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Uventet Heder Og Tomme Stoler Uventet heder og tomme stoler Historien om da Carl von Ossietzky og Liu Xiaobo vant Nobels fredspris, og hva som skjedde i etterkant Eivind Nyhus Masteroppgave i historie ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITET I OSLO HØST 2013 I II Carl von Ossietzky Liu Xiaobo III Forord Det er flere som bør takkes for at denne oppgaven ble skrevet og fullført. Første takk går til min veileder, Øystein Sørensen, for kommentarer og tilbakemeldinger gjennom hele skriveprosessen. Takk til Fatter og Håvard for gjennomlesing og korrektur. Takk til Asle Sveen for tilbakemeldinger i innspurten. Takk også til bibliotekarene ved Nobelinstituttets bibliotek for dyktig og hyggelig hjelp gjennom det siste året. Alle på pauserommet for masterstudenter fortjener en takk for å ha bidratt til et godt sosialt pusterom inni mellom arbeidet. Det samme gjelder Stud. Jur Reiss-Jacobsen, for gode og dårlige samtaler underveis. Og selvfølgelig: alle feil og mangler som måtte forekomme står undertegnede ene og alene ansvarlig for. IV Forkortelser Arbark: Arbeiderbevegelsens arkiv og bibliotek MR: Menneskerettighet NRK: Norges Rikskringkasting NI arkiv: Nobelinstituttets arkiv NB: Nasjonalbiblioteket RA: Riksarkivet SA: Stortingsarkivet UD: Utenriksdepartementet V Innholdsfortegnelse Forord ..................................................................................................................................................... III Forkortelser ............................................................................................................................................. V Innholdsfortegnelse ............................................................................................................................... VI 1. Innledning ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 To noble menn............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problemstilling og avgrensning ..................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Litteratur og kilder ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Metode og kildekritikk................................................................................................................... 6 2. Bakgrunn.............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Nobelprisens begynnelse .............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Beslutningsprosessen .................................................................................................................. 11 2.3 Nobelkomiteens sammensetning ................................................................................................ 12 2.4 Kriteriene og tolkningene ............................................................................................................ 14 2.5 En vestlig pris? ............................................................................................................................. 16 2.6 Effekten av fredsprisen ................................................................................................................ 18 Preludium .............................................................................................................................................. 20 3. Hvem var de? ..................................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Carl von Ossietzky ........................................................................................................................ 22 3.2 Liu Xiaobo .................................................................................................................................... 25 4. Kampanjen for Nobels fredspris ........................................................................................................ 29 4.1 «Ein tysk bladfyk» ........................................................................................................................ 29 4.1.1 Mobiliseringen ...................................................................................................................... 31 4.1.2 Ossietzky og norske arbeiderbevegelsen ............................................................................. 35 4.1.3 Debatten og avisenes dekning ............................................................................................. 37 4.1.4 Ossietzky-striden i det norske forfattermiljøet .................................................................... 40 4.1.5 Sluttspurt .............................................................................................................................. 45 4.2 «En kinesisk rabulist» .................................................................................................................. 46 4.2.1 Nominasjonen – hvem sto bak ............................................................................................. 47 4.2.2 Debatt og avisenes dekning ................................................................................................. 51 4.2.3 Da Liu vant ............................................................................................................................ 53 4.2.4 Liu og Ossietzky .................................................................................................................... 55 5. Reaksjoner og konsekvenser ............................................................................................................. 56 5.1 «Han er gjerning» ........................................................................................................................ 56 VI 5.1.2 Umiddelbare reaksjoner ....................................................................................................... 57 5.1.3 Tyske myndigheters håndtering ........................................................................................... 59 5.1.4 Koht og Mowinckel trekker seg ............................................................................................ 61 5.1.5 Da kongefamilien uteble ...................................................................................................... 63 5.1.6 Politiske konsekvenser ......................................................................................................... 64 5.1.7 Økonomiske konsekvenser ................................................................................................... 69 5.2 «De tapte sjeler fra 4. Juni» ......................................................................................................... 70 5.2.1 Næringslivets reaksjoner ...................................................................................................... 71 5.2.2 Politiske reaksjoner i inn- og utland ..................................................................................... 74 5.2.3 Kinas reaksjon ....................................................................................................................... 76 5.2.4 Sensur og spredning av nyheten .......................................................................................... 80 5.2.5 Politiske konsekvenser ......................................................................................................... 82 5.2.6 Økonomiske konsekvenser ................................................................................................... 88 5.2.7 Gjorde fredsprisen en forskjell? ........................................................................................... 90 6. Sammenligning .................................................................................................................................. 95 6.1 Veien til fredsprisen .................................................................................................................... 95 6.2 Aktørene og argumentene .......................................................................................................... 98 6.3 Tyskland og Kinas blikk .............................................................................................................. 100 6.4 Svar på tiltale ............................................................................................................................. 103 Kilder......................................................................................................................................................... I Trykte kilder .......................................................................................................................................... I Utrykte kilder ........................................................................................................................................ I Litteratur.................................................................................................................................................. II Avisartikler ........................................................................................................................................... V VII 1. Innledning 1.1 To noble menn Denne oppgaven handler om likhetene og forskjellene mellom Nobels fredspris til Carl
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