Nineteenth-Century Literary Visitors to the Iioosier State : a Chapter in American Cultural History Robert R

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Nineteenth-Century Literary Visitors to the Iioosier State : A Chapter in American Cultural History Robert R. Hubach* Although Indiana is well known as the birthplace and home of more famous writers than almost any other Mid- western state-Edward Eggleston, Lew Wallace, James Whitcomb Riley, and Theodore Dreiser, to mention only a few,-individuals seldom realize that numerous nineteenth- century British and American authors were guests of Hoosierdom and wrote historically important impressions of their visits. At least twenty-nine significant writers not natives of the state touched the borders of, passed through, toured, or lectured in Indiana during the last century. This number may not be so large as several eastern states might boast, but Indiana's central location between the Atlantic Coast and the West was, nevertheless, advantageous in bringing within her borders people who were traveling across the country. Most of the writers were attracted by the scenery of the wilderness and were curious about the inhabitants; in general, the Americans were more interested in the aspects of nature, while the English were more in- tent on studying manners and morals. Seldom was either one concerned with economic conditions. Not the least of the English authors' purposes was to earn money by lecturing and writing; they became piqued when they were poorly received and often stayed for too short a time to obtain accurate impressions. On the other hand, the Americans traveled primarily to see the West and visit friends and relatives. Their opinions were, therefore, in the main more accurate. Before frontier civilization had advanced far enough to receive the attention of eastern and European literati, numerous writers of travel narratives, diaries, and letters sojourned in Indiana.'

* Robert R. Hubach is assistant professor of English at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio. 1 For the sake of completeness it is well to list the following minor writers and the dates of their visits: Thomas Hutchins, 1778; George Imlay, 1793; C. F. Volney, 1804; John Melish, 1806, 1807, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1822; Jervasse Cutler, 1812; David Thomas, 1816; Samuel R. Brown, 1817; Morris Birkbeck, 1817; Thomas Dean, 1817; William 40 Indiana Magazine of History

The first author of much importance to touch the Indi- ana Territory was Thomas Ashe, adventurer, novelist, and trave! narrator. In 1806, he traversed the Ohio Valley region and in Munchausen-like exaggeration typical of him described the falls of the Ohio near Louisville as an awful scene of waters pouring down in “horrid fury.”? His book is called a blundering, abusive narrative by William H. Venable, an authority on early literature in the Ohio Valley.3 Abraham Lincoln, although most often remembered as a great political figure, in his addresses wrote excellent prose and is today considered a major American author. His name is more usually associated with the state of Illinois, but Indi- ana played an important role in the formative years of his life. He dwelt in a frontier homestead in the Hoosier state from his eighth year (1817) until shortly after his twenty- second birthday, and even during this period he displayed a talent for story-telling and rhyming.‘ Significant in the history of early Indiana is the name of Baynard Rush Hall, a Philadelphian who journeyed west- ward about 1822 and located near Gosport. His book tells of his life there and at Bloomington, where he was first principal and later a professor in the seminary which developed into Indiana University, and of his eventual dis- appointment in the West.” One authority states that it stands unrivaled as a critical study of the pioneers.B

Darby, 1818; E. Dana, 1819; D. B. Warden, 1819; Richard Lee Mason, 1819: E. Mackenzie. 1820: Thomas S. Teas. 1821: William Forster. 182111822; Captain ‘Blaney, 1822-1823 ; William Faux, 1823; William Hebert, 1825; William Pelham, 1825-1826; Karl Bernhard (Duke of Saxe-Weimar) . 1825-1826: Isaac Reed. 1828: CaDtain Basil Hall. 1827- 1828; William’ Cobbett, 1828; Karl Postel, 1828; Caleb Atwater,’ 1829; Charles F. Coffin, 1824-1833; Victor C. Duclos, 1825-1833 ; Charles Pinckney Ferguson, 1836; and John Parson. 1840. Harlow Lindley (ed.), Indiana as Sea by Early Travelers, in the Indiana Historical Collections (Indianapolis, Indiana, 1916- ) , I11 (1916), 5-6. 2See Travels in America, Performed in 1806, for the Purpose of Exploring the Rivers Alleghang, Monongahela, Ohio, and Mississippi, and Ascertaining the Produce and Conditions of Tk.eir Banks and Vicinity (Newberry, Massachusetts, 1808), 238. 3See Beginnings of Literary Culture in the Ohio Valley (Cin- cinnati, Ohio. 1891). 16. 4 John E. Iglehart, “The Environment of Abraham Lincoln in Indiana,” in Indiana Historical Society Publieations (Indianapolis, In- diana, 1895- ), VIII (1925), 147-182. 5 The New Purchase, or Seven and a Half Years in the Far West (New York, 1843). OQuoted from Judge D. D. Banta in Logan Esarey, A History of Indiana (2 vols., Indianapolis, Indiana, 1915), 11, 1115-1116. A Chapter in American Cultural History 41

An important early Britisli literary figure to visit Indi- ana was Robert Owen, the reformer, who bought approxi- mately twenty thousand acres of land from the Rappite religious sect and on the Wabash River founded a socialistic community which he called New Harmony. He delivered an address here on Wednesday, April 27, 1825, set- ting forth his communistic plans. On July 17, 1825, he em- barked at New York for New Lanark with the intention of visiting his family and returning with them as early as possible. In November of the same year, he returned to New York with his son, Robert Dale Owen, and Donald Mac- donald. His son and Macdonald with thirty or forty people journeyed down the Ohio and reached New Harmony on January 24, 1826, whereas Owen himself had left the group and arrived at New Harmony twelve days earlier. But since there was no effective choice of colonists and differences about the form of government and religion shortly arose, the experiment was concluded in 1827. He visited America again, however, between 1844 and 1847.? This venture pre- ceded many other socialistic experiments in America. Although almost forgotten today, Timothy Flint was one of the first writers of the early West. He began his career as a Congregational minister in Massachusetts but turned to teaching and farming and later to authorship and editing. He wrote four novels, including Francis Berrian (1826) ; in this book the hero descends the Ohio River and eventually takes part in the Mexican Revolution.8 IIis most valuable work is his picturesque autobiographical narrative, Recollec- tions of the Last Ten Years, in which he describes the log cabins along the Ohio and mentions visiting Vincennes.O It is in A Condensed Geography and History of the Western States, or the Mississippi Valley, however, that he discusses Indiana most completely. In this work he comments on the

?New Harmony, Indiana, Gazette, October 1, December 7, 1825, and January 18, 1826; Robert Dale Owen, Threading My Way (New York, 1874), 260, 263, 267, 268, 269, 275; Richard D. Leopold, Robert Dale Owen, A Biography (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1940), 25, 29, 45, 185, 216-217. See also “The Diaries of Donald Macdonald,” in the Indiana Historical Society Publications, XIV (1942), 308, 333-337. Macdonald gives the date of Owen’s address as April 20. See ibid., 292. 8 Venable, Beginnings of Literaw Culture in the Ohio Valley, 348. DTimothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years (Boston, 1826), 54-58, 84; John E. Kirkpatrick, Timothy Flint, Pioneer, Mis- sionary, Author, Editor (Cleveland, Ohio, 1911). 42 Indiana Magazine of History topography of the Hoosier state, her rich soil, her climate, minerals and fossils, antiquities, Indians, settlements, roads, canals, government, and history. Particularly interesting is the fact that he saw bear, deer, and wild turkey.’O Less well known than her son, Anthony Trollope, the great British novelist, is Mrs. Frances M. Trollope, who, although she also wrote novels, is remembered mainly for her caustic book, Domestic Manners of the Americans, which made many enemies for her in the United States. Since her husband had done poorly in business, in 1828 she and he journeyed from England via New Orleans to Cincinnati to retrieve their fortunes by running a fancy-goods shop. Her attitude towards the scenery her steamboat passed as it wound up the Ohio River can best be shown by a quotation from her

book: I‘. . . the Ohio is bright and clear; its banks are con- tinually varied, as it flows through what is called a rolling country, which seems to mean a district that cannot show a dozen paces of level ground at a time. The primaeval forest still occupies a considerable portion of the ground, and hangs in solemn grandeur from the cliffs; but it is broken by fre- quent settlements, where we were cheered by the sight of herds and flocks. . . . Often a mountain torrent comes pouring its silver tribute to the stream, and were there occasion- ally a ruined abbey, or feudal castle, to mix the romance of real life with that of nature, the Ohio would be perfect.”” Somewhat later she attended a revival meeting in the Indiana backwoods. In her own words: “The prospect of passing a night in the back woods of Indiana was by no means agreeable, but I screwed my courage to the proper pitch, and set forth.” What she saw there were campfires and numerous tents in which people prayed, called aloud to Christ, and sobbed. She wrote that at midnight public worship began and that the preachers incited the people to squirm on the ground as if in convulsions but added that a very satis- factory collection was taken.’* Her business venture in Cin- cinnati was a failure, and, greatly disillusioned, she left the country after a three-years’ residence.

10 This two-volume work was published at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1828, see 11, 137-172. 1’ Domestic Manners of the Americans (2 vols., London, 1832), I, 44-45. 12 Ibid., 233-246. A Chapter in American Cultural History 43

The first great literary figure to see Indiana was Wash- ington Irving, who in 1832 took a steamboat down the Ohio for a tour of the western prairies.I3 He left Cincinnati on September 3 and reached Madison, Indiana, on September 4. In his journals he described the town as a “neat little place built of brick.” Later he passed clearings along the banks of the river and noticed a solitary log hut among the forests. By September 8, he had come to the confluence of the Wabash and Ohio, and at that time he contrasted the two rivers: “Wabash enters peacefully into the peaceful river-water clear, greenish-blue-Ohio yellow. Men on sand-bar with a seine sack.”’* This trip undoubtedly engendered an interest in the West which resulted in such books as Astoria and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville. Accompanying Irving at the time was Charles Joseph Latrobe, the English author and traveler.’j A writer who visited the well-known Door Prairie was Charles Fenno Hoffman, the New York editor, who took a trip West in 1833-1834 to improve his health. During De- cember, 1833, he traveled by stage from Pittsburgh to Cleve- land, by boat to Detroit, and by horseback and four-horse wagon through Indiana to Chicago. He thought the undulat- ing land around La Porte much like the groundswell of the sea, but he was depressed by its monotony and the dreary sky. He described La Porte in a letter dated December 29. “It was afternoon when we reached the little settlement of Laporte, which is situated on a pretty lake, in a prairie of the same name, the skirts of which are beautifully tim- bered.” His comment on the word Hoosier is also interesting. “The term ‘IIooshier,’ like that of Yankee, or Buck- eye, first applied contemptuously, has now become a soubriquet that bears nothing invidious with it to the ear of an Indianaian.” He noted that northern Indiana was still sparsely settled, but that it would probably soon support a dense population. He continued by describing the poor

1s For a detailed account of this trip see Washington Irving, A Tour of the Prairies (Philadelphia, 1835), and Henry L. Ellsworth, Washington Irving on the Prairie; or a Narrative of a Tour of the Southwest in the Year 18.12 (New York, 1937). 14 William P. Trent and George S. Hellman (eds.), The Journals of Washington Irving (3 vols., Boston, 1919), 111, 101, 104. 15 Charles J. Latrobe, The Rambler in North America, (2 vols., London, 1835), I, 99, 111. 44 Indiana Magazine of History roads, pine barrens, and a dangerous morass he crossed en route to Lake Michigan.lB Later than Mrs. Trollope, another British authoress, Harriet Martineau, visited America. Since she was eager to experience pioneer life, she toured Door Prairie en route to Chicago early in the summer of 1836. She and her party traveled by carriage from Michigan to La Porte. Because it was raining at the time, they encountered bad roads and their coach stuck in the mud near Michigan City. They, therefore, remained with a hospitable farmer and family that night; Miss Martineau noted that his estate consisted of eight hundred acres and had cost him $1.25 per acre. His house was made of logs and contained three rooms. The next day her party jolted onward across the prairie. A washout forced them and some obliging settlers to build a bridge so their coach could cross a rampant stream. Miss Martineau described Michigan City as being only three years old, cut out OP the forest, and interspersed with little swamps. Here for the first time she saw Lake Michigan, and she wrote about it enthusiastically. After an evening meal of pork, bread, potatoes, preserves, and tea, the party took a walk. She noticed the wild flowers and insects on the way and gave a poetic description of the sun- set and the return. “We walked briskly home, beside the skiey sea, with the half-grown moon above us, riding high.” The journey continued the following day, and another bridge had to be built. The party spent that night not in bed- rooms but in the loft of a house-the only house in America where Miss Martineau received bad treatment. Although her comments on the United States were often unfavorable, she appreciated the rural beauty of Indiana and, being interested in economics and sociology, adversely criticized the enactors of the English Corn Laws for taxing food when grain grew in such abundance in western Arnerica.l7 Traveling west more often than any other major nineteenth-century author was Ralph Waldo Emerson. As early as the 1840’s, he was making addresses west of the Alleghen- ies, and for twenty years he withstood the hardships of

1eA Winter in the West (2 vols., New York, 1835), I, 224-231. 17 Society in America (2 vols., London, 1837), I, 243-258, 307. A Chapter in American Cultural History 45

winter, food, and inadequate travel facilities to spread his transcendental philosophy to the outposts of the prairies. Many of the details of his contacts with Indiana are un- known, but by June, 1850, he had touched the southern border of the state en route to St. Louis down the Ohio River from Cincinnati.lS On June 5, he and a group of literary acquaintances reached Evansville and took passage up the Green River in Kentucky.l” IEe crossed northwestern Indiana a few weeks later when journeying from Chicago to Michigan.2o Emerson traversed the Hoosier state in January, 1857, en route from Chicago to Cincinnati, where he lectured. In 1859, he outlined a proposed western tour which included Terre Haute among a list of eighteen different towns and cities in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, but later he evidently dropped this community from his itinerary.21 Again in Indiana, this time in February, 1860, at Lafay- ette, where he probably lectured, he had to charter a special train to Michigan City in time to reach Chicago for another address.22 On January 23, 1863, he wrote to Elbridge G. Dudley of Indianapolis to arrange for him to speak there,23 but further information about this trip is lacking. He lectured at La Porte on “Social Aims in America” on a later visit in 1866, and the La Porte Herald of January 20 of that year judged his style not oratorical but graceful and fluent.24 This opinion was the prevailing one at the time. He read the same talk in Indianapolis on February 13, according to the Indianapolis Daily Journal of the same date.25 Although he continued visiting the Midwest until as late as 1871, he aged perceptibly during these years and found lecturing more difficult than when he was younger. The attendance at the

18 E. U’. Emerson and Waldo E. Forbes (eds.), Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson (10 vols., Boston, 1912), VIII, 114. 19 Ralph L. Rusk (cd.), The Letters of Ralph Waldo Enterson (6 vols., New York, 1030), IV, 208; Louise Hastings (ed.), Journal at the West by Ralph \Valdo Emerson (Ph. D. dissertation, Indiana University, Rloomington, Indiana, 1942). 20Emerson and Forbes, Journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, VIII, 114. 21 Rusk, The Letters of Ralph WultIo Emerson, V, 58, 182n. 22 Ibid., 195-196. 2sZbid., 308. 24 Ibid., 449. 25 Ibid., 452. 46 Indiana Magazine of History

lyceums was often discouraging, but as time passed he made numerous friends and saw many of the early crudities of the frontier gradually disappear. Though polished and learned, he understood that much of the greatness of the West lay in its masculine strength and self-reliance. More and more authors visited Indiana as the century progressed. Bayard Taylor passed through the state many times on his lecture tours. Although he was primarily a poet, he took to the lyceum platform because of need for money. During his 1854-1855 lecture season, he made one hundred twenty-eight separate appearances, asking fifty dol- lars for each of them. He spoke at New Albany, Indiana, in April, 1854. The subject matter of his talks varied. He discussed culture and the differences between Europeans and Americans, warned against excessive emotion in literature, and adversely criticized the South, which he believed would eventually have to be broken by force.26 Anthony Trollope, the son of Mrs. Trollope and author of the famous “Barsetshire Chronicles,” crossed Indiana during the fall of 1861. Although this journey was taken at night and he saw nothing of the countryside, his description of the sleeping cars of that era is historically interesting. “I found that these cars were universally mentioned with great horror and disgust by Americans of the upper class. They always declared that they would not travel in them on any account. Noise and dirt were the two objections!”27 The American Senator is a novel indebted to his United States tours. Like Emerson and Bayarcl Taylor, Bret Harte lectured widely. His success as a short-story writer drew large audiences to hear him speak about his California experiences, and for a time he was lionized by the American public. In Indiana he delivered addresses at South Bend in the fall of 1873 and at Fort Wayne late in January of 1875. But he wrote to his wife that the trips tired him and that he was eager to return home.2s Oscar Wilde, the apostle of aestheticism, invaded Indiana during his American tour in 1882. He spoke in Fort Wayne

26 See Richmond C. Beatty, Bayard Taylor, .Laureate of the Gilded Age (Norman, Oklahoma, 1936), 147-148, passzm. 27No~thAmerica (New York, 1862), 157. 28 See Geoffrey Bret Harte (ed.), The Letters of Bret Harte (Boston, 1926), 31, 48. A Chapter in American Cultural History 47 in February of that year, but the welcome he received was hardly favorable. A group of playful youths garbed themselves in “aesthetic” costume and wore lilies and sunflowers for the occasion ; they created no commotion, however. The Fort Wayne News called the talk a “languid, monotonous stream of mechanically arranged words . . . scholarly but pointless; as instructive as a tax list to a pauper, and scarcely as interesting.” And his figure was judged “unpre- possessing.” From Fort Wayne, Wilde circled around to Detroit, Cleve- land, Cincinnati, Louisville, and Indianapolis. Morris Ross, on the staff of the Indianapolis News, said that Wilde gained attention mainly by adopting knee breeches and a lily. The latter’s lecture at the last-named city was by no means suc- cessful. One reporter caught him using the word “handi- crawftsmen” seventeen times and noted his pronunciation of “teel-e-phone,” “eye-solate,” and “vawse.” The same newsman disliked Wilde’s legs, which he said had no more symmetry than the same length of garden hose. Wilde was invited to the governor’s party that evening and on the way he was asked why he came to America. “For recreation and pleasure,” he answered with his typical wit, “but I have not, as yet, found any Americans. There are English, French, Danes, and Spaniards in New York; but I have yet to see an American.” This was a common British criticism of this country during the nineteenth century. At dinner with the governor and his family, Wilde ate greedily. The Saturday Review reported that when he was introduced to ice cream he spooned it up “with the languor of a debilitated duck.”2“ Indiana of the 1880’s was truly unsympathetic to Wilde and the aesthetic movement. Another Englishman who gained a rather uncordial re- ception from the Midwest was Matthew Arnold. His digni- fied, scholarly attitude was not generally appreciated, nor did he himself completely understand the American spirit. He passed through Indiana on the way to Milwaukee and St. Louis on January 20, 1884, but did not lecture in Indi- anapolis until his return trip during €he first half of Feb- ruary. Here, unlike his treatment in most cities, he was

29 See 1,loyd Lewis and Henry J. Smith, Oscar Wilde Discovers America, 1882 (New York, 1936), 181, 196-198. J. Anton Scherrer’s manuscript on Oscar Wilde’s Visit, and Indianapolis newspapers were also consulted. 48 Indiana Magazine of History favorably received-“had a capital audience, and found some zealous disciples who interested me,” he wrote to his daugh- ter on February 12. In the same letter he described the flooded southern Indiana countryside, which he traversed on his journey to Lawrenceburg and the Ohio River the following da~.~OPerhaps the fact that Indianapolis thought highly of Arnold indicates something about the cultural tone of that community. If, as he once remarked, Denver was unripe for him, perhaps Indianapolis was not, since its inhabitants from almost the beginning have been more interested in literature and other forms of culture than have neighboring cities. The last important nineteenth-century writer to describe Indiana was Robert Louis Stevenson, who passed through the state in an immigrant coach in June, 1888, en route to San Francisco. His picture of the prairie region is in part complimentary. “The country was flat like Holiand, but far from being dull. All through Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa . . . it was rich and various, and breathed an elegance peculiar to itself. The tall con pleased the eye; the trees were graceful in themselves, and framed the plain into long, aerial vistas ; and the clean, bright, gardened townships spoke of country fare and pleasant summer evenings on the stoop.’’ But he soon discovered that the weather was dis- agreeable and that tobacco and ague-remedy advertisments on the fences disfigured the land~cape.~~He chose to remain not in the Midwest but in the Pacific, and from there he never returned. In addition to these major visitations, a host of trips through or along the borders of Indiana were made by other writers. James Hall, early Midwestern novelist and editor, descended the Ohio River in April, 1820, en route to a residence in Illinois and crossed the Hoosier state when he returned to Cincinnati in January, 1833.32 William Cullen Bryant touched southern Indiana twice during his journey to and from Illinois via the Ohio in 1832 and traversed the

30 George W. E. Russell (ed.), Letters of Matthew Arnold (2 vols., London, 1895), 11, 295, 303-304. 31Across the Plains (New York, 1892), 16-17. 32 James Hall, Letters from the West (Philadelphia, 1828), 48-49; 78; 86-87; Notes on the Western States (Philadelphia, 1838), 60, 62-63; John T. Flanagan, James Hall, Literaq Pioneer of the Ohw Valley (Minneapolis, 1941), 22-26, 61. A Chapter in American Cultural History 49

state again in 1841, 1845, and probably in 1846.33 Captain Frederick Marryat, British novelist, saw Indiana from the Ohio when in the summer of 1838 he boarded a steamboat from St. Louis to Cin~innati.~~Charles Dickens saw it from the same river in April, 1542,3s as did Francis Parkman in April, 1846.36 Walt Whitman traveled down the Ohio by steamboat in February, 1848, and passed through Indiana in September, 1879, and again in January, 1880. After the latter trip he spoke very favorably of the state, saying that of the West not the half had been told.37 Thackeray touched the southern Indiana border in March, 1856, during his American lecture Amos Bronson Alcott, New Eng- land transcendentalist and friend of Emerson, traversed the Hoosier state for the first time in 1858 but was unfavorably impressed. He spoke at Greencastle during his later lecture tours, and as he became better acquainted with the Midwest his attitude changed.39 Herman Melville saw :he state during a speaking trip to Wisconsin and Illinois in 1859.‘O Sam- uel L. Clemens (“Mark Twain”) passed through Indiana on numerous trips to and from the and James R. Lowell crossed it en route to lecture in Chicago in February, 1887.42 Although Rudyard Kipling did not mention Indiana in “From Sea to Sea,” he doubtlessly passed through it on his way

33Parke Godwin, A Biography of William Cullen Bryant (2 vols., New York, 1883), I, 283. 34 A Diary in America (3 vols., London, 1839) , 11, 143. 35 J. F. Snyder, “Charles Dickens in Illinois,” Journal of the Illi- nois State Historical Society (Springfield, Illinois, 1908- ), 111, No. 3 (1910), 7-22; William G. Wilkins, Charbs Dickens in America (London, 1911), 217-222, 226. 36 Mason Wade, Francis Parkman, Heroic Historian (New York, 1942), 329. 37 See: Robert R. Hubach, Walt Whitman and the West (Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 1943), 83-85, 161; Camden, New Jersey, Post, January 7, 1880. 38 James G. Wilson, Thackeray in the United States (2 vols., London, 1904), I, 307. 38 Ode11 Shepard, Pedlar’s Progress, the Life ,of Bronson Alcott (Boston, 1938), 487. 40 Merrell Davis, “Melville’s Midwestern Lecture Tour, 1859,” Philological Quarterly (Iowa City, Iowa, 1922- ), XX (1941), 46-57. “See Albert R. Paine, Mark Twain, A Biography. The Personal and Literary Life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens (3 vols., New York, 1912), 11, passim. 42 See Horace E. Scudder, James Russell Lowell, A Biography (2 vols., Boston, 1901), 11, 351-352. Indiana Magazine of History from San Francisco to New York in 1889. His comments on the American people, however, were generally unfav~rable.’~ The preceding long array of literary visitors to Indiana during the nineteenth century shows that even during frontier days the state was not without cultural activities. Un- doubtedly, the presence of these celebrated figures helped encourage Hoosier interest in literature and stimulated a certain amount of native talent. Although several writers were rather dismayed by the crudities of the wilderness] if they could visit it now, they would see what forward strides it has taken; for, indeed, it has grown from a region where well-known writers have visited to a state where almost equally important ones have been born, live, and work.“

43 The Writings in Prose and Verse of Rudyard Kipling (28 vols., New York, 1897-1920), XVI (1900), 18-264. “Esarey, A Histov of Indiana, 11, 1114-1145; Indiana, A Guide to the Hoosier State (New York, 1941), 142-151.