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Composición Y Abundancia Del Zooplancton Marino De Las Islas De

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Composición Y Abundancia Del Zooplancton Marino De Las Islas De COMPOSICIÓN Y ABUNDANCIA DEL ZOOPLANCTON MARINO DE LAS ISLAS DE PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA (CARIBE COLOMBIANO), DURANTE LA ÉPOCA CLIMATICA LLUVIOSA (OCTUBRE – NOVIEMBRE) DE 2005 MARIA DEL PILAR MARTÍNEZ BARRAGÁN UNIVERSIDAD DE BOGOTÁ JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA MARINA SANTA MARTA, D.T.C.H. 2007 COMPOSICIÓN Y ABUNDANCIA DEL ZOOPLANCTON MARINO DE LAS ISLAS DE PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA (CARIBE COLOMBIANO) DURANTE LA ÉPOCA CLIMATICA LLUVIOSA (OCTUBRE – NOVIEMBRE) DE 2005 MARIA DEL PILAR MARTÍNEZ BARRAGÁN Trabajo de grado para optar al título de Biólogo Marino Director JAIRO MEDINA Biólogo Marino, M. Sc. Biología Línea Marina Coinvestigador Universidad Nacional, Sede San Andrés, Isla Asesor Andrés Franco Herrera Biólogo Marino, Dr. Oceanografía Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano Asesor Adolfo Sanjuan Muñoz Biólogo Marino, M. Sc. Ciencias de Gestión Ambiental Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano UNIVERSIDAD DE BOGOTÁ JORGE TADEO LOZANO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES SANTA MARTA, D.T.C.H. 2007 Este trabajo va dedicado a aquella persona que siempre me brindó su apoyo y luchó conmigo para que este sueño se hiciera realidad, para ti mamá. i AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a la Universidad Nacional Sede San Andrés Islas y a la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano por permitirme llevar a cabo el presente trabajo y formación profesional. Jairo Medina, M. Sc línea Biología marina, Coinvestigador de la Universidad Nacional, sede San Andrés isla, por la oportunidad y colaboración como Director. Andrés Franco, Dr. Oceanografía y Adolfo Sanjuán Muñoz mis asesores y docentes de la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Sede Santa Marta, por su constante apoyo como profesores y amigos. Néstor Hernando Campos Campos, docente de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Santa Marta, por brindarme tiempo y paciencia en el proceso de identificación y confirmación de los organismos colectados, como también por su apoyo moral. Paulo Tigreros, docente de la Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Sede Santa Marta por su confianza y apoyo anímico en momentos de crisis. Gracias a Hernando Valencia (Director Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano Sede Santa Marta), Carlos Charly (Coordinador de Laboratorios Santa Marta), Alexi Torres (Bibliotecóloga Santa Marta) y demás trabajadores de planta, por su colaboración, sabios consejos y grata compañía como también a mi equipo de trabajo del laboratorio con quienes consolidé una muy buena amistad y aprendí en todos los campos: Julián R. Vargas Castellanos y Andrea Carolina Jara Baquero. Un agradecimiento muy especial a mi padre y hermanos, por su gran tolerancia, apoyo, confianza y compañía en este arduo proceso. ii TABLA DE CONTENIDO Pág INTRODUCCIÓN JUSTIFICADA 1 1. MARCO TEÓRICO Y ESTADO DEL ARTE 3 2. PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACIÓN 12 3. OBJETIVOS 12 4. HIPÓTESIS 12 5. METODOLOGÍA 14 5.1 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO 14 5.2 DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL 16 5.2.1 Ubicación de las estaciones de muestreo 16 5.2.2 Recolección de muestras biológicas y medición de las variables fisicoquímicas 16 5.3 FASE DE LABORATORIO 18 5.3.1 Composición y abundancia 18 5.3.2 Biomasa zooplanctónica 19 5.4 FASE DE GABINETE 20 5.4.1 Composición y abundancia 20 5.4.2 Atributos ecológicos 21 5.4.2.1 Total de familias 21 5.4.2.2 Diversidad de Shannon-Wiener 21 5.4.2.3 Diversidad Shannon-Wiener máxima teórica 21 5.4.2.4 Uniformidad de Pielou 22 5.4.2.5 Predominio de Simpson 22 5.4.2.6 Número de Hill 1 (N1) 22 5.4.2.7 Número de Hill 2 (N2) 22 5.4.3 Comparación de los atributos entre las zonas 22 5.4.4 Variación espacial de la comunidad zooplanctónica 23 5.4.5 Biomasa zooplanctónica 24 5.4.6 Correlaciones entre la diversidad vs biomasa y variables físicas vs densidad 24 6. RESULTADOS 25 6.1 Composición y abundancia 25 6.1.1 Subphylum Crustacea 25 6.1.1.1 Orden Calanoida 25 6.1.1.2 Orden Poecilostomatoida 28 6.1.1.3 Orden Decapoda 29 6.1.1.4 Orden Cyclopoida 31 6.1.1.5 Orden Harpacticoida 31 6.1.1.6 Orden Cladocera 31 6.1.1.7 Orden Myodocopida 31 6.1.1.8 Orden Euphausiacea 32 6.1.1.9 Orden Mysidacea 32 6.1.1.10 Orden Isopoda 32 6.1.1.11 Orden Amphipoda 32 6.1.1.12 Orden Siphonostomatoida 32 6.1.2 Phylum Chordata 32 6.1.2.1 Superclase Osteichthyes 32 6.1.2.2 Orden Copelata 33 6.1.2.3 Orden Salpida 33 6.1.3 Phylum Chaetognatha 33 6.1.3.1 Orden Apragmophora 33 6.1.4 Phylum Protozoa 33 6.1.4.1 Orden Foraminiferida 33 6.1.5 Phylum Annelida 33 6.1.5.1 Ordenes Canalipalpata y Phyllodocemorpha 33 6.1.6 Phylum Mollusca 34 6.1.6.1 Orden Thecosomata 34 6.1.7 Phylum Cnidaria 34 6.1.7.1 Orden Siphonophora 34 6.1.7.2 Ordenes Hydroida y Trachylina 34 6.1.8 Otros 35 6.2 Atributos ecológicos por zonas 36 6.2.1 Zona sur 36 6.2.2 Zona norte 38 6.2.3 Zona interna 40 6.2.4 Zona este 42 6.2.5 Zona oeste 44 6.2.6 Comparación de los atributos ecológicos por zonas 46 6.3 Variación espacial de la comunidad zooplanctónica 47 6.3.1 Análisis de clasificación jerárquica y ordenación 47 6.4 Biomasa zooplanctónica 51 6.4.1 Correlación entre la diversidad vs biomasa 52 6.5 Variables físicas 52 6.5.1 Correlación variables físicas vs densidad zooplantónica 53 7. DISCUSIÓN 54 7.1 Composición y abundancia 54 7.2 Distribución 57 7.3 Biomasa zooplanctónica 59 8. CONCLUSIONES 60 9. RECOMENDACIONES 62 BIBLIOGRAFIA 63 ANEXOS v LISTADO DE TABLAS Pág Tabla 1. Densidad relativa (Dr) de los phyla-taxa y órdenes registrados para las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina, periodo lluvioso (octubre) 2005. 26 Tabla 2. Medidas de diversidad de las estaciones (E) de la zona sur 37 Tabla 3. Medidas de diversidad de las estaciones (E) de la zona norte. 39 Tabla 4. Medidas de diversidad de las estaciones de la zona interna: Bottom House (Bh), Mc. Been (Mc. B) Old Town (Ot) y San Felipe (Sf). 41 Tabla 5. Medidas de diversidad de estaciones (E) de la zona este. 43 Tabla 6. Medidas de diversidad de las estaciones de la zona oeste. 44 Tabla 7. Medidas de diversidad de las zonas sur (ZS), norte (ZN), interna (ZI), este (ZE) y oeste (ZO). 46 Tabla 8. Resultados del Test de Dunn para la riqueza y la abundancia de las Zonas Muestreadas en las islas de Providencia y santa Catalina, periodo lluvioso. 47 Tabla 9. Datos de Temperatura (TºC), Salinidad (UPS) y pH de las 47 estaciones de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. 52 Vii LISTADO DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Ubicación espacial de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina, Caribe colombiano. 14 Figura 2. Áreas de muestreo establecidas para la época lluviosa. 17 Figura 3. Densidad relativa (%) de las familias registradas para el orden Calanoida en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. (se incluyen estados naupliares) 26 Figura 4. Densidad relativa (%) de las familias registradas para el orden Poecilostomatoida en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. 29 Figura 5. Densidad relativa (%) de las familias registradas en el orden Decapoda en las islas de providencia y Santa Catalina (* Valores inferiores al 0,01%). 30 Figura 6. Densidad relativa (≥ 2 %) de las familias más representativas en las estaciones de la zona Sur. 37 Figura 7. Densidad relativa (≥ 2 %) de las familias más representativas en las estaciones de la zona norte. 39 Figura 8. Densidad relativa (≥ 2 %) de las familias más representativas en las estaciones de la zona interna. 41 Figura 9. Densidad relativa (≥ 2 %) de las familias más representativas en las estaciones de la zona este. 43 Figura 10. Densidad relativa (≥ 2 %) de las familias más representativas en las estaciones de la zona oeste. 45 Figura 11. Dendrograma basado en la similaridad de Bray-Curtis para las estaciones de las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina durante el periodo lluvioso. 48 Figura 12. Agrupación bidimensional de las estaciones muestreadas en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina durante el periodo lluvioso a partir de NMDS. 48 Figura 13. Diagrama del análisis de Kaandorp, para el zooplancton de las islas De Providencia y Santa Catalina, periodo lluvioso 2005. 50 Figura 14. Biomasa seca (BS), biomasa libre de cenizas (BLC) y materia orgánica (MO) de las zonas muestreadas en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina (periodo lluvioso). 51 ix ANEXOS Anexo A. Ubicación geográfica de las estaciones de las zonas sur, norte, este, oeste e internas (Bottom House (Bh), Mc Been (Mc, B), Old Town (Ot) y San Felipe (Sf)). Anexo B. Curvas de la Diversidad Acumulada de Shannon-Wiener (H’) para la determinación del número de alícuotas por estación. Anexo C. Datos correspondientes a la calibración del flujómetro, realizado en campo. Anexo D. Datos correspondientes a los volúmenes filtrados por la red, en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina, periodo lluvioso (Octubre) 2005. Anexo E. Datos correspondientes a los cálculos de las abundancias (ind/m3) en las 47 estaciones muestreadas en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina, Octubre 2005. Anexo F. Clasificación Taxonómica. Anexo G. Valores de densidad promedio (ind/100m3) y error estándar (±) para las familias-taxa registradas en las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina. Anexo H. Valores de densidad absoluta (ind/100m3) para los organismos zooplanctónicos identificados en las estaciones (E) de la zona sur. Anexo I. Valores de densidad absoluta (ind/100m3) para los organismos zooplanctónicos identificados en las estaciones (E) de la zona norte.
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