Turkish Retirement and serves of other public retirement pro- which will be open to workers who grams, plus contributions paid jointly leave covered employment, may also Health Insurance Acts, by employees and the Government be extended through collective ar- 1949-50 since 1945, as well as contributions for rangements to some of the groups The Turkish social security system earlier years payable by the Govern- that would otherwise be excluded. was expanded during 1949 and early ment. Benefits include old-age and sur- 1950 by the adoption of two new re- Contributions under the new law are vivor pensions or lump-sum payments tirement acts and by the addition of fixed at 5 percent of earnings payable and a funeral grant of 50 liras.6 health insurance to the existing by the insured, 5 percent by the em- The annual amount of the pension maternity insurance program. Before ploying agency, plus 1 percent of the is equal to 20 percent of the combined 1949, social insurance was limited to employing establishment’s salary bud- worker and employer contributions several retirement programs for get for permanent disability benefit. paid and may not be less than 400 public employees and to workmen’s Retirement, invalidity, survivors, and liras. The old-age pension will be compensation and maternity insur- war-connected disability benefits are payable at age 60 ; the invalidity pen- ance for persons employed in certain provided. The worker may retire at sion, at age 50. Except for certain private establishments. The work- age 55 with 30 years’ service; tht. transitional arrangements the in- men’s compensation and maternity amount of benefit is 40 percent of sured must in either case have had programs were operated under 1945 salary for 20 years of service, plus 1 25 years in covered employment, with legislation ’ that gave effect to the percent of salary for each additional an average of 200 days’ contributions general enabling provisions of the year of service up to a maximum of per year (in certain hazardous or Labor Code of 1936: which had speci- 70 percent of salary. The salary for heavy employments the number may fied that priority was to be given to benefit purposes is the average of the be reduced to 160 days by the Min- these types of insurance. On Novem- last 2 years before retirement. A sur- istry of Labor). At least 200 contri- ber 30, 1949, there were 340,840 per- viving widow and orphan will be en- butions must have been paid in the sons subject to the Labor Code. titled to half the pension paid or pay- 3 years preceding the claim. Special Unification of public employee re- able to the husband; other survivors provision is made for older workers tirement systems .-Act No. 5,434 of will receive smaller benefits. Lump- who had been in covered employment June 1949 is a unifying act intended sum payments will be made when the for at least 5 years before the law was to reform not only the principal civil worker is not eligible for a pension. enacted. and military retirement system- Invalidity pensions equal to 35-90 per- Survivor pensions are provided un- which existed under legislation of cent of earnings are payable after 15 der specified conditions to the spouse 1930-but also to replace 11 other years of service if invalidity is non- (widow or disabled widower), chil- retirement systems that had come work-connected. Transitional pro- dren, or (if no children survive) the into being for workers in public enter- visions govern the adjustment of dependent parents of the insured. prises of one type or another. The existing pensions to the new system. The spouse receives 40 percent of the act applies to “all governmental es- Old-age, invalidity, and survivors pension paid or payable to the in- tablishments regardless of whether insurance in industry and com- sured ; half orphans, 20 percent they are civil or military, federal, merce.-Law No. 5,417, adopted June (shared equally among them) ; and provincial or municipal, or whether 6, 1949, establishes old-age, invalidity, full orphans, 30 percent (shared). they are financed by the State Budget and survivors insurance for privately Lump-sum refunds equal to the or by special budgets.” It also applies employed persons. Operations were combined worker and employer con- to banks as well as other partner- scheduled to begin April 1, 1950.4 tributions will be paid to disabled per- ships in which the State has a con- Coverage is virtually the same as sons not entitled to a pension and to It covers trolling share in the capital. under the Labor Code of 1936, which the survivors of covered workers not more than 250,000 workers. Opera- applies to industrial and commercial eligible for pensions. To qualify, an tions under the new law began in firms having 10 or more employees. average of 200 daily contributions December 1949, 6 months after its The term “employee” is defined to (160 in some occupations) must have promulgation.8 mean persons doing manual work been paid each year since entry into This unified “Retirement Fund of either exclusively or in part. Agricul- covered employment. Workers at- the Turkish Republic” is adminis- tural and maritime labor are not sub- taining age 60 but not qualified for a tered as a corporation under super- ject to the Labor Code ; the retirement pension, and women workers resign- vision of the Ministry of Finance. Its law exempts in addition persons cov- ing in order to marry, will receive a capital is to include the existing re- ered by another retirement system, refund of their own contributions pro- vided they have been covered for 5 ‘Act No. 4,772, June 27, 1946. Inter- casual workers, and seasonal workers not ordinarily employed more than years and averaged 200 (160 in some national Labor Office, Legislative Series, occupations) contributions annually. 1945-Turk. 1. 200 days a year. Voluntary insurance, *Act No. 3,008, June 8, 1936. Interna- The program will be financed tional Labor Office, Legislative Series, 4 U. S. Department of State, report, An- chiefly from contributions amounting 1936-Turk. 2. kara, December 19, 1949, and reports from to 8 percent of earnings (in some oc- a U. S. Department of State, report from COnSUlate General, Istanbul, July 15 and Consulate General, Istanbul, November 2, November 2, 1949; Industry and Labour, 6 The Turkish lira is approximately 36 1949. Geneva, December 15, 1949, pp. 482-486. cents in United States currency.

22 Social Security cupations, 10 percent), with half reduced cost for dependents. The men, and cash nursing benefits for in- being paid by the insured person and cash benefit-payable for 180 working sured women and wives of insured half by the employer. Earnings in days-is equal to 50 percent of earn- men. Cash wage-loss benefits will be excess of 20 liras daily are disregarded ings if there are no dependents, and payable at the rate of two-thirds of for contribution purposes, and no to 6673 percent if there are depend- earnings for 3 weeks before and 6 contribution can be based on less than ents. These amounts are reduced to weeks after confinement; the amount 2 liras per day (when the worker 33ya percent and 50 percent, respec- of the nursing benefit will be set oy earns less, the employer must pay the tively, if the insured person is hos- the Ministry of Labor. total contributions on the difference 1. pitalized. When sickness lasts for 2 The medical benefit includes pre- The Workers’ Insurance Institute, weeks, the 3-day waiting period is natal, obstetrical, and postnatal care, which administers work-accident and compensated. To qualify for the pay- with hospitalization if necessary. maternity insurance under the 1945 ments, the insured must have con- Where medical facilities cannot be law, is designated as the administrn- tributed for 160 working days in the furnished by the Institute, a cash pay- tive agency under the supervision of 12 months preceding the claim. ment may be substituted for medical the Ministry of Labor. The medical benefit includes exam- services. Health and maternity insurance.- ination, diagnosis, and treatment; The program is to be financed by a Law No. 5,502, governing health and necessary hospital care: orthopedic total contribution of 4 percent of maternity insurance, was adopted and prosthetic services other than wages and salaries, one-half payable January 4, 1950, and is scheduled to dental prosthesis; and necessary by the employer and one-half by the take effect March 30, 1951. Coverage traveling expenses. Insured persons insured person. Maximum and mini- is the same as under the Labor Code, with fewer than 160 days’ contribu- mum daily earnings for contribution and the maternity provisions have tions in the preceding year may re- purposes are fixed at 20 and 2 liras, been adapted from the 1945 act ceive care for not more than 90 days; respectively. regulating workmen’s compensation those with 160 contributions or more The Workers’ Insurance Institute and maternity benefit.6 may be cared for as many as 180 (and will supervise operation of the law, Sickness benefits include both cash in some instances 270) days. establish the necessary medical facili- payments and medical care for in- Maternity benefits include partial ties, and conclude agreements with sured persons and medical care at replacement of wages of insured physicians. The insured person will 6 U. S. Department of State, report, An- women workers, medical care for in- have free choice of designated doc- kara, March 10, 1950. sured women and wives of insured tors.

tute of Labor Economics, University of Washington, by the University of Recent Publications* Washington Press, 1950. 25 pp., and tables and charts. Processed. Social Security Administration the Children’s Agency. (Repro- duced from Child Welfare, July and HUEBNER, S. S. Life Insurance. (4th CHILDREN’S BUREAU. Homemaker Nov. 1949.1 Washington: The ed.) New York: Appleton-Cen- Service in the United States, Puerto Bureau, 1950. 17 pp. Processed. tury-crofts, Inc., 1950. 599 pp. Rico, and Canada: A Directory of Limited free distribution; apply to $4.50. Agencies, with Supplementary In- the Children’s Bureau, Social Secu- Includes chapters on disability in- formation. Washington : Issued rity Administration, Washington surance and on Government life insur- by the Children’s Bureau in cooper- 25, D. C. ance and old-age benefits. ation with the National Committee on Homemaker Service, 1950. 11 Readings on the Psychological Devel- INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFEVE. Post- pp. Processed. Limited free dis- opment of Infants and Children, War Trends in Social Security. tribution; apply to the Children’s prepared by Charlotte Del Solar and (Reprinted from the International Bureau, Social Security Administra- Milton J. E. Senn of the Child Study Labour Review, Vol. 59, June 1949, tion, Washington 25, D. C. Center, Yale University, in collab- and Vol. 60, July-Sept. 1949.) oration with the Children’s Bureau. Geneva: The Office, 1949. 83 pp. CHILDREN’S BUREAU. Working To- Washington : gether for Children: The Court and The Bureau. 1950. 25 cents. 46 pp.- Processed. Limited free SHALABY, MOHAMED M. Rural Recon- distribution; apply to the Children’s struction in Egypt. Cairo: Pub- *Prepared in the Library, Federal Secu- Bureau, Social Security Adminis- rity Agency. The inclusion of prices of lished for the Egyptian Association tration, Washington 25, D. C. for Social Studies by Sot. Art publications in this list is intended as a A bibliography. service to the reader, but orders must be Graphique, 1950. 54 pp. directed to publishers or booksellers and Includes a discussion of the social not to the Social Security Administration General and economic problems of rural or the Federal Security Agency. Federal Egypt. publications for which prices are listed CARTWRIGZT, PHILIP W. Survey of In- should be ordered from the Sunerintend- come, Expenditures, and Savings “Social Security Agreements Between ent of Documents, U. S. Government Patterns, State of Washington, 1948. France and Luxembourg and Bel- hinting Office, Washington 25, D. C. Seattle : Published for the Insti- gium and Luxembourg.” Industry

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