DOCSLIB.ORG

THE CHICAGO AREA FRIENDS of SNCC, the COORDINATING COUNCIL of COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, and the CHICAGO STRUGGLE for FREEDOM DURING the 1960'S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE CHICAGO AREA FRIENDS of SNCC, the COORDINATING COUNCIL of COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, and the CHICAGO STRUGGLE for FREEDOM DURING the 1960'S THE CHICAGO AREA FRIENDS OF SNCC, THE COORDINATING COUNCIL OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, AND THE CHICAGO STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM DURING THE 1960's Travis Wright A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS May 2019 Committee: Nicole Jackson, Advisor Rebecca Mancuso ii ABSTRACT Nicole Jackson, Advisor This project deals with the Black struggle for civil and human rights in Chicago during the 1960s. Because much of the scholarship dealing with Black Chicago focuses on the Chicago Freedom Movement, an actual event led by King and SCLC between 1965 and 1967, this project places emphasis primarily on the years prior to its inception. There are two groups that emerged during the Chicago campaign that are the center of this project: The Chicago Area Friends of SNCC and the Coordinating Council of Community Organizations. The CAFOS, heavily influenced by the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), was founded in 1962 to raise money and collect resources for SNCC workers in the South. However, they would eventually go on to begin their own battle against racism and discrimination in Chicago. The Council on the other hand, was a coalition of influential civil rights organizations that established a strong united front against existing white power structures in the city, namely the administrations of Mayor Richard Daley and Superintendent Benjamin Willis. I argue that there was a strong local movement taking place in Chicago prior to the CFM; a movement that has frequently been overshadowed if not erased. By looking more closely at the early Chicago movement and organizations such as CAFOS and the Council, it is clear that Chicago was a place of complex racial and political insurgency. These organizations laid the ground work for the CFM. These instances of activism in Chicago during the early 1960s reveal how issues of race affected those in the Midwest while also demonstrating the various ways in which Midwesterners and urban, Black citizens reacted to and engaged in the ongoing struggle for freedom. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe an enormous amount of gratitude to my mentor and thesis advisor, Dr. Nicole Jackson, whose guidance, support, and patience made this project possible. It is because of her that I am a better writer, thinker, and historian. I would also like to thank Dr. Rebecca Mancuso for agreeing to serve as a member on my thesis committee and for her invaluable feedback and guidance throughout this lengthy and difficult process; her comments and suggestions have also shaped this project and my growth as a scholar. I also owe thanks to Drs. Ruth Herndon and Benjamin Greene for creating a thesis writers group to read over the earliest drafts of this project while continuously offering their support and encouragement throughout the research and writing process. Relatedly, I thank my peers Rebekah Brown, John Stawicki, and especially Robert Carlock for constantly reading over my work and providing helpful comments and suggestions. Your support and friendship has been a tremendous source of comfort and encouragement as I navigated through the master’s program and completed this thesis. There are many others at Bowling Green State University that contributed to this project: Drs. Thomas Edge, Michaela Walsh, and Rebecca Kinney to name a few. I am particularly grateful to the History Department for funding my research trips and giving me endless support. I am thankful and proud to be a member of this program and department. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for being patient and allowing me the space I needed to complete this project in its final stages. Nick – thank you for being my partner in life and my best friend. Your love and support has meant everything to me. A special thank you to my parents Anita and Travis Wright for being my biggest fans and believing in me. This achievement is just as much yours as it is mine. Thank you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ..... ....................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: RACE AND BLACK EDUCATION: STUDENT ACTIVISM IN CHICAGO DURING THE SIXTIES ................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO: THE CHICAGO AREA FRIENDS OF SNCC .................................... 28 Founding & “Food and Funds for Freedom” Campaign .......................................... 28 Women & CAFOS ................................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER THREE: THE COORDINATING COUNCIL OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, AND THE DECLINE OF THE CHICAGO MOVEMENT .............. 48 1965 and Beyond – The Dissolution of the Chicago Movement.............................. 55 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................ 64 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 70 1 INTRODUCTION “Long before Dr. King and SCLC came north, Jim Crow was here, having followed the Great Migration of black folks during World War I, with an evolving color line in housing, schools, jobs, and politics.”1 In July of 1965, Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) arrived in Chicago to begin the Chicago Freedom Movement (CFM) - an ambitious campaign geared towards challenging racist and discriminatory housing policies, poverty, police brutality, and issues related to de facto segregation.2 This aggressive campaign for racial justice has resonated with many Americans as one of the major battles of the modern Civil Rights Movement and has largely dominated the narrative of Chicago’s struggle for freedom, especially during the 1960s. A topic that has garnered considerably less attention is the local movement that shaped the national CFM. The conduit between the lesser known local movement during the early sixties and the national CFM is the center of this project. This thesis examines the Black struggle for civil and human rights in Chicago during the 1960s. Because most of the scholarship dealing with Black Chicago during this period focuses on the CFM, an “enterprise determined to root out racial injustice, particularly housing discrimination in Chicago to improve the quality of life for the city’s Black residents, and to prod the nation as a whole to combat urban ills,” this project emphasizes the years prior to 1965.3 I began this project with a number of questions that guided my research. First, much of Chicago’s Black history tends to deal with the Great Migration and the CFM, but what was 1 Martin Deppe, Operation Breadbasket: An Untold Story of Civil Rights in Chicago, 1966-1971 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2017) 2. 2 Chicago Freedom Movement (CFM) is used when referring to housing and slums campaign led by SCLC between 1965 and 1967. I use “Chicago Movement,” or “Chicago struggle” when referring to the local, Chicago Civil Rights Movement as a whole. 3 James Ralph, Northern Protest: Martin Luther King, Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993) 1. 2 taking place between these two monumental events, particularly during the early 1960s? I wanted to know what racial inequality and discrimination in Chicago looked like, and how did local, Black Chicagoans organize themselves to combat racial inequality and injustice? Next, I considered the role women and young people – primarily high school and college students – played in the burgeoning protest environment that was unfolding at the start of the decade. Finally, I wanted to explore the ways in which the local struggle in Chicago shaped the national CFM. By 1965, King and the SCLC were looking for ways to geographically expand the movement. Wide scale protests in southern cities like Birmingham and Selma were influential factors resulting in the passage of Civil and Voting Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965, respectively. Following the passage of these laws, the emphasis of the movement was human and economic rights opposed to just civil rights. These issues were customary in northern and urban cities, which ultimately prodded King’s decision to shift north. The SCLC had considered a number of cities where they could test the limits of nonviolent direct action. Places like Washington D.C., Philadelphia, Cleveland, and New York City were all considered given their long histories of Black activism.4 However, many established leaders in those cities were reluctant to work with King and SCLC, fearing their local movements might be taken over by such nationally prominent leaders. In other spaces, local leaders rejected King’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance, especially as Black Power politics emerged during the second half of the decade.5 In the end, King and the SCLC decided on Chicago because there was a strong local movement already taking shape there. 4 Matthew Countryman, Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007) 174. 5 Ibid. 174-177. 3 Chicago was a pragmatic location for the first major, northern battle of the modern Civil Rights Movement. Race relations in Chicago were tense, and in some cases, proved to be just as volatile as those in the deep south.6 Prior to King’s arrival, there was already a strong civil rights insurgency taking place that the SCLC would
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Issues in Issues Issues in Race & Society
    Issues in Issues in Race & Society Issues in Race & Society Race Volume 8 | Issue 1 The Complete 2019 Edition In this Issue: Race & Africana Demography: Lessons from Founders E. Franklin Frazier, W.E.B. DuBois, and the Atlanta School of Sociology — Lori Latrice Martin Subjective Social Status, Reliliency Resources, and Self-Concept among Employed African Americans — Verna Keith and Maxine Thompson Exclusive Religious Beliefs and Social Capital: Unpacking Nuances in the Relationship between Religion and Social Capital Formation Society — Daniel Auguste More than Just Incarceration: Law Enforcement Contact and Black Fathers’ Familial Relationships — Deadrick T. Williams and Armon R. Perry An Interdisciplinary Global Journal Training the Hands, the Head, and the Heart: Student Protest and Activism at Hampton Institute During the 1920s — James E. Alford “High Tech Lynching:” White Virtual Mobs and University Administrators Volume 8 | The Complete 2019 Edition 2019 Complete 8 | The Volume as Policing Agents in Higher Education — Biko Mandela Gray, Stephen C. Finley, Lori Latrice Martin Racialized Categorical Inequality: Elaborating Educational Theory to Explain African American Disparities in Public Schools — Geoffrey L. Wood Black Women’s Words: Unsing Oral History to Understand the Foundations of Black Women’s Educational Advocacy — Gabrielle Peterson ABSASSOCIATION OF Suicide in Color: Portrayals of African American Suicide in Ebony Magazine from 1960-2008 — Kamesha Spates BLACK SOCIOLOGISTS ISBN 978-1-947602-67-0 ISBN 978-1-947602-67-0 90000> VolumePublished 8 |by Thethe Association Complete of Black2019 Sociologists Edition 9 781947 602670 Do Guys Just Want to Have Fun? Issues in Race & Society An Interdisciplinary Global Journal Volume 8 | Issue 1 The Complete 2019 Edition © Association of Black Sociologists | All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • 332-01 Jackson
    History 332-01, Spring 2005 Civil Rights and Black Freedom (RI, WI) Professor Tom Jackson Tuesday, Thursday, 11:00-12:15 Office: 200 McIver Building HEHP 351 Office Phone: 334-5709; History Dept.: 334-5992 [email protected] Office Hours: T, 1:30-2:30, Th, 12:30-1:30, W, by appt. This course begins with the assumption that women’s activism and issues of human rights and economic justice were integral elements of the African American freedom movement that spanned the twentieth century. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s looks different in this light, less distinctive chronologically and regionally, and suffused with issues not traditionally regarded as central to “civil rights” politics. This was more than simply a heroic battle against southern segregation, violence and disfranchisement. It was more than a series of dramatic, publicized confrontations that led to national policy breakthroughs. It was also a mass movement of ordinary people, intensely local, rife with internal conflict and contending ideologies, confronting bitter failures as well as extraordinary breakthroughs. Reconsidering the traditional civil rights narrative, we will examine Martin Luther King’s nonviolence, celebrity, and charismatic leadership in the context of his larger commitments to racial and economic justice, to international peace and to a global war on poverty. As a related issue, we will examine the mass media’s powerful role in communicating (and obscuring) the movement’s aspirations to national and international audiences. We will examine issues and people that did not make headlines: grass-roots organizers, women, labor union activists and working class “foot soldiers,” northern civil rights activists, articulate black nationalists, and especially, people who insisted that class and gender equality must also be goals in the struggle for racial equality.
    [Show full text]
  • Media, Civil Rights, and American Collective Memory A
    Committing a Movement to Memory: Media, Civil Rights, and American Collective Memory A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Meagan A. Manning IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Dr. Catherine R. Squires June 2015 © Meagan A. Manning, 2015 Acknowledgements This dissertation was completed over the course of several years, many coffee shop visits, and residence in several states. First and foremost, I would like to thank my adviser Dr. Catherine R. Squires for her wisdom, support, and guidance throughout this dissertation and my entire academic career. I would also like to thank my committee members, Drs. Tom Wolfe, David Pellow, and Shayla Thiel-Stern for their continued dedication to the completion of this project. Each member added a great deal of their own expertise to this research, and it certainly would not be what it is today without their contribution. I would also like to thank the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota for allowing me the opportunity to pursue graduate studies in Communication. A big thank you to the graduate student community at the SJMC is also in order. Thanks also to my family and friends for the pep talks, smiles, hugs and interest in my work. Finally, thank you to Emancipator, Bonobo, and Tacocat for getting me through all of those long days and late nights. i Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to Margaret and Edward Manning, Elvina and Edward Buckley and Edward Manning, Jr. and Gerard Manning, both of whom the universe took far too soon.
    [Show full text]
  • W. E. B. Du Bois at the Center: from Science, Civil Rights Movement, to Black Lives Matter
    The British Journal of Sociology 2017 Volume 68 Issue 1 W. E. B. Du Bois at the center: from science, civil rights movement, to Black Lives Matter Aldon Morris Abstract I am honoured to present the 2016 British Journal of Sociology Annual Lecture at the London School of Economics. My lecture is based on ideas derived from my new book, The Scholar Denied: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology. In this essay I make three arguments. First, W.E.B. Du Bois and his Atlanta School of Sociology pioneered scientific sociology in the United States. Second, Du Bois pioneered a public sociology that creatively combined sociology and activism. Finally, Du Bois pioneered a politically engaged social science relevant for contemporary political struggles including the contemporary Black Lives Mat- ter movement. Keywords: W. E. B. Du Bois; Atlanta School; scientific sociology; sociological theory; sociological discrimination and marginalization Innovative science of society There is an intriguing, well-kept secret, regarding the founding of scientific soci- ology in America. The first school of American scientific sociology was founded by a black professor located in a small, economically poor, racially segregated black university. At the dawn of the twentieth century – from 1898 to 1910 – the black sociologist, and activist, W.E.B. Du Bois, developed the first scientific school of sociology at a historic black school, Atlanta University. It is a monumental claim to argue Du Bois developed the first scientific school of sociology in America. Indeed, my purpose in writing The Scholar Denied was to shift our understanding of the founding, over a hundred years ago, of one of the social sciences in America.
    [Show full text]
  • What Made Nonviolent Protest Effective During the Civil Rights Movement?
    NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 5011th Grade Civil Rights Inquiry What Made Nonviolent Protest Effective during the Civil Rights Movement? © Bettmann / © Corbis/AP Images. Supporting Questions 1. What was tHe impact of the Greensboro sit-in protest? 2. What made tHe Montgomery Bus Boycott, BirmingHam campaign, and Selma to Montgomery marcHes effective? 3. How did others use nonviolence effectively during the civil rights movement? THIS WORK IS LICENSED UNDER A CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION- NONCOMMERCIAL- SHAREALIKE 4.0 INTERNATIONAL LICENSE. 1 NEW YORK STATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE TOOLKIT 11th Grade Civil Rights Inquiry What Made Nonviolent Protest Effective during the Civil Rights Movement? 11.10 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGE/DOMESTIC ISSUES (1945 – PRESENT): Racial, gender, and New York State socioeconomic inequalities were addressed By individuals, groups, and organizations. Varying political Social Studies philosophies prompted debates over the role of federal government in regulating the economy and providing Framework Key a social safety net. Idea & Practices Gathering, Using, and Interpreting Evidence Chronological Reasoning and Causation Staging the Discuss tHe recent die-in protests and tHe extent to wHicH tHey are an effective form of nonviolent direct- Question action protest. Supporting Question 1 Supporting Question 2 Supporting Question 3 Guided Student Research Independent Student Research What was tHe impact of tHe What made tHe Montgomery Bus How did otHers use nonviolence GreensBoro sit-in protest? boycott, the Birmingham campaign, effectively during tHe civil rights and tHe Selma to Montgomery movement? marcHes effective? Formative Formative Formative Performance Task Performance Task Performance Task Create a cause-and-effect diagram tHat Detail tHe impacts of a range of actors Research the impact of a range of demonstrates the impact of the sit-in and tHe actions tHey took to make tHe actors and tHe effective nonviolent protest by the Greensboro Four.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of the Civil Rights Movement, 1946-1968: Lawyers, Law, and Legal and Social Change (CRM)
    Aspects of The Civil Rights Movement, 1946-1968: Lawyers, Law, and Legal and Social Change (CRM) Syllabus Spring 2012 (N867 32187) Professor Florence Wagman Roisman Indiana University Robert H. McKinney School of Law Office Hours: Tuesdays and Wednesday – 11:00 a.m.- 12:00 p.m. Room 385 Roy Wilkins of the NAACP “reminded King that he owed his early fame to the NAACP lawsuit that had settled the Montgomery bus boycott, and he still taunted King for being young, naïve, and ineffectual, saying that King’s methods had not integrated a single classroom in Albany or Birmingham. ‘In fact, Martin, if you have desegregated anything by your efforts, kindly enlighten me.’ ‘Well,’ King replied, ‘I guess about the only thing I’ve desegregated so far is a few human hearts.’ King smiled too, and Wilkins nodded in a tribute to the nimble, Socratic reply. ‘Yes, I’m sure you have done that, and that’s important. So, keep on doing it. I’m sure it will help the cause in the long run.’” Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954-1963 (Simon and Schuster 1988), p. 849. Welcome to this course in the Civil Rights Movement (CRM). I adore this course, as has almost every student who’s taken it when I’ve taught it before. I have four goals for the course: to increase and make more sophisticated our understanding of what actually happened during the CRM, to consider the various roles played by lawyers and the law in promoting (and hindering) significant social change, to see what lessons the era of the CRM suggests for apparently similar problems we face today, and to promote consideration of ways in which each of us can contribute to humane social change.
    [Show full text]
  • “Who Speaks for Chicago?” Civil Rights, Community Organization and Coalition, 1910-1971 by Michelle Kimberly Johnson Thesi
    “Who Speaks for Chicago?” Civil Rights, Community Organization and Coalition, 1910-1971 By Michelle Kimberly Johnson Fig. 1. Bernard J. Kleina, 1966 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In the Department of History at Brown University Thesis Advisor: Françoise Hamlin Friday, April 8, 2016 I am writing this thesis as a Black, biracial, woman of color. My Black paternal grandparents spent most of their lives on the South Side of Chicago, my father grew up there, and I grew up in Waukegan, Illinois, a mixed-income suburb fifty miles north of the city. This project is both extremely personal and political in nature. As someone working toward a future in academic activism and who utilizes a historical lens to do that work, the question of how to apply the stories and lessons of the past to the present, both as an intellectual project and a practical means of change, is always at the forefront. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ...........................................................................................................................4 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................7 Chapter 1 Establishing Identity: The Great Migration and Early Civil Rights Organizing, 1900-1960 .......24 Chapter 2 Coordinated Efforts: The Battle for Better Schools, 1960-1965 ..................................................52 Chapter 3 End the Slums: Martin Luther King, Jr., 1966, and
    [Show full text]
  • Centennial Bibliography on the History of American Sociology
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications Sociology, Department of 2005 Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology Michael R. Hill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Hill, Michael R., "Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology" (2005). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R., (Compiler). 2005. Centennial Bibliography of the History of American Sociology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY Compiled by MICHAEL R. HILL Editor, Sociological Origins In consultation with the Centennial Bibliography Committee of the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology: Brian P. Conway, Michael R. Hill (co-chair), Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (ex-officio), Jack Nusan Porter (co-chair), Pamela A. Roby, Kathleen Slobin, and Roberta Spalter-Roth. © 2005 American Sociological Association Washington, DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Note: Each part is separately paginated, with the number of pages in each part as indicated below in square brackets. The total page count for the entire file is 224 pages. To navigate within the document, please use navigation arrows and the Bookmark feature provided by Adobe Acrobat Reader.® Users may search this document by utilizing the “Find” command (typically located under the “Edit” tab on the Adobe Acrobat toolbar).
    [Show full text]
  • |||GET||| Writing to Save a Life the Louis Till File 1St Edition
    WRITING TO SAVE A LIFE THE LOUIS TILL FILE 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE John Edgar Wideman | 9781501147289 | | | | | Louis Till Just wow! Everybody knows the tragic story of Emmett Till, but I never really thought of his father before I began reading this book. It seemed to this reader Wideman leveraged the story of Emmett Till and his father Louis to tell his own story. Help carry the weight of hard years spent behind bars. Though we certainly know how. Categories : births deaths 20th-century executions by the United States military 20th-century executions of American people African-American military personnel American army personnel of World War II American male criminals American people convicted of murder American people convicted of rape American people executed abroad Executed African-American people Executed people from Missouri Murder in Italy People executed by the United States military by hanging People convicted of murder by the United States military People executed for murder People from New Madrid, Missouri United States Army soldiers. This one was not an easy read, not because Writing to Save a Life The Louis Till File 1st edition the subject matter, but because of the meandering way it seemed to me to read. As apparently back then the sins of the fathers were visited upon their children, the federal case was never pursued. I stuck with it because I have a ton Writing to Save a Life The Louis Till File 1st edition respect for John Edgar Wideman and loved many of his books. On June 27,near the Italian town of Civitavecchia, where American soldiers were camped nearby, sirens sounded a false alarm, gunfire erupted as searchlights scanned the dark night sky.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther King Jr
    Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who The Reverend became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the American civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968. King Martin Luther King Jr. advanced civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, inspired by his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. He was the son of early civil rights activist Martin Luther King Sr. King participated in and led marches for blacks' right to vote, desegregation, labor rights, and other basic civil rights.[1] King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and later became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). As president of the SCLC, he led the unsuccessful Albany Movement in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities, who sometimes turned violent.[2] FBI King in 1964 Director J. Edgar Hoover considered King a radical and made him an 1st President of the Southern Christian object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963, forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital Leadership Conference affairs and reported on them to government officials, and, in 1964, In office mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.[3] January 10, 1957 – April 4, 1968 On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating Preceded by Position established racial inequality through nonviolent resistance.
    [Show full text]
  • HIS 711 the Twentieth Century South
    HIS 711 The Twentieth Century South Charles Bolton Office: HHRA 2135 Office Hours: 2:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. Tu, or by appointment Phone: 334-5204; e-mail: [email protected] This course will explore the South's social, economic, political, and cultural development in the twentieth century. Among the topics that will be addressed are the changing status of African Americans in the region; political developments during the period (from one-party rule by the Democratic party in the early twentieth century to the re-emergence of the Republican party during the second half of the twentieth century); and the transformation of the South from an overwhelmingly agricultural, rural society to a region identified in the years following World War II with the phenomena of Sunbelt urbanization and industrialization, as well as increasing globalization. Since the time of the Civil War, various Southerners and non-Southerners have proclaimed the coming of a New South--one in which the defeated Confederacy would rejoin and ultimately resemble the rest of the nation. Thus, this course will also attempt to answer the following questions: When, if ever, did a New South develop? What factors made the South distinctive from other American regions in the twentieth century? When did these unique characteristics disappear, or are they still present today? In addition to looking at how historians have interpreted this century of change in the South, this course will also examine how Southerners themselves have explained these changes through the rich tradition of southern autobiography. Required Readings (available at the University Bookstore or many other outlets): Edward L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Black Power Movement. Part 2, the Papers of Robert F
    Cover: (Left) Robert F. Williams; (Upper right) from left: Edward S. “Pete” Williams, Robert F. Williams, John Herman Williams, and Dr. Albert E. Perry Jr. at an NAACP meeting in 1957, in Monroe, North Carolina; (Lower right) Mao Tse-tung presents Robert Williams with a “little red book.” All photos courtesy of John Herman Williams. A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of BLACK STUDIES RESEARCH SOURCES Microfilms from Major Archival and Manuscript Collections General Editors: John H. Bracey, Jr. and Sharon Harley The Black Power Movement Part 2: The Papers of Robert F. Williams Microfilmed from the Holdings of the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor Editorial Adviser Timothy B. Tyson Project Coordinator Randolph H. Boehm Guide compiled by Daniel Lewis A microfilm project of UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS OF AMERICA An Imprint of LexisNexis Academic & Library Solutions 4520 East-West Highway • Bethesda, MD 20814-3389 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Black power movement. Part 2, The papers of Robert F. Williams [microform] / editorial adviser, Timothy B. Tyson ; project coordinator, Randolph H. Boehm. 26 microfilm reels ; 35 mm.—(Black studies research sources) Accompanied by a printed guide compiled by Daniel Lewis, entitled: A guide to the microfilm edition of the Black power movement. Part 2, The papers of Robert F. Williams. ISBN 1-55655-867-8 1. African Americans—Civil rights—History—20th century—Sources. 2. Black power—United States—History—20th century—Sources. 3. Black nationalism— United States—History—20th century—Sources. 4. Williams, Robert Franklin, 1925— Archives. I. Title: Papers of Robert F. Williams.
    [Show full text]