The Russian Recipe Honors World History Animal Farm

— https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=GKWYkTXy4YU Russia before the Revolution

• Considered a European power but: • Backward • Unindustrialized • Questioned czar’s power, worship anything but Russian Orthodox, or speak anything but Russian = dangerous Czar Alexander III

— Reversed all positive reforms Alexander II made

— What Alex III did: — Censorship on published and PRIVATE material — Secret police to watch schools — Political prisoners sent to Siberia — Pogroms – organized violence against Jews Czar Nicholas II

— Last of the Romanovs

— Industrializes — Number of factories doubles — Still far behind Europe — Needed money from other countries — Boosted production of steel — Led to strikes

— With help of French and British, Trans-Siberian Railway built — Connected European Russia with Russia on the Pacific Ocean Russia: the people

• Serfdom – peasant bound to a lord’s land • Majority of serfs were not freed until 1861 • 80% of the country was rural • Most people were illiterate

Russo-Japanese war

• Russia loses to the Japanese • Forced to sign the Portsmouth Treaty • Embarrassed Russia • Japan got control of Korea and S. Manchuria • Cut back on Russian power Anger leads to the acceptability of communism

• Communist Manifesto • Two sides: • PROLETARIAT – working class • BOURGEOISIE – own means of production • Said country needed to evolve to Communism — Russia has two groups: — MENSHEVIKS – believe Russia needs to evolve into socialism — BOLSHEVIKS – believe Russia could be forced into revolution Bloody Sunday, 1905

— Petition: — Better working conditions — Elected National Legislature — Universal education — Separation of Church and State

— 9 January 1905 — Father Gapon’s protest marches on Winter Palace — Met by troops who fire on the crowd — 92 people were killed, 700 wounded (it was more) — Father Gapon arrested and hanged

People’s Response to Bloody Sunday

— Attack on a peaceful protest destroyed the ancient idea the czar was the father of the people

— Workers went on strike more often

— Secret groups were created — Czar gets nervous The October Manifesto

— Nicholas bows to some of the people’s wishes

— Duma created — Russian Legislative Body — Functions like Parliament but has no real power — Designed to represent the people Mystical German in the tsar’s court

— Nicholas left Alexandra (wife) in control while he was at Eastern Front — Ran the gov’t — Ignored the Czar’s chief advisors — Listened to Rasputin — Mystical healer of Alexis (oldest son of the Czar) — Alexis had hemophilia Petrograd riots and march revolution — Duma = no real power — Moderates want social change, Nicholas blocks every attempt — Workers go on strike — Demonstrators march in the streets

— Combines with battlefield losses, causing collapse — 17 March 1917 Nicholas II abdicates The Provisional Government — Provisional Government — Middle-class liberals create constitution — Led by Alexander Kerensky — Decided to stay in WWI — Outside gov’t, other plans form — SOVIETS – councils of workers and soldiers that worked democratically

— Lenin smuggled into Russia in a “Sealed Train” — Promises “Peace, Bread, and Land” Petrograd joins Lenin, leading to…

— Provisional government is failing — Petrograd Soviet joins Lenin

— November 1917 — Red Guards – armed factory workers - join with mutinous sailors — Attack the Winter Palace

— 6-7 November - Lenin has control of the government …Brest-litovsk

— Pulls Russia out of WWI — Takes a steep price in territory and population A Civil War Begins

— REDS – communists vs. WHITES – everyone else

— US, Britain, and France sent aid to the Whites — Reds resentful of this and so are many of the people Civil War Con’t

• Felix Dzerzhinsky leader of Cheka • Job: silence as dissenters, eliminate internal threats, protect the revolution

• Leon Trotsky organizes Red Army • COMMINSSARS – communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalties

• Outcome: • 14 million people are killed • Russia in chaos • Starvation, famine The final solution

— Challengers to Communist state must be silenced — Tsar and his family

— July 1918 at Yekaterinburg — Bolsheviks killed the entire Romanov family Communist victory

— NEW ECONOMIC PROGRAM (NEP) — Land to peasants & allow some capitalism — Economic recovery — Ended armed resistance to gov’t — 1923 - Creation of the Union of Soviet Social Republics (USSR) — Constitution combined socialism and democracy — Elected legislature — All citizens over 18 the right to vote — POLITBURO – executive committee for the communist party Chaos at the helm

— Lenin dies 1924 • Trotsky - leader of the Red Army vs. • Stalin – General Secretary of Communist Party — Result: — Civil war between Stalin and Trotsky — Starvation, famine, and death for millions of people — 14 million killed — Stalin defeats Trotsky forcing him to sign a letter of submission to him The Purges

— Stalin used violence for control — GREAT TERROR — Death or imprisonment of over a million people — Included military officers in the Red Army

— Infamous order #00486 — Used to kill socially dangerous people and their families

— NKVD (Cheka) hunted down enemies — Methods: Secret courts, immediate death, torture

— \ Life under Stalin

— All the media was controlled and glorified Stalin — Communications were monitored to ensure no one was speaking against the state — Education was remade to glorify Stalin — League of Militant Godless replaced religion — Oddly Progressive thing: Women were equals Stalinization

— Stalin attempts to change with first FIVE-YEAR PLAN — Increased farm output, heavy industry, improved transportation — COMMAND ECONOMY – government officials make all economic decisions

— Consumer goods were rare Collective agriculture

— Agriculture under gov’t control — COLLECTIVES – large farmed operated by group of peasants

— Some farmers resisted — KULAKS – wealthy farmers — Result – “liquidate the kulaks as a class”

— 1932 - Crop yield was bad — Lead to death of between 5-8 million people in Ukraine alone Holodomor

The effects of the purges

— “Cream of Russia” (military leaders, scientists, economists) are wiped out

— Lavrenty Beria, head of the NKVD, convinces Stalin to use Gulags – labor camps – 1939 — 12 million people will die here Stalin (and Russia) by the

late ’30s

— Individual creativity is punished — Spread the Faith — COMINTERN – int’l association of communist parties led by the USSR to encouraging worldwide communist revolution