Wi-Fi Goes to Town: Rapid Picocell Switching for Wireless Transit Networks Zhenyu Song Longfei Shangguan Kyle Jamieson∗ Princeton University Princeton University Princeton University [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT forward to a nearby future with great demand for high-capacity This paper presents the design and implementation of Wi-Fi Goes wireless networks serving transportation corridors, allowing users to Town, the first Wi-Fi based roadside hotspot network designed to to surf the web, complete video and audio calls or teleconferences, operate at vehicular speeds with meter-sized picocells. Wi-Fi Goes and stream video and music entertainment, all on the commute. to Town APs make delivery decisions to the vehicular clients they Surprisingly, compared with capacity gains from new technolo- serve at millisecond-level granularities, exploiting path diversity gies, Cooper [10] estimates—with broad consensus from cellular in roadside networks. In order to accomplish this, we introduce wireless network operators—that the overwhelming majority of new buffer management algorithms that allow participating APs capacity gains over the past 45 years can be attributed to simply to manage each others’ queues, rapidly quenching each others’ decreasing the size of each cell, the geographic area each access transmissions and flushing each others’ queues. We furthermore point (AP) covers. However, moving to smaller cells immediately integrate our fine-grained AP selection and queue management into sets up a tension between the two goals of capacity and range, 802.11’s frame aggregation and block acknowledgement functions, exacerbating the range problem mentioned above. This necessitates making the system effective at modern 802.11 bit rates that need a handover, where a number of APs cooperate to serve the client as frame aggregation to maintain high spectral efficiency. We have it moves from one AP to the next. implemented our system in an eight-AP network alongside a nearby Roaming between Wi-Fi APs is standardized, with the recent road, and evaluate its performance with mobile clients moving at 802.11r standard [22] enabling the client to make a connection with up to 35 mph. Depending on the clients’ speed, Wi-Fi Goes to Town another AP before abandoning the current: this is called make before achieves a 2.4–4.7× TCP throughput improvement over a baseline break. Other parts of the Wi-Fi standard, namely 802.11k [21], allow fast handover protocol that captures the state of the art in Wi-Fi the current AP to inform the client about other nearby APs and roaming, including the recent IEEE 802.11k and 802.11r standards. channels, so that when the time comes for the client to abandon the current AP, it may immediately begin the association process with CCS CONCEPTS those APs, rather than discovering their existence from scratch. But these solutions, and others we discuss below, are too slow for • Networks → Wireless access networks; the scenarios we consider here, necessitating larger cells and thus KEYWORDS clawing back smaller cells’ capacity gains. Recently, however, two trends have arisen that may break this Wi-Fi, Handover, Transit Networks stalemate: the first a reflection on recent research, the second a ACM Reference format: consequence of Wi-Fi’s commoditization: Zhenyu Song, Longfei Shangguan, and Kyle Jamieson. 2017. Wi-Fi Goes to (1) Recent work has demonstrated that commodity Wi-Fi APs can Town: Rapid Picocell Switching for Wireless Transit Networks. In Proceed- extract detailed channel measurements [18, 49], thus rapidly ings of , Los Angeles, CA, USA, August 21-25, 2017 (SIGCOMM ’17), 13 pages. predicting the AP or APs best suited to serve a client as it moves. https://doi.org/10.1145/3098822.3098846 (2) Today, very low cost Wi-Fi chipsets such as the ESP8266 (Figure 1) 1 INTRODUCTION are arriving on the market for less than $5, making for the first time very high-density Wi-Fi AP installations cost-feasible. Every day, billions of commuters journey in and out of the world’s urban centers: many by train, light rail, or underground transport, others in vehicles that may soon become driverless in the coming decade. Today this commute is often wasted time, but we look ∗K. Jamieson is also affiliated with University College London. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation Figure 1: The ESP8266 Wi-Fi and system-on-chip module, on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or available ca. 2016 for $5. republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. SIGCOMM ’17, August 21-25, 2017, Los Angeles, CA, USA In this work, we demonstrate a synergy between the above two © 2017 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to Associa- trends, resulting in an opportunity to transform the design of road- tion for Computing Machinery. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-4653-5/17/08...$15.00 side and metropolitan transit wireless networks with the wide- https://doi.org/10.1145/3098822.3098846 spread deployment of an array of inexpensive “Wi-Fi picocell” APs, 322 SIGCOMM ’17, August 21-25, 2017, Los Angeles, CA, USA Zhenyu Song, Longfei Shangguan, and Kyle Jamieson Wide-area latency 15 < 1 ms latency 10 Controller Wi-Fi APs Content 5 Server ESNR (dB) 5 m. AP1 AP2 AP3 25 mph 0 AP1 AP2 AP3 Figure 3: Wi-Fi Goes to Town architecture: cars moving at 0 1 2 3 0 120 240 360 25 mph spend about 460 milliseconds in each AP’s cell. Time (s) Time (ms) Figure 2: The vehicular picocell regime: Constructive For traffic on the uplink from the mobile to the AP array, anyAP and destructive wireless multipath fading as measured by can receive each such packet, but the controller removes duplicate Effective SNR (upper plot) conspire with vehicular-speed packets in the event that more than one AP receives the same packet mobility to change the AP best able to deliver packets to from the client. a mobile client (lower plot) at millisecond timescales (right The first of two challenges involved in realizing actual wireless detail view). The radio coverage between APs overlaps by performance gains in this setting stems from packet queuing, which around 10 m. occurs in many network layers and software and hardware com- ponents in Wi-Fi networks. A modest amount of queuing (ca. 20 milliseconds or 100 packets) in the operating system driver and/or each covering just a few meters of a busy urban transit corridor. But the Wi-Fi hardware itself allows modern 802.11 wireless link layers such a design faces the fundamental challenge shown in Figure 2: to combine queued packets into larger aggregate packets. This ag- the wireless capacity (achievable throughput) to each AP exhibits gregation is critical to maintaining a high ratio of fixed per-frame two well-known wireless trends as a mobile user drives past the AP overhead (necessary to coordinate access to the wireless medium) array. First, there is fading at second-level scales due to distance, to useful data airtime as wireless data bit-rates increase. But frame but second, there is rapid, millisecond-level fast fading due to alter- aggregation and sequence number-based block acknowledgements nating constructive and destructive multipath propagation, on the lose their efficiency if the AP that receives a block acknowledge- spatial scale of an RF wavelength, 12 cm at 2.4 GHz. Furthermore, ment from a client differs from the one that sends the corresponding due to the dense deployment of APs in the array (necessary to downlink data. To address this problem, Wi-Fi Goes to Town intro- attain good coverage), the large-scale and small-scale fades overlap duces mechanisms to share block acknowledgement state between in time to make the best choice of AP (shown below in the figure) participating APs. change every millisecond. We term this combination of AP diversity, The second of the two challenges comes from packet buffering. vehicular client mobility, and meter-level AP cell size the vehicular Buffering at higher layers, such as the operating system’s trans- picocell regime. port-layer socket, allows applications to exploit asynchronous I/O. This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental However, while helpful in these regards, buffering at an individual evaluation of Wi-Fi Goes to Town, a system that operates efficiently AP results in the transmission of a backlog of packets once the in the vehicular picocell regime via a nearby controller exercising controller has made a decision to switch away from that AP. As tight control of the AP array, as shown in Figure 3. As users travel we show in §3 (p. 5), buffering thus adds a significant latency to at high speed through an underground tunnel or along a road, the the controller’s switching decision, a delay that is insignificant in controller switches downlink traffic to several APs in the array, one current AP handover systems and systems based on Multipath TCP of which will be best able to deliver the packet to where the user’s [15], but highly significant for the vehicular picocell regime. To device will be tens of milliseconds later. When the packet reaches address the problem of controller-AP switching latency, Wi-Fi Goes the tail of an AP’s transmit queue and is ready for transmission to Town maintains current amounts of buffering at APs, but intro- to the client, the APs communicate directly to agree which one duces hooks for the controller to dequeue pending packets buffered of them should actually attempt to deliver the packet.