DOCSLIB.ORG

Best Practice Guide for Forensic Timber Identification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Best Practice Guide for Forensic Timber Identification Best Practice Guide for Forensic Timber Identification PC ICPO OI I NTERPOL INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM ON COMBATING WILDLIFE CRIME Photo credits: Top cover picture: Mahogany (Swietenia) shipment: Port of Rotterdam. Bottom cover picture: Reference collection at the Thünen Institute of Wood Research: The Thünen Institute. Cover picture right: Scales of justice: UNODC Laboratory and Scientific Section and Global Programme for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Best Practice Guide for Forensic Timber Identification UNITED NATIONS New York, 2016 Note Operating and experimental conditions are reproduced from the original reference materials, including unpublished methods, validated and used as per the list of references. A number of alternative conditions and substitution of named commercial products may provide comparable results in many cases, but any modification has to be validated before it is integrated into laboratory routines. Mention of names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorsement of the United Nations. ST/NAR/52 © United Nations, August 2016. All rights reserved worldwide. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Acknowledgements This Guide was prepared by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Global Programme for Combating Wildlife and Forest Crime (GPWLFC) and the Labora- tory and Scientific Section (LSS). The Guide reflects the discussions of, and con- tributions from, subject-matter experts who participated in expert group meetings organized by UNODC, under the umbrella of the International Consortium on Com- bating Wildlife Crime (ICCWC) in Vienna, 10-12 December 2014 and 7-9 October 2015. The GPWLFC (headed by Jorge Eduardo Ríos) and the LSS (headed by Justice Tettey) wish to express their appreciation and thanks to the following experts who participated in the expert group meetings and/or contributed to the development of the Guide: Kingsley Barraclough, Operations Director, Samplexx Ltd, United Kingdom; Hans Beeckman, Head, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Belgium; Jean Lagarde Betti, Lecturer, University of Douala, Cameroon; Markus Boner, CEO, Agroisolab GmbH, Germany; Jez W. B. Braga, Doctor at the Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia, Brazil; Birgit Braun, Independent consultant for nature conservation, Germany; Thomas A. Brown, CAMS Deputy Director, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, United States of America; Steve Carmody, Senior Law Enforcement Expert, UNODC, Australia; Guy Clarke MBE, CITES Enforcement Higher Officer, Border Force, United Kingdom; Tyler B. Coplen, Director of the Reston Stable Isotope Laboratory, United States Geological Survey, United States of America; Vera T. Rauber Coradin, Doctor at the Forest Products Laboratory- LPF, Brazilian Forest Service, Brazil; Maaike De Ridder, Postdoctoral Fellow, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Belgium; Bernd Degen, Head, Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Germany; Hamanda Diniz Campos Carvalho, Brazilian Federal Police, Brazil; Jean-François Dubois, Senior Wildlife Officer in National Operations Support, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada; Edgard O. Espinoza, Deputy Director, National Fish & Wildlife Forensic Laboratory, United States of America; Indra Exploitasia Semiawan, Director of the Center for Forestry and Environmental Engineering, Min- istry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia; Shelley Gardner, Illegal Logging Pro- gram Coordinator, USDA Forest Service and USDOJ INTERPOL Washington, United States of America; Samantha Gunasekara, Deputy Director, Sri Lanka Customs, Sri Lanka; Waldemar Hasiholan, Lecturer, Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Indonesia; Valerie Hipkins, Director of the National Forest Genetics Labo- ratory, USDA Forest Service, United States of America; Anton Huitema, CITES Officer with Customs, Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Stephen Kenny, Techni- cal Director, Samplexx Ltd, United Kingdom; Chen Hin Keong, Timber Trade Pro- gramme Leader, TRAFFIC, Malaysia; Peter Kitin, Senior Research Fellow, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Gerald Koch, Scientific Director, Thünen Insti- tute of Wood Research, Germany; Sang-Hyup Lee, Environmental Program Manager, iii World Customs Organization, South Korea; Frederic Lens, Assistant Professor, Natu- ralis Biodiversity Center, The Netherlands; Andrew J. Lowe, Professor of Plant Conservation Biology and Director of the Centre for Conservation Science and Technology, University of Adelaide, Australia; Iris Moulijn, CITES Officer with Customs, Port of Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Rob Ogden, Director, TRACE Wild- life Forensics Network, United Kingdom; Tereza C. M. Pastore, Doctor at the Forest Products Laboratory-LPF, Brazilian Forest Service, Brazil; George Phocas, Special Agent Attaché to South East Asia, United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), Thailand; Rocky Piaggione, Senior Counsel for the Environmental Crimes Section, United States Department of Justice, United States of America; Joseph Poux, Deputy Chief of the Environmental Crimes Section, United States Department of Justice, United States of America; Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina, Lecturer, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar; Milena Sosa Schmidt, Scientific Support Officer (Flora) at the Scientific Support Unit, CITES Secretariat, Switzerland; Julius Thaler, Senior Counsel, The World Bank, United States of America; Chris Watts, Managing Director, Samplexx Ltd, United Kingdom; Alex C. Wiedenhoeft, Research Botanist and Team Leader at the Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, United States of America; Yafang Yin, Professor at the Chinese Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, China. GPWLFC and LSS wish to express their gratitude and special thanks to Eleanor Dormontt, Postdoctoral Fellow at the Centre for Conservation Science and Technol- ogy, University of Adelaide, Australia, for her substantial contribution to the devel- opment of the Guide. The valuable comments and contribution of the following experts to the peer-review process is also gratefully acknowledged: Ken Farr, Canadian Forest Service CITES Scientific Authority, Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Canada; Steven Johnson, General Coordinator, International Tropical Timber Organization, Japan; Pia Jonsson, Enforcement Sup- port Officer, CITES Secretariat, Switzerland; Simon Robertson, Senior Governance Specialist, Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice, The World Bank, United States of America; Davyth Stewart, Coordinator, Natural Resources, INTER- POL Environmental Security Program, France; Edward van Asch, ICCWC Support Officer, CITES Secretariat, Switzerland. The preparation of the Guide was coordinated by Sinéad Brophy of the GPWLFC together with Olga Kuzmianok, Programme Officer, GPWLFC and Iphigenia Naidis, Scientific Affairs Officer, LSS. The contributions of Dimosthenis Chrysikos and Nicole Quijano-Evans are highly appreciated. iv Abbreviations ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CBM Coordinated Border Management programme CCP UNODC-WCO Container Control Programme CCPCJ United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice CEN Customs Enforcement Network CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES MA CITES Management Authority CoP Conference of the Parties DART TOFMS Direct Analysis in Real Time, Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid EGM Expert Group Meeting GTTN Global Timber Trafficking Network IAWA International Association of Wood Anatomists ICCWC International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime IFSA International Forensic Strategic Alliance INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization IRT Incident Response Team ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization LSS Laboratory and Scientific Section MLA Mutual Legal Assistance MLAT Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty NCB National Central Bureau (INTERPOL) NEST National Environmental Security Taskforce NIRS Near Infrared Spectroscopy PCU Port Control Unit QA Quality assurance QMS Quality management system SAWEN South Asian Wildlife Enforcement Network SHERLOC Sharing Electronic Resources and Laws against Organized Crime portal SLU Sustainable Livelihoods Unit SNP Single nucleotide polymorphisms SOP Standard Operating Procedures STR/SSR Short tandem repeats/simple sequence repeats SWFS Society for Wildlife Forensic Science v SWGWILD Scientific Working Group for Wildlife Forensic Sciences TRACE TRACE Wildlife Forensics Network UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime WCO World Customs Organization WEN Wildlife Enforcement Network WEN-SA Wildlife Enforcement Network–Southern Africa WIST Wildlife Incident Support Team vi Contents Page Acknowledgements ................................................. iii Abbreviations ..................................................... v 1. Introduction .............................................. 1 Part I. From search decisions to forensic timber identification: Information for law enforcement ....................................... 5 2. Law enforcement
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecologia De Florestas Sazonalmente Alagadas Dos Rios Tributários Do Médio São Francisco, Mg
    FELIPE DE CARVALHO ARAÚJO ECOLOGIA DE FLORESTAS SAZONALMENTE ALAGADAS DOS RIOS TRIBUTÁRIOS DO MÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO, MG LAVRAS-MG 2018 FELIPE DE CARVALHO ARAÚJO ECOLOGIA DE FLORESTAS SAZONALMENTE ALAGADAS DOS RIOS TRIBUTÁRIOS DO MÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO, MG Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, área de concentração em Botânica Aplicada, para obtenção do título de Doutor. Prof. Dr. Rubens Manoel dos Santos Orientador LAVRAS-MG 2018 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração de Ficha Catalográfica da Biblioteca Universitária da UFLA, com dados informados pelo(a) próprio(a) autor(a). Araújo, Felipe de Carvalho. Ecologia das florestas sazonalmente alagadas dos rios tributários do Médio São Francisco, MG, Brasil : Ecologia das florestas sazonalmente alagadas / Felipe de Carvalho Araújo. - 2018. 78 p. : il. Orientador(a): Rubens Manoel dos Santos. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Lavras, 2018. Bibliografia. 1. Ecologia Florestal. 2. Gradiente Ambiental. 3. Florestas Tropicais Sazonalmente Secas. I. Santos, Rubens Manoel dos. II. Título. O conteúdo desta obra é de responsabilidade do(a) autor(a) e de seu orientador(a). FELIPE DE CARVALHO ARAÚJO ECOLOGIA DAS FLORESTAS SAZONALMENTE ALAGADAS DOS RIOS TRIBUTÁRIOS DO MÉDIO SÃO FRANCISCO, MG SEASONALLY FLOODED FORESTS ECOLOGY OF THE TRIBUTARY RIVERS FROM MIDLE SAN FRANCISCO, MG Tese apresentada à Universidade Federal de Lavras, como parte das exigências do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, para obtenção do título de Doutor. APROVADA em 02 de março de 2018 Dr Marco Aurélio Leite Fontes, UFLA Dr Jean Daniel Morel, UFLA Dra Yule Roberta Ferreira Nunes, UNIMONTES Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • AUSTRALIAN OFFICIAL JOURNAL of TRADE MARKS 1 February 2007
    Vol: 21 , No. 5 1 February 2007 AUSTRALIAN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TRADE MARKS Did you know a searchable version of this journal is now available online? It's FREE and EASY to SEARCH. Find it at http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/epublish/content/olsEpublications.jsp or using the "Online Journals" link on the IP Australia home page. The Australian Official Journal of Designs is part of the Official Journal issued by the Commissioner of Patents for the purposes of the Patents Act 1990, the Trade Marks Act 1995 and Designs Act 2003. This Page Left Intentionally Blank (ISSN 0819-1808) AUSTRALIAN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF TRADE MARKS 1 February 2007 Contents General Information & Notices IR means "International Registration" Amendments and Changes Application/IRs Amended and Changes ...................... 1706 Registrations/Protected IRs Amended and Changed ................ 1707 Applications/IRs Accepted for Registartion/Protection .......... 1417 Applications/IRs Filed Nos 1154986 to 1156299 ............................. 1399 Applications/IRs Lapsed, Withdrawn and Refused Lapsed ...................................... 1707 Withdrawn..................................... 1708 Refused ...................................... 1708 Assignments, Trasnmittals and Transfers .................. 1708 Cancellations of Entries in Register ...................... 1710 Notices ........................................ 1705 Opposition Proceedings ............................. 1703 Removal/Cessation of Protection for Non-use Proceedings ....... 1711 Renewal of Registration/IR
    [Show full text]
  • Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID
    Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID. The project has been financed by the CITES Secretariat with funds from the European Union Consulting objectives: TO SELECT INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL XYLARIUM OR WOOD COLLECTIONS REGISTERED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOD ANATOMISTS – IAWA THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA TO BE ANALYZED BY NIRS TECHNOLOGY. Consultant: VERA TERESINHA RAUBER CORADIN Dra English translation: ADRIANA COSTA Dra Affiliations: - Forest Products Laboratory, Brazilian Forest Service (LPF-SFB) - Laboratory of Automation, Chemometrics and Environmental Chemistry, University of Brasília (AQQUA – UnB) - Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC-DF MAY, 2020 Brasília – Brazil 1 Project number: S1-32QTL-000018 Host Country: Brazilian Government Executive agency: Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC Project coordinator: Dra. Tereza C. M. Pastore Project start: September 2019 Project duration: 24 months 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 05 2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA 05 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION 07 3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO OBTAIN SPECTRAS 07 3 3 TERMINOLOGY 08 4. RESULTS 4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR COLLECTION SURVEY 10 4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 10 4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 11 4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA 11 4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 13 4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 14 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19 6. REFERENCES 20 APPENDICES 22 APPENDIX I DALBERGIA IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 22 CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw 22 EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M.
    [Show full text]
  • Cocobolo Samuel J
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Yale University Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Bulletin Series 1923 Cocobolo Samuel J. Record George A. Garratt Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/yale_fes_bulletin Part of the Forest Biology Commons, Forest Management Commons, and the Wood Science and Pulp, Paper Technology Commons Recommended Citation Record, Samuel J., and George A. Garratt. 1923. ocC obolo. Yale School of Forestry Bulletin 8. 42 pp. + plates This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies Bulletin Series by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Note to Readers 2012 This volume is part of a Bulletin Series inaugurated by the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1912. The Series contains important original scholarly and applied work by the School’s faculty, graduate students, alumni, and distinguished collaborators, and covers a broad range of topics. Bulletins 1-97 were published as bound print-only documents between 1912 and 1994. Starting with Bulletin 98 in 1995, the School began publishing volumes digitally and expanded them into a Publication Series that includes working papers, books, and reports as well as Bulletins.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth of Shoots Cuttings Agarwood (Aquilaria Malacensis Lamk.) on Some Media and Application Sinthetic Plant Growth Regulator
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 6, ISSUE 07, JULY 2017 ISSN 2277-8616 Growth Of Shoots Cuttings Agarwood (Aquilaria Malacensis Lamk.) On Some Media And Application Sinthetic Plant Growth Regulator Ella Yusnita, Yanti Puspitasari, Dwi Susanto Abstract: This research aims to determine the effect of giving IBA and NAA and plant media combination to the growth of shoot cutting of Agarwood. This research was done by 2 treatments which are IBA and NAA (RO = 0 ppm, R1 = 50 ppm, R2 = 100 ppm, R3 = 150 ppm and R4 = 200 ppm) and plant media (M0 = soil, M1 = soil + rice husk, M2 = soil + compost) respectively. The data was analyzed with the variant analysis (ANOVA), and continued by Duncan test (P=0.05). The results showed the awarding IBA and NAA with a concentration of 50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm was able to increase the average percentage live shoot cuttings almost reach 100%, media increasing the percentage of living shoot cuttings. Interaction between media and solution IBA and NAA effect on growth of shoot cutting. Keywords: Agarwood, Media, Sinthetic Growth Regulator and Shoots Cuttings ———————————————————— 1 INTRODUCTION The materials used in this study is the soil, compost, rice husk, Agarwood is one of the commodities Non-Timber Forest stem cuttings Agarwood and growth regulators (IBA and NAA). Products (NTFPs), this species is fast growing, hardy and can Sources shoot cuttings were taken from Agarwood seedlings, be harvested within a short rotation period of about 5-8 years from forest education Mulawarman University. through fatal harvest or sub-lethal harvest [31] . The original use value is limited only to scent the body, room and 2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN completeness of religious rituals.
    [Show full text]
  • GLOSARIO CARPINTERIA Y EBANISTERÍA Escuelas Taller
    GLOSARIO DE CARPINTERIA Y EBANISTERÍA PARA Escuelas Taller Desarrollado por el Grupo de Trabajo “Seguimiento, Ampliación e Intercambio” (SAI) “Grupo Mobila” Especialidad Carpintería y Ebanistería Servef – Paterna - Valencia Año 2006 Autores Calatayud C., Bartolomé Ferrando L. Manuel González S., Juan José Maestro D., Fernando Mestre P., Francisco Dispuestos a proseguir la actualización del mismo, y el agradecimiento anticipado de las colaboraciones que se puedan hacer sobre el mismo a la dirección: [email protected] El grupo de trabajo de “Seguimiento, Ampliación e Intercambio” de la especialidad de carpintería y ebanistería, presenta en este documento el resultado de su recopilación de términos afines a estas especialidades, bajo la denominación Glosario de Carpintería y Ebanistería para Escuelas taller”. El “Grupo Mobila” ha querido contribuir con éste instrumento a atender el sentir de muchos profesionales y entidades vinculadas a la enseñanza de la carpintería y ebanistería, para que se compendiaran conocimientos relevantes a su esfera de actuación. Este trabajo se lleva a cabo, por tanto, para cooperar al mantenimiento de los conocimientos de la materia y quiere ser un referente indispensable para la formación de aquellas personas que deseen iniciarse en éste campo laboral por medio de las Escuelas Taller, Casas de Oficios, Talleres de Empleo o la Formación Profesional Ocupacional. El manual se constituirá sin duda en recurso didáctico para docentes de dicho ámbito en la que existe una necesidad permanente de herramientas específicas para la enseñanza. Esperamos que el desarrollo de ésta experiencia sea satisfactoria para el aprendizaje de la carpintería y la ebanistería, y su aprovechamiento equiparable a la ilusión puesta en la elaboración del mismo.
    [Show full text]
  • (CITES) on Various Stakeholders in the Music Industry
    Impacts of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) on various Stakeholders in the Music Industry Figure 1: Guitar manufacturing, Source: (Voigt-Luthiers Gitarren, 2018). On behalf of Swiss Wood Solutions AG Author: Elias Wick July, 2019 Table of Content Table of Content .................................................................................................................................................. i List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... ii 1. From Raw Wood to a World Tour ................................................................................................................. 3 2. Impacts on Instrument Manufacturers in the United States ........................................................................ 5 3. What about the Musicians? ........................................................................................................................... 9 4. Conclusion and Alternatives to CITES-protected Wood Species ................................................................. 11 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Annex ..............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Financing Review for Croatia Protected Areas
    The World Bank Sustainable Financing Review for Croatia Protected Areas October 2009 www.erm.com Delivering sustainable solutions in a more competitive world The World Bank /PROFOR Sustainable Financing Review for Croatia Protected Areas October 2009 Prepared by: James Spurgeon (ERM Ltd), Nick Marchesi (Pescares), Zrinca Mesic (Oikon) and Lee Thomas (Independent). For and on behalf of Environmental Resources Management Approved by: Eamonn Barrett Signed: Position: Partner Date: 27 October 2009 This report has been prepared by Environmental Resources Management the trading name of Environmental Resources Management Limited, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. Environmental Resources Management Limited Incorporated in the United Kingdom with registration number 1014622 Registered Office: 8 Cavendish Square, London, W1G 0ER CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 AIMS 2 1.3 APPROACH 2 1.4 STRUCTURE OF REPORT 3 1.5 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY SUSTAINABLE FINANCE 3 2 PA FINANCING IN CROATIA 5 2.1 CATEGORIES OF PROTECTED
    [Show full text]
  • Stay Sharp   B Ill Carroll
    r 72 gt a hadl o kif akig ad stay sharp y ill carroll Knife making has become a popular endeavor for woodworkers of all skill levels. This beginner’s guide will get you started. { no. 59 } rom cutting and marking in the Fshop, to hunting and camping, to preparing a simple meal, a good knife is indispensable. Mass-produced knives gt a hadl o kif akig ad can be found for every budget and use. But custom knives, which are often far more attractive, tend to get expensive very quickly. stay sharp Of course, the ultimate custom 1 2 knife would include a hand-forged and hand-sharpened blade. If you’re not up for the expense and dirty work of such an endeavor, you can still experience the pride of a well-crafted and functional addition to your tool collection. All you need is a knife kit. It’s all in there 3 4 A knife kit consists of a prefabricated blade and pins, which allows the maker to select handle materials, assemble Select wood for your scales and the knife, and shape and polish it to determine which sides will face away perfection. It requires minimal tools, from the handle portion of the knife good attention to aesthetic detail and blank, or the “tang.” Using the blank, a few hours of shop time. Once you’ve trace the shape of the tang onto each gained some knife-making experience, scale (Fig. 3). Make sure to trace the there are hundreds of types of knives tang in the proper orientation to keep (and swords, and spears) available as the best woodgrain on the visible 5 kits from a number of sources.
    [Show full text]
  • Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030)
    Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030) Republic of Croatia MINISTRY OF THE SEA, TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURE Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 - 2030) 2nd Draft April 2017 The project is co-financed by the European Union from the European Regional Development Fund. Republic of Croatia Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure I Transport Development Strategy of the Republic of Croatia (2017 – 2030) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background on development of a Croatian Comprehensive National Transport Plan .................................................. 1 1.2 Objectives of the Transport Development Strategy (TDS 2016) ............................. 4 1.3 Revision of the TDS (2016) Ex-Ante conditionality .................................................. 4 1.4 Methodology for the development of the TDS (2016) ............................................ 5 2 Analysis .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 General aspects of transport ................................................................................... 7 2.2 Public transport and zero-emission modes ........................................................... 34 2.3 Rail Transport......................................................................................................... 72 2.4 Road transport
    [Show full text]
  • Route Evaluation Report Croatia Eurovelo 8 – Mediterranean Route
    Route Evaluation Report Croatia EuroVelo 8 – Mediterranean Route MEDCYCLETOUR Project Davorin Belamarić April 27th 2018 Contents 1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Mission of the project and report objectives ................................................................. 5 1.2 Organization ................................................................................................................ 7 1.3 Brief methodological explanations ................................................................................ 8 1.3.1 Different phases of the route evaluation ................................................................ 8 1.3.2 ECS – European Certification Standard used for this evaluation ........................... 9 1.3.3 Used tools and equipment, photographs ..............................................................10 1.4 Overview of the sections .............................................................................................10 2 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................16 2.1 Existing route infrastructure ........................................................................................16 2.1.1 Public transport ....................................................................................................19 2.2 Critical deficiencies .....................................................................................................30
    [Show full text]
  • Whole-Tree Agarwood-Inducing Technique: an Efficient Novel Technique for Producing High-Quality Agarwood in Cultivated Aquilaria Sinensis Trees
    Molecules 2013, 18, 3086-3106; doi:10.3390/molecules18033086 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Whole-tree Agarwood-Inducing Technique: An Efficient Novel Technique for Producing High-Quality Agarwood in Cultivated Aquilaria sinensis Trees Yangyang Liu 1,†, Huaiqiong Chen 1,†, Yun Yang 1,†, Zheng Zhang 1,2, Jianhe Wei 1,2,*, Hui Meng 1, Weiping Chen 1, Jindong Feng 1, Bingchun Gan 1, Xuyu Chen 1, Zhihui Gao 2, Junqin Huang 2, Bo Chen 1 and Hongjiang Chen 1 1 Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Hainan Branch, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Wanning 571533, China 2 National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Malianwabei Road, Beijing 10093, China † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-010-62818841. Received: 30 November 2012; in revised form: 22 January 2013 / Accepted: 26 February 2013 / Published: 7 March 2013 Abstract: Agarwood is the fragrant resin-infused wood derived from the wounded trees of Aquilaria species. It is a valuable non-timber forest product used in fragrances and as medicine. Reforestation for Aquilaria trees in combination with artificial agarwood-inducing methods serves as a way to supply agarwood and conserve of wild Aquilaria stock. However, the existing agarwood-inducing methods produce poor-quality agarwood at low yield. Our study evaluated a novel technique for producing agarwood in cultivated Aquilaria trees, called the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique (Agar-Wit).
    [Show full text]