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SYED NAJEEB AHMAD NDU-IR/Phd-13/S-017 Supervisor PAKISTAN’S NATIONAL SECURITY: A CROSS- SECTORAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SECURITIZATION PROCESSES PhD DISSERTATION BY SYED NAJEEB AHMAD NDU-IR/PhD-13/S-017 Supervisor DR. SHAHEEN AKHTAR Department of International Relations Faculty of Contemporary Studies National Defense University Islamabad – Pakistan 2017 1 Certificate of Completion We hereby recommend, that PhD dissertation submitted by Syed Najeeb Ahmad, titled: “Pakistan’s National Security; A Cross-Sectoral Discourse Analysis of Securitization Processes” is comprehensive and of sufficient standard to justify its acceptance by the Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University Islamabad for the award of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree. ___________________________ Supervisor (Dr Shaheen Akhtar) __________________________ External Examiner Countersigned by: _________________________________ _________________________________ Controller of Examinations Head of the Department 2 Declaration I, Syed Najeeb Ahmad s/o Syed Zaki Ahmad, Registration number NDU-IR/PhD/S- 13/017 NDU, hereby declare that “Pakistan’s National Security: A Cross-Sectoral Discourse Analysis of Securitization Processes” is my own work and that all sources that I have used or quoted, have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ___________________________ Syed Najeeb Ahmad, PhD Scholar Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad. 3 Dedication Dedicated to national security professionals, endeavoring to understand the notion of security for multiple referents, at different levels, against diverse threats, in overlapping domains. 4 Supervisor’s Declaration This is to certify that the PhD dissertation submitted by Syed Najeeb Ahmad titled: “Pakistan’s National Security: A Cross-Sectoral Discourse Analysis of Securitization Processes” was supervised by me and is submitted to meet the requirements for Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD). ___________________________ Dr Shaheen Akhtar Department of International Relations, Faculty of Contemporary Studies, National Defence University, Islamabad. 5 Acknowledgment I am indebted to my teachers, colleagues and students at the National Defence University (NDU) Islamabad who helped me in this research project. The guidance by my supervisor, Dr Shaheen Akhtar, was instrumental. The teachers in our coursework, Dr Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, Dr Muhammad Khan, Dr Shaheen Akhtar and Dr Nazya Fiaz helped in laying down the intellectual foundation of my dissertation. Lieutenant Colonel Dr Yasir Ahmed’s help in learning the reference management software facilitated management of citations. My year long stay at the U.S. Army War College (US AWC), Carlisle Pennsylvania, came as a blessing that helped me complete the project. My admittance to Carlisle Scholars Program, a special seminar class in the US AWC designed to accomplish the course requirements along with time for research and publication by the students, provided good opportunity. Dr Bill Flavin, Peace Keeping and Stability Operations Institute, and Dr Paul Kan, Department of National Security Policy Studies, U.S. Army War College, also guided me in my research. Dr Steven Metz, Strategic Studies Institute, reviewed the complete dissertation giving encouraging remarks. Library staff at NDU Islamabad and US AWC Carlisle were exceptionally helpful. Dr Rashid Ahmed’s review report was also useful. My parents’ encouragement always remained a source of comfort. My wife and children deserve a special mention for enduring my work in spare moments. My deepest gratitude and prayers for all those who knowingly or unknowingly helped me intellectually and physically in completing this work; my friends, extended family and coworkers without whose support this project would not have been possible. 6 Abstract Pakistan’s security is conceptually broadening. Securitization theory can be used to explain this phenomenon by highlighting certain critical issues whose significance led to extraordinary steps for redress in the political, military, societal, economic and environmental sectors of security. Discourses on securitized issues, if studied in a systematic and comprehensive manner, provide clues to understanding the securitization moves. The purpose oriented language of discourses is instrumental in comprehending the intertextual orientation of identities and threats in a discourse. The discourse analysis revolves around primary and secondary sources like speeches and statements of key stakeholders, parliamentary discussions, authentic books, scholarly journal articles, editorials, op-eds and field reports of reputable newspapers. The depiction of such core issues as ‘survival’ issues in domains other than traditional political-military security, as seen through their social construction, indicate a broadening in the national security construct of Pakistan. Securitization of the 18th Constitutional Amendment 2010 in context of securing the federal structure of the state, and the 7th National Finance Commission Award 2009 along with the Aghaz-e-Haqooq-e-Balochistan Package (Initiating Balochistan Rights) 2010 in context of securing the federation against Balochistan’s alienation, are examples of increasing influence of the political sector in the security conception of Pakistan. Securitization of the Malakand stabilization 2009, Operation Zarb-e-Azb 2014, and National Action Plan 2015, reflect the significance gained by the societal sector in Pakistan’s security conception. The vigorous debate about defense versus development, aid dependence, climate change and water stress, in the context of Pakistan’s economic and environmental security, reflects growing recognition of such issues as national security issues. Key Words: Pakistan’s national security, social construction, discourse analysis, multi-sectoral security, broadening security conception. 7 List of Tables Title Page Table 1: Criteria of selection and common types of general material 9 Table 2: Lene Hansen’s Intertextual Research Models 1 and 2 52 Table 3: Adapted Intertextual Research Model 55 Table 4: Intertextual Model - Discourse Analysis of Securitization in Political 75 Security Table 5: Intertextual Discourse Analysis; Securitization in Societal and Military 115 Security Table 6: Cross Sectoral Securitization Construct 197 8 List of Abbreviations AHBP Aghaz-e-Haqooq-e-Balochistan Package ANP Awami National Party APTTA Afghanistan Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement ATT Afghan Transit Trade ATTA Afghanistan Transit Trade Agreement BLA Balochistan Liberation Army BNM-Mengal Baloch National Movement BNP(A) Balochistan National Party (Awami) BRP Baloch Republican Party BSO Baloch Students Organization CCI Council of Common Interest CENTO Central Treaty Organization CPEC China Pakistan Economic Corridor COAS Chief of Army Staff COPRI Copenhagen Policy Research Institute CSS Critical Security Studies FATA Federally Administered Tribal Agencies FDI Foreign Direct Investment GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariff GDS Gas Development Surcharge GHGs Green House Gases GHQ General Headquarters GNP Gross National Product GST General Sales Tax HDI Human Development Indices HKH Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayan HN Haqqani Network HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan IDPs Internally Displaced Persons IPC Inter Provincial Coordination 9 IPCC Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change IPD Inverse Population Density IPE International Political Economy IPRI Islamabad Policy Research Institute IRS Indus River System ISI Inter Services Intelligence ISPR Inter Services Public Relations JI Jamaat-e-Islami JuD Jamaat-ud-Dawa JUI(F) Jamiat-e-Ulema-e-Pakistan (Fazal-ur-Rahman) JUI-S Jamiat Ulema-i-Islam (Sami ul Haq) JWP Jamhoori Watan Party KANUPP Karachi Nuclear Power Plant KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LeJ Lashkar-e-Jhangvi LeT Lashkar-e-Tayyeba LIEO Liberal International Economic Order LOC Line of Control MAP Military Assistance Program MDGs Millennium Development Goals MMA Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal MPC Multi-Party Conference MQM Muttahida Qaumi Movement MRD Movement for Restoration of Democracy MWM Majlis-i-Wahdat-i-Muslimeen NACTA National Counter Terrorism Authority NAP National Action Plan NEPRA National Electric Power Regulatory Authority NESPAK National Engineering Services Pakistan NFC National Finance Commission NP National Party 10 NPP National People’s Party NSC National Security Council NSS National Security Strategy NWFP North West Frontier Province OGDC Oil and Gas Development Corporation OGRA Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority PAEC Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission PAF Pakistan Air Force PAT Pakistan Awami Tehreek PATA Provincially Administered Tribal Areas PEMRA Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority PESA Pakistan Ex-Servicemen Association PIA Pakistan International Airlines PIDE Pakistan Institute of Development Economics PILDAT Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency PINSTECH Pakistan Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology PKMAP Pakhtun Khawa Milli Awami Party PM Prime Minister PML (N) Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) PML(F) Pakistan Muslim League (Functional) PML(Q) Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam) PPP Pakistan Peoples Party PPP-S Pakistan Peoples Party (Sherpao) PSDP Public Sector Developmental Program PSEs Public Sector Enterprises PSM Pakistan Steel Mills Corporation PTI Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf SALW Small Arms and Light Weapons SEATO South East Asia Treaty Organization SECP Securities and Exchange
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