DOCSLIB.ORG

Advanced Technologies in LTE/LTE-Advanced

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Advanced Technologies in LTE/LTE-Advanced Advanced Technologies in LTE/LTE-Advanced 3GPP Release 11 LTE/LTE-Advanced IMT-Advanced Further Development of LTE/LTE-Advanced – LTE Release 10/11 Standardization Trends – Advanced Technologies in LTE/LTE-Advanced †0 LTE was standardized at 3GPP, an international standards Radio Access Network Development Department Takehiro Nakamura organization, as 3GPP Release 8 in 2008 with an eye to Sadayuki Abeta†0 achieving dramatic improvements over the third-generation Hideaki Takahashi†0 mobile communications system. This was followed by the Satoshi Nagata†0 Journal standardization of LTE-Advanced as Release 10 to achieve even higher speeds and capacities in mobile communica- tions. At present, 3GPP is in the process of completing Release 11 specifications and beginning the formulation of Release 12. This article describes an overview on the pro- gression of LTE and LTE-Advanced standardization and summarizes the main function extensions in the above releases. Technical 3GPP Release 10 specifications (here- releases up to LTE Rel. 11. 1. Introduction inafter referred to as “Rel. 10”) making The 3rd Generation Partnership further enhancements to LTE. Never- 2. Progression of Project (3GPP), which had previously theless, market demands for enhanced 3GPP Specifications formulated the specifications for performance continued to grow and Since the formulation of W-CDMA WCDMA and High-Speed Packet diversify, and in 2012, 3GPP formulat- specifications as Release 99*3, many *1 DOCOMO Access (HSPA) as a third-generation ed Release 11 specifications (here- functions have been added at 3GPP in mobile communications system, formu- inafter referred to as “Rel. 11”) with the the form of new release specifications lated a radio system called Long Term aim of extending the functions and rais- in response to growing demands from Evolution (LTE) in 2008 as 3GPP ing the performance of LTE-Advanced. the market. The progression of these NTT Release 8 specifications (hereinafter In this article, we describe an overview specifications is shown in Figure 1. referred to as “Rel. 8”) in response to on how LTE specifications have pro- High-Speed Downlink Packet Access growing market demands. It then went gressed over the years and summarize (HSDPA)*4 and High-Speed Uplink on to formulate LTE-Advanced*2 as the main function extensions in the Packet Access (HSUPA)*5, which are ©2013 NTT DOCOMO, INC. *1 HSPA: A specification for increasing packet- Copies of articles may be reproduced only for per- data rates in W-CDMA and a general term sonal, noncommercial use, provided that the name encompassing HSDPA (see *4), which increases NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal, the name(s) of the speed from the base station to the mobile the author(s), the title and date of the article appear terminal, and HSUPA (see *5), which increas- in the copies. es the speed from the terminal to the base sta- tion. 4 NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal Vol. 15 No. 2 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 GSM/GPRS/EDGE enhancements Release 99 W-CDMA Release 4 1.28Mcps TDD Release 5 HSDPA Release 6 HSUPA, MBMS Release 7 HSPA+ (MIMO, HOM etc.) ITU-R M.1457 Release 8 LTE IMT-2000 Recommendation Minor LTE Release 9 enhancements Journal Formally approved by ITU-R Release 10 LTE-Advanced in January 2012 ITU-R M.2012 IMT-Advanced Recommendation Release 11 Figure 1 Progression of 3GPP specifications already in widespread use around the growing demands from the market for eration mobile communications system Technical world, are included in Release 5 and enhanced specifications as well as to then being standardized at ITU-R, Release 6, respectively. These 3GPP achieve a competitive mobile commu- 3GPP set out in 2008 to formulate spec- specifications related to W-CDMA and nications system. At present, the com- ifications for LTE-Advanced with the HSDPA/HSUPA are contained in the mercial deployment of LTE is progress- aim of making further performance International Mobile Telecommunica- ing well in Japan and elsewhere improvements and function extensions tions-2000 (IMT-2000)*6 Recommenda- throughout the world and its high level to LTE. Those specifications were stan- tion of the International Telecommuni- of performance is being recognized. dardized as Rel. 10 in 2011. LTE- cation Union-Radiocommunication sec- Following Rel. 8, technologies for Advanced was proposed as a candidate *7 DOCOMO tor (ITU-R) . achieving a number of function exten- technology for ITU-R IMT-Advanced, The LTE system was formulated at sions mainly in LTE upper layers were and deliberations at ITU-R concluded 3GPP at the end of 2007 as Rel. 8 spec- developed and incorporated in Release that LTE-Advanced did indeed satisfy ifications to provide a mobile commu- 9 specifications in 2009. the requirements of IMT-Advanced. In NTT nications system that could perform at a Next, as market demands continued January 2012, LTE-Advanced was for- dramatically higher level than to intensify and as the need arose to sat- mally approved as one radio interface HSDPA/HSUPA. The motivation isfy the requirements of IMT- of the IMT-Advanced system. behind this development was to satisfy Advanced*8, which is a true fourth-gen- The formulation of Rel. 11 specifi- *2 LTE-Advanced: Name of IMT-Advanced in as Release 5. dardized by 3GPP. It optimizes the coding rate, 3GPP. IMT-Advanced is the successor to the *4 HSDPA: A high-speed downlink packet trans- spread factor, and transmission power accord- IMT-2000 third-generation mobile communi- mission technology based on W-CDMA and ing to reception conditions at the base station. cations system. standardized by 3GPP. It optimizes the modu- *6 IMT-2000: The 3G mobile communications *3 Release 99: Indicates a version of 3GPP lation method and coding rate according to systems for increasing the speed of communi- specifications. Release 99 was formulated as reception conditions at the mobile terminal. cation. These are summarized in ITU-R recom- the initial 3GPP specification in 1999. The *5 HSUPA: A high-speed uplink packet transmis- mendations, and there are currently six varia- HSDPA (see *4) function was added in 2005 sion technology based on W-CDMA and stan- tions, including W-CDMA. NTT DOCOMO Technical Journal Vol. 15 No. 2 5 Advanced Technologies in LTE/LTE-Advanced cations as function extensions of LTE- CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA was 5 MHz, support was initiated for a maximum of Advanced was energetically pursued at but LTE supported a maximum band- four MIMO layers in the uplink. 3GPP in 2012. Most of the specifica- width of 20 MHz beginning with its ini- tions were completed in 2012 and the tial specifications in Rel. 8. Then, in 3.3 Inter-cell Coordination freezing of those specifications was LTE Rel. 10, carrier aggregation was Technology announced in March 2013. adopted with the aim of maintaining As an effective measure for improv- backward compatibility while widening ing cell-edge performance, inter-cell 3. LTE Function Extensions bandwidth even further. This technique coordination technology has been in Various Releases makes it possible to bundle multiple actively studied for every release. First, At 3GPP, new functions have been frequency carriers of LTE Rel. 8 and to in Rel. 8, Inter-Cell Interference Coor- added in various releases and exten- support a maximum bandwidth of 100 dination (ICIC) technology was adopt- sions have been added to existing func- MHz. ed as an inter-base-station interface on tions by applying enhanced technolo- top of Fractional Frequency Reuse gies. The correspondence between main 3.2 Multi-antenna Technology (FFR)*10, which applies frequency reuse Journal function extensions and recent releases In its initial Rel. 8 specifications, between cells only at the cell edge. is shown in Figure 2. The following LTE adopted Multiple Input Multiple Then, in Rel. 10, a Heterogeneous Net- describes the progression of extensions Output (MIMO)*9 multi-antenna tech- work (HetNet) was adopted as a config- made for key LTE functions. nology in the downlink to increase uration that could efficiently improve transmission speed and capacity. In Rel. system capacity by overlaying large 3.1 Bandwidth Widening 8, the maximum number of layers cells (macrocell*11) and small cells (pic- Technology (number of spatially multiplexed trans- ocell*12/femtocell*13) having different Technical Widening the frequency bandwidth mission signals) was four, but in Rel. transmission power levels. This release is an effective means of improving user 10, the maximum number of layers in also initiated support of Transmission throughput. The bandwidth under W- the downlink was extended to eight and Power Control (TPC)*14 for large cells Release 8 Release 9 Release 10 Release 11 Carrier Variable bandwidth aggregation Bandwidth widening Max: 20 MHz technology Max: 100 MHz Max. 4 layers in MIMO Max. 8 layers in MIMO downlink Multi-antenna downlink Max. 4 layers in MIMO uplink DOCOMO technology FeICIC Inter-cell coordination ICIC HetNet/eICIC CoMP technology eDDA, EPDCCH Smartphone/machine MTC:CN overload MTC:RAN communications technology avoidance overload avoidance NTT MMSE-IRC Interference rejection technology for UE receiver Figure 2 Correspondence between main function extensions and releases *7 ITU-R: A department of ITU, an organization data rates of about 100 Mbit/s for high mobili- ent frequency band to cell-edge UE. that specializes in the field of telecommunica- ty and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility. *11 Macrocell: Cellular communication area with tions. It manages and coordinates international *9 MIMO: A signal transmission technology that a radius of several hundred meters to several matters related to radio communication, such improves communications quality and spectral tens of kilometers mainly covering outdoors. as radio regulations and spectrum use in vari- efficiency by using multiple transmitter and Usually, antennas are put up on towers or on ous countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • NEXT GENERATION MOBILE WIRELESS NETWORKS: 5G CELLULAR INFRASTRUCTURE JULY-SEPT 2020 the Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
    VOLUME 36, NUMBER 3 July-September 2020 Article Page 2 References Page 17 Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Authors Dr. Rendong Bai 5G Cellular Infrastructure Associate Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Vigs Chandra Professor and Coordinator Cyber Systems Technology Programs Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Ray Richardson Professor Dept. of Applied Engineering & Technology Eastern Kentucky University Dr. Peter Ping Liu Professor and Interim Chair School of Technology Eastern Illinois University Keywords: The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering© is an official Mobile Networks; 5G Wireless; Internet of Things; publication of the Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Millimeter Waves; Beamforming; Small Cells; Wi-Fi 6 Engineering, Copyright 2020 ATMAE 701 Exposition Place Suite 206 SUBMITTED FOR PEER – REFEREED Raleigh, NC 27615 www. atmae.org JULY-SEPT 2020 The Journal of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering Next Generation Mobile Wireless Networks: Dr. Rendong Bai is an Associate 5G Cellular Infrastructure Professor in the Department of Applied Engineering and Technology at Eastern Kentucky University. From 2008 to 2018, ABSTRACT he served as an Assistant/ The requirement for wireless network speed and capacity is growing dramatically. A significant amount Associate Professor at Eastern of data will be mobile and transmitted among phones and Internet of things (IoT) devices. The current Illinois University. He received 4G wireless technology provides reasonably high data rates and video streaming capabilities. However, his B.S. degree in aircraft the incremental improvements on current 4G networks will not satisfy the ever-growing demands of manufacturing engineering users and applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Unlicensed Lte Interference to Wi-Fi When Operating Co-Channel
    UNLICENSED LTE INTERFERENCE TO WI-FI WHEN OPERATING CO-CHANNEL Christopher Szymanski 1 | © 2016 Broadcom Limited. All rights reserved. WI-FI DEMAND EVER-INCREASING Wi-Fi Cumulative Product Shipments and Installed Base of Products 2000-2020 35,000.0 Installed Base 30,000.0 Cumulative Shipments Approaching 15 billion cumulative shipments and 7.5 billion Wi-Fi install base 25,000.0 20,000.0 15,000.0 10,000.0 5,000.0 - 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: ABI Research: Cumulative Wi-Fi-enabled Product Shipments and Installed Base of Wi-Fi-enabled Products World Market, Forecast: 2000 to 2020. 2 | © 2016 Broadcom Limited. All rights reserved. WI-FI IS PREDOMINATE WAY FOR PEOPLE TO ACCESS INTERNET; IN SOME INSTANCES THE ONLY WAY • Cisco: Mobile data traffic increased 74% in 2015, reaching 3.7 exabytes per month [1] • Over 80% of mobile data traffic goes over Wi-Fi – Strategy Analytics’ Telemetry Intelligence Platform: From 2H13 to 1H15 Wi-Fi traffic grew at over 2X the rate of cellular traffic, accounting for ~83% of wireless traffic [2] – Analysys Mason: 81% of smart phone traffic is carried over Wi-Fi [3] – Mobidia: “Wi-Fi dominating monthly data usage” [4] – iOS users consume 82% of wireless data over Wi-Fi – Android users consume 78% of wireless data over Wi-Fi • Pew Internet Research: In-home Broadband access decreasing, increasing number of “smartphone-only” adults (13% of Americans are smartphone-only, and shift most pronounced among lower income households) [5]
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11Ac Wireless Networks Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer Agenda
    Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11ac Wireless Networks Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer Agenda • Physics - RF Waves • Antenna Selection • Spectrum, Channels & Channel widths • MIMO & Spatial Streams • Cisco 802.11ac features • Beyond 802.11ac Electromagnetic Spectrum • Radio waves • Micro waves Colour Frequency Wavelength • Infrared Radiation Violet 668-789 THz 380-450nm Blue 606-668 THz 450-495nm • Visible Light Green 526-606 THz 495-570nm • Ultraviolet Radiation Yellow 508-526 THz 570-590nm • X-Rays Orange 484-508 THz 590-620nm • Gamma Rays Red 400-484 THz 620-750nm Radio Frequency Fundamentals λ1 λ • Frequency and Wavelength 2 • f = c / λ c = the speed of light in a vacuum • 2.45GHz = 12.3cm • 5.0GHz = 6cm • Amplitude • Phase * ϕ A1 A2 Radio Frequency Fundamentals • Signal Strength • Wave Propagation • Gain and Amplification – Attenuation and Free Space Loss • Loss and Attenuation – Reflection and Absorption – Wavelength Physics of Waves • In phase, reinforcement • Out of phase, cancellation RF Mathematics • dB is a logarithmic ratio of values (voltages, power, gain, losses) • We add gains • We subtract losses • dBm is a power measurement relative to 1mW • dBi is the forward gain of an antenna compared to isotropic antenna Now we know that …. How? CSMA / CA – “Listen before talk” • Carrier sense, multiple access / open spectrum • (open, low-power ISM bands) no barrier to entry • Energy detection must detect channel available – Clear Channel Assessment • On collision, random back off timer before trying again.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Layer Overview
    ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen Physical Layer Overview • Physical layer forms the basis of all networks, and we will first revisit some of fundamental limits imposed on communication media by nature Recall a medium or physical channel has finite Spectrum bandwidth and is noisy, and this imposes a limit Channel bandwidth: on information rate over the channel → This H Hz is a fundamental consideration when designing f network speed or data rate 0 H Type of medium determines network technology → compare wireless network with optic network • Transmission media can be guided or unguided, and we will have a brief review of a variety of transmission media • Communication networks can be classified as switched and broadcast networks, and we will discuss a few examples • The term “physical layer protocol” as such is not used, but we will attempt to draw some common design considerations and exams a few “physical layer standards” 13 ELEC3030 (EL336) Computer Networks S Chen Rate Limit • A medium or channel is defined by its bandwidth H (Hz) and noise level which is specified by the signal-to-noise ratio S/N (dB) • Capability of a medium is determined by a physical quantity called channel capacity, defined as C = H log2(1 + S/N) bps • Network speed is usually given as data or information rate in bps, and every one wants a higher speed network: for example, with a 10 Mbps network, you may ask yourself why not 10 Gbps? • Given data rate fd (bps), the actual transmission or baud rate fb (Hz) over the medium is often different to fd • This is for
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Wireless Networks
    CHAPTER10 CELLULAR WIRELESS NETwORKS 10.1 Principles of Cellular Networks Cellular Network Organization Operation of Cellular Systems Mobile Radio Propagation Effects Fading in the Mobile Environment 10.2 Cellular Network Generations First Generation Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation 10.3 LTE-Advanced LTE-Advanced Architecture LTE-Advanced Transission Characteristics 10.4 Recommended Reading 10.5 Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 302 10.1 / PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS 303 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: ◆ Provide an overview of cellular network organization. ◆ Distinguish among four generations of mobile telephony. ◆ Understand the relative merits of time-division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) approaches to mobile telephony. ◆ Present an overview of LTE-Advanced. Of all the tremendous advances in data communications and telecommunica- tions, perhaps the most revolutionary is the development of cellular networks. Cellular technology is the foundation of mobile wireless communications and supports users in locations that are not easily served by wired networks. Cellular technology is the underlying technology for mobile telephones, personal communications systems, wireless Internet and wireless Web appli- cations, and much more. We begin this chapter with a look at the basic principles used in all cellular networks. Then we look at specific cellular technologies and stan- dards, which are conveniently grouped into four generations. Finally, we examine LTE-Advanced, which is the standard for the fourth generation, in more detail. 10.1 PRINCIPLES OF CELLULAR NETWORKS Cellular radio is a technique that was developed to increase the capacity available for mobile radio telephone service. Prior to the introduction of cellular radio, mobile radio telephone service was only provided by a high-power transmitter/ receiver.
    [Show full text]
  • Enterprise Best Practices for Ios Devices On
    White Paper Enterprise Best Practices for iOS devices and Mac computers on Cisco Wireless LAN Updated: January 2018 © 2018 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public. Page 1 of 51 Contents SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................. 4 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................. 4 WIRELESS LAN CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................... 5 RF Design Guidelines for iOS devices and Mac computers on Cisco WLAN ........................................................ 5 RF Design Recommendations for iOS devices and Mac computers on Cisco WLAN ........................................... 6 Wi-Fi Channel Coverage .................................................................................................................................. 7 ClientLink Beamforming ................................................................................................................................ 10 Wi-Fi Channel Bandwidth ............................................................................................................................. 10 Data Rates .................................................................................................................................................... 12 802.1X/EAP Authentication ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 4G to 5G Networks and Standard Releases
    4G to 5G networks and standard releases CoE Training on Traffic engineering and advanced wireless network planning Sami TABBANE 30 September -03 October 2019 Bangkok, Thailand 1 Objectives Provide an overview of various technologies and standards of 4G and future 5G 2 Agenda I. 4G and LTE networks II. LTE Release 10 to 14 III. 5G 3 Agenda I. 4G and LTE networks 4 LTE/SAE 1. 4G motivations 5 Introduction . Geneva, 18 January 2012 – Specifications for next-generation mobile technologies – IMT-Advanced – agreed at the ITU Radiocommunications Assembly in Geneva. ITU determined that "LTELTELTE----AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced" and "WirelessMANWirelessMANWirelessMAN----AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced" should be accorded the official designation of IMTIMT----AdvancedAdvanced : . Wireless MANMAN- ---AdvancedAdvancedAdvanced:::: Mobile WiMax 2, or IEEE 802. 16m; . 3GPPLTE AdvancedAdvanced: LTE Release 10, supporting both paired Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and unpaired Time Division Duplex (TDD) spectrum. 6 Needs for IMT-Advanced systems Need for higher data rates and greater spectral efficiency Need for a Packet Switched only optimized system Use of licensed frequencies to guarantee quality of services Always-on experience (reduce control plane latency significantly and reduce round trip delay) Need for cheaper infrastructure Simplify architecture of all network elements 7 Impact and requirements on LTE characteristics Architecture (flat) Frequencies (flexibility) Bitrates (higher) Latencies (lower) Cooperation with other technologies (all 3GPP and
    [Show full text]
  • Network 2020: Mission Critical Communications NETWORK 2020 MISSION CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS
    Network 2020: Mission Critical Communications NETWORK 2020 MISSION CRITICAL COMMUNICATIONS About the GSMA Network 2020 The GSMA represents the interests of mobile operators The GSMA’s Network 2020 Programme is designed to help worldwide, uniting nearly 800 operators with almost 300 operators and the wider mobile industry to deliver all-IP companies in the broader mobile ecosystem, including handset networks so that everyone benefits regardless of where their and device makers, software companies, equipment providers starting point might be on the journey. and internet companies, as well as organisations in adjacent industry sectors. The GSMA also produces industry-leading The programme has three key work-streams focused on: The events such as Mobile World Congress, Mobile World Congress development and deployment of IP services, The evolution of the Shanghai, Mobile World Congress Americas and the Mobile 360 4G networks in widespread use today The 5G Journey, developing Series of conferences. the next generation of mobile technologies and service. For more information, please visit the GSMA corporate website For more information, please visit the Network 2020 website at www.gsma.com. Follow the GSMA on Twitter: @GSMA. at: www.gsma.com/network2020 Follow the Network 2020 on Twitter: #Network2020. With thanks to contributors: DISH Network Corporation EE Limited Ericsson Gemalto NV Huawei Technologies Co Ltd KDDI Corporation KT Corporation NEC Corporation Nokia Orange Qualcomm Incorporated SK Telecom Co., Ltd. Telecom Italia SpA TeliaSonera
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network's
    electronics Review A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network’s Operation in the Unlicensed Band Mohammedhusen Manekiya 1 , Abhinav Kumar 2 , Ashish Yadav 3 and Massimo Donelli 1,* 1 Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-3297-00-4115 Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 27 August 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: With an ever increasing demand for data, better and efficient spectrum operation has become crucial in cellular networks. In this paper, we present a detailed survey of various resource allocation schemes that have been considered for the cellular network’s operation in the unlicensed spectrum. The key channel access mechanisms for cellular network’s operation in the unlicensed bands are discussed. The various channel selection techniques are explored and their operation explained. The prime issue of fairness between cellular and Wi-Fi networks is discussed, along with suitable resource allocation techniques that help in achieving this fairness. We analyze the coverage, capacity, and impact of coordination in LTE-U systems. Furthermore, we study and discuss the impact and discussed the impact of various traffic type, environments, latency, handover, and scenarios on LTE-U’s performance. The new upcoming 5G New Radio and MulteFire is briefly described along with some of the critical aspects of LTE-U which require further research.
    [Show full text]
  • MIMO Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for 5G Millimeter
    M. K. Samimi, S. Sun, T. S. Rappaport, “MIMO Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for 5G Millimeter-Wave Wireless Systems,” in the 10th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP’2016), April 2016. MIMO Channel Modeling and Capacity Analysis for 5G Millimeter-Wave Wireless Systems Mathew K. Samimi, Shu Sun, and Theodore S. Rappaport NYU WIRELESS, NYU Tandon School of Engineering [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] modeling approach in which the spatially fading MIMO chan- Abstract—This paper presents a 3-D statistical channel model nel coefficients are obtained from the superposition of cluster of the impulse response with small-scale spatially correlated subpath powers across antenna array elements. However, random coefficients for multi-element transmitter and receiver antenna arrays, derived using the physically-based time cluster - note that small-scale spatial fading distributions and spatial spatial lobe (TCSL) clustering scheme. The small-scale properties autocorrelation models are not specified to simulate local area of multipath amplitudes are modeled based on 28 GHz outdoor effects [3], [4]. The effects of spatial and temporal correlations millimeter-wave small-scale local area channel measurements. of multipath amplitudes at different antenna elements affect The wideband channel capacity is evaluated by considering MIMO capacity results, and must be appropriately modeled measurement-based Rician-distributed voltage amplitudes, and the spatial autocorrelation of multipath amplitudes for each pair from measurements to enable realistic multi-element antenna of transmitter and receiver antenna elements. Results indicate simulations. that Rician channels may exhibit equal or possibly greater capacity compared to Rayleigh channels, depending on the Work in [5] demonstrates the importance of spatial and tem- number of antennas.
    [Show full text]
  • HD Voice Annex C Minimum Requirements with GSM/UMTS/LTE
    GSM Association Non-Confidential Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA Version 1.1 22nd March 2013 Security Classification – NON CONFIDENTIAL GSMA MATERIAL Copyright Notice Copyright © 2013 GSM Association. Antitrust Notice The information contain herein is in full compliance with the GSM Association’s antitrust compliance policy. Version 1.1 Page 1 of 18 GSM Association Non-Confidential Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3 ANNEX C: MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR MOBILE NETWORKS AND TERMINALS FOR THE USAGE OF THE ‘HD VOICE’ LOGO WITH GSM/UMTS/LTE............................................................................................................... 3 DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 18 Document History .................................................................................................................. 18 Other Information ................................................................................................................... 18 Version 1.1 Page 2 of 18 GSM Association Non-Confidential Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA INTRODUCTION
    [Show full text]
  • AT&T 3G Sunset
    Product Change Notification AT&T 3G Sunset - Impacts on 4G Devices LTE Category 1, Category 3 and Select Category 4 Models Date: March 9, 2021 I. Product Change Notification Number (PCN) PCN 03092021-02 II. Overview The purpose of this PCN is to avoid service interruption for certain MultiTech 4G products impacted by the impending AT&T 3G network sunset. 4G/LTE Category 1, 3 and 4 devices in the U.S. may no longer attach to the AT&T network after their 3G network sunset, scheduled for late February 2022. Voice-capable cellular modules integrated into several MultiTech products are configured for voice-centric signaling by default. These devices are likely to arrive at a No Service condition after 3G sunset -- even for data-only applications. This is a result of the module requiring a voice signal to connect to networks configured to leverage a combined attach (3G and LTE) for LTE device registration. The MultiTech products detailed in this PCN will be impacted by the 3G sunset. A software configuration change in the cellular module in these products is required in order to avoid a No Service condition. The only exception is for products with cellular modules supporting the IMS service Voice over LTE (VoLTE) and an accompanying VoLTE subscription from your service provider. MultiTech will immediately implement a software configuration change in our manufacturing process to include the required AT command to set a new permanent module default for its User Equipment (“UE”) settings. Note: future module firmware updates may impact this setting. Current default: CEMODE=1 (Voice centric) New default: CEMODE=2 (Data centric) For devices already deployed in the field, you must implement the above mentioned software- configuration change in each device to ensure continued service following the 3G sunset.
    [Show full text]