OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 39 NO. 4 FALL 1989

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THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $15.00: husband and wife (one copy of publication) $16.00; Life membership $300.00. A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included President Donald A. Casto. 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, OH in the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an 43130—Tele: 614-653-9477 incorporated non-profit organization. Vice President Gary Davis, Box 133. Bainbridge, OH 45612 Tele: 614/634-2761 Exec. Sect. Michael W. Schoenfeld, 5683 Blacklick-Eastern Back Issues Rd. N.W., Pickenngton. OH 43147 Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeolo^ . Treasurer Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster. OH 43130—Tele: 614/653 6642 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $ 5.00 Recording Sect. Barbara Motts, 7050 Refugee Rd . Canal Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 4.00 Winchester, OH 43110—Tele: Bus. 614 898-4116 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 Immediate Past Pres. Martha Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, OH 43211— Tele: 614.297 2641 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr.. Plain City, OH Back issues—black and white—each $ 4.00 43064—Tele: 614873-5471 Back issues—four full color plates—each $ 4.00 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write TRUSTEES to business office for prices and availability. 1992 David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave.. Portsmouth, OH 45662 1992 Larry Morris. 901 Evening Star S.E., East Canton, OH ASO Chapters 44730 Aboriginal Explorers Club 1992 Stephen Kelley, 301 Columbia Ave., Seaman, OH 45679 President: Chuck Henderson. 1244 North Union. Salem, OH 1992 Walter J, Sperry, 6910 Rangeline Rd,. Mt. Vernon, OH 43050 Blue Jacket Chapter 1990 John J. Winsch, M.D., 41 Dorsey Mill Rd., Heath. OH 43056 President. Jacque F. Stahler, 115 South Mill St.. DeGraff. OH 1990 Dana L. Baker. 17240 Twp. Rd. 206, Mt. Victory. OH 43340 Beau Fleuve Chapter Tele: 513/354-3951 President: John McKendry, 1020 HumL_ 1990 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, OH 44136 Cuyahoga Valley Chapter President: Norman Park, 4495 West High Street, Mantua, OH 1990 Stephen Puttera, Jr., 4696 Hillside Rd., Seven Hills, OH 44131 Fort Salem Chapter President. Clinton McClain, 1844 Sicily Road, Mt. Orab. OH Business Manager Johnny Appleseed Chapter Frank Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westervi OH 43081 President: Mark Hersman, 608 Logan Road. Mansfield, OH Tele: 614/846-7640 King Beaver Chapter President: Carl Storti, 1519 Herrick St., New Castle, PA Regional Collaborators Lake County Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Bill King, 9735 Ridgeview Trail, Mentor, OH Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, OH Lower Valley Basin Chapter Steven Kelley. Seaman, OH President: John Unrue, Rt. 5, Box 5372 - Apt. 52, South Point, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Mound City Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 97 Musselmann Mill Rd., Columbus, OH 43210 Chillicothe, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Painted Post Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388. Luckey, OH 43443 President: Harry Blair. 613 Virginia Ave., Midland, PA Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware, OH Sandusky Bay Chapter Jeff Carskadden. 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North. President. George Demuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman. OH Zanesville. OH 43701 Seneca Arrow Hunters President: Donald Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six Rivers Chapter All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist President: Frank W. Otto, 2200 E. Powell Rd., Westerville, OH should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi Standing Stone Chapter ness Manager. President: Steve Parker, 1859 Frank Dr., Lancaster, OH Sugar Creek Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Gary L. Summers, 8170 Sharon Ave., N.W., North CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Canton, OH SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Column An Unusual Intrusive Mound Pipe From Dresden, Ohio It's time to think about the future course of the Archaelogical Society of by Jeff Carskadden and James Morton 4 Ohio Every two years elections are held to select officers to run this fine A Trophy Axe from Grafton, Ohio by Robert Converse 8 organization. It is not enough to just elect qualified people to fill these offices. Hancock-Speer Site (33ER401) by Jonathan E. Bowen 9 Qualification means absolutely nothing if A Fluted Point Shown in an Old Publication byj. F. Lansden 11 the individual is not willing to put out the effort that it takes to fulfill their position. Radiocarbon Date for a Hopewellian Habitation Site Associated Anyone who seeks an elected job at the state level should discuss it with their with the by Bradley T. Lepper 12 spouse. The first priority for all officers is to attend all board meetings. These River Terraces of Portsmouth, Ohio by John storey and wui storey 14 meetings are not always called at the Steatite Bowl Sherds from Southern and Eastern Ohio by James L Murphy 16 most opportune time. Some of the things that dictate when a meeting will be held The Miami Feather Dance: The Journal of Christopher Gist, 1751 are availability of a meeting place, and a pressing need to address some of the by Phillip R. Shriver 18 items on the business agenda. You may already have plans to take your spouse The Hempy Site by Barbara Motts 20 to see mom. You can see the problems this would cause if there were no prior Lizard Effigy by William Tiell 22 discussion on the commitment that is involved. This does not mean you have Three Effigy Stones from the Helman Collection by Ron Heiman 23 to cancel your vacation or funeral. Board F.W. Putnam at the in Adams County, Ohio: meetings are held about four times a year. A Trustee's commitment is to A Historical Review by Ralph W. Dexter 24 attend these board meetings and serve on various committees when asked. The Moundsville Shovel-Shaped Pendant by Gary Feiumiee 27 other officers of the society have a further commitment. Besides fulfilling the Some Comments on the Usefulness of Mills' Atlas by Jeff Carskadden 28 obligations that their office calls for, they have to give reports on their office The Bridgewater Birdstone byKenSimper 35 activities at board meetings and at the business meetings in Columbus, Ohio. Spade Shaped Pendents by Robert N. Converse 36 The Vice President and President have Determination of Function byLeiandW. Patterson 37 even greater responsibilities. The Vice President is in charge of the seventeen Prufer's Pearls: Plagiarism in Ohio Contract Archaeology by James L Murphy 38 chapters of the A.S.O. Along with the President, he/she should attend all three A Strange Cavern — A Wayne County Mystery by Roger Rowe 40 state meetings sponsored by chapters during the summer months; plus, the A Fine Archaic Knife From Davis County, by J F. Lansden 41 joint Ohio and West Virginia Archaeological Society meet in June. It is A Large Hopewell Celt From Little Indian Creek, Butler County the responsibility of the President to give by Phillip R. Shriver 42 guidance and direction to the society. Book Review: Cherts of Southern Ontario 43 Also, at the same time to see that everyone is carrying out their duties. Running an organization as large as ours is by no means easy. Only people who are willing to work and give the time necessary should run for office in the Archaeological Society of Ohio. I have named Robert Converse Chairman of the Nominating Committee. I will serve on that committee with Bob. We need to reach out and bring new FRONT COVER - Pictured are a porphyry popeyed birdstone and a gneiss dedicated people in as officers of the bust birdstone. Both are in the collection of Sam Speck of Fredericktown, A.S.O. If you feel you are one of these Ohio. The porphyry birdstone was found May 29, 1989, on South Bass Island dedicated persons then talk to Bob or in Lake Erie. The bust bird was found in Kane County, Illinois, in J 988 while myself before 18th March 1990. workmen were planting shrubbery. It is not enough to get good people to run for office. Everyone should participate by taking the time to vote. You will receive a ballot sometime in April. The future leadership of our society is in your hands. Donald A. Casto President An Unusual Intrusive Mound Pipe From Dresden, Ohio by Jeff Carskadden and James Morton Zanesville, Ohio

Introduction Perry County, Ohio, aged seventy- one year since on the east side of Around 1819, John Smock and some one years, and for fifty-one years a this river 14 miles above this place, it other individuals were burning charcoal citizen of Muskingum county, says was found to contain only one along the east bank of the Muskingum when twenty years old he was skeleton lying on its left side which River, about a mile upstream from burning charcoal near Dresden, and when entire did measure a little . . . Dresden, in northern Muskingum County. with several others had the curiosity of 7 feet in length. One pipe was The charcoal was to be used in iron to open a mound eight feet high, found in the mound which (from the making at the Symmes Creek furnace, about one mile north-east of best information I have been able to about three miles to the southeast of Dresden. On doing so, they found in obtain) having 4 angles measuring Dresden. This furnace was in blast the middle of the mound, on a level from the two extreme angles about 4 between 1816 and 1820 (Carskadden with the surrounding plain, five inches and the others about 3 and Morton n.d.). Apparently bored with human skeletons, lying in radiating inches. About 2 inches thick the bowl their charcoal making venture, Smock position with their feet toward the in the center and containing about and the others decided to dig into an center. With the bones were a large 1/3 gill, two perforations going from Indian mound near where they were number of flint arrow points, some of the bowl to each of the extreme working. them seven inches long and they points. The side opposite the bowl is About fifty-one years later, on July 4th, appeared to have been deposited in flat. It is black polished marble of 1870, an account of the ensuing mound a wooden box, entirely decayed. superior workmanship. One of these excavation, and the artifacts discovered, They also found a stone hammer, angles is said to be finished smooth. where the topic of a paper presented by shaped like a shoe-hammer, with a On the other is a ridge with several Samuel Park to a joint meeting of the groove around the middle, instead of notches. The point with the notches pioneer and historical societies of an eye through it. Also a blue marble was found between its jaws. Under Franklin, Muskingum, and Licking pipe, eight inches long, one and a the skeleton was a stratum of counties at Pataskala, Ohio. The account half inches wide, a half inch thick, powdered charcoal, and one over it, of the excavation had apparently been with the bowl in the middle of it. which so far as my observation has related to Samuel Park by Mr. Smock, There were three orifices drilled extended was their mode of interring. who was still alive and living in Bremen, through to the bowl from each end. I am expecting to be able to Perry County, in 1870. Mr. Smock said he had often smoked procure the pipe. If I do I will forward it to the society with a more particular The following is a portion of Samuel through each of the six orifices. The account than I am able to at this Park's address pertaining to the mound pipe was nicely executed and time. excavation, which was published six ornamented. A brass kettle was also years later in C.H. Mitchener's OHIO found, of three gallons capacity, Rhodes apparently never got the pipe. ANNALS (1876). Nearly identical bruised and flattened by the weight Mr. Smock kept it, at least for a while, and versions of this address appeared about of earth upon it. There was also often smoked it, according to Samuel the same time in several other found an ax of four pounds weight, Park's account. There are no other letters publications, including a Dresden long and narrow bit, badly rusted, but or artifacts from Rhodes in the files or newspaper (DRESDEN DOINGS, showed the iron and steel when collections at the American Antiquarian November 11, 1876). About the only ground to a smooth surface. Society. major difference in these accounts was Another account of this mound Interpretation of the Mound that in some versions the location of the excavation has turned up in a March 3, If we assume for the moment that these mound was given as simply north-east of 1820, letter to Rejoice Newton of the two accounts contain at least some Dresden, whereas other accounts American Antiquarian Society, written by threads of accuracy, then from them we specifically mention Madison Township, Zanesville resident Dudley W. Rhodes, a can speculate that there may have been which would place the mound on the east prominent physician and president of the three separate components represented side of the Muskingum River (Dresden is Bank of Zanesville. Rhodes had recently in this mound - Adena, Intrusive Mound, on the west side). This information, and been appointed a corresponding member and Historic Indian. The mound itself may the likelihood that the charcoal burners of the Society, and in this letter he gives a have originally been Adena. Extended would have been working on the same second hand account of what was found burials, radiating out "like spokes of a side of the river as the furnace (east in the mound, since he was not actually wheel" have been reported from at least side), coupled with the fact that we have present during the excavations. While the four Adena mounds - one in Kentucky, been unable to find any evidence of number of burials noted by Rhodes does one in West Virginia, and two from Ohio mounds along the north side of the not agree with Samuel Park's account, (Webb and Snow 1945). The Kiefer Muskingum River upstream from the the location of the mound, the date of the Mound, for example, located near Piqua Dresden-Trinway area, has helped us to excavation, and particularly the in Miami County, Ohio, reportedly had 12 pinpoint what we believe to be the exact description of the pipe indicate that it was skeletons, heads to the center, radiating location of the mound Mr. Smock the same mound. From the following out from a central fire place. Extended excavated. Remnants of this mound can description, it appears that the pipe may burials placed in this fashion on the floor still be seen today, located on the very have been found sticking out from the of a mound does not seem to be a edge of a high pre-lllinoian outwash mouth of one of the skeletons. (Some Hopewell trait. punctuation and capitalization has been terrace about 75 feet above the river (see The brass kettle and iron ax probably Figure 1). added to this account to make it more readable.) indicate the presence of a Historic Indian An Ancient Mound Near Dresden burial intruded into the top of the mound, Elder John Smock, a citizen of In opening a small mound about although the bones of this individual may 4 have leached away. This mound is source of the steatite for many of these +/80 (1-14890). The MASCA tree ring directly opposite the historic Shawnee Intrusive Mound pipes could be the conversions for these dates are A.D. 660 town of Wakatomika, situated along the deposits in the Rhode Island-Connecticut and A.D. 640, and the University of west bank of the Muskingum River. This area, rather than from the southern Washington corrections are A.D.677 and town was established between 1756 and Appalachian deposits. A.D.669. 1760, and was destroyed by Virginians in Rhodes' description of the Dresden The corrected radiocarbon dates from 1774 at the outset of Dunmore's War pipe mentions a ridge, presumably along the Triangle Site are just slightly earlier (Carskadden and Morton 1980). Another the platform, which is also often typical of than the previously suggested temporal historic Indian burial was intruded into the Intrusive Mound pipes. The pipe from range for Intrusive Mound in eastern and top of an otherwise Hopewell mound near Dresden was also "ornamented". southern Ohio (ca. A.D.700-900, Seeman the site of the Tri-Valley High School at Although this comment might simply refer 1989), and these dates suggest that the Dresden, overlooking the mouth of to the notched ridge on one end of the Triangle Site could well represent the very Wakatomika Creek and just downstream platform, Bob pointed out that a great beginnings of the Intrusive Mound from the Shawnee town (about a mile many Intrusive Mound pipes have phenomenon in eastern and southern from the mound excavated by Mr. engraving, especially on the bottom of the Ohio. We would also suggest that the Smock). This second mound was platform. Hopewell platform pipes are Intrusive Mound burial found by Mr. excavated by Dresden resident and rarely "ornamented" in this way. Bob also Smock and his friends on the other side amateur archaeologist Glen Longaberger regards the half-inch thick platform as of the river probably dates to the time the in 1969, and the historic burial contained rather thin compared to the platforms Triangle Site was occupied. a lock from a flintlock rifle, a harness bell, seen on Hopewell pipes. Thin platforms, Although the excavations at the and a Micmac style pipe (Carskadden however, are typical of Intrusive Mound Triangle Site will be the topic of a and Morton 1983). pipes. forthcoming article in this magazine Prior to the intrusion of the Historic Perhaps the most unusual (Morton n.d.), we might point out in the Indian burial in the mound excavated by characteristic of the Dresden pipe, meantime that in addition to the projectile Mr. Smock, another burial - possibly according to the descriptions, is the point types noted above, artifacts Intrusive Mound in age - had been placed possibility that there were two smoking recovered at this site included grit, into the top or side of the otherwise holes (Rhodes account), and possibly limestone, and chert tempered ceramics, . We believe that the even three smoking holes (Park account), displaying incising, lip notching, interior spectacular platform pipe recovered and at each end of the platform (for a total of cordmarking, cord-wrapped paddle edge later smoked by Mr. Smock may have four or six holes). Although multiple impressing, and incipient collars. Lithic been with this burial. smoking holes running parallel to each debris are from every stage of bifacial The Pipe other through the platform to the bowl is a reduction, and flake tools, drills and We first thought that the platform pipe possibility, this would make the Dresden perforators on broken points, and described in the Park and Rhodes pipe unique; there are no known Intrusive unifacial tools were common. accounts might be Hopewell, although it Mound or Hopewell pipes with multiple One final note on the mound - it was was difficult for us to resolve the idea of a smoking holes such as this. On the other partially re-excavated by Glen Hopewell pipe occurring with the Adena- hand, as Bob points out, steatite is a soft Longaberger, probably in the early like trait of radiating extended burials, material, and a great many of the 1960's. In a conversation we had with unless of course a Hopewell burial was Intrusive Mound pipes fashioned of this Glen several years before his death, he intruded into the otherwise Adena mound. material show unintentional openings commented that the mound was very After corresponding with Bob Converse where the smoking hole or thin-walled disturbed, and all he found were some regarding this artifact, however, he has bowl have simply worn through to the post molds. This was probably because pointed out a number of characteristics outer surface of the pipe. This could all of the artifacts and burials had been which leads him to believe that the pipe account for some of the holes in the removed by John Smock and his friends may be Intrusive Mound. Bob commented Dresden pipe. However, there is every more than 140 years earlier. We feel that that eight inches would be enormously possibility that the pipe was made with at the time Glen dug into this mound he large for a Hopewell platform pipe, and multiple smoking holes in the first place, was probably not aware that the mound that the blue or black "marble" was or that the pipe was re-drilled on several had been previously excavated by Mr. probably steatite. Bob was unaware of occasions to keep it working when one of Smock, since Glen makes no mention of any Ohio pipestone of this color, and the original smoking holes had become this earlier exploration in a book he wrote Hopewell pipes are rarely fashioned of damaged in some way. in 1967 on the history of the Dresden steatite. Intrusive Mound platform pipes, Concluding Observations area (Longaberger 1967). Glen discussed on the other hand, are often made of We would not be surprised to find an at some length in this publication the steatite, and on occasion have Intrusive Mound burial in the Dresden archaeology and Indian history around approached eight inches in length. A area, and especially at Mr. Smock's Dresden, and we feel certain that he photo of one such example, originally mound, since a rather extensive Intrusive would have included Samuel Park's from the Meuser collection, is illustrated Mound occupation, known as the address on the Smock excavation in his here (Figure 2, originally from Converse "Triangle Site", occurs just across the book had he been aware of it. 1977:25). Muskingum River from this mound. Over John Smock's pipe may have ended up Seeman (1981) has pointed out that the years hundreds of Jack's Reef Corner in some late I9th century relic collection, after the decline of Hopewell, an East Notched, Raccoon Notched, and Levanna and may in fact have survived to the Coast-Midwest trade network developed points have been surface collected at the present day. So if anyone has in his or in the emerging Late , Triangle Site (see Figure 3), and in 1986 her collection a black steatite Intrusive and eastern steatite replaced Ohio eight earth-oven features were excavated Mound pipe that fits the description of the pipestone throughout much of the at the site by Dave Untied and Mike one found at Dresden, we would be Midwest as the preferred material for Nichols. Charred logs from two of these interested in hearing about it. pipes. Neutron activation studies, features produced radiocarbon dates of according to Seeman, suggest that the A.D. 640 +/- 80 (1-14819), and A.D. 620

5 References Longaberger, Glenn Seeman, Mark F. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton 1967 DRESDEN 1817-1967: PIONEER DAYS 1981 A Late Woodland Steatite Pipe from the 1980 The Historic Indian in Muskingum County TO MODERN WAYS. Lindsey Printing Catlin Site, Vermillion Co., Indiana: The and the Central Muskingum Valley. Service, Dresden. Implications for East-West Trade. OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN MUSK­ ARCHAEOLOGY OF EASTERN NORTH INGUM VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGY 11. Morton, James AMERICA 9:103-105. 1983 A Hopewell Mound, Dresden, Ohio. n.d. The Triangle Site, an Intrusive Mound 1989 The Bow and Arrow in the Ohio Valley OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST 33(1):44-47. Habitation near Dresden, Ohio. and Its Relationship to the Intrusive n.d. Application of Ball's Flat Glass Dating Manuscript in preparation. Mound Horizon of the Late Woodland Formula at an Early Iron Makers' Cabin, Period. Paper presented at the 54th Muskingum County, Ohio. SYMPOSIUM Mitchener, C.H. (ed.) Annual Meeting of the Society for ON OHIO VALLEY URBAN AND 1876 OHIO ANNALS - HISTORIC EVENTS IN American Archaeology, Atlanta. HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY 6. In press. THE TUSCARAWAS AND MUSKINGUM VALLEYS AND IN OTHER PORTIONS Webb, William S. and Charles E. Snow Converse, Robert N. OF THE STATE OF OHIO. Thomas W. 1945 THE ADENA PEOPLE. The University of 1977 THE MEUSER COLLECTION. Privately Odell, Dayton. Kentucky Reports in Anthropology and published, Plain City, Ohio. Archaeology, Volume 6, Lexington.

Fig. 1 (Carskadden and Morton) Map of the Dresden area in northern Muskingum County showing the location of the mound excavated by John Smock around 1819(1), the Tri Valley High School Mound (2), and the Triangle Site (3).

6 Fig. 2 (Carskadden and Morton) Intrusive Mound pipe from Scioto County, approaching eight inches in length, and probably resembling somewhat the pipe found in the mound at Dresden around 1819. Meuser collection, photo courtesy of Bob Converse.

I 0 I 2 3 4 5 CM IN 0 I 2

Fig. 3 (Carskadden and Morton) Projectile points found on the surface at the Triangle Site, located just across the Muskingum River from where the pipe was found. The points include Jack's Reef Corner Notched (top row), Raccoon Notched, and Jack's Reef Pentagonals (bottom row).

7 A Trophy Axe from Grafton, Ohio by Robert N. Converse 199 Converse Drive Plain City, Ohio 43064

The purpose and function of so-called from totally full grooved to those which made of banded slate although one type, trophy axes is almost completely are three quarter grooved/including a seen in only a couple of examples, may unknown. What seems to be certain is number of gradations and distinct be made of a light and soft siltstone. that they were not used as utility tools characteristics between the two. All seem This trophy axe was found by Bruce since few of them show any damage from to be highly stylized and rarely do they Gandee near the Grafton Honor Farm wear and in fact it is rare to find one with appear to be poorly designed or finished. close to Rt. 83 in Lorain County, Ohio. It a sharpened bit. Strangely, some A variety of unusual materials are is made from a compact opaque specimens have a bit which is actually found in trophy axes. Honey colored orange/yellow quartzite and has the ground flat at right angles to the blade quartzite is the most predominate stone typical cone shaped pole and a purposely and thus purposely made non-functional. while gneiss, and unusual colored granite dulled bit. There are variations within the type are also represented. Rarely are they

Fig. 1 (Converse) Trophy axe Lorain County, Ohio.

8 HANCOCK-SPEER SITE (33ER401) Perkins Twp., Erie Co., Ohio

by Jonathan E. Bowen 419 Sandusky Ave. Fremont, Ohio 43420 in cooperation with Sandusky Bay Chapter of the Archaeological Society of Ohio On April 19, 1989 Rod Lawson, a construction project. On 12 of those days large collapsed pottery vessels were heavy equipment operator with Speer the weather was rainy, windy, and cold, found and mapped. Upon examination of Brothers construction company was but the volunteers, recognizing the the paste from which the pottery vessels removing the summit of a sandy knoll extreme importance of the information to had been manufactured, James overlooking a marshy tributary of be gained, refused to be driven off by the Herbstritt, archaeologist at the University Hemming Ditch east of the Sandusky inclement weather conditions. It was the of Pittsburgh, noted the extreme amount Mall. During the course of his work determination of the volunteers under and the size of the rock tempering Lawson uncovered several circles of very adverse conditions that made the material in some of the vessels. He charcoal-rich earth, each about a yard in project a success. suggested that this may reflect the diameter. Upon closer examination, he Rod Lawson, in co-operation with his manner in which some of these vessels found them to be a series of firepits employer, Speer Brothers, did much to were intended to be used. It will be containing pottery fragments, pieces of make the Hancock-Speer excavations interesting to see if different pastes were flint, and burnt animal bone fragments. successful. Speer Brothers allowed Rod used in vessels which were discarded in Lawson immediately contacted Gene to use their Cat 930 loader to strip the the various activity areas. Edwards, Vice President of the Sandusky topsoil off the remaining portions of the In the early 1980s, Dr G. Michael Pratt Bay Chapter of the Archaeological site, allowing for relatively quick of Heidelberg College, excavated the Society of Ohio, and proprietor of the identification and excavation of the Harbour site at the mouth of Sandusky Sandusky Bay Indian Museum, for archaeological features which were Bay about 2 miles north of the Hancock- assistance. present. Without this special help from Speer site. The major component at the Edwards then contacted George Rod and Speer Brothers much Harbour site also relates to the Western DeMuth of Wakeman, President of the information would have been lost, Basin Late Woodland period, and many Sandusky Bay Chapter and member-in- regardless of the determination of the rest similar things were found. The data from council of the Ohio Academy of Science, of the volunteers who were using shovels both sites will complement each other, for help in obtaining the necessary and trowels. with much more information being clearances and permission from Speer Almost all of the archaeological available than if either of the sites had Brothers and also from John Hancock remains present at the Hancock-Speer been excavated by themselves. Bowen and Associates, the developer of the new site, including about 65 corn storage pits, and Pratt have already begun extensive residential units. Both the contractor and cooking pits, and hearths, relate to the data sharing between Harbor and the developer graciously gave their Western Basin Late Woodland people, Hancock-Speer, so a much broader consent for archaeological work to who lived from the vicinity of London, understanding of local Western Basin proceed. Without their permission to Ontario, south to Toledo, and east to Late Woodland lifeways will be gained. salvage the archaeological data present Sandusky about 1000 years ago. Noted The Hancock-Speer site is located only at the construction site, all of it would prehistoric ceramic expert Dr. David about a mile north of the Pipe Creek flint have been lost forever. Stothers of the University of Toledo has deposits in and around the NASA facility. By May 1 the necessary clearances examined some of the pottery fragments Not surprisingly, large amounts of debris had been obtained, and day-to-day and has suggested that they probably left over from the manufacture of flint excavations commenced. Archaeological date to about AD 1100. tools were recovered. However, a excavation is a very exacting activity, Food waste left at the site by the significant amount of flints used came requiring years of training to do in a Western Basin Late Woodland people from cobbles washed up on the beaches proper manner. Edwards and DeMuth includes corn kernels, hickory and walnut of Lake Erie. Thus, a much clearer picture contacted Jonathan Bowen of rural Tiffin, shells, as well as the bones of walleye, of the Late Woodland flint industry will a member of the Ohio Archaeological bass, longnose gar, bowfin, frog, turtle, emerge from an analysis of the Hancock- Council, which is "a group of muskrat, squirrel, raccoon, deer, and Speer materials. Mr. Frank Huntley of professionally competent archaeologists duck. Dr. David Brose, Curator of Perrysburg, geologist with a major incorporated" in part "to provide Archaeology for the Cleveland Museum nationwide glass manufacturer, has done consultation and advice to any and all of Natural History, and expert on Late extensive research on the flints of the Ohio citizens". Bowen, who is also a Woodland lifestyles in eastern North Sandusky Bay region, in conjunction with Ph.D. candidate at Ohio State University America, after reviewing the food waste Randy Yingling of Bellevue, member of specializing in Ohio prehistory, agreed to list, remarked at how extensively the the Archaeological Society of Ohio. The supervise the excavations and Hancock-Speer Late Woodland peoples addition of the Hancock-Speer material to subsequent laboratory work. made use of their local environment, the data base will than allow a much During the first 15 days of May, which included open lake and bay waters, better understanding of flint working volunteers from the Sandusky Bay marshland, oak/hickory/walnut forest, and throughout the entire region. Chapter of the Archaeological Society of prairie, all close at hand. Single firepits of two other Ohio, along with members of the One of the most important findings at archaeological periods were also found at Mansfield and Tiffin chapters, excavated the Hancock-Speer site was the layout of the Hancock-Speer site. One firepit all of the 2000 square yards of the the Late Woodland settlement. Different contained the remains of a pottery vessel Hancock-Speer site which were about to areas which contained cooking hearths, which was an inch thick and had a flat be destroyed during the course of the firepits, storage pits, and pits containing bottom, looking something like an old-

9 fashioned crock. The vessel had been plant remains (corn, nutshells, seeds, Council. The 150 pages of field notes and cracked, and was repaired by drilling a etc.). All of these specimens are under the 300 photographs have been hole on each side of the crack and tying it analysis at the Ohio Historical Center in deposited in the files of the Ohio back together. Vessels such as this are Columbus, where volunteers have Historical Society, where they are characteristic of the Leimbach phase of already put in about 100 hours of available to all researchers. The material the Early Woodland period, and usually cleaning and mending. Although 360 remains are undergoing detailed analyses date to about 500 BC. Although such man-hours were required to complete the in the archaeology lab of the Ohio vessels fragments are abundant in field work, at least 3000 man-hours will Historical Society. Bowen will deliver a northern Ohio, they are very rarely found be required to complete the lab work and presentation at the Midwest in intact deposits along with charred plant analyses. Archaeological Conference in Iowa City in remains, such as the Hancock-Speer site. The salvage excavations at the October, which will focus both on the A firepit of the wolf phase Late Hancock-Speer site are an example of information gained and the co-operative Woodland period (AD 1250-1300) was archaeology at its best. An alert manner in which it was obtained. Bowen also found. Besides pottery fragments construction worker discovered the site, will then submit a manuscript of the and charcoal, it also contained a hickory and the contractor and the developer both research results to a regional nutshell fragment and a deer bone. allowed and facilitated the archaeological archaeological journal. In terms of physical remains, the work. Avocational archaeologists from the All the material from this site has been Hancock-Speer site has yielded tens of Sandusky Bay and other nearby chapters donated to the Ohio Historical Society thousands of specimens, including of the Archaeological Society of Ohio and many of the diagnostic pieces will be thousands of pottery fragments, worked very hard to salvage the remains on display by the chapter at the Gene thousands of flint chips, thousands of under the guidance of a professional Edwards Museum in Sandusky, Ohio. animal bones, and thousands of charred archaeologist from the Ohio Archaeology

Fig. 1 (Bowen) Scenes of the excavation of the Hancock-Speer site in Erie County, Ohio.

10 A Fluted Point Shown in an Old Publication By J. F. Lansden, 3635 Gregory Ave., Paducah, Kentucky 42001

Several months ago a friend loaned me collection, originally obtained from and has a designation of number 122. a copy of Martha Ann Rolingson's book Stanley Copeland of Columbus. The point The flint is a high quality glossy gray and Paleo-lndian Culture in Kentucky. The in question was a fluted point 3 3/4 inches could be from either deposits in Kentucky book was published in 1964 and pictured long made of gray Kentucky or Indiana or Indiana. It is fluted on both sides and is several Kentucky fluted points. One of the hornstone. I made a photocopy of the heavily ground for about one third its points in the book seemed to be strikingly point in the Rolingson book and took it to length. similar to a fluted point being offered in an the auction and to my surprise found that auction in Columbus. This auction was of the two points were the same. Reference: Rolingson, Martha Ann, material from the Jack Hooks collection This fluted point is from McLean Paleo-lndian Culture in Kentucky Studies and a large number of flint pieces which County, Kentucky, and is shown on page in Anthropology 2 University of Kentucky had been in a private North Carolina 26 of Paleo-lndian Culture in Kentucky 1964

Fig. 1 (Lansden) Obverse of McLean County fluted point. Fig. 2 (Lansden) Reverse of fluted point.

11 A Radiocarbon Date for a Hopewellian Habitation Site Associated with the Newark Earthworks by Bradley T. Lepper The Ohio Historical Society Newark Earthworks State Memorials 99 Cooper Avenue Newark, OH 43055 From October 1977 to January 1980 a prehistoric earthwork had been present alleged structure. This feature contained series of archaeological investigations approximately on line with the recon­ no diagnostic artifacts. were undertaken along the, then structed Wright Earthworks. Like much of the prehistoric record at proposed corridor for the construction of Excavations conducted between May Newark this site no longer exists (Lepper the State Route 79 Newark Expressway 1979 and January 1980 yielded a 1989). Commuters racing between (Hale 1980). This construction proceeded surprising wealth of data from the State Newark and Heath now pass through the through the heart of Newark and across, Route 79 corridor. Twenty features, spaces once occupied by small Hopewellian what originally comprised, the eastern including pits, hearths, and potmolds encampments and grand ceremonial portion of the Newark Earthworks. were identified. Traces of one 15 ft. by 15 enclosures. But at least some of the Indeed, the construction limits impinged ft. structure were discovered with traces left by these people have been directly on Moundbuilders State Memorial associated hearth, storage pit, and large collected and documented so that future and abutted Wright Earthworks. This area rubbish pit. generations may know something of their had been disturbed extensively by Numerous artifacts were recovered way of life. previous construction and development. including projectile points, pottery sherds, I thank the Archaeological Society of Nevertheless, highly significant archae­ scrapers, cores and bladelets, abundant Ohio for their generous support of the ological data were recovered as a result chert debitage, and many fragments of radiocarbon dating of samples from the of these investigations which are of mica. Based on a stylistic analysis of the LIC-79 site. Additional support was fundamental importance for the inte­ projectile points and the ceramics it has provided by the Ohio Historical Society. rpretation of the Newark Earthworks. been argued that the main occupation of References Exploratory excavations in 1977 the area was late Hopewell (Hale Hale, E. E., Jr. demonstrated that valuable archae­ 1980:40). This view is not supported by a 1980 Archaeological Survey Report, Phase III, ological information has been preserved recently obtained radiocarbon date from LIC-79-12-55. Report on file, Ohio beneath the badly disturbed surface. A this site. Feature 15, which included Historical Society, Department of Archaeology, Columbus, Ohio. back hoe trench located across from diagnostic Middle Woodland artifacts, Wright Earthworks was placed so that it produced a date of A.D. 105 ± 60 (Beta- Lepper, B. T would the original line of 28062/ETH-4593). The presence of an 1989 An historical review of archaeological earthworks. Although no trace of the earlier component is suggested by a research at the Newark Earthworks. mounds remained on the surface, the radiocarbon date of 720 ± 70 B.C. (Beta- Journal of the Steward Anthropological profile of this trench indicated that a 27446) for a deep hearth southwest of the Society 18(1 & 2): 118-140.

12 Fig. 1 (Lepper) The Newark Earthworks. Mosaic of aerial photographs taken by Dache Reeves in January of 1934. The LIC-79 Site (33-LI-252) is located in the extreme upper right of this photograph. The originals are archived in the Smithsonian Institution, Department of Archaeology.

Fig. 2 (Lepper) The excavation of Feature 10 at the LIC-79 site. Feature 10 was a deep hearth which has been radiocarbon dated to 720+70 B.C. (Beta-27446). Photographed courtesy of Everette E. Hale.

Fig. 3 (Lepper) Feature 15. A shallow, truncated pit which conatained mica, cord- marked pottery sherds, a bladelet, and a A.D. 105±60 (Beta-28062/ETH-4593). Photograph courtesy of Everette E. Hale.

13 River Terraces of Portsmouth, Ohio

by John Storey and Will Storey 1820 Dexter Ave. Portsmouth, Ohio 45662

Portsmouth, Ohio is located at the HIGHLAND AVENUE TERRACE References junction of the and the Ohio This terrace is located just south of the Ahler, Steven River. The city is built on numerous once double Horse Shoe shaped earth 1988 The Hansen Site (15 GPU) Dept. of terraces (Vastine 1986:37) ranging from works at Portsmouth Mound Park (Squire Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington. 520 ft. elevation, first terrace, up to hill and Davis 1848). It consists of dark gray tops in the eastern part of the city at just sandy loam soil. Numerous pieces of flint Lutgens and Tarbuck above 1000 ft. elevation. Numerous small can be found all along this terrace. This 1989 Essentials of Geology. creeks and springs at one time ran terrace is above flooding, having an through the city. Modern construction has elevation of 580 ft. The highest water Squier Ephraim and Edwin Davis destroyed or burried most of these. mark ever recorded at Portsmouth was 1848 Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi In early mans time, flash flooding had January 27, 1937; at 74.23 ft. Yet it only Valley, Smithsonian - Washington, D.C. to be given top priority in choosing where reached the bottom of this terrace. one was to live, especially during wet During pre-glacial times in the Vastine, Roy E. season. Rainfall determined how long Portsmouth area, the river flowed north 1986 Scioto, a County History one could live on or near each terrace. just east of Portsmouth and was the old Woodward, Susan and Jerry McDonald The Ohio River drains rainfall to the Teays River (Ahler 1988-95). Since those 1986 Indian Mounds of the Middle Ohio Mississippi River from as far away as times, the Scioto and Ohio rivers have Valley, page 91. New York, Virginia and North Carolina molded and shaped district river terraces. (Vastine 1986:39). Some 700,000 cubic Prehistoric man chose these terraces for ft. of water pass by Portsmouth each food, water and safety from flooding, also second (Ahler 1988; 13-15). Local rainfall burying his dead. It is unique to think that has little effect on the flooding of the Ohio our back yards, parking lots, and streets at Portsmouth. The following is a and parks were once occupied by an description of each terrace and a ancient civilization. sampling of the artifacts we have found. LAWSON RUN TERRACE This is the first terrace just above the Ohio, elevation 520 ft. and contains sandy silt soil (Ahler 1988). Much errosion takes place on this terrace due to river boat traffic. Our sampling of the terrace was west of Portsmouth sewage plant. This area is under water about 4 months out of the year. Occupation of this area would have been short term due to the fluctuation of the river level within it's A,B,C, and D, &>-e sites that have yielded artifacts at different terrace natural levee (Lutgens 1989). levels within the city of F'ortsmouth, Ohio. CHARLES ST. TERRACE During the summer of 1975, a housing project at the corner of Boundary St. and (A) Lawson Run and Ohio River Time Period: Hopewell, . Artifacts: arrowhead, pendant, spear point Charles St., revealed prehistoric tools on Elevation of Ohio River to 520 feet this terrace. It is at about 535 ft. with loam soil about 12" thick then clay. This area is (B) Charles St and Stadium: Time period: Archaic Fort Ancient* Artifacts: spear point, flint tools, animal now protected by a flood wall, but in early bone mans time it flooded numerous times Elevation: 535 feet Distance from Ohio River Natural levee:1000 each year. This terrace is well within the feet natural flood plain of the Ohio. (C) Nazarene Church Site: Time period: Archaic, Hopewell, Fort Ancient. NAZARENE CHURCH TERRACE Artifacts: spear paints, flint tools, bone and This terrace has an elevation of 550 ft., stone tools the soil consisting of dark gray loam 8-12" Elevation: 550 feet Distance from Ohio River natural levee;E000 thick, then clay. In early times before the feet flood wall, this terrace probably flooded (D) Highland Avenue Sits Time period: Woodland. twice a year. In the summer of 1989, the Artifacts: spear point, animal bone, flint Nazarene Church at 4th and Brown Sts. t oo I s Elevation: 580 feel decided to enlarge their parking lot. Distance from Ohio River natural levee: 5000 Getting permission to dig before the feet construction, we located a number of flint, stone, and bone artifacts. It has been Fig. 1 (Storey and Storey) Elevations of the Ohio River reported to us through personal terraces in Portsmouth, Ohio. communication that pottery also has been found on this site. Fig. 1 (Storey and Storey) Elevations of the Ohio River terraces in Portsmouth, Ohio.

14 Fig. 2 (Storey and Storey) Map of Portsmouth, Ohio, showing locations of terraces. (Map after Woodward and McDonald)

ABC D EPS

Fig. 3 (Storey and Storey) Artifacts from terrace A-B. A-B Fort Ancient points from A terrace. C through N From B terrace. H I J K L rt N

6 F 6 N

Fig. 4 (Storey and Storey) Artifacts from terrace C. G. combination tool Mft*»U H. combination tool K. Bone tool N. Flint celt Q & X Flint hammerstones

R S T u v w mmwpw-'mmm

'fhttucB 0

A a c D £ f Fjig. 5 (Storey and Storey) Artifacts from Terrace D. A. Woodland Point D. Perforator F & G. bone

15 Steatite Bowl Sherds from Southern and Eastern Ohio by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries Columbus, Ohio 43210

Remains of steatite vessels are of rare a site along the Walhonding, presumably fragments have also been found along occurrence in Ohio and are invariably in adjoining Coshocton County. the Ohio and its tributaries in adjacent assigned to the Late Archaic "Transitional Currently on display at the Ohio Beaver County, Pennsylvania. Period." Gartley (1976: 28-29) has Historical Center, Columbus, is the large Age and cultural affiliation of the bowls summarized known occurrences in the fragment of steatite bowl illustrated in Fig. represented by these sherds is presumed state, which are limited to the following 4. Accession records reveal that it was to be late Archaic or early Early counties: Ashtabula, Trumbull, and found in a mound near Frankfort, Ross Woodland, although some sherds found Mahoning, along the Pennsylvania County, Ohio. on multi-component sites or in Late border; Hamilton, Scioto, and James Morton, Columbus, Ohio, who Prehistoric Philo Phase contexts may Washington, along the Ohio River; took the photographs accompanying this have been "recycled" by later peoples. Hocking, Muskingum, and Perry, in article, has provided a photograph of the Enough occurrences have been reported southeastern Ohio. To these may now be steatite lug sherd illustrated in Figure 5. to suggest that the apparent restriction of added Morgan, Pickaway, Ross, and This specimen is part of the Ralph Dunkle steatite to southern and eastern Ohio is a Tuscarawas. Collection, Ashville, Ohio, and is believed real geographic phenomenon and that its Several years ago, in examining the to have been found north of Circleville, in distribution is for the most part probably estate of R. Max Gard, Lisbon, Ohio, two Pickaway County. tied to movement along major waterways. steatite bowl fragments from Tuscarawas Finally, Jeff Carskadden, Zanesville, References County were noted, and, because of the Ohio, reports a steatite body sherd found Allen, A.J. significance of these artifacts, the Gard by Paul Dietz near the mouth of Wolf 1981 Adena Pottery in the Walhonding Valley: heirs offered to donate the sherds, along Creek, Morgan County, Ohio. Part I. Ohio Archaeologist 31 (3)- 10-15. with a sandstone bowl sherd, to the Ohio Carskadden (1982: 4-5) has also reported Historical Society. a steatite gorget from an Adena house Carskadden, Jeff The sherds are clearly part of an older, site in Muskingum County and has 1982 An Adena Steatite Gorget. Ohio Archaeologist 32(1): 4-5. purchased collection, but nothing more is informed me of correspondence between known about their history. The body sherd the late James W. Miller and Richard Gartley, Richard is labelled "Midvale '26 Tusc. Co., Ohio Gartley (letter dated July 17, 1976) 1976 Distribution of Steatite Vessels in Ohio. Pottery Polisher" (Fig. 1). As steatite is detailing additional Scioto County steatite Ohio Archaeologist 26(2): 28-29. too soft to have served as an effective vessel sherds from the Abe Miller Farm, "polisher,' it is assumed that the groove the George L. Davis farm, a quarter of a Vietzen, Raymond C. was made preparatory to snapping the mile from the Feurt Site, and from west of 1974 The Riker Site. Sugar Creek Valley fragment in two or for some other, the old mouth of the Scioto River, all sites Chapter. Archaeological Society of unknown purpose. along the Ohio and Scioto valleys. Ohio. The second fragment (Fig. 2), which These newly reported occurrences do bears a lug handle, is simply labelled little to augment our knowledge of the "Pottery Tus. Co.0. 26" but is presumed prehistoric and temporal distribution of to be from the same site. It is considered steatite in Ohio. Most of the occurrences very likely that this is the Riker Site are along major tributaries of the Ohio, located near Midvale. Scanning what including the Scioto, Hocking, most likely will remain the definitive report Muskingum, and Tuscarawas. Nearly all on the Riker Site (Vietzen 1974), I find no are surface finds from multicomponent reference to steatite, though this does not sites or without precise temporal necessarily mean that examples of it do provenience. The single exception is the not occur at Riker, as clear evidence of Frankfort Mound, but Gartley has Early Woodland and Archaic components reported several occurrences of steatite exists in the extant collections and the fragments in the fill of Early Woodland literature. mounds in Hocking and Perry Counties. The sandstone bowl sherd (Fig. 3), The Perry County mound occurrence is also bearing a lug handle, is simply unique in being well away from the Ohio labelled as being from Tuscarawas and any of its major tributaries. County. There is no particular reason to Occurrences in northeastern Ohio associate it with the Riker Site, although (Ashtabula, Trumbull, and Mahoning this seems a likely possibility. Allen (1981: Counties) previously reported by Gartley 13) illustrates a portion of a reconstructed appear to represent movement up the sandstone bowl with similar handle from Beaver and Mahoning drainages. Steatite

16 Ifliliiili]jlj|il!3lilihlilililjji4lililililililili! Fig. 3 (Murphy) Sandstone bowl sherd with lug handle from Fig. 5 (Murphy) Steatite lug sherd, Probalbly from Pickaway Tuscarawas County, Ohio County, Ohio.

17 The Miami Feather Dance: The Journal of Christopher Gist, 1751 by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Comparatively few eye-witness accounts which they were known to the English). Andrew Montour headed for Pennsylvania exist of the dances of Ohio's historic Indian (See Shriver, "Cry of the Crane," 1989: 48- by way of the Delaware villages along the tribes of the eighteenth century. One of 53.) This tribe, according to Gist, was at Hockhocking. these is contained in a journal kept by that time "accounted the most powerful Tragically, in little more than a year, Christopher Gist, agent of the Ohio people to the westward of the English Pickawillany would lie in ruins. In what has Company of Virginia, who accompanied settlements and much superior to the Six been called the first battle of the French George Croghan and Andrew Montour of Nations [of the Iroquois]...." (See Gist, and Indian War, Pickawillany was Pennsylvania on a trip across Ohio in the 1751:48.) destroyed by the French and their Indian winter of 1750-1751. The trip was taken in They were given a warm welcome by the allies who then proceeded to kill and eat its a bid to counter French influence among chief of the village, the "King" of the "King" as warning to the leaders of other Ohio Indians which had been reenforced Piankashaw band of the Miamis known as Ohio tribes of what could happen to them by the expedition of Celoron de Bienville Memeskia (The Dragonfly), who was also were they also to get too friendly with the and a French army the year before. called "Old Britain" by the English because English. Surveyor, trader, and veteran woods­ of his eagerness to develop trade relations Yet thanks to the journal of Christopher man, Gist was well-suited to represent with them and to end the French monopoly. Gist we know something of the town that English interests among the Indians. Conversely, to the French he was dubbed once was, and something of one of the Enjoying a reputation for honesty and fair- "La Demoiselle," literally meaning "The customs of its people, the Feather Dance dealing, he had earned their respect, which Young Lady," because they perceived him of Miami warriors celebrating past in turn was reciprocated. as exceedingly fickle. Because of the achievements in war. After leaving Logstown (Shenango) on warmth of his welcome, Gist, Croghan, and November 26, 1750, Gist met Croghan and Montour stayed at Pickawillany from Acknowledgments Montour at the Wyandot town of February 17 until March 2, 1751. It was on My gratitude goes to the Audio Visual Muskingum (Coshocton) on December 14. February 28, as part of his hospitality, that Service of Miami University for preparing (See Gist, 1751: 37. See also Havighurst, they were given the unusual opportunity to the photographs used in this article. 1976: 18-21.) The three men then witness the Feather Dance of the Miami journeyed westward to White Woman's warriors, an event recorded by Gist as References Creek (Walhonding), where they arrived on follows: "Thursday 28. - The Crier of the January 15, 1751, then went south and Town came by the King's Order and invited Anson, Bert us to the long House to see the Warriors 1970 The Miami Indians. University of west to Maguck, Hurricane Tom's, and Oklahoma Press, Norman. Windaughalah's Town, all three Delaware Feather Dance; it was performed by three Indian villages. Proceeding south along the Dancing Masters, who were painted all over with various Colours, with long Sticks Gist, Christopher Scioto River to its mouth, they stopped 1751 Journal. Edited by William M. from January 31 to February 11 at Lower in their Hands, upon the Ends of which Darlington in 1893 and published by Shawnee Town (Portsmouth), the largest of were fastened long Feathers of [Trumpeter] J.R. Weldin & Co., Pittsburgh. the villages of that tribe, with an estimated Swans, and other Birds, neatly woven in 300 warriors. (See Gist, 1751: 44.) the Shape of a Fowls Wing: in this Disguise Havighurst, Walter Heading westward again, they crossed the they performed many antick Tricks, waving 1976 Ohio. W.W. Norton and Company, Little Miami river on the morning of their Sticks and Feathers about with great New York. Skill to imitate the flying and fluttering of February 17 and proceeded on to the Prairie Edge Great Miami, crossing numerous natural Birds, keeping exact Time with their Musick; while they are dancing some of the 1989 Feather Fan. Published by Prairie meadows "covered with wild rye, blue Edge, Rapid City, South Dakota. grass and clover" and abounding with Warriors strikes a Post, upon which the "turkeys, deer, elk....and buffaloes, thirty or Musick and Dancers cease, and the Shriver, Phillip R. forty of which are frequently seen feeding Warrior gives an Account of his 1987 "The Miami and the Illinois (Peoria) at in one meadow." (See Gist, 1751:47.) Achievements in War, and when he has the Time of Historic Contact: The done, throws down some Goods as a Journal of Father Marquette." Ohio Near the mouth of Loramie's Creek, Recompence to the Performers and Archaeologist, 37(4). where it empties into the Great Miami, they Musicians; after which they proceed in their 1988 "The Pipe Tomahawk of Meshin- arrived that evening at the largest of all the Dance as before till another Warrior stikes gomesia, Band Chief of the Ohio Indian villages, the one called ye Post, and so on as long as the Mississinewa Miamis." Ohio Archae­ Pickawillany by the French, or Twightwee Company think fit." (See Gist, 1751: 53-54. ologist, 38(3). Town by the English, with an estimated 400 See also Figures 1 and 2.) 1988 "Lodge of the Miami." Ohio Archae­ families representing a total population of ologist, 38(3). possibly 1,600. (See Gist, 1751: 47-48.) On March 3, 1751, Christopher Gist and 1989 "The Road to Greene Ville: The Rise Called by Gist "one of the strongest Indian his two companions departed the Miami and Fall of the Miami Confederacy." town to begin their return to Virginia and Ohio Archaeologist, 39(2). towns upon this part of the continent," it 1989 "Cry of the Crane." Timeline, 6(5). was the principal settlement of the Miamis Pennsylvania respectively. Gist proceeded (the name by which they were known to by way of the Lower Shawnee Town at the the French) or Twightwees (the name by mouth of the Scioto. George Croghan and

18 Fig. 1 (Shriver) In contrast to the use by Miami worriors of feathers "neatly woven in the shape of a fowl's wing" in a dance celebrating achievements in war, the "Elk Dreamer" of the Lakota Sioux used feathers (also awoven into the shape of a bird's wing) as "match-making medicine" to bring a young man and a young woman together "during traditional dances wherin the men danced in one direction and the women in the opposite direction." The Elk Dreamer would pass each woman in the dance until finally touching with his feather fan the one marked for the match, "An Elk Dreamer was one who saw elk in his vision and thereby obtained the power of elk medicine. The elk was looked upon as a natural symbol of love and power because of the way the male elk would fight to his death to protect his mates. If an indivedual had trouble finding a mate, if spouses were fighting, the Elk Dreamer was sought because he had the power to help." (See Prairie Edge, 1989.) Shown here is a Sioux feather fan from the Prairie Edge Elk Dreamer Collection. Made from beaded, tanned hide and turkey feathers, this contemporary fan is now part of the author's personal collection.

Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse side of the same fan.

19 The Hempy Site

by Barbara Motts 5220 Brandy Oaks Lane Columbus, Ohio 43220

The Hempy Site (named after the distance from this plateau. The back of an lands. My observation of this area includes original land owner) is located along old warranty deed dated 1866 transferring lots of high color flint chips, glacial till and Blacklick Creek in Franklin County. The site land from Samuel and Elizabeth Hempy to some fire-cracked rock. A hafted uniface is spread over approximately 50 acres and a Dannil Mottz shows a sketch of the OLD Flint Ridge scraper and a portion of a is predominately archaic with Adena and CHANNEL OF BLACKLICK CREEK hammerstone came from this site. Middle to Late Woodland components. running along this first plateau. At the Location B has produced an Adena Flint The south and southwest side of the present time there are approximately 3 Ridge leaf blade which shows by wear it property is along Refugee Road and close acres of land between the first plateau and was used as a knife. This same year I to Blacklick Creek. The east side of the the creek. found two more scrapers, one elongated, property abuts the Motts property while the My only way of gathering archaeological arched and pink flint with a black core, and north side lies along the south border of the information concerning this site has been a crescent-shaped scraper made from REFUGEE LANDS**. The land is fairly flat surface hunting. I have been walking this Delaware chert. with the exception of a low area (swampy) field about 10 years and at first I found very Location C has always shown lots of and several knolls. The low area is to the little, however, from the fire-cracked rock chips but the only artifact found was a west with very dark soil. When this soil is and other flint debris it was obvious that broken celt 5" long and 2 1/2" wide. wet it is very mucky and water stands in this was a "site". About 4 years ago the Location D produced some flint chips part of this low area most of the year field was plowed for the first time in many along with fire-cracked rock, an Adena Flint creating a swamp. Because of the color years bringing up lots of debris and Ridge point, translucent, and the corner of and consistency of this soil, I presume this artifacts, which confirmed my suspicion this a celt. area has always been a swamp. The was probably a habitation site or at the very Location F produced a bifurcate birdpoint largest part of the 50 acres which would be least a camp site. and a broken base of the second bifurcate. considered a site lies along Refugee Road I have divided these 50 acres into This area has some flint chips but very little and is on the first plateau along Blacklick sections A through G (see diagram number fire-cracked rock. Creek. The creek has changed channels 1). Location G is the area that would appear over the years and is now located quite a Location A is along the upside of the wet to be a true camp site or a habitation site.

Fig. 1 (Motts) Map showing location of the Hempy Site.

" During the Revolutionary War many people in Canada and Nova Scotia were sympathizers with the colonists in their struggle for . Some joined the unsuccessful expedition against Quebec and were forced to leave their homes, go south with the American troops. These people lost their property and the Continental Congress wanted to reward them as soon as it was possible to do so. In 1798 Congress made their promise good and in 1810 extended these claims to the widows and the heirs of said sympathizers. Fractional townships, aggregating 103,527 acres, which were located in Franklin, Fairfield, Perry and Licking counties, were set aside for these people. The claims ranged from 2,240 acres to 160 acres. In 1816 Congress directed the remainder of these unclaimed lands to be sold to the highest bidder for not less than $2.00 per acre. These lands were known as part of the CONGRESS LANDS.

20 Some of the material found is listed as these sites I believe small groups of people developed all archaeological information follows: archaic chert bevel, bifurcate Flint used these locations for short periods of will be lost. As an interested person in Ridge bird point, early Adena point, 4 high time over thousands of years. These sites archaeology and the need to preserve this color bladelets, 9 bifaces (parts of points), have not produced pottery from the information I feel it is our duty to record and bipointed knife, several archaic points and surface, but lots of fire-cracked rock and report such sites in order to insure future hafted scrapers, a small piece of limestone flint chips. Considering all the tools found I generations have some knowledge of the with deep crisscrossing cuts (not by plows, feel people were there intermittently over past. but man made), long piano flint scraper, long periods of time. Reference three-quarter grooved axe, hand pestle, My reason for reporting this site is the Peters, William E. "Ohio Lands and Their two chisels and part of a celt. area is scheduled to be developed soon Subdivisions" Looking at the material collected on and the site will be destroyed. When it is «*A I iAA f | *m 4ft «#

; 4 « | 4f t W^*' * t « 9 • * ••

Fig. 2 (Motts) Assemblage of artifacts from the Hempy site. 21 ZARD EFFIGY

L

by William Tiell 13435 Lake Ave. Lakewood, Ohio 44107

Shown are two slate lizard effigies conventional shape and mouth and eyes collected by the late Dr. Gordon Meuser. have been incised on the head. It is from At the time of his death he had the largest Crawford County, Ohio. On the right is an collection of such effigies - more than example from Montgomery County, Ohio, 200. Lizards are much scarcer than which has a unique shape. The incised birdstones and a guess would be about lines create a mystery as to what is ten birdstones for each lizard. represented. It is 4 3/8 inches long. The lizard on the left has a more

22 Three Effigy Stones from the Helman Collection by Ron Helman Sidney, Ohio

\

These effigy stones, called lizard reptile. Some of them have small eyes defined. In fact, a large number of this effigies by many collectors, have long with a large curved back and look as effigy form appear to be crudely made been a puzzle to archaeologists. The much like a snail as anything. Rarely are and not carefully crafted. In the exact animal or life form they represent is two of them alike and often they appear accompanying plate are three effigy debatable and use of the term "lizard" is to be highly stylized. All of them have a stones from my collection. unfortunate since most of them do not at tail, central body and a protruding head all resemble any sort of known lizard or and in many cases these are not well

23 F.W. Putnam at the Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio: A Historical Review by Ralph W, Dexter Emeritus Professor, Kent State University

ABSTRACT on problems of restoration and saving the Putnam's camp while excavating in the F. W. Putnam (1839-1915), Curator of Serpent Mound. Harlan I. Smith, a student summer of 1887). Peabody Museum of American Archae­ of Putnam's, also assisted with the In 1888 Putnam received a research ology and Ethnology at Harvard, first visited fieldwork. grant ($200) from the permanent fund of the Serpent Mound in 1883. In 1886, he In a letter written from his camp at the the American Association for the with Dr. C. L. Metz made measurements, Serpent Mound, 5 October 1886 (published Advancement of Science for exploration of began restoration, and made a plea for its in the Boston Sunday Herald 21 November the Serpent Mound. On 17 March of that preservation. Funds were raised to 1886), Putnam wrote of the damage to the same year, Putnam gave an illustrated purchase 60 acres which became Serpent mound by vandalism, erosion, and lecture on "Serpent Mound in Adams Mound Park. Three summers were spent cultivation. Noting that the land was for sale County, Ohio," as President of the Boston excavating and restoring the , by owner J. J. Lovett, Putnam made a plea Society of Natural History (a general a conical mound, village area, and several for purchase of the property to preserve meeting complementary to those who graves. Putnam exhibited a model of this important effigy mound. contributed toward the purchase). Serpent Mound at the American Putnam and some of his friends, with a Putnam wrote to his son Eben on 16 July Association for the Advancement of group of women from Boston led by Alice 1889 from Serpent Mound camp, "I have Science meeting of 1892. This preservation C. Fletcher (former student of Putnam), nine men at work and it keeps me in the and restoration was one of his greatest raised $5,298.00 to purchase 60 acres field all day long looking after things and accomplishments. enclosing the Serpent Mound, three conical directing the work. Have explored two INTRODUCTION mounds, a village site, and several graves. mounds, dug over part of the old village Frederic Ward Putnam (1839-1915) was Serpent Mound Park was then established site, built fences, fixed paths and roads one of the original Curators and Director of by the trustees of the Peabody Museum of through the park, cut out underbrush, the Museum, Peabody Academy of American Archaeology and Ethnology in exterminated weeds, etc." Science, at Salem, Massachusetts, 1867- 1887. One of his colleagues prepared a 1874. His original specialty was vertebrate Putnam spent three summers excavating manuscript entitled "Our Camp Life at the zoology, particularly ichthyology, in which and restoring the effigy mound, a nearby Serpent Mound, July and August 1889" he was trained by Louis Agassiz at the conical mound, the village site, and several writing, "Prof. Putnam would not trust the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard graves. Several trenches were cut through work of repair to anyone but himself and he University. At the beginning of 1875, he the "oval" and the coils of the serpent. In worked from early morning until dusk for changed his career and became Curator of 1886, William H. Holmes published a brief many long days, trowel in hand, tracing the the Peabody Museum of American sketch of the serpent mound in Science outline of the embankment by the bits of Archaeology and Ethnology on the campus (Figure 1). charcoal and ashes... He had the clay of Harvard University, a position he held On 24 February 1887, Putnam read a which had washed down from the Mound until his retirement in 1909. His report on "The Serpent Mound Saved" at carefully scraped back into place and the archaeological research in Ohio, extending the Second Annual Meeting for the Ohio whole planted with blue-grass seed to bind between 1880-1895, has been reviewed by State Archaeological and Historical Society, the earth together." Dexter (1965). One of his greatest interests which was subsequently published in the In 1890, Putnam published a popular and accomplishments was the study and Cincinnati Post for 4 June 1887 and article on the Serpent Mound in Century preservation of the Serpent Mound in reprinted in the first issue of the Ohio Magazine stating, "... the whole structure Adams County, Ohio, the largest of its kind Archaeological and Historical Quarterly was most carefully planned and thoroughly in North America. No artifacts were found (Putnam 1887a). In August of that year, built of lasting materials." Two years later, upon excavation, and it was generally Putnam gave an account of the purchase he placed on exhibition a model of the agreed that this effigy mound was for of the park grounds at the meeting of the Serpent Mound at the annual American ceremonial purposes. While no artifacts American Association for the Advancement Association for the Advancement of were discovered, it is generally believed to of Science, held at New York City, and Science meeting held in Rochester, New be of . In recent years, subsequently published in the 21st annual York. A survey was made by C. Cowden, attempts have been made to demonstrate report of the Peabody Museum of who made a plaster model under Putnam's that astronomical relationships were American Archaeology and Ethnology. The direction. A mold was taken by Ward's generally involved. This paper, however, is sum of $3,525.00 had been paid on 4 June Natural Science Establishment of concerned primarily with the relation of 1887 (Putnam 1887b). Rochester for a paper-mache model. Putnam to his work on the Serpent Mound On 2 June 1887, Putnam wrote to his In 1900, the property was given by the in a historical perspective. wife, "At last I have all ready about the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of PUTNAM AT THE SERPENT MOUND Serpent purchase. The abstract of title to American Archaeology and Ethnology to Putnam made his first visit in 1883 to see land goes back to the original military grant the Ohio State Archaeological and the mound which was discovered and for N. S. T. Abraham Shepard in 1792... I Historical Society for a state park, which diagrammed by Squire and Davis in 1846 followed it down to date. All clear so far as I became the first state park in the United and published in 1848. Putnam found the can see... Then there is nothing to do but States, a park of 75 acres, now known as effigy in poor condition. He returned in wait for Wilson to come and sign the deed the Serpent Mound State Memorial 1886 with four other archaeologists. Dr. and pay him the money, which is here all (Dexter 1965). The effigy is regarded as Charles Metz, a physician from Madison, ready for him in Mr. Clarke's keeping... I an Adena Indian Ceremonial Mound (a Ohio, an amateur archaeologist, assisted feel it to be the grandest act of my life that I religious emblem), 1,254 feet long, the Putnam in making elevation readings of the have been instrumental in bringing it largest and most famous effigy in the mound and subsequently worked with him about." (See Figure 2 for a view of country, which was constructed between

24 1 ^to3!§3Z^ ,',,I,;A, .^'W

Fig. 1 Map of Serpent Mound by W.H. Holmes (1886).

Fig. 2 F.W. Putnam's Camp while excavating the Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio, 1887. (Original furnished by Alice E. Putnam).

25 B.C. 300-600 A.D. No artifacts were found not yet settled. Holmes, W. H. in the serpent, but were found in the burials Interests in the Serpent Mound have 1886 A Sketch of the Great Serpent. Science nearby (eg. Greenman 1950; Randall continued unabated to the present day. 8:624-628. 1905). In 1908, a steel tower, 25 feet high, New maps and many new interpretations Putnam, F. W. have recently been offered, with likely more was erected near the mound by the Ohio 1886 The Serpent Mound, the Boston Sunday State Archaeological and Historical Society to come in the future. However, no one did Herald (21 Nov. 1886), p. (Randall 1909). more to stimulate interest, to preserve, and 1887a The Serpent Mound Saved. Ohio Charles C. Willoughby, Putnam's to set the stage for continuing research on Archaeological and Historical Quarterly successor at the Peabody Museum, this spectacular effigy mound than did 1:187-190. published in 1919 "The Serpent Mound of Professor Frederic W. Putnam. 1887b Preservation of the Serpent Mound. Adams County, Ohio" (Willoughby 1919), ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Peabody Museum of American Archae­ acknowledging its rescue and restoration I am indebted to the heirs of F. W. ology and Ethnology, 21st Annual Report, as one of Putnam's greatest contributions Putnam for the privilege of studying his pp.101 2. 1890 The Serpent Mound of Ohio. Century to American archaeology. personal papers deposited in the Archives Illustrated Monthly Magazine 39:871-888. Recently, Hardman and Hardman of Harvard University which are quoted (1987a; 1987b; 1987c; 1988a; 1988b) here, and for the photograph of Putnam's Randall, E. 0. published in a series of articles an updated camp at the Serpent Mound 1905 The Serpent Mound, Adams County, and complete map of the Serpent Mound, Ohio. Ohio State Archaeological and compared it in detail to all other such REFERENCES CITED Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. mappings, and demonstrated that it was 1909 Serpent Mound Tower. Ohio Archae­ very carefully planned and constructed, as Dexter, R. W. ological and Historical Publications 18:105. Putnam had stated in 1890. 1965 Contributions of Frederic Ward Putnam to They defended their work against Ohio Archaeology. Ohio Journal of Science 65:110-117. Romain, W. F. criticism of subsequent authors, and raised 1987a Serpent Mound Revisited, Ohio Archae­ questions about the work and Fletcher, R. F. and Terry Cameron ology 37(4):4-10. interpretations of others. Romain (1987a; 1988 Serpent Mound: A New Look at an Old 1987b The Serpent Mound Map. Ohio Archae­ 1987b; 1988a; 1988b; 1988c; 1988d), also Snake-in-the-Grass. Ohio Archaeology ology 37(4):38-42. published in a series of articles his survey 38(1): 55-61. 1988a Geometry at the Serpent Mound Ohio and map, and criticized the work of the Archaeology 38(1 ):50-54. Hardmans, giving his own interpretation of Greenman, E. F. 1988b Terrestrial Observations at the Serpent "A Monster Serpent Swallowing the Sun" 1950 Guide to Serpent Mound. Ohio State Mound. Ohio Archaeology 38(2):15-19, producing an eclipse of the sun. He also Archaeological and Historical Society, 1988c The Serpent Mound Solar Eclipse Hypothesis: Ethnohistoric Considerations. proposed new units of measurement, and Columbus, Ohio. Ohio Archaeology 38(3):32-37. related the phenomenon of a solar eclipse Hardman, Clark Jr. and M. H. Hardman 1988d Ancient Eclipse Paths at the Serpent to the various North American Indian 1987a A Map of the Great Serpent Effigy Mound. Ohio Archaeology 38(4):24-28. groups who attributed solar eclipses to an Mound. Ohio Archaeology 37(1):35-39. animal or monster who devoured the sun. 1987b An Analysis of the Maps of the Great Squire, E. G. and E. H. Davis Fletcher and Cameron (1988) also Serpent Mound. Ohio Archaeology 37(2): 1848 The Great Serpent. Adams County, Ohio. prepared a map, proposed a still different 18-25. In Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi interpretation from the previous authors, 1987c The Great Serpent and the Sun. Ohio Valley. Smithsonian Contributions to and devised their own units of Archaeology 37(c) :34-40. Knowledge, Vol. 1, Washington D. C. measurement. They are skeptical of 1988a On Romain's 1987 "Serpent Mound Willoughby, C. C. mythological or religious significance in the Revisited" Paper. Ohio Archaeology 38(3):50-53. 1919 The Serpent Mound of Adams County, absence of concrete proof, and the long 1988b More on Great Serpent Maps. Ohio Ohio. American Anthropologist 21:153- lapse of time since the mound was Archaeology 38(4):3741. 163. constructed. Undoubtedly, these issues are

26 Moundsville Shovel-Shaped Pendant by Gary Felumlee New Concord, Ohio

The shovel-shaped pendant shown in floor, and the second was associated with digging at or near the Fairchance site, and the accompanying photograph was another cache of Hopewell projectile was in all probability found with a burial. It recently acquired at an antique auction in points, also on the mound floor. The seems unlikely that such a large thin Zanesville, Ohio. It is made of dark gray- remaining three pendants were placed at specimen such as this could have survived black slate and shows a single perforation, various locations in the mound fill. A undamaged in the plow zone of a cultivated drilled from both sides. This pendant is radiocarbon date of A.D. 300 was obtained field for any length of time. Due to the unusual because of its larger than average from one of the other four Hopewell unusual placement of the perforation, the size and the position of the hole, which mounds in this mound group. A Moundsville specimen illustrated here is yet allowed for suspension from what is fragmentary shovel-shaped pendant was another interesting variant of this rather generally considered the base of such also found in a refuse pit at a Hopewell site scarce pendant form. specimens (see Figure 1). The pendant in the bottoms below the mound group measures 6-9/16 inches long, 2-11/16 (Morton 1989). REFERENCES inches wide (at the widest point), and Although the occurrence of shovel- Converse, Robert N. averages less than 1/4 of an inch in shaped pendants at the Philo Mound 1978 OHIO SLATE TYPES (Revised edition). thickness. Group firmly places this pendant type in Archaeological Society of Ohio. late Hopewell, the clustering of three of the 1981 Caches of Hopewell Artifacts. OHIO The only clue as to the origin of this ARCHAEOLOGIST 31 (1 ):16-17. pendant was a faded label on one side Fairchance site dates into the second stating simply "Moundsville, West Virginia". century A.D. suggests that the shovel- Hemmings, E. Thomas Moundsville has long been known shaped pendant form may have occurred a 1978 FAIRCHANCE MOUND AND VILLAGE: archaeologically for a large bottom area little earlier in the upper Ohio Valley, but by AN EARLY MIDDLE WOODLAND along the Ohio River known as the Grave A.D. 300 had spread into eastern Ohio. SETTLEMENT IN THE UPPER OHIO Creek Flats. This bottom is the site of the Converse notes that these pendant forms VALLEY. West Virginia Geological and , probably the largest have not been found at any of the classic Economic Survey, Morgantown, Adena mound in the Ohio Valley. Attempts Hopewell sites in southern Ohio. Morton, James at excavating this mound began as early as In all likelihood, the shovel pendant 1989 Middle and Late Woodland Components at the 1830's, and continued off and on until acquired at the Zanesville auction was the Philo II Site, Muskingum County, Ohio. recent years. The site is now protected by originally found years ago by someone OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST 39(2):61 -69. the state of West Virginia, and is part of a park and museum complex. As shovel-shaped pendants are considered late Hopewell by Converse (1978) and others, and we must look to another site on the Grave Creek Flats for the possible origin of this particular pendant. From 1962 through 1964, and again in 1975, excavations were carried out by various amateur and professional organizations at the Fairchance Mound and village site, a Hopewellian site located on the Flats not far from the Grave Creek Mound (Hemmings 1978). These excavations produced a number of fragmented slate ornaments, including examples of pentagonal, keyhole, and shovel shaped pendants. The central tomb in the Fairchance Mound produced a radiocarbon date of A.D. 160, and the village site produced radiocarbon dates of A.D. 135 and A.D. 155. A submound fire pit produced a later date of A.D. 420. In 1977 the shovel-shaped pendant form was well documented at a late Hopewell site in Muskingum County. Jeff Carskadden and James Morton discovered five fine examples in Mound C at the Philo Mound Group along the Muskingum River below Zanesville. Two of these pendants have been previously illustrated in the OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST (Converse 1981). One of the pendants from Mound C was associated with several Hopewell projectile points and a three-hole rectangular slate Fig. 1 (Felumlee) Shovel-shaped pendant from Moundsville, gorget placed in a cache on the mound West Virginia.

27 Some Comments on the Usefulness of Mills' Atlas by Jeff Carskadden Zanesville, Ohio

Anyone who has ever tried to use Licking River flows east and southeast from drainages (Moorehead 1892). This was William C. Mills' ARCHAEOLOGICAL Newark and enters the Muskingum at thirteen years before he became Curator, ATLAS OF OHIO to locate prehistoric Zanesville, its lower 16 miles flowing and presumably thirteen years before work mounds and earthworks has, I'm sure, through Muskingum County; and Wills actually began on the ATLAS project. found themselves on some real "wild Creek, which flows north and then Concerning the Rix Mills Mounds, goose chases". About the time James northwest from Cambridge in Guernsey Moorehead notes that "their exploration Morton and I got our drivers licenses in County, finally entering the Muskingum yielded nothing of interest or value, a few 1964 and began scouring the ridgetops River just below the Coshocton-Muskingum skeletons only, being found within them." along the Muskingum River looking for county line. Other important secondary Only two of the three Rix Mills mounds are mounds, Mills' ATLAS was the only source tributaries which enter the Muskingum shown in Mills' ATLAS, although they are of information that we had available. It did within the confines of the county include both shown accurately. not take long before the prospect of Wakatomika Creek and Jonathan Creek. Moorehead was again excavating in climbing to the top of a ridge rising 300 feet The Jonathan Creek valley is especially Muskingum County in 1896 (Moorehead above the valley of the Muskingum in the interesting since this creek drains much of 1897:196-197), this time in the capacity of hopes of finding a mound recorded by Mills the southern flank of Flint Ridge. The Curator. After excavating a number of became low on our list of archaeological headwaters area of this creek in Licking mounds around Coshocton, Moorehead priorities. And in fact we soon became and Perry counties contains numerous took a skiff down the Muskingum River to discouraged with the idea that the ATLAS enclosures and mounds, and this area of Duncan Falls, ten miles below Zanesville, could be of any real use to us at all in comparatively intense Early and Middle where he excavated the Wilhelm Mound. finding archaeological sites in Muskingum Woodland activity spills over into He was accompanied by Waltler O'Kane County. southwestern Muskingum County. This fact who acted as photographer. Moorehead Since that time, however, we have is important in studying the distribution of locates this mound on the wrong side of the become aware of a number of other I9th mounds and especially enclosures shown river in his published report, but it was later and early 20th century mound surveys in on the ATLAS (see below). located correctly In the ATLAS. Presumably the area, and also have become more In addition to Muskingum County's Moorehead was recording other familiar with local I9th century diverse topography and vegetation cover, Muskingum County mounds as he went archaeological literature in general. And much of the western and north central part down the river. In fact, it appears that after twenty-five years of survey work in of the county is underlain by massive O'Kane may have actually been in charge Muskingum County, which eventually Pennsylvanian flint deposits, well suited to of the Wilhelm Mound excavation while involved field checking every one of Mills' the manufacture of implements. Especially Moorehead was out looking for sites. A sites, we believe that we can now make significant in terms of the distribution of table of sites for each county accompanies some fairly accurate observations Early and Middle Woodland sites in the the report of Moorehead's 1896 field work, regarding the usefulness of Mills' ATLAS, county is Flint Ridge, which extends for and 70 prehistoric sites are listed by at least for Muskingum County, and also several miles into western Muskingum township for Muskingum County, ranking some observations on the number and County. the county eleventh in the state in number general distribution of mounds in the of sites recorded. This figure includes all county. We felt that a few comments on the ATLAS HISTORY types of sites, not just mounds and ATLAS, based on our experience in Dancey (1984) has recently presented a earthworks. (Ross County ranked first with Muskingum County, might be warranted for comprehensive history of the ATLAS 231 sites.) publication in the OHIO ARCHAE­ project, and we can conclude from his Another listing of sites by counties was OLOGIST because so many of our research that much of information on published by the Historical Society in members have tried to use the ATLAS as a Muskingum County sites (and data on August of 1899 (Moorehead 1899). source for mound locations in their other counties as well) was compiled Although this report was authored by respective counties. during the years Warren K. Moorehead Moorehead himself, this was nearly two was Curator of Archaeology at the Ohio years after he had resigned as curator, and MUSKINGUM COUNTY Archaeological and Historical Society in much of the information contained in this Muskingum County, the 3rd largest Columbus from 1895 to 1897. Moorehead publication was based on the 1897 field county in Ohio, lies entirely within the was already familiar with Muskingum work of Clarence Loveberry, who had been Muskingum River drainage basin. The County; he had relatives in the eastern part acting as Assistant Curator in Moorehead's Muskingum River flows south from of the county living near the small absence. The sites are broken down by Coshocton and cuts Muskingum County community of Rix Mills, south of New type (earth or stone mounds, enclosures, roughly in half. Of the river's 109 mile Concord. It was here in 1882 that villages, etc.), and the total number of sites course to Marietta, where it enters the Ohio Moorehead, while visiting these relatives, for Muskingum County is still 70. Thus it River, 42 miles flow within the boundaries excavated what became known as the "Rix appears that no additional field work had of Muskingum County. Mills Mounds", a series of three probable been undertaken in the county since Two major tributaries enter the Adena mounds along the dividing ridge Moorehead's trip down the Muskingum Muskingum River within the county: the between the Muskingum and Wills Creek River in 1896. Of these 70 sites, 63 are

28 mounds and earthworks (see Table 1). The 1921). Mills excavated a number of flint mounds from Madison Township. Additions remaining sites include four villages, a quarries on the Boyer farm on the eastern to the ATLAS were a mound in Hopewell group of stone graves, and two "glacial end of the ridge in Muskingum County, and Township, and a mound and enclosure in kame burials". In contrast, as a result of on his map of the Ridge accompanying his Cass Township. Thus in the 14 or 15 years Loveberry's work, 16 new sites had been report, he shows a nearby mound (also in that Mills was in charge of the ATLAS added for neighboring Licking County (and Muskingum County). The property owner project, only three new sites were added to 67 new sites had been added for Ross informed us years ago that he remembered the Muskingum County map, although two county). Mills and his party camping by this mound previously known mound sites were William C. Mills succeeded Moorehead and excavating it. However, there is no verified as enclosures. During this same as Curator of Archaeology in 1898, and mention of this mound in the published period, however, 124 new sites had been took over the ATLAS project that year report on the Ridge, nor are there any located in neighboring Licking County (and (Dancey 1984). Dancey points out that records at the Ohio Historical Society of 157 new sites had been found in Ross Mills recorded quite a number of sites this excavation. The mound was not shown County). state-wide during his first two years as in the ATLAS, and was probably first The ATLAS also shows one less village Curator, but that very little was done on the brought to the attention of Mills when he site than was listed by Moorehead, ATLAS between 1900 and 1909, at which was excavating at the Ridge. although the number of "burials" is the time interest in the project was renewed. same. Eighteen flint quarry sites are also Although Dancey notes that Henry Clyde Mounds Mills Records shown on the ATLAS map for Muskingum Shetrone became Mills' assistant in 1913, The ARCHAEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF County, all on Flint Ridge. Although the and apparently spent that first year field OHIO was finally published in 1914, and focus of this article is the mounds and checking sites for the ATLAS, it appears shown in the ATLAS for Muskingum earthworks recorded in the ATLAS, we that Mills himself paid a visit to Muskingum County are 54 mounds and 9 enclosures, should probably comment here on the County in August of that same year. This for a total of 63 mound and earthwork sites. three village sites that Mills records. was his first of two trips, that we know of, to Six mound and earthwork sites had been Although lithic debris and other material the county. Mills was on a five day trip added to the individual township totals has been found in the vicinity of all three of through Coshocton County recording since Moorehead had published his figures the village site symbols, literally hundreds various prehistoric sites to be added to the back in 1899. However, six more sites had of other 'Village" sites can be found along "Archaeological Map". On a sheet of notes been deleted from Moorehead's original the major streams in the county. We made during or just after this trip, which is totals. Thus although some of the individual suspect that open sites were not the in the Coshocton County file at the township figures have been juggled around primary concern of the ATLAS compilers. Department of Archaeology, Ohio Historical somewhat, the total number of mounds and We have not been able to verify one way or Center, Mills himself, or perhaps one of his earthworks shown in the ATLAS comes out the other the three burial sites. assistants, makes the following exactly the same as Moorehead's earlier Field checking and comparisons with observations: figures. This suggests that with the other early mound surveys indicates that The following earthworks were located exception of Mills' foray across the county 21 of Mills' mound and earthwork symbols by the Curator, on a personal trip line to see the Camp Zane Enclosure, little (33%) are located exactly where sites through Coshocton County, August 21 additional field work had taken place in actually existed. In two of these instances, to 25, inclusive, 1913: Muskingum County. Rather, it appears that however, Mills shows enclosure symbols, half of the changes were possibly simply and we were only able to verify the Tiverton Twp: 1 village site the result of relocating some of the existence of conical mounds at these two Newcastle Twp: 10 mounds mounds, which had been originally sites. Twelve more of his symbols (19%) Jefferson Twp: 1 mound, 1 earthwork, recorded on or near township lines, into an are in the general location of actual 2 burials adjoining township. This may have resulted mounds. However, we were unable to find Bethleham Twp: 4 mounds, 2 burials from transferring symbols from one map to evidence of mounds or earthworks Keene Twp: 1 mound, 1 earthwork another one of a different scale. Two new anywhere near 30 of his symbols (48%). Tuscarawas Twp: 4 mounds mounds shown on the ATLAS were the result of showing individual mounds in what Lafayette Twp: 2 mounds, 2 burials Inaccurate ATLAS Symbols had originally been listed by Moorehead as Oxford Twp: 1 mound, 1 burial, 1 We feel quite confident that of these 30 two mound "groups". Four mounds were village site remaining symbols, there never were any deleted from Madison Township, but two Linton Twp: 3 mounds mounds or earthworks anywhere close to enclosures were added in the ATLAS for 18 of them (29% of the total mound and this township. These enclosures may have Also an earthwork just across the earthwork symbols). These 18 sites are, for originally been included just as mounds on Coshocton line, in Muskingum Co., at the most part, shown in areas that are now Moorehead's list. (One of these was the the juncture of Wills Creek and the wooded ridges, or rolling upland areas Camp Zane Enclosure.) Muskingum River. where construction or intensive modern This last site, probably an Adena "sacred What appear to be legitimate updates in agricultural practices would not have circle" and now known as the Camp Zane the township statistics, possibly the result effected these sites to any major degree. Enclosure (Carskadden and Morton 1986), of one of Mills' assistants actually field So had there been any sites there, we later appeared on the Muskingum County checking the sites and finding them to be should have found some traces of them in map in the ATLAS. destroyed or to be natural formations, the course of our own field work. Or, in Mills' next excursion into Muskingum include the deletion of the circle listed by several instances, the mounds would have County was around 1920, six years after Moorehead for Brush Creek Township, the been in such conspicuous locations that the ATLAS was published, during his deletion of one mound from Salt Creek earlier surveys should have mentioned survey and excavations at Flint Ridge (Mills Township, and the deletion of the two them. Ironically, some of these 18 sites

29 were among the first of the ATLAS sites be interested in archaeology" resulted in mounds within the limits of Muskingum that we tried to locate back in the 1960's. only 20 or 30 new sites (Moorehead County. Everhart also mentions in the text One of these 30 symbols was a natural 1897:258). of his publication another mound and two formation, which was also mistaken as a As pointed out by Dancey, the Annual enclosures which are not shown on mound and photographed by Clark Sturtz Reports found in the yearly OHIO Mansfield's map. Our own field checking of (see below). One enclosure was in an area ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL the 32 sites shown on the map indicates that has since been stripmined, so we PUBLICATIONS suggest that most of the that 21 are located exactly and 6 more are could not verify the existence of this site sites shown in the ATLAS were field in the general area where mounds are one way or the other, and another checked by crews from the Society before known to have existed. We have been enclosure was located so close to they were put on the county maps. unable to verify the remaining five mounds Zanesville that it could have since been Moorehead himself comments that mounds shown on the map. However, most of these destroyed by construction, although no reported to the Society that could not be were located within the limits of present- mention of either of these sites could be accurately located were purposely left off day Zanesville, and considering the found in the other early surveys of the the map (1897:259). If this in fact was the reliability of Mansfield's map in general, county. Two more enclosures and a mound case, then some of the minor inaccuracies these mounds in all likelihood existed at are in areas that have been cultivated in specific site locations, according to one time. intensively for years and may have all been Dancey, could be the result of working with Of the 32 mounds on Mansfield's map, plowed down, although again, there is no small scale maps, coupled with mound only 8 can be found in Mills' ATLAS. Of the other verification of these sites. Finally, one symbols which covered as much as 1/3 of 24 mounds not shown in the ATLAS, two of the enclosures shown on the ATLAS, a mile of map surface. Dancey also notes had been destroyed very early in the 19th which we were unable to locate or verify by that the vagaries of the old two-color century, and five more may have been other sources, is listed in the earlier table printing process may have resulted in destroyed prior to 1895 when the ATLAS by Moorehead as a "stone" enclosure some symbols being offset somewhat. project began. Most of the remaining (1899:177). Such a specific description None of these factors, however, can mounds, however, can still be seen today. suggests that it may in fact have existed at account for the 18 symbols (29%) on the None of the three sites mentioned in one time. Muskingum County map for which there Everhart's text are shown in the ATLAS, yet were no sites, suggesting that a number of two are still standing today. Although it The remaining five symbols out of the 30 sites reported to the Society for this county would have been a tedious task to go over are located in parts of the county where were simply not field checked. all the county histories, one would think that numerous mounds have been recorded, this would have been an obvious source of but they are not especially close to any information for compiling the ATLAS. specific mound. These particular symbols Mounds Mills Misses probably represented actual mounds, but The next question that needs to be they were simply plotted very incorrectly on addressed is how many mounds and Present Mound Survey the map, or the locational information earthworks did Mills and his associates fail In the last 25 years we have provided the Museum staff was bad. to record. According to Moorehead himself documented the existence in Muskingum Thus the accuracy of the locations in (1897:258), the Museum staff initially County of 122 mounds and earthworks, 24 Mills' ATLAS for Muskingum County, examined all references to Ohio's rockshelter occupations, and approximately considering "exact" and "general" locations, prehistoric sites in the literature and 636 open sites. The mounds and runs about 52 percent. Giving the ATLAS transferred them to the map. These earthworks include 101 isolated mounds, 1 the benefit of the doubt on 6 sites that may references include the earlier works of group of 5 mounds, 1 group of 3 mounds, have been destroyed, then the reliability Cyrus Thomas, Fowke, MacLean, and and 3 "groups" of 2 mounds each, for a increases to about 62 percent. We believe others, as well as "every report relative to total of 115 mounds. The earthworks that the remaining 38 percent of the Ohio available in public and private libraries include 4 Adena "sacred circles", including symbols represent sites that either never at Columbus". It is quite apparent, however, one with a mound inside (which was not existed in the first place, or the symbols that neither Moorehead nor Mills made use counted in the above figures), 1 set of were located so far off as to make them of J.F. Everhart's HISTORY OF parallel walls, 1 Late Woodland circular useless in locating the sites they represent. MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO, published fortification, and 1 Late Prehistoric fortified in 1882. Other than some obscure point. As of the summer of 1989, 55 of the Dancey (1984) comments that both Zanesville newspaper accounts, such as mounds and one enclosure could still be Moorehead and Mills relied at first on local those by Elijah Hart Church and James seen, but the status of 18 more mounds is informants around the state for information Sheward published in the 1870's (see uncertain because we have not been to on sites - often local amateur Carskadden 1986a, 1986b), Everhart's these sites for nearly 20 years. The archaeologists. Dancey notes, however, history was about the the only major remaining 49 mounds and enclosures have that neither Moorehead or Mills apparently published source of archaeological been destroyed by plowing, construction, liked this method, and ended up sending information on Muskingum County up until gravel operations, or stripmining, although Museum survey crews into the field to the publication of the ATLAS. we were able to excavate 6 of these and verify sites. Moorehead, for example, photograph 6 more before they were mentions sending students out to various Although Everhart's history has been destroyed. The tabulations of sites for each parts of the state by train and on bicycles to somewhat discredited because of his township are shown in Table 1. (Thus the record sites, after receiving back more than account of the discovery in a Muskingum survival rate of all the known mounds in 100 questionnaires he had mailed out with County mound of a stone tablet engraved Muskingum County up into the "modern" responses like "I don't know and don't care" with Greek letters (the Brush Creek Tablet - era was about 70%.) or "How much do I get for this?" He notes see Carskadden 1979), a map at the that one batch of approximately 200 letters beginning of this publication, drawn by Considering that only 33 of Mills' 63 and maps sent out to "persons supposed to M.W. Mansfield, shows the locations of 32 ATLAS sites are included in this total of 122

30 mounds and earthworks, then the number us with an extremely valuable record of to try to use the ATLAS as a guide to of mounds actually verified for Muskingum sites which we might not have otherwise site locations or to suppose that a site County is nearly four times the number of located. had been destroyed because nothing mounds that are shown accurately in the can be found at a location shown on ATLAS. In all fairness to Mills and Mound Distribution the map. On the other hand, the data Moorehead, however, we have had the The distribution and cultural affiliations of appear acceptable for estimates of the benefit of 25 years working in a single the mounds in Muskingum County will be probability of site discovery county, rather than trying to cover the entire the focus of a later report. But some geographically and environmentally. state. We have also had access to comment on the distribution of the mounds It can be seen from Table 2 and the numerous sources (such as obscure 19th is warranted here in so far as some maps, however, that the ATLAS was century newspaper accounts, early land interesting comparisons can be made with somewhat lax in its recording of only 6 sites surveys, etc.) that might not have been the actual distribution versus the along the Licking River, as well as along readily available for Moorehead and Mills to distribution shown in Mills' ATLAS. Jonathan Creek proper in Newton examine. We have also had the Generally speaking, most of the mounds Township, where no sites were noted. We cooperation of numerous fellow-collectors that we have verified are clustered along know that Moorehead himself recorded over the years who have put us on the the Muskingum and Licking Rivers, sites along the Muskingum River, and that track of various sites. We should also add, sometimes on high terraces, but more Moorehead and other individuals from the however, that three of the mounds in our often on ridge tops immediately overlooking Society were surveying in the immediate total only came to our attention in the the river valleys (see Figure 2). Numerous Newark area, as well as along the summer of 1989, just prior to submitting mounds can also be found in southwestern tributaries of the Licking (North Fork, South this article for publication (see Carskadden corner of county, within the Jonathan Creek Fork, Raccoon Creek). But we suggest that n.d.), proving that any survey such as this drainage of Newton, Springfield, and only a cursory examination was made of is a continually ongoing project. southern Hopewell townships. Another the Licking valley within the boundaries of We have also been fortunate enough to small cluster of mounds occurred in the Muskingum County, or perhaps no one get copies of the Sturtz photographs and eastern part of the county along the major from the Society surveyed here at all. The notes. Clark Sturtz was the first individual drainage divide between the Muskingum high number of actual mounds in Newton to make a photographic record of mounds River and Wills Creek (see Carskadden Township (11) compared to the ATLAS and other archaeological sites in n.d.). figure of one, suggests that little or no Muskingum County. Sturtz was a The actual density of mounds along survey work was done in this part of the Zanesville bicycle repairman and amateur various streams in the county, compared county as well, either by Moorehead or archaeologist, and during the years 1917 with the densities shown in the ATLAS, can Mills, We should confess here, however, through 1918 he photographed 41 mounds be found in Table 2. It can be seen from the that the reason we have so many sites in and an enclosure in the county. He later map (Figure 2), however, that the Newton Township is because of Clark sent these photos to the Historical Society distribution of sites along the rivers is not Sturtz's earlier survey; and the reason he (probably in 1919), along with some an even one, as might be inferred from the had so many sites here was because his additional photos of several natural hills table. For example, the density of mounds in-laws were farmers in this township. that he mistook for mounds, as well as a ranges from O per mile to as high as 7 per For Muskingum County as a whole, list of mounds that had been destroyed. mile along the Muskingum. The however, Dancey and Pacheco's (See Carskadden 1985 for a detailed topography, soil type, vegetation cover, the observations seem to be correct; the high discussion of Clark Sturtz's sites and his presence of major tributary streams, and density of mounds along the Muskingum contribution to Muskingum County numerous other factors influenced the and Licking rivers, in Springfield and archaeology.) location of mounds along the Licking and southern Hopewell townships, and the It appears that Sturtz found all of his Muskingum rivers, and these will be cluster of mounds in the Rix Mills area, are sites on his own, without the benefit of discussed in a later report. Rather, what we reflected in varying degrees by the Mansfield's map, or Mills' ATLAS. No copy are concerned with here is if the mounds distribution of symbols shown in the of either of these publications have been and enclosures recorded by Moorehead ATLAS, although the actual site locations in found in the Sturtz library. Further and Mills accurately reflect the overall these areas are not always recorded suggesting that Sturtz never obtained a distribution of these sites in the county, accurately and the number of sites is under copy of the ATLAS is that of the 33 even though many ATLAS locations are represented. It does appear that Muskingum County mounds and somewhat general, or even inaccurate, and concentrations of mounds shown on the enclosures which are shown exactly or only a small proportion of the total number ATLAS maps for particular counties should, generally in the ATLAS, Sturtz of sites that actually existed are shown in as Dancey suggests, at least alert the photographed or otherwise recorded only the ATLAS. researcher that mounds could very well be 17 of them. At the same time, the Overall, Dancey (1984; see also in the area. remaining 24 mounds and the enclosure Pacheco n.d.) feels that it is still possible which he photographed were not recorded that the ATLAS "... can be regarded as an Summary in the ATLAS. Of the 32 mounds shown on accurate reflection of the relative number of While we had initially written off the Mansfield's map, only 10 were some kinds of sites in a given township or ATLAS completely as any kind of useful photographed by Sturtz. It is particularly county." Dancey also states that ". . . it tool in locating sites, we can now say that unfortunate that Sturtz probably did not see would appear that (Mills') volume is a at its worst, at least 52 percent of the a copy of the ATLAS, for he might have source of useful distributional data . . ." ATLAS symbols are recorded accurately, or been able to verify many more of although he qualifies this statement with nearly so, and giving the publication all the Moorehead and Mills' sites. In any case, the following comment: benefit of the doubt, about 62 percent of the Sturtz photographs and notes provided An archaeologist would be foolhardy the symbols could reflect actual site

31 TABLE 1 MUSKINGUM COUNTY MOUND AND ENCLOSURE TOTALS BY TOWNSHIPS ACCORDING TO VARIOUS EARLY SURVEYS

Everhart Carskadden Sheward Mansfield Moorehead Mills Sturtz Morton Township 1877 1882 1899 1914 1919 1989

Adams _ _ __ — _ _ Brush Creek — 1 3 2 3 3 Blue Rock — 1 4 5 — 6 Cass - 3 1 3 2 3 Clay - - - - - 1 Falls 1 6 3 2 5 11 Harrison — 1 2 2 2 10 Highland ------Hopewell - - 6 7 5 6 Jackson - - — — — — Jefferson - 2 - — 2 4 Licking - 1 4 4 10 12 Madison - 4 10 8 _ 8 Meigs - - - — - 2 Monroe - - — - — _ Muskingum - 1 1 1 2 4 Newton - - 1 1 8 11 Perry - - - - - — Rich Hill - 1 3 3 1 6 Salem - 2 1 1 _ 2 Salt Creek — - 2 — _ _ Springfield 2 4 10 10 6 12 Union — - 1 1 1 2 Washington - 3 7 7 3 5 Wayne 2 5 4 6 5 14

Totals 5 35 63 63 55 122

TABLE 2 DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF MOUNDS IN VARIOUS DRAINAGE AREAS WITHIN MUSKINGUM COUNTY MILLS' ATLAS VERSUS CARSKADDEN-MORTON SURVEY (density = mounds and earthworks per stream mile)

Mills ATLAS Carskadden--Morton mounds/miles density mounds/miles density

Along Muskingum River 32/42 0.76 63/42 1.50

Muskingum River above Zanesville 18/24 0.75 27/24 1.12

Muskingum River below Zanesville 13/18 0.72 31/18 1.72

Along Licking River 6/16 0.37 17/16 1.06

Jonathan Creek drainage 17 mounds 25 mounds

Rix Mills area 4 mounds 10 mounds

32 MUSKINGUM COUNTY MILLS' ATLAS

1914 M ORGAN COUNTY Fig. 1 (Carskadden) Muskingum County map from Mills' ARCHAEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF OHIO showing the mounds and enclosures recorded by Moorehaed and Mills. The small triangular mound symbols and C- shaped enclosure symbols which appeared on the original ATLAS map have been covered by larger black dots here for easier recognition.

locations. On the other hand, the number of we might expect to find a total of at least 52 References mounds and earthworks shown accurately mounds along this portion of the Carskadden, Jeff on the ATLAS maps reflect less than a third Muskingum (30 x 0.5 x 3.5 = 52). Verifying 1979 The Brush Creek Tablet. OHIO ARCHAE­ of the sites that actually existed, at least for this projection could be a goal of some OLOGIST 29(3) 14. Muskingum County. future survey work along the lower 1985 Clark Sturtz: An Early Muskingum County Using the Muskingum County data, it Muskingum. Archaeologist. MUSKINGUM ANNALS might be possible to roughly estimate the While this formula might produce some 1:34-56. actual number of mounds and earthworks valid results in certain marginal areas of the 1986a THE EARLY HISTORY OF ZANESVILLE in other counties in eastern Ohio with the state, especially in counties where BY E.H.C. - ELIJAH HART CHURCH site information contained in Mills' ATLAS. Moorehead and Mills relied heavily on STORIES FROM THE ZANESVILLE As an example, for Morgan County, which informants, it probably breaks down in COURIER. The Muskingum Valley borders Muskingum County to the south, other areas, especially in southern Ohio, Archaeological Survey, Zanesville. the ATLAS shows 30 mounds immediately where there may have been survey bias 1986b James Sheward's Contributions to along the Muskingum River. If the Morgan towards counties with lots of spectacular Muskingum County Archaeology. County map is anything like the earthworks. In other words, the ATLAS MUSKINGUM ANNALS 3:26-38. Muskingum County map, then only about maps for counties such as Ross, Scioto, n.d. Bradley Atchinson and the High Hill half of these 30 mounds are located Pickaway, Butler, Hamilton, and perhaps Mounds. OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST (in correctly. However, based on the even Licking, may be far more accurate, at press). Muskingum County figures, the actual least in terms of numbers of sites, because Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton number of mounds along this portion of the of repeated surveys and excavations 1986 "Sacred Circles" Along the Muskingum: a river could be about three and a half times undertaken in these counties during the Preliminary Survey. OHIO ARCHAE­ the number of correctly located sites, Thus, years that the ATLAS was being compiled. OLOGIST 36(4):4-8.

33 COUNTY

MUSKINGUM COUNTY CARSKADDEN-MORTON 1989 COUNTY Fig. 2 (Carskadden) The black dots on this map represent the actual distribution of mounds and enclosures in Muskingum County, based on recent survey work by Carskadden and Morton. Each dot represents an individual site, with the exception of the Philo Mound Group (5 mounds), which is shown by only a single dot. These actual mound and earthwork sites have been superimposed over the Muskingum County map from Mills' ATLAS. The small triangular and C-shaped symbols that have not been covered by black dots, and which can still be seen scattered here and there on this map, are some of Mills' original mound and enclosure symbols that probably represent, for the most part, mislocated sites or sites that never existed in the first place (see explanation in text).

Dancey, W.S. Historical Society, Columbus. 1921 Flint Ohio. OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND 1984 The 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio: Ridge. OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORICAL (Society) PUBLICATIONS Its History and Significance. Paper AND HISTORICAL QUARTERLY 30:90- 7:110-203. presented at the 49th annual meeting of 161. Columbus. the Society for American Pacheco, Paul Joe Archaeology, Portland, Oregon, April 12. Moorehead, Warren King n.d. The Spatial Distribution of Mounds along 1892 PRIMITIVE MAN IN OHIO. Knickerbocker the Muskingum River: an Everhart, J.F. Press, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Application of Linear Nearest Neighbor 1882 HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, 1897 Report of Field Work, Carried on in t h e Analysis. OCCASIONAL PAPERS IN OHIO. A.A. Graham, Columbus. Muskingum, Scioto and Ohio Valleys ANTHRO-POLOGY 4. During the Season of 1896. OHIO Department of Anthropology, Ohio Mills, William C. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL State University, Columbus (in press). 1914 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF OHIO. (Society) PUBLICATIONS 5:165-274. The Ohio State Archaeological and 1899 Report of Field Work in Various Portions of

34 The Bridgewater Birdstone by Ken Simper P.O. Box 39 Hamilton, Indiana 46742

Here is an attractively banded grayish- other groove is at the base of the neck Bailey moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan. green slate birdstone never before where it connects to the body. This is a Here the bird was boxed up and stored in pictured. The length is 4 1/4 inches long feature uncommon to birds of this type. Bailey's attic for approximately twenty by 1 3/4 inches high. It has two unusual The birdstone was found by a Mr. years. After twenty years of storage, Bob features that I have never seen on any Boyer prior to 1945 along Nettle Creek had all but forgotten his collection, but other birdstones. The first distinction is near the small town of Bridgewater in rediscovered his treasured artifacts when the size of the talley notches in the tail. Williams County, Ohio. This little town he retired and moved to Fort Wayne, They are extremely deep and wide for does not exist today. Indiana. talleys. The other odditity that I noted are Mr. Boyer sold the bird to Bill Eckler of I met Bob and acquired the birdstone two sawed grooves under the neck. One Montpelier, Ohio. Eckler, after owning it from him on December 31,1987. groove is located at the jaw, similar in for just a short time, turned it over to Bob style to pop-eyed hard stone birds. The Bailey, also of Montpelier.

Fig. 1 (Simper) Birdstone from Williams County, Ohio. Spade Shaped Pendants By Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064

This pendant type is in some respects design itself. Often they are tally-marked Muskingum drainage of eastern Ohio as one of the most interesting of all slate or notched — often with no discernible well as the Kanawha valley of West pieces. Rarely are two of them alike, pattern. It would be safe to say that the Virginia. Washington County has there being a great deal of diversity in vast majority have been found in the produced a number of fine specimens.

Fig. 1 (Converse) Top row —Stoutville, Fairfield-Pickaway County line — Crawford County - • Buffalo Site, West Virginia — Bottom row — North of Marietta, Washington County — Caldwell, Noble County.

36 Determination of Projectile Point Function by Leland Patterson 418Wycliffe Houston, Texas 77079

INTRODUCTION (Patterson 1985) and for the North­ discriminant function that uses only Stone projectile points of Indians in western Plains (Knight and Keyser 1983). thickness and neck width. North America are usually associated Discriminant analysis is available in many After studies have been done to obtain with two types of weapons systems. One statistical programs for personal the analytical criteria for distinguishing system is the spear, either used alone or computers, such as NCSS, SPSS, between arrow and spear points, it is with a spear thrower (atlatl), and the other SYSTAT, GB-STAT and MICROSTAT-II. often possible to classify specimens system is the bow and arrow. In the There is also a simple method available without use of the discriminant function, literature of Ohio archaeology, it is to do discriminant analysis with a hand but simply by use of minimum and common to see any small point referred calculator if suitable computer facilities maximum values for key attributes. For to as a "bird point". This classification has are not available (Patterson 1984). The example, on the Upper Texas Coast, little meaning and decreases the value of use of discriminant analysis is not a most arrow points will have thicknesses an archeological study. It is important to difficult procedure for most computer under 5.0 mm, neck widths under 8.0 determine which type of weapon system programs or by use of a hand calculator. mm and weights under 2.3 grams was being used. Terms such as "Archaic The most difficult part of this type of study (Patterson 1985). bird point" and "Late Prehistoric bird is the collection of suitable data. SUMMARY point" should be avoided. The simplest form of discriminant It is suggested that the term "bird point" It is not only important to determine analysis is used to distinguish between be eliminated from archaeological which weapon system was being used, two groups, such as arrow and spear studies, and that suitable analytical but also to determine when a change in points. A mathematical function of key criteria be developed to distinguish systems occurred (Patterson 1982). variables is developed with a "cutoff between arrow and spear points. Studies There are analytical methods available to point" value to separate the two groups. should be done on a regional basis, distinguish between arrow and spear Thomas (1978:470) used length, width, because of possible differences in points, but the methods should be applied thickness and stem neck width as key technology. Any person with a basic on a regional basis to obtain best attributes for classification of arrow and knowledge of mathematics and a suitable precision. This article gives some spear points. Knight and Keyser amount of data should be able to conduct examples of the analysis of projectile (1983:202) also used length, width, this type of study. This would be a good point function. It is suggested that similar thickness and neck thickness as key type of project for serious avocational types of studies be done for the variables, but length was not found to be archaeologists in the northeast states, northeastern states, including Ohio. a significant variable. Patterson (1985:86) such as Ohio. ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY used thickness, neck width and weight as The impact force of a spear is generally key attributes. It should be possible to REFERENCES more dependant on weight than on classify stemless points by weight and Knight, G.C. and J.D. Keyser velocity, while the reverse is true for an thickness alone. 1983 A Mathematical Technique for Dating arrow. An arrow shaft generally has a There appear to be some regional Projectile Points Common to the smaller diameter than a spear shaft to differences in the attributes of arrow Northwestern Plains. Plain Anthropologist obtain lower weight and higher velocity. points, judging by the studies for the 28(101):193-207 Therefore, stem widths for arrow points Northwestern Plains (Knight and Keyser are usually narrower than for spear Patterson, L.W. 1983) and for the Upper Texas Coast 1982 Initial Development of the Bow and Arrow points. Also, with a lower weight shaft, an (Patterson 1985). Stem neck widths were in the Southern . La Tierra arrow requires a lower weight point than somewhat larger for the Northwestern 9(2):18-26, Southern Texas a spear point to maintain proper balance Plains than for the Upper Texas coast, Archaeological Association and good flight ballistics. possibly reflecting differences in arrow 1984 A Simple Statistical Classification The difference between a small spear shaft diameters. Also, width was a Method. Plains Anthropologist point and a large arrow point can be significant attribute for arrow points of the 29(105):247-251 difficult to distinguish by visual inspection Northwestern Plains but not for arrow 1985 Distinguishing Between Arrow and Spear alone. Thomas (1978) demonstrated that points of the Upper Texas Coast. Points on the Upper Texas Coast. Lithic Technology 14(2):81-89 the difference between arrow and spear Classification methods can sometimes points can be determined by the use of be applied to broken points if some key Thomas, D.H. discriminant analysis using certain key attributes can be measured. Knight and 1978 Arrowheads or Atlatl Darts: How the attributes of projectile points. Following Keyser 1983:206) developed an alternate Stones Got the Shaft. American Antiquity the example given by Thomas, discriminant function that uses stem neck 43:461-472 successful studies of this type were width alone. In a similar manner, conducted for the Upper Texas Coast Patterson (1985:86) developed a

37 Prufer's Pearls: Plagiarism in Ohio Contract Archaeology by James L. Murphy Ohio State University Libraries 1858 Neil Avenue Mall Columbus, Ohio 43210 A Fine Archaic Knife From Davies from a recent discussion of the Middle becomes merely "extensive), these texts County, Kentucky Woodland period (McDaniel 1988): are essentially the same. A few copying By J. F. Lansden, 3635 Gregory Ave., The predominant Middle Woodland errors or corrections (it is "elaborate Paducah, Kentucky manifestation in Ohio was the scale," not "scales," and the correct This fine example of archaic flintwork Hopewell culture, which lasted from reference (it is Dragoo, 1963, not 1962) was found in a creek bank south of 100 B.C. to A.D. 500. This culture do not obscure the fact that one person is Owensboro, Kentucky, by a youg boy was characterized by elaborate presenting the work of another person as who was playing in the creek. It was geometric earthworks, enclosures, his own composition. collected by Joe Ford of Owensboro and mounds which were often So many contract archaeologists have originally and it is fortunate that it associated with multiple burials and a presented this passage (or minor remained unbroken. diverse assemblage of exotic variations of it) as well as comparable Like many flint knives, this one was ceremonial artifacts (Brose et al. passages on the Paleo-lndian, Archaic, continually resharpened until it became 1978:68). Ceremonially, Hopewell Early woodland, Late Woodland, and Late acutely beveled. It is made of a high appears to represent a continuation Prehistoric periods as their own work that quality gray flint probably from the of the Adena culture, albeit on a it is difficult to determine who originally Harrison County Indiana deposits. The more expanded and spectacular did write it. A cursory check of the county chipping is carefully executed and shows scales [sic] (Dragoo 1963:13). files at the Ohio Historical Society reveals that the knapper seemed to be as Hopewellian trade networks were what is essentially the same text in interested in quality and style as he was extensive, and the raw materials for reports by Baker and Kime (1981), in simple function. It is 6 5/8 inches long. ceremonial objects were acquired Dewert, Kime, and Gardner (1981), Kime Anyone who has read even a modest from a various [sic] regions of North (1981, 1984), Immel and Barkes (1982), number of Ohio "contract archaeology" America. Copper and silver were Immel and Benedict (1983), Immel and reports must be struck by the similarity procured from the upper Great Lakes Frye (1980), Immel and Kime (1980, and repetitiousness of many of the Phase area; quartz crystals and mica were 1982, 1984), Norris (1984), Scheurer and I literature surveys. In large part this is acquired from the lower Allegheny Pape (1984), and Pape (1986). due to the purpose of such Phase I region; obsidian and grizzly bear One of the more recent examples is reconnaissance, which is to provide a teeth came to Ohio from the west; Pape (1986:15): general archaeological background for while shark and alligator teeth, "Materials used in the manufacture of the particular area being surveyed and to marine shell, and pearls were these ceremonial items were acquired the fact that areas in close proximity to transported from the Gulf Coast from various regions of North America: one another perforce have similar (Prufer 1964:75). copper and silver from the Upper Great archaeological potential or context. Compare this with the following Lakes; quartz crystals and mica from the This repetitiveness is also due, passage written by Immel and Kime Lower Allegheny region; obsidian and however, to the ease with which (1982:19): grizzly bear teeth from the west; and, substantial amounts of text can now be In Ohio, the predominant Middle shark teeth, pearls, and marine shells word processed and reprocessed. In fact, Woodland culture was the Hopewell, from the Gulf Coast area (Prufer 1964). it is quite unlikely that contract noted for its elaborate geometric In fairness to Olaf Prufer, his original archaeology would have so rapidly earthworks, enclosures, and mounds "Ur-text" should be quoted: burgeoned into the lush bureaucracy that which often were associated with Judging by the vast amounts of native it has become were it not for the personal multiple burials and a wide array of copper and silver objects found at computer/word processor (and the exotic ceremonial goods (Brose, et Hopewell sites, connections with the photocopier); in any case, "boiler plating," al. 1978:68). Ceremonially, the Upper Great Lakes copper district must to a greater or lesser extent, has become Hopewell appear to represent a have been quite close... a commonplace in contract archaeology. continuation of the Adena but on a "The lower Allegheny region provided When a contract archaeologist has more expanded and elaborate scale the Hopewellians with quartz worked intensively in the same area it is (Dragoo 1962:13). Hopewellian trade crystals, mica, chlorite, chloritic often cost efficient to cite, quote, or networks were more extensive. schist, and micaceous schist... The rework relevant material from previous Materials used in the manufacture of Rocky Mountain area may have reports. There is a point beyond which ceremonial objects were acquired furnished grizzly bear teeth, though efficiency becomes dishonesty, however— from various regions of North there is some evidence that this either I) when essentially irrelevant or America: copper and silver from the beast may also have roamed the inappropriate text (one's own or someone upper Great Lakes; quartz crystals Minnesota and Wisconsin area else's) is presented, with little or no and mica from the lower Allegheny before the arrival of the White Man... "reprocessing," merely to satisfy a region; obsidian and grizzly bear Whether obsidian came from the requirement of the cultural resources teeth from the West; shark and Yellowstone region is debatable... An management study, or 2) when the work alligator teeth, marine shell, and alternative or additional source of this of another person is presented, pearls from the Gulf Coast region material is the Southwest and/or inadvertently or deliberately, as one's (Prufer 1964:75). Mexico... own. The first instance can be considered Except for a few obvious rearrange­ "From the Gulf region of Florida the "padding" or boilerplating at its worst; the ments and replacement of words and Hopewellians obtained shark teeth, second instance constitutes plagiarism. phrases ("wide array" becomes "diverse alligator teeth, barracuda jaws, and a Consider the following passage taken assemblage," and "more extensive" variety of shells. Fossil shark teeth

38 may have been obtained from the by Bier contain these passages as part of the Ohio Department of Natural same area. On the other hand, very a "boiler plate" archaeological back­ Resources, though their standards large numbers of Miocene shark ground. Bier (pers. comm.) indicates that currently are applied so arbitrarily and teeth occur in the Calvert Formation the text was compiled at his request by a erratically that the second of these points or Maryland." number of Ohio Historical Society remains somewhat uncertain. This was written 25 years ago, before employees, but of course the joint and The Ohio Archaeological Council is the Yellowstone source of Hopewellian somewhat anonymous nature of the perhaps the nearest equivalent Ohio obsidian was established, and Prufer's authorship does not obviate the need for archaeology has to an arbiter of moral caution in assigning a source to "the dark proper acknowledgement. Only rarely and ethical standards, and possibly their black glass" is admirable, as is his (e.g., Skinner 1981) has this "boiler plate" Archaeological Services Review Com­ recognition that Miocene shark teeth ever been attributed, as it should be, to a mittee will address the question, though might be found either along the Gulf previous report. this would not be an easy matter, since at Coast or the coastal area of Maryland. Of course, since many of these reports least one of the offending parties is in the Therefore, the passage definitely should were issued through the same agency, employ of the current chair of that not be cited as evidence that obsidian did the question of plagiarism is in some committee. At the very least, it is hoped come from the Yellowstone area and that instances moot. Although routine that bringing the matter to the attention of shark's teeth did come from the Gulf acknowledgement of the original source the broader archaeological community Coast. The passage certainly cannot be of the boilerplate would have been in will make contract archaeologists pay cited as evidence for the remarkable and order, it seems evident that since the closer attention to their Phase I reports absurd notion that Hopewellian pearls passage was originally composed by and to the rudimentary courtesies of were traded from the Gulf Coast. employees of the Ohio Historical Society appropriate acknowledgement and Hopewellian pearls were gathered from nearly all archaeologists doing contract attribution. freshwater naiads, not marine or brackish work through the Ohio Historical Society water oysters and they most assuredly REFERENCES incorporated this and other extended Brose, David S,, Don Bier, Judith Astramecki et al. were not traded from the Gulf Coast area. passages in their reports, with little or no 1978 Archaeological Investigations of the Killen Electric Generating Station near Wrightsville, Adams County, Ohio. Cleveland Prufer, we are certain, knew this, and he emendation, as a standard practice. Museum of Natural History. Submitted to U.S. Dept. of the nowhere in this discussion even refers to While the wisdom of such a practice can Interior, Interagency Archaeological Services, Atlanta, Ga. Dewert, John pearls, but latterday contract archae­ be debated, the policy does not constitute 1979 Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Portion of ologists who have cribbed from him plagiarism. The situation is more com­ Proposed State Route 149-0.00 in Belmont County, Ohio. apparently were less knowledgeable and plicated, however, when the offending Dewert, John, and Gary Fairchild 1979 Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Route 161 less careful. passage is reproduced without acknowl­ By-pass around New Albany, Franklin County, Ohio. Report submitted by Martha Otto and Donald Bier to Ohio Dept of In any case, while these continual edgement or attribution in a report Trans-portation, September, 1979. references to Hopewellian pearls from the authored by someone not working under Dewert, John, Julie Kime, and Jeff Gardner 1981 A Preliminary Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Gulf Coast cannot be laid at Prufer's feet, the aegis of the Ohio Historical Society. Widening of U. S. 50 between Albany and Athens, Athens This clearly is the case with Scheurer and County, Ohio. Submitted by Donald A. Bier to Ohio Dept. of they do serve to show how pervasive and Transportation.Dragoo, Don W. sloppy the recycling of archaeological Pape (1984), Pape (1986), and McDaniel 1963 Mounds for the Dead: an Analysis of the Adena Culture. background text has been among some (1988), as well as others. Annals of Carneige Museum, Vol. 37. Pittsburgh.Frye, Lori Ann, and Elsie A. Immel contract archaeologists. In the same The argument that the original 1980 Detailed Testing of Two Sites and One Sensitive Area for the I- passage, in what was probably a slip of passages appear in what may be 670 Freeway and Airport Connector (FRA-670-3.93 / 9.94/3.95). Report submitted by Donald A. Bier to Ohio the pen, Prufer referred to quartz, mica, considered a public document (though Dept. of Transportation, March, 1980. and various metamorphic rocks from the probably not considered to be such by the Immel, Elsie A., and Lori Ann Frye 1980 Preliminary Cultural Resource Survey for the Proposed State "lower Allegheny" when lower or southern Ohio Historical Society) has no bearing Route 125 Realignment in Brown County, Ohio (BRO Appalachians would have been more on the question of whether the 12512.37/17.28). Report submitted by Donald R. Bier, Ohio Historical Society, August, 1980. accurate. Rock crystal, muscovite, and unacknowledged use of the material Immel, Elsie A., and Tod Benedict chlorite are not native to the Pittsburgh constitutes plagiarism or not. Nor does 1983 Preliminary Archaeological Survey for the Proposed Adams Rural Electric Headquarters and Warehouse Facility Site in region, as, again, Prufer well knows. This the question of the originality or accuracy Adams County, Ohio. geographic or geologic lapsus calami, of the passage used. In fact, it is the Immel, Elsie A., and Julie Kime 1984 Archaeological Survey of Intensive Development Areas along however, has been repeated by all repeated reuse of erroneous statements the Olentangy and Scioto River Drainages in Northern subsequent workers who have referred to Franklin and Southern Delaware Counties, OhioKime, Julie that unequivocally identifies these 1984 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed McComb and Three Prufer's discussion and who have instances of plagiarism and makes them Rivers Parks, Franklin County, Ohio. Report submitted to City of Columbus by Donald R. Bier, Ohio Historical Society, unwittingly included the reference to so blatant. I have also heard the June, 1984. pearls from the Gulf Coast. These two argument that because Phase I literature McDaniel, Gary mistaken references serve to identify 1988 Phase I and Phase II Cultural Resource Survey of the surveys are not really as important as Proposed 73.7 Acre Stewart Coal Company Mining Tract in examples of this text purloined from Phase II and Phase III reports, "boiler Liberty Township, Jackson County, Ohio (Permit Appication #0992). Report submitted to Stewart Coal Company. whomever originally misread Prufer's plating" — even to the point of Wellston, Ohio, by Shaune M. Skinner, Archaeological article. plagiarizing— is at most a venial sin. Services Consultants, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, January 25, Certainly the general quality of many 1988. What remains less clear is who did Norris, Rae originally write this and related passages. Phase I contract reports would suggest 1984 Phase I and II Archaeological Survey for Rainbow Place Senior Housing in Sunbury, Delaware County, Ohio. It would seem to have been someone that this is a widely held opinion. Submitted by Shaune M. Skinner, Archaeological Services employed at the Ohio Historical Society What should or what will be done about Consultants, Inc., July, 1984. Pape, Kevin W. when that agency was actively engaged the situation is unclear. If we were dealing 1986 An Archaeological Assessment of the Proposed Hillsboro Reservoir, Highland County, Ohio. Report submitted to in archaeological contract work. The with a college term paper (or high school Woolpert Consultants, Dayton, Ohio, June 9, 1986. earliest report that I find containing these term paper, a more appropriate analogy Prufer, Olaf H. 1964 The Hopewell Complex of Ohio. Pp. 35-83 in Hopewellian passages is Frye and Immel (1980), a in some of the instances), the result Studies, ed. by Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall. report submitted by Donald R. Bier in unquestionably would be a failing grade Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers, Vol. 12. Springfield. Scheurer, Elizabeth A., and W. Kevin Pape March, 1980. Reports compiled by the and very likely dismissal from the course. 1984 Cultural Resources Survey of a Proposed 1.9 Mile Natural Gas Society previous to this date and But in the "real" world of contract Pipeline Replacement near Ashland. Ashland County, Ohio. submitted by Martha Otto (Dewert 1979) archaeology the possibility of any such WAPORA. Inc., Cincinnati. Skinner, Shaune M. or by Otto and Bier (DeWert and Fairchild action seems remote. Instances of such 1981 Phase I Archaeological Survey for the Proposed New 1979) do not contain them. From 1980 Richmond Marina near New Richmond, Clermont County, plagiarism have been routinely— perhaps Ohio. Report submitted by Donald R. Bier, Ohio Historical on, virtually all contract reports submitted unwittingly— accepted and approved by Society, January, 1981. 39 A Strange Cavern — A Wayne County Mystery by Roger Rowe 755 Western Dr. Wooster, Ohio 44691

The author of the following article in no was discovered by a party of hunters of an Indian, with bracelets and way intends to point fingers nor in any way who were chasing a rabbit. They necklace of copper. The skeleton attempt to discredit any of the sources or chased bunny into a hole in a hill was in a sitting posture, facing the references cited. However, due to some near the line of the Cleveland & entrance of the tomb. Besides the recently published literature, the author of Akron railroad. As they were anxious skeleton were arrow heads, pestle this article is attempting to bring more to bag the rabbit they procured a and mortar and some stone hatchets. information on this subject to light. mattock and went to work to The things looked as if they had The Cleveland Plain Dealer, March 19, excavate. After they had dug down a been in the cavern for hundreds of 1891 published an article about the few feet they found a stone of great years. The coroner was summoned supposed discovery of a cavern near weight and which seemed to have but when he saw that the skeleton Wooster, Ohio which contained a burial. been fashioned by human hands. It was probably that of an Indian he Later this information was published in seemed to be a kind of granite, was properly refused to hold an inquest The American Antiquarian (1891: 180- about a yard square and was as unnecessary. The cavern has 181). More recently this information was covered with figures of arrows, fishes been visited by crowds of people reported by Corliss (1978: 33). and animals neatly carved in the from Wooster, who drive out to see it. However, what has not gained such solid rock. They forgot all about the The relics have been carefully publicity, was the article published in the rabbit in their curiosity to see what preserved and will be sent to some Wayne County Democrat on March 25, was under the big rock. They called museum. The skeleton is believed to 1891, which describes the article in the in two men who were working on the be that of some Indian king or chief." Plain Dealer and in the beginning gives a railroad nearby and the whole party It is interesting to note that Todd (1910) rebuttal. The article reads: went to work to raise the rock. It was makes no mention of this discovery in his "Remarkable Cavern Said to Have quite an undertaking, for the rock publication Geology and Archaeology of been Found Near Wooster. As a was nearly a foot thick. When it was Wayne County, Ohio. specimen of reportorial imagination tilted on edge the under side was now going the rounds of the press, found to have a picture of the sun References we publish the following, which sculptured on it, the rays being well 1891 American Antiquarian, 13:180 -181 appeared last Friday in the marked and finely executed. The Cleveland Plain Dealer. It is a hoax, middle of the sun is a pipe of Corliss, W.R. without any foundation whatever in and a tomahawk, probably signifying 1978 Ancient Man: A Handbook of Puzzling fact, but is as true perhaps as many peace and war. When the stone was Artifacts. Sourcebook Project. Glen Arm, kindred articles that periodically removed a subterranean cavern was M.D.21057 narrate alleged happenings in disclosed. A lantern and ladder were various parts of the land: procured and a thorough inves­ 1891 Cleveland Plain Dealer 3/19/1891 SPRINGFIELD, March 19,- (Special) tigation made. The tomb or chamber A traveling man just from Wooster.O, was found to be a perfect cube, Todd,J.H. gave your correspondent details of carved in the solid sandstone with 1910 Geology and Archaeology of Wayne an extraordinary cavern or tomb wonderful skill. The dimensions were County, Ohio. B.F. Bowen and Co. discovered near that place by a party 10 feet each way and the chamber Indianapolis. of hunters. The cave is situated was perfectly dry. In one corner was about seven miles from town and a human skeleton, presumably that 1891 Wayne County Democrat 3/25/1891

40 A Fine Archaic Knife From Davies County, Kentucky By J. F. Lansden 3635 Gregory Ave., Paducah, Kentucky

This fine example of archaic flintwork was found in a creek bank south of Owensboro, Kentucky, by a youg boy who was playing in the creek. It was collected by Joe Ford of Owensboro originally and it is fortunate that it remained unbroken. Like many flint knives, this one was continually resharpened until it became acutely beveled. It is made of a high quality gray flint probably from the Harrison County Indiana deposits. The chipping is carefully executed and shows that the knapper seemed to be as interested in quality and style as he was in simple function. It is 6 5/8 inches long.

Fig. 1 (Lansden) Archaic knife from near Owensboro, Kentucky.

41 A Large Hopewell Celt From Little Indian Creek, Butler County by Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

William C. Mills would be amazed, were so thickly located that for long were he alive today, to learn that a used, distances it is possible to see from the waterstained copy of his Archaeological site of one to that of others. The valleys of Atlas of Ohio, which was published and Indian Creek, Four-mile Creek [also sold by the Ohio State Archaeological called the Talawanda] and other tributary and Historical Society seventy-five years streams likewise are thickly dotted with ago for $5.00 a copy, recently went for mounds." (See Mills, 1914: 9-10.) $225.00 in a sale in Cincinnati. Not that On the western edge of Butler County Mill's Atlas is regarded today as the below Oxford lies Reily Township, drained authoritative word on Ohio archaeology by the Indian Creek and its tributary, the — hardly that, for a number of the Little Indian Creek. Mills reported 17 prehistoric earthworks cited within it on a mounds in this single township. Of the 17, county-by-county basis were in fact only 15 were counted in the valley of the natural features, while many others since Indian Creek while 2 were along the Little shown to be bona fide earthworks were Indian Creek. (See Mills, 1914: 9-10.) not included. No, the value of Mill's Atlas Positioned in the valley of the Little lies rather in the fact that it was a succinct Indian Creek is the farm of Maggie summary of the best information available Pierson. Lying partly in section 18 and at that time concerning Ohio's prehistoric partly in section 19 of the township, the sites, their types and their locations, farm is west of the town of Reily, just off which, while flawed, is nonetheless still the Reily-Peoria Road. It was on that farm useful. that Mills pin-pointed one of the 2 Little According to Mills, the richest counties Indian Creek mounds in his 1914 Atlas. in Ohio in 1914, from an archaeological And it was on that farm about 1935 that point of view, were Ross, with 455 sites of Melvin Montgomery, a one-time employee all kinds; Licking, with 352; Butler, with of the Butler County Park Board, found 251; Pickaway, with 241; Jackson, with the handsome, near-perfect hardstone 233; Franklin, with 187; Hamilton, with celt illustrated in this article. (See Figures •wag* 186; Fairfield, with 143; Coshocton, with 1 and 2.) Montgomery found it in a most 119; and Adams, with 117. The poorest, unusual place —the sheep barn on the archaeologically speaking, was Henry Pierson farm, where he was at work County, with only 2. cleaning out the accumulation of sheep Of them all, Butler was also one of the dung, hay and straw on the barn floor. His most prolific in mounds, according to supposition was that it had been picked Mills, with 221, trailing only Ross, with up by a baler baling straw or hay on the 370 and Licking, with 225. Mills observed farm and that it had been carried into the that "the rich valley of the [Great] Miami barn in one of the bales. (See Barlion, river, passing through [Butler] county, 1988.) offered an ideal place of abode for the Shortly after World War II, about 1947 aboriginal inhabitants, and in many or 1948, Montgomery gave the celt to places,...their mounds and other works Russell Barlion. Because I had admired Fig. 2 (Shriver) Side view of the same celt.

the celt when I had visited Russell in his Reily Township home several years ago, he gave it to me, in May, 1988. Because of a its symmetry, its fine workmanship, the absence of flaws, I regard it as a prized part of my collection of Butler County artifacts. I have no celt that is finer than this one. Dark gray in color, the celt was shaped from a glacial erratic of granite. Weighing 2 pounds, one ounce, it measures 7 1/16 inches in length, 2 3/8 inches in width just above the polished bit tapering to 1 3/4 inches in width at the poll, and 1 7/16 inches in thickness at mid-section. (See Figures 1 and 2.) In his very helpful booklet, Ohio Stone Tools, Robert N. Converse has noted that Fig. 1 (Shriver) This fine Hopewell celt was found in the valley of the Little Indian Creek in Reily "among the stone tools recovered from Township Butler County, Ohio, not far from the Ohio-Indiana state line. Measuring 7 1/16 inches in Ohio Hopewell mounds is a type of celt length, it tapers in width from 2 3/8 inchies near the bit to 1 3/4 inches at the poll. Dark gray in color, it was shaped from a compact granitec hardstone. which seems to be diagnostic of that 42 culture." Identifying that type as a tapered celt. It is long and oval in center References "tapered celt," Converse observes that cross-section; its bit is sharpened equally such celts "are usually long and oval in from both sides; all its other surfaces are Barlion, Russell center cross-section. The bits are smoothly rounded; its length falls within the 1988 Conversation. May 7. sharpened equally from both sides. There parameters described by Converse; and are no angular facets on the balance of the the stone from which it was shaped is Converse, Robert N. piece, all surfaces being smoothly rounded. heavy, dense, and of high quality. 1973 Ohio Stone Tools. The Archaeological Society of Ohio, Columbus. Classic examples are scarce. Most tend to Acknowledgments be fairly large, usually 7 to 8 inches in My indebtedness to Russell Barlion for Mills, William C. length. They are made from heavy, dense this fine celt is gratefully acknowledged. His 1914 Archaeological Atlas of Ohio. The Ohio stone of high quality." (See Converse, interest in the history and prehistory of the State Archaeological and Historical 1973:36.) Indian Creek Valley and southwestern Ohio Society, Columbus. Though I might wish its taper were more is both deep-seated and long-standing. I pronounced than it is (2 3/8 inches going to have learned much from him. 1 3/4 inches), I believe the object found a I am also indebted to the Miami half-century ago by Melvin Montgomery in University Audio Visual Department for fine a Reily Township sheep pen is a Hopewell photographic service.

BOOK REVIEW Cherts of Southern Ontario Royal Ontario Museum 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Canada M5S 2C6 51 pages - 2 color plates - 7 figs. Price $19.95

The Royal Ontario Museum is pleased documents the characteristics, the Palaeozoic cherts are described and to announce the publication of Cherts of geological and geographical distribution, illustrated. Such information will Southern Ontario by Peter H. von Bitter and the sources of chert found in natural contribute to a fuller understanding of and Betty Eley. outcrops, in roadcuts, and in quarries, in Ontario's prehistory including the Chert, a variety of quartz similar to flint, the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian settlement and trading patterns of the was used by the native peoples of rocks of southern Ontario. The province's first people. Ontario to manufacture tools and distinguishing macroscopic and weapons. Cherts of Southern Ontario microscopic characteristics of Lower

1990 Meetings of The Archaeological Society of Ohio January 21 - Aladdin Shrine Temple, The Aladdin Shrine temple is at 3850 several speakers and a talk by Robert Columbus, Ohio Steltzer Road - take the Morse Road exit Converse. Displays by Chapters on east off the I-270 Outerbelt and turn left at March 18 - Aladdin Shrine Temple, Sunday will be featured. Rooms and Columbus, Ohio first traffic light. tables for displays and sellers will be The June 23rd and June 24th meeting provided. May 20 - Annual Meeting, Aladdin Shrine will be a joint meeting with the West Further details for this meeting will be Temple, Columbus, Ohio Virginia Archaeological Society, Holiday sent to all members. November 11 - Aladdin Shrine Temple, Inn, Parkersburg, W. Va. Saturday Notices for additional summer meetings Columbus, Ohio evening program will include papers from will also be mailed to all members.

Back Cover A copper breastplate which was taken from a mound near Linnville in Licking County, Ohio, by Homer Frush and John Grubough in 1944, along with a copper awl. The Adena gorget was taken by the same two men from the Cooperider mound in Bowling Green Twp. Licking County, Ohio. The Ron Helman collection, Sidney, Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.

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