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01 河原 正明先生 P1-48.Indd 植物防疫所調査研究報告（植防研報） 第 54 号：1 ～ 47 平成 30 年（2018） 原著 成田国際空港における輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類 （コウチュウ目ゾウムシ上科）の分類群構成の変遷 源河 正明・吉武 啓 1) ＊ 横浜植物防疫所成田支所 Chronological Change of Taxonomic Composition of Exotic Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Intercepted in Import Plant Quarantine at Narita International Airport. Masaaki GENKA and Hiraku YOSHITAKE 1)＊ (Narita Sub-station, Yokohama Plant Protection Station, Tennamino 2159, Komaino, Narita, Chiba 282-0021, Japan. 1) Institute for Agro- Environmental Sciences, NARO, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan. (*Present address: Itoman Resident Office, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Makabe 820, Itoman, Okinawa 901-0336, Japan)). Res. Bull. Pl. Prot. Japan. 54: 1-47 (2018). Abstract: Weevil specimens that were intercepted at Narita International Airport in import plant quarantine were surveyed and analyzed for chronological change of dominant taxonomic groups from 1978 to 2016. The top three dominant subfamilies were Entiminae, Curculioninae and Ceutorhynchinae of the family Curculionidae, which amount to 81% of weevil interceptions and 85% of curculionid interceptions. The increase of Entiminae weevil interceptions corresponds to that of aircargo inspections since the 1990’s. The rapid increase of Curculioninae and Ceutorhynchinae was observed around the year 2000 when perishable aircargo imports substantially increased from Africa, Oceania, and Europe through the development of aerial networks and transport technology. These three subfamilies, which are mainly composed of species feeding on living plants, are considered to be the most important groups for import plant quarantine at Japanese airports. In addition, dorsal and lateral habitus images of all 427 species with a focus stacking method were provided, which will help daily inspections as a reference. Key words: Curculionidae, Ceutorhynchinae, Curculioninae, Entiminae, Plant quarantine 緒 言 伴って発見件数が急減した一方、ゾウムシ科クチブトゾウムシ 亜科及びゾウムシ亜科は航空貨物による生鮮植物類の輸入量増 ゾウムシ上科（コウチュウ目）は世界で 6 万種以上が知られ 加に伴って発見件数が増加しており、今後の日本の植物検疫に る巨大分類群であり、多様な植物を生体から腐朽体に至る様々 とって重要な分類群と考えられた。 な段階で利用するだけでなく、根や茎、幹、葉、蕾、花、果実 輸入植物検疫が行われている日本各地の海港及び空港の中で など食害部位も多岐に渡る（Morimoto et al., 2006）。重要な農 も、成田国際空港（以下、成田空港）は国内で最も多くの植物 業害虫を数多く含んでおり、植物検疫上の重要性が非常に高い が輸入されており、我が国の輸入植物検疫にとって要所の一つ 分類群である。 と言える。成田空港における植物の輸入検査件数は年間 20 万 輸入植物検疫では、穀類、豆類、香辛料等の乾燥植物類や木 件を超え、国内の航空貨物の輸入検査件数の過半数を占める 材、切花、青果物、種苗類など非常に幅広い品目から多種のゾ （2016 年植物検疫統計）。輸入される植物の大半は切花、青果 ウムシ類が発見されている。源河・吉武（2014）は神戸植物 物、苗類等の生鮮植物類であり、世界の 160 以上の国と地域か 防疫所管内の輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類の標本を調 ら 1,800 品目以上の植物が毎年輸入されている。 査し、分類群構成が年代ごとの輸入品目の変化に伴って変遷し 成田空港では 1978 年の開港以来、輸入植物検疫で多数のゾ たことを明らかにした。この調査では、ゾウムシ科クチカクシ ウムシ類が発見されており、それらは 2,000 点を超える標本と ゾウムシ亜科及びアナアキゾウムシ亜科は 1980 年代以降の東 して横浜植物防疫所成田支所に保管されている。発見頻度の高 南アジアからの原木の輸入量の減少や木材の輸入形態の変化に い種の多くは同定されており、時広（1999）はオーストラリア ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 1) 国立研究開発法人 農研機構 農業環境変動研究センター（* 現 同 九州沖縄農業研究センター（糸満駐在）） 2 植物防疫所調査研究報告 第54号 産の一部の種について報告したが、発見頻度の低いものを中心 の標本を同定するとともに、同定済のものについても再同定 として同定未済の標本が多く残されていた。今回、これらのゾ を行った。同定結果を採取データとともに整理し、目録を ウムシ類標本の調査を行い年代別の分類群構成を解析すること 作成した。科、亜科及び族の分類体系は Alonso-Zarazaga & で、航空貨物として輸入される生鮮植物類の検疫にとって今後 Lyal（ 1999） に従った。併せて、ゾウムシ類の原産地、付着品 重要となる分類群を特定することとした。 目、分類群構成について解析を行った。 調査対象の標本のうち、1 種 1 個体について背面及び側面 材料及び方法 の深度合成写真を取得し、図版を作成した。写真撮影法は Yoshitake（2011）に準じ、撮影機材はデジタル一眼レフカメ 横浜植物防疫所成田支所所蔵標本のうち、1978 年から 2016 ラ Nikon D80 を使用し、焦点範囲の異なる写真を標本 1 点に 年の 39 年間に成田空港における航空貨物の輸入植物検疫で つき 10 ～ 20 枚撮影した。深度合成処理は画像加工ソフトの 生虫として発見されたゾウムシ類（ゾウムシ上科のうちキク CombineZP（ Hadley, 2010）を用いて行い、標本のすべての部位 イムシ科及びナガキクイムシ科を除くもの、以下同じ）の標 に焦点が合った深度合成写真を得た。 本 2,435 点（1,696 件）を対象とした調査を行い、同定未済 Table 1. Number of interceptions of weevils in import plant quarantine at Narita International Airport and their associated plants (1978-2016). Family Number of interceptions Subfamily cut flowers vegetables dried products seedlings seeds total Anthribidae Choraginae 12 24 20 7 3 66 Anthribinae 3 1 4 Apionidae Apioninae 38 16 1 55 Brachyceridae Brachycerinae 1 1 Brentidae Cyphagoginae 1 1 2 Brentinae 1 1 Curculionidae Entiminae 392 285 1 24 702 Curculioninae 164 101 2 267 Ceutorhynchinae 130 44 1 175 Cyclominae 21 37 1 59 Hyperinae 28 4 2 34 Baridinae 11 11 10 32 Lixinae 14 10 24 Molytinae 5 13 5 23 Cryptorhynchinae 5 9 4 18 Tadiinae 2 6 4 12 Cossoninae 1 5 1 1 8 Erirhirinae 5 1 6 Bagoinae 5 5 Conoderinae 1 1 Dryophthoridae Rhynchophorinae 24 34 86 11 5 160 Orthognathinae 1 1 Stromboscerinae 1 1 subfamily unknown 5 1 6 Nanophyidae Nanophyinae 32 1 33 Total 867 632 112 77 8 1,696 2018年12月 源河・吉武：成田空港における輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類 3 Table 2. Number of weevil species intercepted in import plant quarantine at Narita International Airport and their associated plants (1978-2016). Family Number of species Subfamily cut flowers vegetables dried products seedlings seeds total Anthribidae Choraginae 1 1 1 1 1 1 Anthribinae 3 1 4 Apionidae Apioninae 20 8 1 28 Brachyceridae Brachycerinae 1 1 Brentidae Cyphagoginae 1 1 2 Brentinae 1 1 Curculionidae Entiminae 82 59 1 9 135 Curculioninae 60 15 2 74 Ceutorhynchinae 37 16 1 53 Cyclominae 5 4 1 8 Hyperinae 3 3 2 6 Baridinae 7 8 6 19 Lixinae 5 6 11 Molytinae 3 10 4 16 Cryptorhynchinae 4 2 4 10 Tadiinae 2 1 1 2 Cossoninae 1 4 1 1 7 Erirhirinae 3 1 4 Bagoinae 4 4 Conoderinae 1 1 Dryophthoridae Rhynchophorinae 7 9 5 9 2 21 Orthognathinae 1 1 Stromboscerinae 1 1 subfamily unknown 1 1 2 Nanophyidae Nanophyinae 14 1 15 Total 258 154 11 46 3 427 結 果 ウムシ科（70 件）、ホソクチゾウムシ科（55 件）の順であった （Table 2）。発見件数が多いゾウムシ科について亜科別の発見件 同定結果の概要 数及び種数をみると、クチブトゾウムシ亜科 718 件（136 種 ）、 成田空港において 1978 年から 2016 年の 39 年間に航空貨物 ゾウムシ亜科 268 件（75 種）、サルゾウムシ亜科 175 件（53 種） の輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類の標本 2,435 点（1,696 の順で多く、この 3 亜科でゾウムシ科全体の発見件数の 85%、 件）は、同定の結果 7 科 24 亜科 95 族 427 種（種までの同定に 発見種数の 75% をそれぞれ占めた。また、これら 3 亜科でゾ 至らなかったものを含む、以下同じ）に類別された（Tables 1、 ウムシ類全体の発見件数の 81％、発見種数の 61％を占めた。 2）。種名が判明したものは 182 種（日本未発生 149 種、日本既 発生 33 種）、属名が判明したものは 182 種（86 属）であった。 成田空港における輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類の目録 種数が最も多かったのはゾウムシ科（350 種）で全体の 82％を 成田空港における輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類の目 占め、次いでホソクチゾウムシ科（28 種）、オサゾウムシ科（25 録を付表に示す。目録では発見年月日、個体数、採取者等の詳 種）の順であった。 細なデータは省略し、発見品目、産地、発見件数（〔 〕内）の 発見件数が最も多かったのはゾウムシ科（1,366 件）で全体 みを示した。発見時の発育段階は特に断りがない限り成虫であ の 81％を占め、次いでオサゾウムシ科（168 件）、ヒゲナガゾ る。日本既発生種については和名も併記した。 4 植物防疫所調査研究報告 第54号 なお、ゾウムシ科サルゾウムシ亜科については詳細データと １．切花 ともに別途発表済である（Yoshitake et al., 2017）。 ゾウムシ科の発見件数は 751 件で、クチブトゾウムシ亜科 （392 件 82 種）、ゾウムシ亜科（164件 60 種）、サルゾウムシ亜 付着品目別のゾウムシ類の分類群構成 科（130 件 37 種）の 3 亜科でゾウムシ科の発見件数の 91％を ゾウムシ類の発見件数を付着品目別にみると、切花（867 件 占めた。 258 種）及び青果物（632 件 154 種）で全体の 88％を占め、次 いで乾燥植物類（112 件 11 種）、苗類（77 件 46 種）、種子（8 ２．青果物 件 3 種）であった（Tables 1、2）。付着品目ごとにゾウムシ類 ゾウムシ科の発見件数は 554 件で、クチブトゾウムシ亜科 の科の構成をみると、切花、青果物、苗類ではゾウムシ科がそ （285 件 59 種）、ゾウムシ亜科（101 件 15 種）の 2 亜科でゾウ れぞれ 84 ～ 88％を占めたのに対し、乾燥植物類ではオサゾウ ムシ科の発見件数の 70％を占め、次いでサルゾウムシ亜科（44 ムシ科（86 件 5 種）が 77% を占めた。 件 16 種）、ヘンテコゾウムシ亜科（37 件 4 種）、タコゾウムシ ゾウムシ科の発見件数が多い切花、青果物、苗類の 3 品目に 亜科（28 件 3 種）の順で多かった。 ついて、発見されたゾウムシ科の亜科の構成をみると付着品目 ごとに違いがみられた。 Table 3. Chronological change in number of interceptions of weevils in import plant quarantine at Narita International Airport (1978-2016). Family Number of interceptions Subfamily ～1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2016 total Anthribidae Choraginae 3 19 5 11 12 16 66 Anthribinae 1 1 2 4 Apionidae Apioninae 3 2 17 9 24 55 Brachyceridae Brachycerinae 1 1 Brentidae Cyphagoginae 1 1 2 Brentinae 1 1 Curculionidae Entiminae 29 120 143 168 120 122 702 Curculioninae 6 31 28 75 64 63 267 Ceutorhynchinae 3 12 10 60 50 40 175 Cyclominae 2 3 13 7 4 30 59 Hyperinae 2 5 9 10 2 6 34 Baridinae 7 4 5 9 5 2 32 Lixinae 2 3 6 5 8 24 Molytinae 3 7 4 6 3 23 Cryptorhynchinae 6 3 3 1 3 2 18 Tadiinae 2 6 2 1 1 12 Cossoninae 1 2 2 3 8 Erirhirinae 2 2 2 6 Bagoinae 4 1 5 Conoderinae 1 1 Dryophthoridae Rhynchophorinae 6 31 47 17 29 30 160 Orthognathinae 1 1 Stromboscerinae 1 1 subfamily unknown 1 2 1 2 6 Nanophyidae Nanophyinae 16 4 13 33 Total 66 245 286 407 319 373 1696 2018年12月 源河・吉武：成田空港における輸入植物検疫で発見されたゾウムシ類 5 Table 4. Chronological change in number of weevil species intercepted in import plant quarantine at Narita International Airport (1978-2016). Family Number of species Subfamily ～1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2005-2009 2010-2016 Totaltotal Anthribidae Choraginae 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Anthribinae 1 1 2 4 Apionidae Apioninae 2 2 12 8 11 28 Brachyceridae Brachycerinae 1 1 Brentidae Cyphagoginae 1 1 2 Brentinae 1 1 Curculionidae Entiminae 15 43 47 48 41 48 135 Curculioninae 5 15 16 33 28 29 74 Ceutorhynchinae 3 8 9 24 21 24 53 Cyclominae 2 2 4 3 3 4 8 Hyperinae 2 2 2 2 1 2 6 Baridinae 3 3 5 9 5 2 19 Lixinae 2 3 3 4 5 11 Molytinae 1 7 4 6 3 16 Cryptorhynchinae 4 2 3 1 3 1 10 Tadiinae 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Cossoninae 1 2 2 3 7 Erirhirinae 2 2 2 4 Bagoinae 3 1 4 Conoderinae 1 1 Dryophthoridae Rhynchophorinae 4 9 15 8 6 8 21 Orthognathinae 1 1 Stromboscerinae 1 1 subfamily unknown 1 1 1 2 2 Nanophyidae Nanophyinae 8 3 9 15 Total 40 94 122 162 137 161 427 ３．苗類 ビゾウムシ科は 2000 年代以降継続的に発見されていた。 ゾウムシ科の発見件数は 55 件で、クチブトゾウムシ亜科（24 発見件数が多いゾウムシ科のクチブトゾウムシ亜科、ゾウ 件 9 種）、ヒメゾウムシ亜科（10 件 6 種）の 2 亜科でゾウムシ ムシ亜科、サルゾウムシ亜科の 3 亜科について、1990 年以降 科の発見件数の 62％を占めた。 の亜科別の発見件数、発見種数及び原産地の年次推移を Table 5 及び Table 6 に示した。発見件数の年次推移をみると、1990 ゾウムシ類の発見件数及び発見種数の年次推移 年前後に発見件数が急増したこと、2000 ～ 2004 年から 2005 ゾウムシ類の年代別の発見件数及び発見種数を Table 3 及び ～ 2009 年にかけて発見件数が減少したことは 3 亜科で共通し Table 4 に示した。ゾウムシ類全体の発見件数は 1990 年前後 ていた一方で、それ以外の期間では亜科ごとに異なる傾向を示 に急増し、以後 2000 ～ 2004 年にかけて増加し、2005 ～ 2009 した。また、原産地の構成比率と年次推移も亜科ごとに異なっ 年にやや減少したが 2010 年以降は再び増加に転じた。すべて ていた。 の年代で発見された科はゾウムシ科、オサゾウムシ科、ヒゲナ クチブトゾウムシ亜科の発見件数及び発見種数は 1990 年以 ガゾウムシ科の 3 科で、このうちゾウムシ科の発見件数が最も 降緩やかに増加し、2005 ～ 2009 年にやや減少したが 2010 年 多く、各年代でゾウムシ類全体の 76 ～ 88％を占めた。また、 以降は再び増加に転じた。原産地別の発見件数をみるとオセア ホソクチゾウムシ科は 2000 年代以降に発見件数が急増し、チ ニア産が 277 件と最も多く、次いでアフリカ産、北米産、ア 6 植物防疫所調査研究報告 第54号 Table 5. Chronological change in number of interceptions of Curculionidae weevils in import plant quarantine at Narita International Airport (1978-2016).
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