DOCSLIB.ORG

Information Theory and Its Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information Theory and Its Applications Contents Telektronikk Feature: Information Theory and its Applications Volume 98 No. 1 – 2002 1 Guest Editorial; Geir E. Øien ISSN 0085-7130 A Historical Perspective on Information Theory Editor: Ola Espvik 3 Information Theory: The Foundation of Modern Communications; Tel: (+47) 913 14 507 Geir E. Øien email: [email protected] 20 On Shannon and “Shannon’s Formula”; Lars Lundheim Status section editor: Per Hjalmar Lehne 30 Statistical Communication Theory 1948 – 1949; Nic. Knudtzon Tel: (+47) 916 94 909 email: [email protected] Novel Developments on Channel Capacity and Spectral Efficiency Editorial assistant: Gunhild Luke 35 The True Channel Capacity of Pair Cables With Respect to Near End Tel: (+47) 415 14 125 Crosstalk; Nils Holte email: [email protected] 47 Bounds on the Average Spectral Efficiency of Adaptive Coded Modulation; Editorial office: Kjell J. Hole Telenor Communication AS Telenor R&D 53 Breaking the Barriers of Shannon’s Capacity; An Overview of MIMO NO-1331 Fornebu Wireless Systems; David Gesbert and Jabran Akhtar Norway Tel: (+47) 67 89 00 00 Turbo Coding and Iterative Decoding: Theory and Applications email: [email protected] 65 An Introduction to Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding; Øyvind Ytrehus Editorial board: Berit Svendsen, CTO Telenor 78 Theory and Practice of Error Control Coding for Satellite and Ole P. Håkonsen, Professor Fixed Radio Systems; Pål Orten and Bjarne Risløw Oddvar Hesjedal, Director Bjørn Løken, Director Modulation, Coding and Beyond Graphic design: Design Consult AS, Oslo 92 A New Look at the Exact BER Evaluation of PAM, QUAM and PSK Constellations; Pavan K. Vitthaladevuni and Mohamed-Slim Alouini Layout and illustrations: Gunhild Luke and Britt Kjus, 106 Performance Analysis of Adaptive Coded Modulation with Antenna Diversity Telenor R&D and Feedback Delay; Kjell J. Hole, Henrik Holm and Geir E. Øien Prepress and printing: 114 Shannon Mappings for Robust Communication; Tor A. Ramstad Optimal as, Oslo Circulation: Historical Papers 3,750 129 Information Theory; Nic. Knudtzon 139 Statistical Communication Theory; Nic. Knudtzon 145 Statistically Optimal Networks; Nic. Knudtzon Special 153 Multiple Bottom Lines? Telenor’s Mobile Telephony Operations in Bangladesh; Arvind Singhal, Peer J. Svenkerud and Einar Flydal Status 163 Introduction; Per Hjalmar Lehne 164 UMTS Network Domain Security; Geir M. Køien Guest Editorial GEIR E. ØIEN On February 24, 2001, Claude Elwood Shannon In a world where predictions for the future per- died at the age of 84. As the father of, and most formance of telecommunication systems some- important contributor to, the field of information times seem to be made more out of marketing theory, he ranks as one of the most brilliant and concerns than out of a scientifically sound important of all 20th century scientists. In a trib- judgement, information theory still has a lot to ute speech made by senator John D. Rockefeller teach us – insights that are sometimes sobering, in the US Congress after Shannon’s death, his but may also be encouraging. The optimistic work was referred to as “The Magna Carta of the vision suggested by some, that “any telecommu- information age”. Had there been awarded a nication service can be made available any- Nobel prize within the information and commu- where, anytime, and to anyone” in the future, nication sciences, no one would have been a can fairly easily be shown to have no roots in Geir E Øien more worthy candidate than Shannon. reality. One example may illustrate this: The claims originally made regarding the available Shannon’s ideas, first presented to the world at rates and coverage for the upcoming Universal large in his seminal 1948 paper “A Mathemati- Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cal theory of communication” in Bell System so far seem a bit over-optimistic … Technical Journal, have been crucial in enabling the information and communication technologi- However, in some cases information theory can cal advances which have created today’s infor- also be used to uncover a performance potential mation society. As with all true pioneers, Shan- beyond what was previously thought possible, non’s way of thinking about information and and aid in the design of systems realizing this communication represented a true paradigm potential. As an important example of the appli- shift. For example, prior to the arrival of his cability of Shannon’s results, his theory showed seminal papers of the late 40s and 50s, there us how to design more efficient communication simply had been no satisfactory way of mod- and storage systems by demonstrating the enor- elling and analyzing the process of information mous gains achievable by coding, and by provid- generation, transfer, and reception from a trans- ing the intuition for the correct design of coding mitter to a receiver over a noisy communication systems. The sophisticated coding schemes used channel – which actually is a generic description in systems as diverse as deep-space communica- of how all practical communication systems work. tion systems, and home compact disk audio sys- Front cover: tems, owe their success to the insights provided With Shannon’s introduction of a generic com- by Shannon’s theory. Information appears as a munication system model, his view of informa- change in the detectable tion as a probabilistic entity (sidestepping its Shannon published many more important and pattern actual semantic meaning), the insight that the influential works in a variety of disciplines, The artist Odd Andersen process of information transmission is funda- including Boolean algebra and cryptography. visualises a set of planes mentally stochastic in nature, and his invention His work has had an influence on such diverse as areas for information to of precise mathematical tools to give a complete fields as linguistics, phonetics, psychology, gam- appear. Whatever kind of predictable pattern that performance analysis of his model, the door was bling theory, stock trading, artificial intelligence, already may exist on those suddenly opened to a much more fundamental and digital circuit design. It also has strong links planes has no interest. Only understanding of the possibilities and limitations to disciplines such as thermodynamics and bio- when that pattern is changed of communication systems. In the words of chemistry. has information occurred. another notable information theorist (and former When part of the pattern of one plane is moved through colleague of Shannon), David Slepian, “Proba- Shannon was also known for his playfulness and a transmission channel to bly no single work in this century has more pro- eclectic interests, which led to famous stunts another plane and changes foundly altered man’s understanding of commu- such as juggling while riding a unicycle down its pattern, this is seen as nication than C.E. Shannon’s article, “A mathe- the halls of Bell Labs. He designed and built information received by the matical theory of communication”, first pub- chess-playing, maze-solving, juggling, and new plane. lished in 1948. The ideas in Shannon’s paper mind-reading machines. These activities bear The artist’s generic message: were soon picked up by communication engi- proof to Shannon’s claim that his motivation Information has been was always curiosity more than usefulness. In produced and understood neers and mathematicians around the world. when the pattern of one plane They were elaborated upon, extended, and com- an age where basic research motivated purely by has become changed and plemented with new related ideas. The subject scientific curiosity sometimes seem to be at the detected. thrived and grew to become a well-rounded and losing end as far as public interest and funding is Ola Espvik, Editor in Chief exciting chapter in the annals of science.” concerned, this is a statement worth remember- Telektronikk 1.2002 1 ing. The success of information theory clearly In fact, these are particularly exciting times for shows how one person’s curiosity can translate information theory, because we now finally have into very useful results. available powerful techniques for actually approaching the performance limits predicted In Norway, Shannon’s memory and the achieve- by Shannon. One important example is the class ments of information theory were recently hon- of error control codes called “turbo codes”. Why ored with a Claude E. Shannon In Memoriam do these codes work so well? Because their con- Seminar, arranged by Telenor R&D at Kjeller struction turns out to be based to a great extent on the August 9, 2001. The seminar drew over upon the “nonconstructive” proof techniques 100 participants from Norwegian industry and used by Shannon in his analysis! academia. They came to listen to technical talks by some of Norway’s foremost experts within Regarding my four subgoals; first, the issue the fields of information and communication should place information theory in a historical theory, as well as to some historically and philo- context, while at the same time introducing its sophically flavored talks. The seminar was high- basic principles and discussing their importance. lighted by a unique reminiscence by former The papers collected under the heading “A his- Telenor R&D director Nic. Knudtzon, the only toric perspective on information theory” serve Norwegian to have met Shannon at the pioneer- this purpose. ing time when information theory was actually born. This special issue of Telektronikk was Secondly, I wanted to show that information the- inspired to a great extent by the success of this ory is still very much an active research field of seminar, and you will find papers by many of the practical importance, and that the Norwegian same scientists here – including Dr. Knudtzon’s research community is currently making some wonderful reminiscence, as well as three 1950 important contributions to this research. Thirdly, papers of his which rank as the very first presen- some of the most important applications of tations of information theory made in Norway.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11Ac Wireless Networks Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer Agenda
    Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11ac Wireless Networks Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer Agenda • Physics - RF Waves • Antenna Selection • Spectrum, Channels & Channel widths • MIMO & Spatial Streams • Cisco 802.11ac features • Beyond 802.11ac Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio waves • Micro waves Colour Frequency Wavelength • Infrared Radiation Violet 668-789 THz 380-450nm Blue 606-668 THz 450-495nm • Visible Light Green 526-606 THz 495-570nm • Ultraviolet Radiation Yellow 508-526 THz 570-590nm • X-Rays Orange 484-508 THz 590-620nm • Gamma Rays Red 400-484 THz 620-750nm Radio Frequency Fundamentals λ1 λ • Frequency and Wavelength 2 • f = c / λ c = the speed of light in a vacuum • 2.45GHz = 12.3cm • 5.0GHz = 6cm • Amplitude • Phase * ϕ A1 A2 Radio Frequency Fundamentals • Signal Strength • Wave Propagation • Gain and Amplification – Attenuation and Free Space Loss • Loss and Attenuation – Reflection and Absorption – Wavelength Physics of Waves • In phase, reinforcement • Out of phase, cancellation RF Mathematics • dB is a logarithmic ratio of values (voltages, power, gain, losses) • We add gains • We subtract losses • dBm is a power measurement relative to 1mW • dBi is the forward gain of an antenna compared to isotropic antenna Now we know that …. How? CSMA / CA – “Listen before talk” • Carrier sense, multiple access / open spectrum • (open, low-power ISM bands) no barrier to entry • Energy detection must detect channel available – Clear Channel Assessment • On collision, random back off timer before trying again.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Layer Overview
    ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen Physical Layer Overview • Physical layer forms the basis of all networks, and we will first revisit some of fundamental limits imposed on communication media by nature Recall a medium or physical channel has finite Spectrum bandwidth and is noisy, and this imposes a limit Channel bandwidth: on information rate over the channel → This H Hz is a fundamental consideration when designing f network speed or data rate 0 H Type of medium determines network technology → compare wireless network with optic network • Transmission media can be guided or unguided, and we will have a brief review of a variety of transmission media • Communication networks can be classified as switched and broadcast networks, and we will discuss a few examples • The term “physical layer protocol” as such is not used, but we will attempt to draw some common design considerations and exams a few “physical layer standards” 13 ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen Rate Limit • A medium or channel is defined by its bandwidth H (Hz) and noise level which is specified by the signal-to-noise ratio S/N (dB) • Capability of a medium is determined by a physical quantity called channel capacity, defined as C = H log2(1 + S/N) bps • Network speed is usually given as data or information rate in bps, and every one wants a higher speed network: for example, with a 10 Mbps network, you may ask yourself why not 10 Gbps? • Given data rate fd (bps), the actual transmission or baud rate fb (Hz) over the medium is often different to fd • This is for
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Wireless Networks
    CHAPTER10 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETwORKS 10.1 Principles of Cellular Networks Cellular Network Organization Operation of Cellular Systems Mobile Radio Propagation Effects Fading in the Mobile Environment 10.2 Cellular Network Generations First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation 10.3 LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced Architecture LTE-Advanced Transission Characteristics 10.4 Recommended Reading 10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 302 10.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: ◆ Provide an overview of cellular network organization. ◆ Distinguish among four generations of mobile telephony. ◆ Understand the relative merits of time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) approaches to mobile telephony. ◆ Present an overview of LTE-Advanced. Of all the tremendous advances in data communications and telecommunica- tions, perhaps the most revolutionary is the development of cellular networks. Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web appli- cations, and much more. We begin this chapter with a look at the basic principles used in all cellular networks. Then we look at specific cellular technologies and stan- dards, which are conveniently grouped into four generations. Finally, we examine LTE-Advanced, which is the standard for the fourth generation, in more detail. 10.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS Cellular radio is a technique that was developed to increase the capacity available for mobile radio telephone service. Prior to the introduction of cellular radio, mobile radio telephone service was only provided by a high-power transmitter/ receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Enterprise Best Practices for Ios Devices On
    White Paper Enterprise Best Practices for iOS devices and Mac computers on Cisco Wireless LAN Updated: January 2018 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public. Page 1 of 51 Contents SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................. 4 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 4 WIRELESS LAN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................... 5 RF Design Guidelines for iOS devices and Mac computers on Cisco WLAN ........................................................ 5 RF Design Recommendations for iOS devices and Mac computers on Cisco WLAN ........................................... 6 Wi-Fi Channel Coverage .................................................................................................................................. 7 ClientLink Beamforming ................................................................................................................................ 10 Wi-Fi Channel Bandwidth ............................................................................................................................. 10 Data Rates .................................................................................................................................................... 12 802.1X/EAP Authentication ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MIMO Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for 5G Millimeter
    M. K. Samimi, S. Sun, T. S. Rappaport, “MIMO Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for 5G Millimeter-Wave Wireless Systems,” in the 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP’2016), April 2016. MIMO Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for 5G Millimeter-Wave Wireless Systems Mathew K. Samimi, Shu Sun, and Theodore S. Rappaport NYU WIRELESS, NYU Tandon School of Engineering [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] modeling approach in which the spatially fading MIMO chan- Abstract—This paper presents a 3-D statistical channel model nel coefficients are obtained from the superposition of cluster of the impulse response with small-scale spatially correlated subpath powers across antenna array elements. However, random coefficients for multi-element transmitter and receiver antenna arrays, derived using the physically-based time cluster - note that small-scale spatial fading distributions and spatial spatial lobe (TCSL) clustering scheme. The small-scale properties autocorrelation models are not specified to simulate local area of multipath amplitudes are modeled based on 28 GHz outdoor effects [3], [4]. The effects of spatial and temporal correlations millimeter-wave small-scale local area channel measurements. of multipath amplitudes at different antenna elements affect The wideband channel capacity is evaluated by considering MIMO capacity results, and must be appropriately modeled measurement-based Rician-distributed voltage amplitudes, and the spatial autocorrelation of multipath amplitudes for each pair from measurements to enable realistic multi-element antenna of transmitter and receiver antenna elements. Results indicate simulations. that Rician channels may exhibit equal or possibly greater capacity compared to Rayleigh channels, depending on the Work in [5] demonstrates the importance of spatial and tem- number of antennas.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Mmwave for 5G Networks 1
    5G Americas | Understanding mmWave for 5G Networks 1 Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Status of Millimeter Wave Spectrum ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Regional Status ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Global Millimeter Wave Auctions .............................................................................................................12 3 Millimeter Wave Technical Rules in the United States ...............................................................................15 3.1 Licensed Spectrum ..................................................................................................................................15 3.2 Lightly Licensed .......................................................................................................................................16 3.3 Unlicensed Spectrum ..............................................................................................................................17 4 Millimeter Wave Challenges and Opportunities ..........................................................................................19 4.1 Losses in Millimeter Wave .......................................................................................................................19
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,521,103 B2 Zhang Et Al
    USOO8521 1 03B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,521,103 B2 Zhang et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Aug. 27, 2013 (54) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR A GREEDY (56) References Cited USER GROUP SELECTION WITH RANGE REDUCTION IN TOD MULTUSER MMO U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS DOWNLINK TRANSMISSION 6,052,596 A 4/2000 Barnickel 6,131,031 A 10/2000 Lober et al. (75) Inventors: Chengjin Zhang, La Jolla, CA (US); 6,728.307 B1 4/2004 Derryberry et al. Jun Zheng, La Jolla, CA (US); Pieter (Continued) van Rooyen, San Diego, CA (US) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (73) Assignee: Broadcom Corporation, Irvine, CA CN 1574685 A 2, 2005 (US) EP 1265389 A2 12/2002 EP 1505741 A2 2, 2005 (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this WO WO 2005/06O123 A1 6/2005 past list: sited under 35 OTHER PUBLICATIONS is- Behrouz. Farhang-Boroujeny et al., “Layering Techniques for Space spent is Subject to a terminal dis Time Communication in Multi-User Networks.” Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 2, pp. 1339-1343, IEEE (21) Appl. No.: 13/534,492 (2003). Continued (22) Filed: Jun. 27, 2012 ( ) (65) Prior Publication Data Primary Examiner — Tuan H Nguyen US 2012/O269104A1 Oct. 25, 2012 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Sterne, Kessler, Goldstein • 1-a-s & Fox PL.L.C. Related U.S. Application Data (63) Continuation of application No. 13/074,692, filed on (57) ABSTRACT continuationMar. 29, 2011, of applicationnow Pat. No. No. 8,233,848, 1 1/231.701, which filed is on a CertaiCertain aspects off a methodhod and system ffor processing signalsignal Sep.
    [Show full text]
  • Improvement of Channel Capacity in a Multiple Input Multiple Output LTE Radio System for GSM-Users Using Ideal Power Distribution Technique
    International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre) E-ISSN : 2454-8006 DOI: 10.31695/IJASRE.2019.33494 Volume 5, Issue 9 September - 2019 Improvement of Channel Capacity in a Multiple input Multiple Output LTE Radio System for GSM-Users Using Ideal Power Distribution Technique Adekunle A.1, Asaolu G.O.2 , Adiji K.2, Kasheem Umar A.2 1Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute (NBRRI), Km 10 Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. (Federal Ministry of Science and technology, Nigeria) 2Poower Equipment and Electrical Machinery Development Institute.Natioal Agency for Science and engineering Infrastructure, Okene, Kogi State. (Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Nigeria.) _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Demand for high data rate in recent times has led to the development of LTE technology. There has been an increase of downlink and uplink speed of radio mobile communication to 10 M bps and 50 Mbps respectively. As mobile subscribers keep increasing, there is a need to enhance bandwidth for adequate data transmission. This study focused on the application of the MIMO system to enhance channel capacity by allocating more power to subchannels with better signal to noise ratio (SNR). The adaptive iterative water-filling technique was proposed and compared with other system capacity enhancement techniques such as conventional water filling and equal power allocation techniques by in incorporating the effect of path loss in wireless communication network The results presented show that incorporating path-loss model of LTE systems in the bands of 1800 MHz and 2500 MHz improves the MIMO system capacity. Also, increased in antenna size both at the transmitter and the receiver enhances the system capacity tremendously.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Technology.Pdf
    Cellular Technologies Mobile Device Investigations Program Technical Operations Division - DFB DHS - FLETC Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning 1. Cellular Technology enables mobile communication because they use of a complex two-way radio system between the mobile unit and the wireless network. 2. It uses radio frequencies (radio channels) over and over again throughout a market with minimal interference, to serve a large number of simultaneous conversations. 3. This concept is the central tenet to cellular design and is called frequency reuse. Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning 1. Repeatedly reusing radio frequencies over a geographical area. 2. Most frequency reuse plans are produced in groups of seven cells. Basic Network Design Note: Common frequencies are never contiguous 7 7 The U.S. Border Patrol uses a similar scheme with Mobile Radio Frequencies along the Southern border. By alternating frequencies between sectors, all USBP offices can communicate on just two frequencies Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning 1. There are numerous seven cell frequency reuse groups in each cellular carriers Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or Rural Service Areas (RSA). 2. Higher traffic cells will receive more radio channels according to customer usage or subscriber density. Basic Network Design Frequency Reuse and Planning A frequency reuse plan is defined as how radio frequency (RF) engineers subdivide and assign the FCC allocated radio spectrum throughout the carriers market. Basic Network Design How Frequency Reuse Systems Work In concept frequency reuse maximizes coverage area and simultaneous conversation handling Cellular communication is made possible by the transmission of RF. This is achieved by the use of a powerful antenna broadcasting the signals.
    [Show full text]
  • Wi-Fi Data Rates, Channels and Capacity
    WHITE PAPER Wi-Fi Data Rates, Channels and Capacity By Cees Links, GM of Qorvo Wireless Connectivity Business Unit Formerly CEO & Founder of GreenPeak Technologies Introduction Considerable confusion exists about the performance that Wi-Fi at 5 GHz and at 60 GHz (WiGig) actually deliver. The “Over the past 20 cause of this confusion stems mostly from the complexity of the interplay of the technical factors involved, as well as years, the IEEE the widely different Wi-Fi transmission environments – especially in indoor environments. Another reason is the 802.11 standard has not uncommon but facile assumption that faster is better. If you asked a road traffic expert whether faster meant provided increased better, he would tell you that faster driving means reduced road capacity. Data communications in a shared medium transmission speeds.” is not very different. Over the 20 years of its development, the IEEE 802.11 standard has provided for increasing levels of transmission speeds, but disappointing results in practical use have led to more emphasis on capacity. This paper attempts to clarify some of the complexities and to derive, given reasonable assumptions, what capacity consumers in dense residential settings can expect. December 2017 | Subject to change without notice. 1 of 8 www.qorvo.com WHITE PAPER: Wi-Fi Data Rates, Channels and Capacity IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ax Transmission rates Marketing brochures usually give the maximum theoretically possible data rates that can only be realized in the lab under carefully controlled conditions. Table 1 lists the theoretical rates obtainable with the various protocol versions of the IEEE 802.11 standard.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancement of E-GSM Channel Capacity with Function Diversion of 3G to 2G Frequency
    International Journal Of Science, Engineering, And Information Technology Volume 02, Issue 02, July 2018 Journal homepage: https://journal.trunojoyo.ac.id/ijseit Enhancement of E-GSM Channel Capacity with Function Diversion of 3G to 2G Frequency Achmad Ubaidillah Ms.a, Riza Alfitab, Retno Diyah Pramana Saric a,b,cElectrical Engineering Department, University of Trunojoyo Madura, Bangkalan, East Java, Indonesia A B S T R A C T The main observation of this reserch is the installation and analysis of frequency function diversion from 3G to 2G network to enhance the Channel capacity. The frequency 850 MHz that is previously owned by Telkom Flexi, then shifted to belong to Smartfren and will be transferred to become 2G GSM operated by Telkomsel Madura. The result shows that the transfer process of the frequency function goes well. This produces that the average value of drive test before diversion are Rx Level = 87.969%, Rx Qual = 87.791%, SQI = 80.809%. The average value of drive test after diversion are Rx Level = 91.967%, Rx Qual = 89.926%, SQI = 82.049%. The traffic value before diversion is 503.296 Erlang and 627 Erlang for after diversion. While the blocking before diversion is 24.36% and the blocking after diversion is 1.6%. Keywords: Enhancement, Channel Capacity, Frequency Function Diversion. Article History Received 12 February 18 Received in revised form 10 March 18 Accepted 02 June 18 1. Introduction The high demand of 2G network in Madura must be anticipated in order to provide good service to the subscriber. One methode that is proposed to The development in telecommunication network system widely affects be applied in this research is E-GSM frequency function diversion to through the world.
    [Show full text]
  • CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY and SECURITY Author: RYAN JONES
    CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY AND SECURITY Author: RYAN JONES As we head into the 21st century, wireless communications are becoming a household name. We are going to explore the advent of analog cellular, security flaws and fixes, as well as the dawning of a new age with the proliferation of digital cellular technology. ADVENT OF CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY What was the purpose of the first cellular phones? They allowed business people access to a phone while in their automobile. The first cell phones had to be installed in cars at a price of $3000 or more. Only sales people, and business travelers could justify the price for the service. Through time, the cost of cell phone technology began to decrease, and the market began to expand. Cell phones were still only available in cars, until the early 1990’s when more advanced technology arrived, whereby spectrum capacity was expanded. In the past, the only way to allow more users into a fixed amount of spectrum, was to decrease the amount of bandwidth allocated to each user. The only problem with giving each user a smaller slice of the pie, was that the channels carried less information, and their was an increased chance for multipath fading. Increased demand for mobile telephone caused a battle between users for the band of frequencies allocated to mobile communications by the FCC. When the wireless sector realized that they would not be able to meet the demand, the industry came up with the “cellular” concept. CELLULAR CONCEPT The cellular concept allows different frequencies to be utilized more than once.
    [Show full text]