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Sociographie De La Doxa Coloniale Israélienne

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Sociographie De La Doxa Coloniale Israélienne Université de Montréal Se représenter dominant et victime : sociographie de la doxa coloniale israélienne par Michaël Séguin Département de sociologie Faculté des arts et sciences Thèse présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) en sociologie Août 2018 © Michaël Séguin, 2018 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Cette thèse intitulée : Se représenter dominant et victime : sociographie de la doxa coloniale israélienne Présentée par : Michaël Séguin a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Deena White, présidente-rapporteuse et représentante du doyen Paul Sabourin, directeur de recherche Yakov Rabkin, codirecteur de recherche Barbara Thériault, membre du jury Rachad Antonius, examinateur externe Résumé Dans un monde majoritairement postcolonial, Israël fait figure d’exception alors même que se perpétue sa domination d’un autre peuple, les Arabes palestiniens. Tandis qu’un nombre grandissant d’auteurs, y compris juifs, traitent de la question israélo-palestinienne comme d’un colonialisme de peuplement, et non plus comme d’un conflit ethnique entre groupes nationaux, se pose la question : comment une telle domination est-elle possible à l’ère des médias de masse ? Plus précisément, pourquoi cette domination est-elle si peu contestée de l’intérieur de la société israélienne alors même qu’elle contredit le discours public de l’État qui tente, par tous les moyens, de se faire accepter comme étant démocratique et éclairé ? Pour y répondre, cette thèse procède à une analyse de la connaissance de sens commun israélienne afin de détecter à la fois le mode de connaissance, issu des relations sociales, privilégié pour faire sens des rapports ethnonationaux, mais aussi la manière dont cette doxa vient légitimer la domination des Palestiniens. Empiriquement, cette sociologie de la connaissance se fonde sur un corpus de huit autobiographies de politiciens et d’activistes juifs israéliens, sionistes (Ḥaïm Herzog, Michael Oren, Shimon Peres et Lea Rabin) comme antisionistes (Susan Nathan, Ilan Pappé, Miko Peled et Nissim Rejwan), parues en langue originale anglaise ces vingt dernières années. Leur analyse met en lumière la définition dominante de l’identité nationale israélienne — laquelle pose la Palestine comme propriété juive exclusive, le génocide nazi comme danger récurrent qui justifie toute réponse militaire et l’appartenance occidentale comme garantie de supériorité morale — et combien elle favorise un rapport au monde centré sur la solidarité ethnique intrajuive qui empêche toute identification à l’arabité. Plus encore, s’y manifeste à même le rapport hégémonique à l’altérité, tel que ces autobiographies le reproduisent ou le contestent, une double dynamique de dépossession coloniale consistant à discréditer et effacer le rapport à l’espace, au temps et à la culture tant des Arabes palestiniens que des juifs n’adhérant pas à une définition sioniste de la judaïté. Mots-clés : sociologie de la connaissance, colonialisme de peuplement, sionisme, identité nationale, mémoire sociale, autobiographies, analyse structurale de discours. iii Abstract In a predominantly postcolonial world, Israel sets itself apart as its domination of another people, the Palestinian Arabs, is still ongoing. While a growing number of scholars, including Jews, address the Israeli-Palestinian issue as settler colonialism rather than an ethnic conflict between national groups, the question arises: how is such domination still possible in this mass media era? More specifically, why are there so few Israelis challenging this rule from within, especially considering that it contradicts the public discourse of their state’s manifold attempts to be acknowledged as democratic and enlightened? To answer this question, this thesis proceeds to analyze Israeli common sense knowledge in order to detect the mode of knowledge, embedded in social relations, used to comprehend ethnonational relationships, but also how this doxa legitimizes the domination over the Palestinians. Empirically, this sociology of knowledge is based on a corpus of eight autobiographies written in English by Jewish Israeli politicians and activists, some Zionist (Chaim Herzog, Michael Oren, Shimon Peres and Lea Rabin) and some anti-Zionist (Susan Nathan, Ilan Pappé, Miko Peled and Nissim Rejwan), and published over the last twenty years. Their analysis highlights the mainstream definition of Israeliness—which stresses Palestine as an exclusive Jewish property, the Nazi genocide as a recurrent threat that justifies any military response, and affiliation to the West as a guarantee of moral superiority—and how it fosters a relationship to the world centered on intra-Jewish ethnic solidarity that excludes any identification with Arabness. Moreover, a careful look at the hegemonic relationship to otherness, as reproduced or challenged by these autobiographies, reveals a twofold dynamic of colonial dispossession aimed at discrediting and erasing the relationship to space, time and culture of both the Palestinian Arabs and the Jews who do not abide by a Zionist definition of Judaism. Keywords: sociology of knowledge, settler colonialism, Zionism, national identity, social memory, autobiographies, structural discourse analysis. iv Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ........................................................................................................................................................ III ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................... IV TABLE DES MATIÈRES ..................................................................................................................................... V LISTE DES TABLEAUX ................................................................................................................................... VIII LISTE DES FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ IX LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABRÉVIATIONS ............................................................................................................... X REMERCIEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... XII INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1 0.1 APPRÉHENDER LE COLONIALISME DE PEUPLEMENT PAR LE DISCOURS AUTOBIOGRAPHIQUE ............................................. 2 0.2 DES DIFFICULTÉS D’UNE SOCIOLOGIE DE LA CONNAISSANCE NON POLITISÉE ................................................................. 4 0.3 SURVOL DE LA DÉMARCHE SOCIOGRAPHIQUE ........................................................................................................ 6 1 LA COLONIALITÉ DU SIONISME ET D’ISRAËL : ÉTAT D’UNE CONTROVERSE ............................................ 11 1.1 LA NATURE DU MOUVEMENT SIONISTE : NATIONAL OU COLONIAL ? ......................................................................... 13 1.1.1 Contra : le sionisme, un mouvement de libération nationale ......................................................... 13 1.1.2 Pro : le sionisme, un mouvement national aux moyens coloniaux ................................................. 14 1.2 LE SOUTIEN IMPÉRIAL AU SIONISME : MÉTROPOLITAIN OU ABSENT ? ........................................................................ 16 1.2.1 Contra : le sionisme n’avait ni mère patrie ni métropole ............................................................... 17 1.2.2 Pro : les Britanniques ont favorisé l’établissement du Yichouv ...................................................... 19 1.3 L’ACTIVITÉ COLONIALE SIONISTE : ISOLATIONNISME OU CONQUÊTE ? ....................................................................... 21 1.3.1 Contra : l’absence d’exploitation au sein du Yichouv ..................................................................... 21 1.3.2 Pro : la centralité de l’idée de « conquête » au sein du Yichouv ..................................................... 23 1.4 LE RAPPORT AUX AUTOCHTONES : MODERNISATION OU RACISME ? ......................................................................... 27 1.4.1 Contra : le mouvement sioniste se souciait du bien-être des Arabes ............................................. 27 1.4.2 Pro : le sionisme avait une vision orientaliste des Palestiniens ...................................................... 29 1.5 DE L’APPRÉHENSION DU MONDE COMME ENJEU POLITIQUE ................................................................................... 31 2 SAISIR LE COLONIALISME DE PEUPLEMENT PAR LA CONNAISSANCE : UNE PROPOSITION SOCIOLOGIQUE ............................................................................................................................................ 35 2.1 DÉFINIR LE COLONIALISME DE PEUPLEMENT ET SES PROPRIÉTÉS .............................................................................. 37 2.1.1 Distinguer les formes de colonies et leurs conditions d’émergence ............................................... 38 2.1.2 Circonscrire les propriétés matérielles du colonialisme de peuplement ......................................... 42 2.2 ARTICULER COLONIALISME, MÉMOIRE ET CONNAISSANCE DE SENS COMMUN ............................................................. 49 2.2.1 De la mémoire
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