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'Home-Land' and 'Identity' in the Kurdish Novelistic Discourse Fr

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'Home-Land' and 'Identity' in the Kurdish Novelistic Discourse Fr Kurdistan: A Land of Longing and Struggle Analysis of ‘Home-land’ and ‘Identity’ in the Kurdish Novelistic Discourse from Turkish Kurdistan to its Diaspora (1984-2010) Ozlem Galip Submitted to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Kurdish Studies November 2012 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Signature: ………………………………………………………….. Dedication For my mother Xezal, and for my beloved Seyîtxan 2 Abstract A comparative analysis of 100 Kurdish novels (written in Kurmanji dialect) examines how Kurdistan, the homeland of Kurds and Kurdish identity, is constructed within the territory of Turkish Kurdistan and in its diaspora. Stateless, mostly displaced and constantly in movement, Kurds lack a real territorial homeland, yet base their national identity on the notion of Kurdistan as their mythical homeland. Kurdish novelistic discourse suggests that definitions of Kurdish identity and ‘home-land’ are relative, depending on ideology and personal experiences, and that ‘Home’, ‘homeland’ and ‘landscape’ as social constructs, are not static entities but change constantly over time. A humanistic geographical approach sees literature, particularly the novel, as an instrument of geographical inquiry into a society or a nation. Using that model, and employing textual and contextual approaches, the study shows how and why the nation/society is constructed and clarifies the sense of home-land and identity embedded in the texts. The novelistic discourse in which ‘home-land’ becomes an ideological construct is mainly shaped by the political views of the novelists. However, compared to the novelistic discourse in Turkish Kurdistan, the Kurdish diaspora novelists have gathered around more diverse ideologies and politics that have led to diverse ‘home- land’ images. The novelistic discourse in Turkish Kurdistan also offers more nostalgic elements whereas diaspora theorists and scholars had identified these as exclusive to the literary works in exile. It can be concluded that feelings of nostalgia are invoked as much by the reality of living in fragmented territory and in a situation of statelessness, oppression and domination, as they are when living at a distance, removed from such experiences. In other words, although living in home territories, the literary characters still experience a sense of migration and detachment from home, which is infused with alienation and loneliness as if they are physically away from their homeland. 3 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express the warmest appreciation to my major supervisor Dr Clemence Scalbert-Yücel whose constant support and guidance from the initial to the final level of my research enabled me to develop an understanding of the subject. Secondly, I am extremely grateful to Dr Suha Taji-Farouki whose advice and feedback enriched the later period of my doctoral studies. I also owe my deepest gratitude to Alêdin Sinayîç, Dr Cengiz Güneş, Müslüm Yücel, Lokman Ayebe, and Lindy Ayubi who made their support available in a number of ways. Furthermore, I take this opportunity to record my sincere thanks to my dear friends Nazan Kara, Duygu Demir, Yuksel Demir, Uğur Yıldız, Salima Taşdemir, Sibil Çekmen, and Caroline Truckenbrod who supported me in every respect during the completion of the thesis. I am also indebted to coffee, which accompanied me as an alerting and loving fellow in hardship and sleepless days and nights. Last, but by no means least, I thank my partner Seyîtxan Sansur for his personal support and great patience at all times Ji dil spasîya we hemûyan dikim. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………….………………………………………………………. 3 Acknowledgements......................................................................................................... 4 Chapter One – Introduction…………………………………………………………...7 1.1. Introductory Remarks.…..………...………………………………...……….........7 1.2. Kurdish Literature in Turkish Kurdistan and its Diaspora: An Overview............. 9 1.3. Research Questions and Argument..…….…………………………...……........ 21 1.4. Methodology: An Eclectic Approach beyond Analysis of the Text………….....22 1.5. Theoretical Considerations………………………………………………….......30 1.5.1. Novelistic Discourse: Reality, Identity, and Humanistic Geography........31 1.5.2. Constructing ‘Identity’, ‘Place’, ‘Home-land’, and ‘Diaspora’.................36 1.5.2.1. Discourses on ‘Identity’ and ‘Kurdish National Identity’..........36 1.5.2.2. Conceptualisation of ‘Place’ and its Meanings..........................40 1.5.2.3. ‘Home-land’: A Fundamental Aspect of Identity.......................44 1.5.2.4. Defining ‘Diaspora’ and ‘Kurdish Diasporic Identity’...............50 1.6. Chapter Overview……………………………………………………………....54 Chapter Two – The Kurdish Novelistic Discourse in Diaspora: Constructing ‘Home-land’ and Identity’…..…………………………………….56 2.1. Novelistic Discourse in Diaspora: Realist and Critical Reflections....................57 2.1.1. The Experiences of Displacement: Diaspora as a ‘Temporary Space’......58 2.1.2. Between ‘Implied Author’ and ‘Overt Narrator’: Purposeful Narratives..67 2.1.3. Ideological and Political Orientations of the Novelists within the Narratives..................................................................................................74 2.1.4. Diasporic Imagining of Kurdistan: Under the Lens of Realist Portrayal..85 2.1.5. Re-visioning Kurdistan within a Critical Frame........................................91 2.2. Diasporic Memory: From the Individual’s Narratives to the Collective Past...106 2.2.1. The Politics of Remembering: From History to the Recent Past.............107 2.2.2. Autobiographical Memory: in the Shadow of 1980’s Military Coup and Diyarbakir Prison....................................................................................113 2.3. Concluding Remarks……………………………….…………………………121 5 Chapter Three - The Kurdish Novelistic Discourse in Turkish Kurdistan: Constructing ‘Home-land’ and ‘Identity’……………………………………124 3.1. The Territorialisation of Kurdistan: Imagined ‘Greater Kurdistan’………….…125 3.1.1. ‘Us’ versus ‘Other’: The Power of Regional Mapping and Naming.......131 3.1.2. The Construction of ‘Kurdishness’ as a Unified Entity...........................138 3.2. Fictionalising Kurdistan in Different Time Zones……….……….…..…….…144 3.2.1. ‘Home-land’ in the Past: An Idealized Vision with Nostalgia................145 3.2.2. ‘Home-land’ Now: The Land of Destruction and Struggle.....................150 3.2.3. Imagining the Future of ‘Home-land’: ‘Newroz’ and Heaven................160 3.3. The Meanings of Unattainable ‘Home-land’……….……….…..…….…….……168 3.3.1. ‘Home-land’ as a Beloved Woman.........................................................169 3.3.2. ‘Home-land’: A Land of Longing and Yearning....................................174 3.4. Concluding Remarks……….……….…..…….…….………………....................185 Chapter Four - A Comparative Analysis of the Novels: From Turkish Kurdistan to its Diaspora…………………………………………………………………..187 4.1. The Intended Construction of Novelistic Discourse: Factual or Symbolic?..........188 4.2. Kurdistan and the Impact of Diverse Political Ideologies......................................196 4.2.1. Overview of Kurds: Are They ‘Welatparêz’ or ‘Caş’?...........................204 4.2.2. The Relationship with Kurdish Lands: Destroyed Urban Kurdistan versus Idealised Rural Kurdistan............................................................210 4.3. The Perception of ‘Home-land’: the Constant Sense of ‘Outsideness’..................220 4.4. Concluding Remarks……….……….…..…….…….…………………………....227 Chapter Five - Conclusion……………………………………………………….….232 Appendix A: Biographical Notes on the Authors………………………………….242 Appendix B: Synopses of the Novels………………………………………………..248 Bibliography……………………………………………………..……………...........271 6 CHAPTER ONE Introduction 1.1. Introductory Remarks The Kurds, who belong to what is considered the world’s largest nation deprived of its own state, live in the territories of the states of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. They are regarded as being divided not only geographically, but also politically, linguistically and ideologically (Natali 2005; Rudolph 2003; Aknur 2012). Government policies towards the Kurds have differed from one sovereign state to another.1 Following the 1991 Gulf War, the Kurdish question in the four regions became a particularly crucial issue within the Middle East region and in international politics. Hence, issues around Kurdish nationalism and political problems have received considerably more attention than matters of culture, including literature. However, though studies on Kurdish literature have remained rather peripheral compared with the historical and political aspects of the Kurds, research (undertaken mainly in Europe and the US) on their literature from all Kurdish regions and in both Sorani and Kurmanji dialects, has increased considerably in recent years. The present study attempts to understand the way Kurds have experienced their ‘identity’ and ‘home-land’ through tracing themes of displacement and loss for both individual and collective history. Engagement in a deep and rigorous analysis of the 1According to some researchers
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