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Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Spiritual Leadership: A Buddhist Approach VU, MAI,CHI How to cite: VU, MAI,CHI (2018) Spiritual Leadership: A Buddhist Approach , Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12773/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk ABSTRACT Spiritual Leadership: A Buddhist Approach Mai Chi Vu This study examines spiritual leadership from a Buddhist perspective in the context of a transitional economy: Vietnam. Vietnam is undergoing significant changes in blending traditional values with contemporary ones, which creates a complex and dynamic social setting for exploratory research. Changes include incorporating traditional spiritual practices and engaged Buddhism in the contemporary context. The study explores and examines how spiritual leaders in organizations interpret and enact Buddhist teachings and principles in Vietnam. The outcome of the preliminary quantitative study examining spiritual leadership in the context of Vietnam informs a mixed methods study in which the qualitative phase is guided by a critical-realist-informed grounded theory approach. This mixed-methods study explores how spiritual leadership is distinctively interpreted by organizational leaders who are Buddhist practitioners. The findings suggest that Buddhist-enacted leadership is a process of self-transformation and operates as a skilful means involving multiple leadership identities to flexibly and mindfully respond to contextual challenges. Context emerges as having a primary role in the understanding and application of Buddhist principles in leadership, manifested by the Buddhist concepts of impermanence, non-attachment, and wisdom. Buddhist-enacted leaders‘ authenticity was challenged and moderated by the adoption of multiple identities, resulting in inconsistencies in leadership styles, the overall skepticism in Vietnamese society due to the lack of trust of the Vietnamese people as a result of the political and social features of the country‘s regime, and the level of maturity of leaders in respect of Buddhist practices. The study introduces a Buddhist-enacted leadership model that contextualises spiritual leadership and reaffirms that neither the promotion of commonly known good practices nor any mimetic isomorphism of social responsibility or Western sustainability practices would be able to address the complex nature of a developing nation like Vietnam. Spiritual Leadership: A Buddhist Approach Mai Chi Vu Thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Durham University Business School 2018 Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction to research background and objectives ......................................... 14 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Research background and context ..................................................................................... 17 1.3 Research motivation........................................................................................................... 18 1.3.1 To discover how West meets East .............................................................................. 18 1.3.2 To revisit Buddhist principles as expressed in contemporary context ........................ 20 1.3.3 To explore Western concepts and theories through an Eastern lens ........................... 21 1.3.4 To explore options in responding to organizational and leadership concerns ............ 22 1.4 Research gap ...................................................................................................................... 24 1.5 Research objectives and questions ..................................................................................... 26 1.7 Research significance ......................................................................................................... 28 1.8 Structure of the thesis......................................................................................................... 30 Chapter Two: Spirituality, spiritual leadership and a preliminary study of spiritual leadership in the context of Vietnam ......................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Spirituality and workplace spirituality ............................................................................... 32 2.1.1 Spirituality ................................................................................................................... 32 2.1.2 Workplace spirituality ................................................................................................. 35 2.1.3 Critical perspectives on workplace spirituality ........................................................... 36 2.1.4 Spirituality in the context of Vietnam ......................................................................... 38 2.2 Spiritual leadership ............................................................................................................ 39 2.2.1 Spirituality in leadership ............................................................................................. 40 2.2.2 Spiritual leadership theory .......................................................................................... 42 2.2.3 Critical perspectives on spiritual leadership research ................................................. 45 2.2.4 Challenges of spiritual leadership ............................................................................... 47 2.2.5 Exploring spiritual leadership in Vietnam .................................................................. 48 2.3 Preliminary quantitative study testing Fry‘s spiritual leadership model in the context of Vietnam .................................................................................................................................... 50 2.3.1 Purpose of the preliminary quantitative study ............................................................ 50 2.3.2 Sampling and data collection ...................................................................................... 51 2.3.2.1 Sampling .............................................................................................................. 51 2.3.2.2 The Spiritual Leadership Survey .......................................................................... 52 2.3.3 Survey analysis ........................................................................................................... 53 2.3.4 Findings of the preliminary study ............................................................................... 55 3 2.3.4.1 Response rates and demographics ........................................................................ 55 2.3.4.2 Exploratory factor analysis .................................................................................. 57 2.3.4.3 Validity and Reliability ........................................................................................ 58 2.3.4.4 Confirmatory factor analysis and test of SLT model ........................................... 59 2.3.4.5 Issues of common-method variance ..................................................................... 62 2.3.5 Interpretation of survey results ................................................................................... 64 2.3.6 Discussion of outcomes of the preliminary quantitative study ................................... 66 Chapter Three: Positioning and comparing spiritual leadership with other relevant leadership theories ..................................................................................................................................... 69 3.1 Spiritual leadership vs. servant leadership ......................................................................... 69 3.2 Spiritual leadership vs. ethical leadership .......................................................................... 70 3.3 Responsible leadership vs. spiritual leadership ................................................................. 72 3.4 Authentic leadership vs. spiritual leadership ..................................................................... 74 3.5 Summary of evaluation of spiritual leadership among other leadership theories .............. 76 3.6 Justification for utilizing Fry‘s spiritual leadership as the foundation to explore Buddhist- enacted leadership practices ..................................................................................................... 78 Chapter Four: Buddhism, engaged Buddhism in Vietnam and the application of Buddhist principles in organizational studies .......................................................................................... 80 4.1 Buddhism and its application in a contemporary context .................................................. 80 4.1.1 Buddhism: religion,
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