Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11ac Wireless Networks Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer Agenda

• Physics - RF Waves

• Antenna Selection

• Spectrum, Channels & Channel widths

• MIMO & Spatial Streams

• Cisco 802.11ac features

• Beyond 802.11ac

Electromagnetic Spectrum

• Radio waves

• Micro waves Colour Frequency Wavelength

• Infrared Radiation Violet 668-789 THz 380-450nm

Blue 606-668 THz 450-495nm • Visible Light Green 526-606 THz 495-570nm • Ultraviolet Radiation Yellow 508-526 THz 570-590nm • X-Rays Orange 484-508 THz 590-620nm • Gamma Rays Red 400-484 THz 620-750nm Radio Frequency Fundamentals λ1 λ • Frequency and Wavelength 2 • f = c / λ c = the speed of light in a vacuum • 2.45GHz = 12.3cm • 5.0GHz = 6cm

• Amplitude • Phase * ϕ

A1

A2 Radio Frequency Fundamentals

• Signal Strength • Wave Propagation • Gain and Amplification – Attenuation and Free Space Loss • Loss and Attenuation – Reflection and Absorption – Wavelength Physics of Waves

• In phase, reinforcement

• Out of phase, cancellation RF Mathematics

• dB is a logarithmic ratio of values (voltages, power, gain, losses) • We add gains • We subtract losses

• dBm is a power measurement relative to 1mW

• dBi is the forward gain of an antenna compared to isotropic antenna Now we know that …. How? CSMA / CA – “Listen before talk”

• Carrier sense, multiple access / open spectrum • (open, low-power ISM bands) no barrier to entry • Energy detection must detect channel available – Clear Channel Assessment • On collision, random back off timer before trying again. • Clear channel is very important. Wireless Is Always A Two-Way Conversation Interference and Signal to Noise Ratio

• Any RF signals other than what we want is interference

• SNR is a ratio

• The signal strength is a result of: • Transmit power • Receive sensitivity

• Increase the signal, or decrease the noise Two way communication - Example Point Distance Point 20 A B

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 -20

-40

-60

-80

-100

-120 Antennas Antenna Fundamentals Omni-Directional Antennas

Azimuth Elevation Omnidirectional Antenna Radiation Pattern 3D

Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only Antenna Fundamentals Patch Antennas

Azimuth Elevation Panel Azimuth and Elevation in 3D

Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only Panel EM field in 3D (Hypothetically)

Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only Antenna Fundamentals Internal Antennas Antenna Fundamentals High-Gain Antennas

Azimuth Elevation Waveguide Azimuth and Elevation in 3D

Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only Antenna Fundamentals High-Gain Antennas

First Null is “Filled In” Second Null is not as deep

Low signal regions occur close to tower to minimise the impact

Low Signal Low Signal Antenna Design

Cisco 2.4GHz Antenna Combined 2.4 and 5GHz Antenna Multipath Propagation

Direct Channels 2.4GHz Channels – really only 3; not used -11ac Understanding 802.11ac

• 80MHz Channel and 3 SS = 1.3Gbps • 5GHz only • 80MHz Channel and 2 SS = 866.6Mbps • Channel Bonding • 80MHz Channel and 1 SS = 433.3Mbps • 80 and 160MHz Channels • Modulation • 256-QAM

• Spatial Streams • Support for up to 8 5GHz Channel Allocation Channel widths Resolution 20MHz – 1SS 80MHz – 1SS Resolution Modulation, SNR and Data Rates

4-QAM SNR=6SNR=10 Rate vs Range and the Laws of Physics

4-QAM

16-QAM

64-QAM Rate vs Range and the Laws of Physics

256-QAM Rate vs Range and the Laws of Physics Pop-Quiz

Multi In – Multi Out MIMO Antenna Diversity Diversity Combining Multiple Input Multiple Output Maximal Ratio Combining Combined Effect (Adding all Rx Paths)

3 Antennas Rx Signals Multiple Input Multiple Output Implicit Transmit Beamforming Multiple Input Multiple Output Implicit Transmit Beamforming Multiple Input Multiple Output ClientLink 4.0 802.11a/g/n/ac

1SS 1SS 2SS 3SS Multiple Input Multiple Output Spatial Multiplexing

Data Data The The The quick brown fox

Data Data quick The quick The quick brown fox Multiple Input Multiple Output Spatial Multiplexing

The Data Data

The quick The quick brown fox quick

brown Data Data

The quick The quick brown fox brown fox fox 80MHz – 1SS 80MHz – 3SS Channel Bonding

20-MHz Gained Space 40-MHz Gained Space 20-MHz Gained Space 80-MHz

40-MHz Gained Space Channel Bonding

1SS 1SS 2SS 3SS

80-MHz 80-MHz Gained Space 160-MHz 80-MHz 160-MHz

80-MHz 5GHz Channel Allocation Engineer in a Can Features

Enhanced HDX Turbo Performance Improves radio efficiency for higher throughput and client density Optimised Roaming Intelligently determines the optimum time to roam Cisco CleanAir® 80MHz Mitigates interference and improves channel capacity Cisco ClientLink 3.0 Improves legacy and 802.11ac Client performance Dynamic BW Selection Extends DCA to automatically select ideal channel widths AirTime Fairness Optimises medium access as allocation of airtime not bitrate Cross-AP Management* Directs Wireless Signal for Better Coverage Spectrum Intelligence CleanAir and iBeacon

• iBeacons use Bluetooth Low-Energy to send advertising signals

• Smart phone applications using simple RSSI information figure out micro- location & apps then fetch relevant advertising content

• BLE /iBeacons can be used to improve the way finding experience Radio Resource Management

. Dynamic Channel Assignment / Dynamic Bandwidth Selection

. Transmit Power Control

. Coverage Hole Detection and Mitigation … and more • What It Does • What It Does NOT Do • Dynamically balances • Substitute for a site survey infrastructure and mitigate changes • Correct a poor design • Monitor and maintain • Manufacture spectrum or coverage for all clients otherwise counteract the laws • Provide the optimal of physics… throughput under changing conditions Optimised Roaming DCA and 802.11ac – Channel Width

• Selection of 20 MHz – all AP’s set to 20 Mhz

• Selection of 40 MHz – All 40 MHz capable AP’s set to 40 MHz • 20 MHz only AP’s will be left on 20 Mhz

• Selection to 80 MHz – all 80 MHz capable AP’s set to 80 MHz • Others – 802.11n will be at 40 Mhz, and 802.11a at 20 Mhz

Wireless=>802.11a/b=>RRM=>DCA 802.11AC and the OBSS and Coexistence

• Using the example of an 80 MHz OBSS – (Overlapping BSS) • AP-AC wins contention on my primary channel and will send data on that channel and 3 other bonded channels. • The VHT header tells all 802.11AC stations that I’m using an 80 MHz OBSS and even tells what 20 MHz sub channels it’s using • But What of the lowly 802.11a station, or the 802.11n (HT) station who don’t speak 802.11ac and it’s fancy VHT language? 802.11AC and the OBSS (Overlapping BSS)

Protocol Primary Secondary 20 MHz Secondary 40 MHz

802.11a -82 dBm

802.11n -82 dBm -62 dBm (20 dB liberty)

802.11ac -82 dBm -72 dBm (10 dB liberty) -76 to -79 (3-6 dB liberty)

• Never Fear – LBT (Listen before Talk) to the rescue – CCA! (Clear Carrier Assessment)

• CCA thresholds where adjusted in the 802.11ac specification to allow Overlapping BSS and IBSS stations coexist by adjusting the contention requirements for Sub Channels

• In the table above – you can see that all 3 protocols have equal contention on the primary.

• Any primary operating within a secondary 20 or 40 will loose contention

• Any secondary 20 operating in a secondary 40 will win contention over other secondary's! Awesome, so what? 600 TCP Down MBA • More co-channel interference models to 500 worry about 400 • So What? It’s still fast – right? 300 • TCP downlink testing using 80 MHz channel width on channel 36. 200

Interference AP set on channel 44 20 100 MHz – in the secondary 40 Mhz 0 MBA MBA Interfereing MBA Without With If you had set an 802.11ac radio to 80 MHz, that radio will wait until all 80 MHz is free before it will transmit It will not roll back and use 40 MHz or 20 MHz Enter Cisco Dynamic Bandwidth Selection

Before After

Complex configuration and inefficient use of spectrum Automatic and intelligent use of spectrum

56 60 64 80 MHz Channel 52 52/56/60/64 Primary Secondary Secondary

20 20 40

56 60 64 Interference impacts 52 80 MHz…what can 52 56 60 64 I use? • 80-MHz channel 52/56/60/64 • Interference is impacting only channel 60 • 3x20 MHz channels still available or 1x40 MHz and 1x20 MHz

Radio Resource Automatic detection Difficult to find non- RRM selects channel Management (RRM) of non-overlapping overlapping channels and channel width selects channel only channels Cisco Features (802.11ac) Cisco Dynamic Bandwidth Selection

Before After

Complex configuration and inefficient use of spectrum Automatic and intelligent use of spectrum

56 60 64 80 MHz Channel 52 52/56/60/64 Primary Secondary Secondary

20 20 40

56 60 64 Interference impacts 52 80 MHz…what can 52 56 60 64 I use? • 80-MHz channel 52/56/60/64 • Interference is impacting only channel 60 • 3x20 MHz channels still available or 1x40 MHz and 1x20 MHz

Radio Resource Automatic detection Difficult to find non- RRM selects channel Management (RRM) of non-overlapping overlapping channels and channel width selects channel only channels Cisco CleanAir

Before After Rogue Wi-Fi interference decreases reliability and performance Mitigated RF interference for improved until next dynamic channel assignment (DCA) cycle reliability and performance Improved Client Performance

Air Quality Performance Air Quality Performance

Granular Non-Wi-Fi Wi-Fi and Dynamic Rogues seen as spectrum interference non-Wi-Fi mitigation security threat only visibility and aware ED-RRM prioritized control

Complete Automatic Interference Mitigation Solution for Rogues and Non-Wi-Fi Interference Cisco Air Time Fairness

Before After Rate limiting can only specify a bit rate (throughput) limit. Air time is allocated per SSID, per realm, per client. There is no way to limit the duration that the bit rate will use. There is now better control over how air time is shared. Gain the Ability to Meet SLAs

SSID 2 SSID 2 SSID 1 30% SSID 1 48% 52% 70%

Automatic Bandwidth Client- Not time- Time- calculation Ongoing rate dependent based based on recalculation unpredictable fluctuation availability

Improved Predictability and Performance Air Time Fairness Phase 1(ATF) 8.1 MR2

8.1 MR2 Air Time Fairness Total “Air Time” • Allocation is applied per SSID Total Air Quality Wi-Fi Interference Non-Wi-Fi Interference • Applies to Downstream only (% usable time) (Bluetooth, Wireless phones) • Can be configured in WLC GUI/CLI and PI per AP Wi-Fi traffic aggregrate (or individual)

ATF Modes Data Frames Management Frames Control Frames Beacons (down) Data (down) • Disable Probe Responses (up/down) Zero, one, multiple retries, abandoned, dropped CTS (down) • Monitor Mode RTS (up) Data (up) ACKs • Enforce-Policy Mode Discarded, error, duplicate Total airtime (data) Total airtime (mgmt) Total airtime (ctrl) Can be applied to all APs on a SSID #1 SSID #2 SSID #3 X% allocation Y% allocation Z% allocation Network, AP Group, or AP

Supported on: • AP1260, 1570, 1700, 2600, X = A+B+C+D

2700, 3500, 3600, 3700 Client #1 Client #2 Client #3 Client #4 • Local and Flex-connect mode A% allocation B% allocation C% allocation D% allocation 8.2 code Air Time Fairness Phase 2 (ATF) Total “Air Time”

Total Air Quality Wi-Fi Interference Non-Wi-Fi Interference (% usable time) (Bluetooth, Wireless phones)

per AP Wi-Fi traffic 8.2 Air Time Fairness aggregrate (or individual)

• Allocation is applied per Data Frames Management Frames Control SSID Per Client w Beacons (down) Frames Data (down) Probe Responses (up/down) Zero, one, multiple retries, abandoned, dropped CTS (down) RTS (up) • Applies to Downstream Data (up) ACKs Discarded, error, duplicate only

• Can be configured in WLC Total airtime (data) Total airtime (mgmt) Total airtime (ctrl) GUI/CLI and PI SSID #1 SSID #2 SSID #3 X% allocation Y% Z% allocation allocation

X = A+A+A+A

Client #1 Client #2 Client #3 Client #4 A% allocation A% allocation A% allocation A% allocation Your Turn Site Surveys AP and Antenna Placement

• Consider underlying requirements • Number of Users • Application Types • Data • Voice • Video • Location accuracy • AP placement considerations • Consider environmentals • Characterise the -67dBm edges • For location a minimum of three AP should be able to hear the device with a a signal strength of -75dBm or higher • Understand existing spectrum use • Interference mitigation PlanningAll models are wrong Tools Some of them are useful

• A planning tool can be very useful for developing a preliminary design and solving deployment problems

• The model MUST be calibrated to ensure what you see is what you get

• These recommendations should be followed • Always verify predicted coverage with an actual measurement • Always remain conservative with power • Middle to lower end of the range should be selected • Many tools default to high power and can be very misleading. https://rftool.cisco.com • Coverage and capacity should be balanced Channel Utilisation

• One simple change reduced the utilisation to 5% • Remove the low rates

• Large cells = Low density • More users spread across a larger area, connecting at lower data rates • Small cells = High density • Removing lower data rates constrains cell size Wait a minute… Whats Next? Going Beyond 802.11ac Wave 2 Cisco Aironet Portfolio Positioned to Capture the 802.11ac Wave 2 Transition Enterprise Class Mission Critical Best in Class

3800 2800 1850 • 4x4:3SS 160 MHz; 5 Gbps • 2.4, 5GHz or Dual 5GHz 1810 Wall Plate 1830 • 4x4:3SS 160 MHz; 5 Gbps • 1 GE + 1 mGig (5G) • 2x2:2SS 80 MHz; 867 Mbps • 4x4:3SS 80Mhz; 1.7 • 2.4, 5GHz or Dual 5GHz • 3x3:2SS 80MHz; • Internal or External antenna • Tx Beam Forming Gbps • 2 GE Ports 867Mbps • Smart Antenna Connector • 1 GE Port uplink • Spectrum Analysis* • Internal or External antenna • Spectrum Analysis* • Enhanced Location* (External • 3 GE Local Ports, including 1 • Internal or External • Internal antenna • Smart Antenna Connector Antenna) PoE out antenna • Tx Beam Forming • Enhanced Location* • CleanAir 160 MHz • Local ports 802.1x ready • Tx Beam Forming (External Antenna) • 1 GE Port • ClientLink 4.0 • Integrated BLE Gateway* • 2 GE Ports • CleanAir 160MHz • USB 2.0 • StadiumVision • USB 2.0 • ClientLink 4.0 • Centralized, FlexConnect • Centralized, FlexConnect • USB 2.0 1810 Teleworker and Mobility Express • USB 2.0 and Mobility Express • Modularity • 2x2:2SS 80 MHz; 867 Mbps • Centralized, FlexConnect • 3 GE Local Ports downlink, and Mobility Express* • Centralized, FlexConnect and including 1 PoE out Mobility Express* • One or Two Local Ports can be tunneled back to corporate

* Future availability Meet Any Wi-Fi Use Case Expandability and Investment Protection PRIMARY ANTENNAS

Bluetooth Other Beacon

Self-Discover / Potential Future Self-Configure Expandability

Stadium Adv. Security 3G and Other Panel and Spectrum LTE Other Antenna Analysis Offload SMART MODULE ANTENNA PORT PORT Custom Directional Hyperlocation Future Wi-Fi Video Application Antennas Antenna Standard Surveillance Using Linux Next-Generation Wave 2 802.11ac Access Points New

• Industry leading 4x4 MIMO:3 spatial streams (SS) Wave 2 802.11ac access points • Dual radio, 802.11ac Wave 2, 160 MHz • Combined Data Rate of 5.2Gbps • 2 x 5 GHz: 4x4: 3SS supporting - SU-MIMO / MU-MIMO - Flexible Radio Assignment: 2.4GHz, Dual-5GHz, Wireless Security Monitoring, or Wireless Service Assurance • Gigabit Ethernet and multi-Gigabit Ethernet (1G, 2.5G, 5G) • HDX Technology • USB 2.0 • Internal and external antenna models • Smart Antenna Connector - 2nd Antenna Connector Cisco Aironet® 3800 Series • Modularity: Side Mount Modular Gigabit Wi-Fi has fully arrived. * Planning New Next-Generation Wave 2 802.11ac Access Points

• Industry leading 4x4 MIMO:3 spatial streams (SS) Wave 2 802.11ac access points • Dual radio, 802.11ac Wave 2, 160 MHz • Combined Data Rate of 5.2Gbps • 2 x 5 GHz: 4x4: 3SS supporting - SU-MIMO / MU-MIMO - Flexible Radio Assignment: 2.4GHz, 5GHz, Wireless Security Monitoring, or Wireless Service Assurance • 2 x Gigabit Ethernet • HDX Technology • USB 2.0 • Internal and external antenna models Cisco Aironet® 2800 Series • Smart Antenna Connector - 2nd Antenna Connector Gigabit Wi-Fi has fully arrived. * Planning Next-Generation Wave 2 802.11ac Wall Plate Access Point • Simultaneous Wired and Wireless Access

• Dual Radio, Dual Band with 802.11ac Wave 2

• Integrated Bluetooth Low Energy radio*

• Designed for ease of mounting to numerous global wall junction standards. Accessories available to mount directly on a wall or have it desk mounted

• Sleek design in a small form factor: 165 x 114 x 41 mm (6.5 x 4.5 x 1.6 in)

• 3 x Local GigE Ethernet Ports + 1 x uplink GigE port + 1 x passive pass-through RJ45

• Powered over Ethernet (PoE) or with AC Adapter

® • PoE out on LAN 3 port, up to 803.af Class 0 (depending on Cisco Aironet 1810w Series powering options)

* Future availability Next-Generation Wave 2 802.11ac OfficeExtend Access Point • Target for Teleworker or Micro-branch deployments, providing wired and wireless corporate access to remote workers

• Simultaneous Dual Radio, Dual Band 2x2:2 with 802.11ac Wave 2, including MU-MIMO

• Vertical mount to optimize wireless coverage with integrated antennas.

• Shipping with included mounting cradle purposefully designed for optimal mounting and cable management. Accessories available to mount onto a junction box or directly on a wall

• 3 x GigE Ethernet Ports, 1 x uplink GigE port • Up to 2 ports can be tunneled back to Wireless LAN Controller

• Powered over Ethernet (PoE) or with included AC Adapter

® • PoE out on LAN 3 port, up to 803.af Class 0 (depending on Cisco Aironet OEAP1810 Series powering options) Innovations Only Cisco Delivers Radio Frequency Excellence for High-Density Environments

Cisco CleanAir® Remediates Device Impacting Interference Zero Impact AVC Flex Dynamic Frequency Selection Hardware Based Application Visibility Automatically Adjusts So Not to and Control without Impact to Interfere With Other Radio Systems Performance. Multi-Gigabit Uplinks Optimized Roaming Free Up Wireless With Faster Gb+ Intelligently Connects the Proper Wired Network Offload Access Point as People Move

Turbo Performance Cisco ClientLink Scales to Support More Devices Improves Performance of Running High Bandwidth Apps. Legacy and 802.11ac Devices.

Flexible Radio Assignment Expandability Adjust Radio Bands to Better Add Functionality Via Module, Smart Serve the Environment. Antenna Port or USB Port The World’s Most Versatile Access Points All The Benefits of 802.11ac Wave 2

Highest Wi-Fi Performance Ever Better End Device Efficiency

Higher Wider Simultaneous Better Data Rate Channels Data Delivery Battery Life

NEW: Cisco Aironet 2800 NEW: Cisco Aironet 3800 Plus Cisco Innovations for High Density Environments Self-Optimizing Network Optimized Mobile User Experience

New Flexible Radio New Multi-Gigabit Improved Improved Turbo Assignment Uplinks Modularity ClientLink Performance

Improved New Zero Flexible Dynamic Optimized New Smart Improved CleanAir Impact AVC Frequency Selection Roaming Antenna Enhanced Location* Connector *Future What is an XOR Radio?

• 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz on the same silicon • Allows serving of either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz channel • Allows Serial scanning of all 2.4 and 5 GHz channels • Role selection is manual or Automatic – RRM • Not new in production (WSSI/WSM modules) AP2800/3800 “I” series antenna system (cover removed) Previously in the controller Access Point radios were defined as… Radio 0 = 2.4 GHz Radio 1 = 5.0 GHz

Using “Flexible Radio Assignment” Radio “0” can be configured as 2.4 GHz (default) or as an additional 5 GHz radio.

If configured as a 5 GHz radio the 2.4 GHz radio is disabled and the 5 GHz micro-cell antennas are used.

Micro-cell antenna is 7 dBi @ 5 GHz Macro-cell antenna is 5 dBi @ 5 GHz Difference in antenna designs allow RF co-exist Conventional AP footprint (Macro-Cell) uniform 360 degree coverage

By using spatially-efficient and compact antenna design along with different channels & Tx RF power – BOTH radios can co-exist internally

Smaller AP footprint (Micro-Cell) uniform 360 Degree but for smaller coverage area (high density) deployments

Flexible Radio Assignment

5GHz 2.4GHz • Default operating mode Serving Serving • Serve Clients on both 2.4GHz and 5GHz

• Dual 5GHz Support, both radios serving clients on 5GHz 5GHz 5GHz Serving Serving • Maximum over the air data rate up to 5.2Gbps

• Wireless Security Monitoring 5GHz Wireless Serving Security • Scan both 2.4GHz and 5GHz for security threats Monitor • Serve Client of 5GHz

• Wireless Service Assurance* 5GHz Wireless • Proactively monitors the network performance Serving Service Assurance* • Serve Client of 5GHz • Enhanced Location* 5GHz Enhanced • Improves the client location accuracy Serving Location* • Serve Client of 5GHz * Denotes feature availability post-FCS What is a Macro/Micro cell Architecture? • Not new, implemented for years in Cellular • Method for addressing Non Linear Traffic requirements • Allows more bandwidth and efficiency to be applied to an area within a larger coverage cell • Used in Wi-Fi today – i.e. Convention centers - Macro coverage of the whole floor area from Ceiling, while individual locations requiring more bandwidth/capacity may be covered by on the floor AP-700W • 2800/3800 will support from single access point – it’s about Airtime Efficiency and Capacity 5GHz. 2.4GHz Self Optimizing Network Serving Serving Flexible Radio Assignment CleanAIr

! 5GHz. 2.4GHz Serving Serving

CleanAIr 5GHz. 2.4-5GHz Serving Monitoring CleanAIr 5GHz. 2.4GHz5GHz Self Optimizing Network Serving Serving Flexible Radio Assignment

5GHz. 2.4GHz5Hz Serving Serving

5GHz. 2.42.4GHz-5GHz Serving MonitoringServing 5GHz. 5GHz2.4GHz Self Optimizing Network Serving Serving Flexible Radio Assignment

5GHz. 5Hz2.4GHz Serving Serving

5GHz. 2.4GHz2.4-5GHz Serving ServingMonitoring Dual 5GHz – Improves Client Performance and Capacity

• Improves the Effective Spectrum Usage of the Cell • Micro-Radio • 802.11ac Clients near the AP • High Performance Wi-Fi Clients at 802.11ac data rates • Excellent speed and performance • Macro-Radio Micro Macro • All legacy Clients join macro-cell • Future of wireless

Users have a better overall experience on a Dual 5GHz Access Point Dual 5GHz – 2x the Coverage Area and Capacity

• Provide 2x the coverage area from a single Access Point • Improve the total Network Performance • Utilizes Smart Antenna Connector • Mix and match all Cisco Supported Antennas 5GHz 2.4GHz Serving Redundant Radio Identification Serving

2.4 GHz 8 dBm TX 200 3 dB wall feet • If you have designed a network for dense 5 GHz coverage, then you have too many 2.4 GHz radios

• 2.4 GHz has 1/7th the channels of 5 GHz spectrum in the –A

regulatory and it propagates roughly 1.5x farther 400 Feet

• Prior to the 2800/3800 and 8.2 MRs release, your only option was to disable these radios. Disabling the radio provides no 5 GHz 8 dBm TX 200 value other than making the 2.4 GHz spectrum manageable, 3 dB wall feet but no location, rogue or other information is gathered.

• New in RRM is a redundant radio Identification algorithm to

identify and manage locating redundant radios, and assign 1 268 Feet of multiple roles it can play that and value to the equation.

• In the future - 5 GHz will also be crowded with Bonded channels as well - 5GHz 2.4GHz Redundant Radio Identification Serving Serving Per RF Neighborhood Coverage Analysis

• First and RF Neighborhood (different than an RF Group) is selected to solve

• Using reciprocal NDP messages, each AP is located relevant to one another another in RF Distance

• NDP operates at MAX power

• Coverage area is represented by a circle around each AP

• Then Overlap will be assessed based on multiple points within each AP’s coverage area

• In this way, the coverage of any Given AP can be evaluated for % of redundancy – or percentage of coverage another AP(s) could cover without it

• Current Power is evaluated, and AP’s with a high degree of redundancy are selected for other roles for the XOR radio to fill 5GHz 5GHz Macro/Micro Dual 5 GHz cell Serving Serving Instant Capacity

• Cells must be isolated – • overlap in RF Frequency = shared airtime = lost efficiency • Begins in the Silicon design • Extends to the AP/Antenna selections • Frequency Diversity Critical • RRM knows and manages this 5GHz 2.4GHz Serving Serving 2800/3800 Dual Band • The further a client is from the AP, Single 5 GHz cell the lower the data rate will used • Data Rate is a function of SNR -71 dBm -75 dBm Channel Utilization = 60% • The higher the SNR – The higher the data Rate will be -68 dBm -51 dBm • 1 x5 GHz cell has a finite amount of -58 dBm Air Time available • Capacity is the sum of all clients -63 dBm within the cells Air Time -60 dBm • You can’t get more than a second -73 dBm out of 1s of Air time - period

-63 dBm = Client RSSI at AP 2800/3800 Macro/Micro 5GHz 5GHz Serving Serving Dual 5 GHz Macro/Micro • Creating two RF diverse 5 GHz cells 5 GHz cell – Doubles the Air Time available • Optimizing Connections (Macro vs -71 dBm CU Chnl 36= 20% ! -75 dBm Micro) keeps like performing clients CU Chnl 108=24% ! together, rather than have one drag -68 dBm -51 dBm down the other -58 dBm • RRM will optimize, based on received RSSI only at FCS – Other -63 dBm possibilities exist (protocol, SS -60 dBm Capability) -73 dBm

-63 dBm = Client RSSI at AP 5GHz 5GHz Intra-cell Roaming – Serving Serving Macro to Micro

• The most likely scenario is a client will associate to the Macro cell first – since we have higher Macro=Big power and bigger footprint

• In this case, a client that has RSSI at the AP above the Micro cell threshold of -55 dBm will be moved into the Micro cell Micro=small

• -55 dBm default, configurable by user -51 dBm -51 dBm • For an 802.11v client – on association we will send an 11v BSS Transition request with the Micro Cell BSSID as the only candidate

• For a non 11V client, we will send an 11K neighbor list and a disassociate

• Mechanism such as BandSelect is being investigated 5GHz 5GHz Intra-cell Roaming – Serving Serving Macro to Micro

• If a client associates to the Micro cell first –less likely – but possible based on device scan and Macro=Big channels heard -

• In this case, a client that has RSSI at the AP below the Macro cell threshold of -65 dBm will be moved into the Micro cell Micro=small

• -65 dBm default, configurable by user -65 dBm -65 dBm • For an 802.11v client – on association, we will send an 11v BSS Transition request with the Macro Cell BSSID as the only candidate

• For a non 11V client, we will send an 11K neighbor list and a disassociate

• Mechanism such as BandSelect is being investigated 5GHz 5GHz Dual 5 GHz – “E” Model – Macro/Macro Serving Serving 2 4 1 • Using the DART connector on the E Model enables Dual 5 GHz cells with Discrete external antenna’s

• Doubles the effective coverage for the cost of one additional antenna

• mGIG provides throughput investment

• Existing conference centers Double capacity on existing cable plan Best Practices & Advanced RF Sessions

• BRKEWN-2670 • BRKEWN-3010 • Best Practices for Configuring • Improve Enterprise WLAN Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers Spectrum Quality with Cisco's Advanced RF Capacities (RRM, CleanAir, ClientLink, etc) Q & A Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Give us your feedback and receive a Cisco 2016 T-Shirt by completing the Overall Event Survey and 5 Session Evaluations. – Directly from your mobile device on the Cisco Live Mobile App – By visiting the Cisco Live Mobile Site http://showcase.genie-connect.com/ciscolivemelbourne2016/ – Visit any Cisco Live Internet Station located throughout the venue Learn online with Cisco Live! T-Shirts can be collected Friday 11 March Visit us online after the conference for full access to session videos and at Registration presentations. www.CiscoLiveAPAC.com Thank you