The Magic of Mobile: Wireless Fundamentals

June 2014

1 Wireless is the foundation to mobile Appreciating the magic of mobile requires understanding the fundamentals of wireless

Wireless fundamentals are the Mobile is the largest technology foundation to mobile powered by 1 platform in the world 3 Mobile 3G/4G technologies

Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile connectivity is an Mobile 3G/4G, pushing wireless 2 amazing technical achievement, 4 boundaries to enable the best critical to the mobile experience mobile experiences

2 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world

~7 Billion connections, almost as ~8 Billion smartphones More prevalent than electricity many as people on Earth1 to be shipped 2014-20182 or running water in some regions

New form factors; tablet/laptop Evolving into Internet of Everything: variants, wearables, etc. cars, meters, health-devices, etc.

1 GSMA Intelligence, Apr. ‘14 2 Gartner, Sep. ‘13 3 Mobile is an amazing technical achievement

Mind-blowing Performance Reliable Connectivity with processing power greater overcoming signal loss resulting in than the most advanced super computers All in a device receiving signal 100 trillion times weaker of the early 1990s1 than when it originated3 that fits in Jaw-dropping Graphics your pocket Broadband Speeds with capability to process several with blazing fast data rates capable thousand megapixels per second2 of 300+ Mbps4

High Quality Multimedia2 Long Battery Life 4K UltraHD video player/recorder with ability to power all these amazing HD gaming console experiences with less energy than it 5.1/7.1 surround sound system takes to power a light bulb for 1 hour5 High resolution digital camera

1 Source: Charlie White, Sep. '13 & giffgaff.com, Sep’13; 2 Based on latest Qualcomm® SnapdragonTM 800 series processors; 3 Based on >140 dB path loss 4 typical in mobile; 4 Based on peak data rates for LTE Advanced; 5 Based on >2,000 mAh smartphone battery and >15W light-bulb Connectivity is the foundation of a great mobile experience Connect Reliably Talk and browse without interruption Connect On-the-Go Connect Real-Time with more bars in more places Talk and browse with seamless Get instant access to content with mobility anywhere you get a signal less delay for “always-on” experience

Connect Fast Connect Longer Stream, surf, upload, and download Go longer without plugging in with fast, predictable data rates with improved battery efficiency Delivering rich mobile broadband experiences

5 Coverage Spectrum Capacity

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile

6 Coverage is delivering a reliable signal to your mobile device despite harsh wireless environments, while on-the-go

Key Fundamentals Analogy Radio Signal Modulation Signal-to-Noise Ratio Range Mobile Cell Mobile Network Coverage Seamless Handoff Mobility Radio signals are like a ripple in the water

7 Radio signals are like ripples in the water Radio Signal A form of energy that radiates into space as radio waves.

휆

퐴 Water Surface

Amplitude (퐴): Size of the ripple (energy) Wavelength (휆): Distance between the ripples (meters) Frequency (푓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)

8 Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel

Ripple Receiver

Data

1 0 0 1 0

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

1 0 0 1 0

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Alternating how big you make the ripples

9 Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments

Interference

Ripple Receiver 푆𝑖푔푛푎푙 푃표푤푒푟

푆푁푅 = 푁표𝑖푠푒 + 퐼푛푡푒푟푓푒푟푒푛푐푒 푃표푤푒푟

Power Power Noise Signal Power Noise + Interference Power

Distance (from ripple source)

Range The distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR to be decoded by receiver

10 Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless environments Ripple Source ~100,000,000,000(Transmitter) X Amount of signal loss possible across cell Environment compared to original signal Noise Ripple Receiver Operator Base Station Ripple Source

Telephone PSTN

User Equipment Internet Cell Ripple Receiver Other Users Ripple Range Interference

Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal 11 Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell

Ripple Source Ripple Source Transmitter #1 Transmitter #2

Ripple Receiver

Power (dB) Power

Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze

12 Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility

Network Switch/Router Telephone

Internet <0.01% Packet loss required for high priority apps (e.g., video)

Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide seamless handoffs across cells

13 Mobile must deliver fast data rates despite finite spectrum, the lifeblood of mobile connectivity

Key Fundamentals Analogy Radio Frequency Spectrum Radio Channel Peak Data Rate Licensed Spectrum Unlicensed Spectrum Time Division Duplex (TDD) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Spectrum Radio channels are like highways built on finite land

14 Spectrum is the airwaves that all wireless communications travel

Maritime navigation Navigational aids AM radio maritime Shortwave radio, VHF television, FM Mobile, Space and satellite Radio astronomy, signals (e.g. loran- C) radio radiotelephone radio, navigational UHF television, GPS communications radar landing aids systems

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF

100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1 m 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz

Increasing wavelength, larger antennas Increasing frequency, shorter range

Spectrum is allocated by local governments Spectrum is divided into frequency ranges (bands) for different types of wireless communication e.g., 87.5 to 108.0 MHz for FM radio 15 Spectrum is like land – a finite resource; Radio channels are like highways built on this land

Radio Frequency Spectrum (land): Frequency range for different types of wireless communication 100 MHz 850 MHz 1,500 MHz 1,900 MHz 2,350 MHz

FM Radio Mobile band GPS Mobile band Satellite Radio

Radio Channel (highway): Spectrum for specific communication link

105.3 FM Radio Channel Data (vehicles): Bits of information carried on Radio channel

16 Spectrum is the lifeblood of mobile connectivity Mobile must overcome finite spectrum to deliver fast data rates

6 GHz Travels short range More More Faster Spectrum Capacity Data Rates

Mobile Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive use ensuring quality of service, mobility, and control Operator

Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with: Requires large Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz

antennas Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data 60 MHz

17 Mobile uses different spectrum for different types of access Licensed Spectrum Unlicensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive use Spectrum shared by multiple technologies (Mobile 3G/4G technologies) (Wi-Fi, LTE, BT & others)

Operator

Foundation of Mobile Broadband Foundation of Local Area Broadband

Predictable Performance, Ubiquitous Seamless Simple Short Range, Residential, Enterprise, Subscription-based Coverage Mobility Deployment Local Coverage Connected Home 18 Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) radio channel

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Paired spectrum enables better coverage

Spectrum 1 Uplink (UL)

Spectrum 2 Downlink (DL)

Time Time Division Duplex (TDD) Unpaired spectrum enables asymmetrical DL/UL for more DL capacity

Spectrum UL DL UL DL

Time

19 A radio channel has a peak data rate ∗ Peak Data Rate ≈ 푊 ∙ 푛 ∙ 푀 − 표푣푒푟ℎ푒푎푑 Theoretical max data rate in ideal conditions measured in Spectrum Bandwidth Number of Antennas Higher Order Modulation bits per second (bps)

The width of the radio The number of spatially The number of bits channel (highway) built on separated paths (highway (passengers) transmitted per spectrum (land) overpasses) signal (vehicle) 11 10 01 00

Frequency

Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network 20 Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate Peak Data Rate ≈ 푊 ∙ 푛 ∙ 푀 − 표푣푒푟ℎ푒푎푑 Mobile 2G Mobile 3G Mobile 3G+/4G Voice plus Messaging Mobile Broadband Faster and Better CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced Example: LTE Peak Data Rate3 Spectrum Bandwidth (푊) = 20 MHz Number of Antennas (푛) = 2 Bits per Symbol (푀) = 6 Overhead = 37.5% Peak Data Rate = 150 Mbps

Channel Bandwidth (푾) 200 kHz 5 MHz 20 + 20 MHz # of Antennas (풏) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 2 x 2 (n = 2) Modulation (푴) 8-PSK (M = 3) 16-QAM (M = 4) 64-QAM (M = 6) Peak Data Rate1 474 Kbps2 14.4 Mbps 300+ Mbps3

1 2 Download peak data rate; Theoretical peak data rate for GSM/EDGE, latest Evolved EDGE has peak DL data rates up to 1.2 Mbps; 21 3 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 2x 20 MHz carrier; 300 Mbps announced as of November 2013 Mobile must deliver fast data rates despite finite spectrum, the lifeblood of mobile connectivity

Key Fundamentals Analogy Capacity Multiple Access Shannon’s Law Spectrum Aggregation 1000x Mobile Data Challenge Small Cells

Capacity Radio channel has a finite capacity like a pipe

22 Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water Capacity Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users Theoretical max amount of data traffic that can be reliably transmitted over a noisy radio channel at a given time

Single user Multiple users 100% of capacity Share the capacity

23 A radio channel has a finite capacity Capacity ≈ 푊 ∙ 푛 ∙ log2(1 + 푆푁푅) Theoretical max amount of data traffic that can be reliably transmitted over a noisy radio channel at a given time Shannon’s Law More Spectrum Number of Antennas Mitigate Interference

Increasing the size of the Adding antennas to create Improving the quality of the spatially separated paths radio signal (SNR) Shared amongst multiple users radio channel (bandwidth)

24 Shared EvolvingResources Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies

퐶 ≈ 푊 ∙ 푛 ∙ log2(1 + 푆푁푅)

Wider Interference Channels Mitigation Carrier More Aggregation Antennas

Carrier #1 Carrier #2 Aggregated Carrier #3 Data Pipe Flexible support for Carrier #4 Mitigate interference with channels up to 20 MHz advanced receivers and enabled with OFDMA Aggregate more channels up Advanced MIMO techniques antenna techniques to 100 MHz for higher data to create spatially separated rates paths for more data

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution 25 Mobile data traffic growth – industry preparing for 1000x Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough

Industry preparing for Richer content more video ~2/3 Of mobile traffic will 1000x be video by 20172 data traffic growth1

More devices everything connected ~25 Billion Interconnected devices forecast in 20203

1 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, Qualcomm works on the solutions to enable 1000x 26 2 Source: Cisco, Feb. ’13; 3 Source: Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ‘12 The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!

Scaling Capacity with Small Cells Reusing Capacity (퐶) equation everywhere 퐶 퐶 ≈ 푛 ∙ 푊 ∙ log2(1 + 푆푁푅)

퐶 퐶 퐶

SMALL CELL SMALL CELL 퐶 Small Cell SMALL CELL More Small Cells

27 Qualcomm is the leader in seamless mobile connectivity delivering superior performance and technology leadership

28 Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies First World Mode LTE Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity Advanced Modem with 40 MHz CA and CAT61 DL: 300 Mbps First LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation DL: 150 Mbps First LTE 20 MHz Carrier Aggregation First Integrated LTE Multimode First Integrated World DL: 100 Mbps LTE Mode Higher efficiency (LTE) Smartphone 2 x 2 MIMO Support for 3G and 4G technologies

First 3C-HSPA+ DL: 63 Mbps First DC-HSPA+ UL: 11 Mbps DL: 42 Mbps 3 Carrier Aggregation UL: 11 Mbps First HSPA+ 2 Carrier Aggregation DL: 28 Mbps UL: 5.76 Mbps Higher Order Modulation First HSUPA 2 x 2 MIMO DL: 7.2 Mbps UL: 5.76 Mbps Enhanced Uplink Channel

First HSDPA Increasing User Experience User Increasing DL: 1.8 Mbps UL: 384 kbps Higher Order Modulation

Time

TM Qualcomm® Gobi is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 29 1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Hiding the complexity underneath the most seamless mobile connectivity

The Unique Qualcomm Advantage

LTE LTE GSM/ CDMA TD- EV-DO HSPA+/ 700/ 1500/ 2300/ Wi-Fi Position BT FDD TDD EDGE WCDMA 1X SCDMA 850/900 1700/1900 2600 All major Cellular Standards ~40 RF Bands Wi-Fi, Positioning, +Standards Evolution 17 LTE Voice Modes BT(Bluetooth) Supports all technologies, bands, modes, …

TM Qualcomm® Gobi is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. 30 1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD Wireless is the foundation to mobile

Wireless fundamentals are the Mobile is the largest technology foundation to mobile powered by 1 platform in the world 3 Mobile 3G/4G technologies

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