and tidal mixing.
    [Show full text]