can be used to further our knowledge of medical prac- DOCUMENTS tice in the early modern period. AND SOURCES James Petiver’s apothecary practice and manuscripts Understanding early modern English James Petiver is best known in the historiography as a apothecary prescriptions natural history collector and Fellow of the Royal Soci- ety.2 Th e occupation that provided him with the fi nan- Katrina Maydom cial resources and social networks to support his col- lecting and scholarly activities was that of an apothecary. Abstract Petiver began his apprenticeship with Charles Feltham, Apothecary prescription notebooks are a unique source apothecary to St Bartholemew’s Hospital, in 1677 and of information about daily medical practice in the ear- was made a freeman of the Society of Apothecaries on ly modern period. Th ese manuscripts inform us about completion of his training in 1685.3 He ran his private consumption of drugs by women, men and children practice from a shop on Aldersgate in central London from diff erent social backgrounds, how often various for around thirty years, in addition to supplying drugs drugs were prescribed, the preparations of diff erent in large quantities to St Bartholemew’s. He was also the kinds of drugs and the forms in which they were em- apothecary responsible for the care of schoolboys and ployed. Th is article uses the example of James Petiver’s pensioners at the Charterhouse charity from 1700 to (1665-1718) apothecary notebooks to demonstrate how his death in 1718. Administrative records from his ten- to read early modern prescriptions, and to explore what ure at the Charterhouse show that he procured drugs they can inform us about apothecary practice, drug in large quantities and was audited on their price and consumption and medical care in London at the turn quality by the Society of Apothecaries.4 of the eighteenth century. From a network of correspondents around the Introduction world, Petiver amassed a signifi cant collection of natu- Apothecaries’ prescription notebooks are a valuable ral specimens that he preserved and catalogued. Upon manuscript source in understanding early modern his death, Petiver’s natural history collection was ac- medicine and have not yet been readily consulted by quired by the physician and naturalist Sir Hans Sloane historians. Recent historiography has made use of phy- (1660-1753). Sloane included Petiver’s specimens as a sicians’ casebooks and correspondence with patients to part of a large bequest to the public which formed part explore the everyday practice of medicine in the early of the British Museum’s initial collection. Preserved as modern period, but little research has been conducted part of this collection were Petiver’s manuscripts, in- to date using the manuscripts of apothecaries.1 Prescrip- cluding his prescription notebooks in which he system- tion notebooks provide information on the consump- atically recorded daily accounts of the prescriptions that 5 tion of drugs in the early modern period, including he dispensed. what drugs were given to diff erent types of people, the Petiver’s extensive manuscripts represent one of the frequency and amounts of drugs that were prescribed, largest sets of primary sources related to an early mod- and the instructions given to patients about when and ern English apothecary’s practice.6 His notebooks span how they were recommended to ingest drugs. twenty-three years from 1687 to 1710 and include over Th is article discusses how to read early modern pre- 50,000 individual prescriptions. Petiver also kept pre- scription notebooks and illustrates how they can be scription notebooks tracking his daily treatment of pa- used as a manuscript source for research into the med- tients at the Charterhouse during his tenure there.7 ical care of women, men and children in a range of fi - Alongside these prescription notebooks are nine vol- nancial circumstances. Many of the people in apothe- umes of receipts (recipes), which document how Petiver cary journals are unknown and cannot be identifi ed, prepared medicines interspersed with reading notes yet there is still some memory of their suff ering, illness from contemporary medical texts, two catalogues on and treatment in the archives. Th e article focuses on the diseases and their treatments, one volume of adminis- manuscripts of the apothecary James Petiver (1665- trative records related to his position at the Charter- 1718), who dispensed drugs to customers from his shop house, and several volumes of correspondence includ- in central London and to schoolboys and pensioners at ing letters written to private patients and physicians at the Charterhouse charity hospital. Th is is primarily a the Charterhouse.8 Petiver’s manuscripts are a useful methodological piece that explains the reading of pre- source for researching the everyday practice of an scriptions, but it also aims to show how these sources apothecary in early modern London.

PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 57 To aid in the reading of early modern apothecary Abbreviation Latin English prescriptions, Table 1 lists the symbols used for dos- ages, and Table 2 presents the common abbreviations marm n/a marmalade that Petiver used in his notebooks. med medicamentum medicine mixt mixtura mixture Table 1. Common measure symbols in Petiver’s prescription ol oleum oil notebooks. pil pilula pill Symbol Meaning pd pro dosi as a dose gr grain pulv pulvis powder purg n/a purgative ℈ scruple qd quater die four times a day ʒ dram semihoram semihoram half an hour ℥ ounce sing hr singulis horis every hour lb pound spt spiritus spirit ß half Stat statim immediately no number syr n/a syrup tinct tinctura tincture Table 2. Common abbreviations in Petiver’s prescription ut ante ut ante as before notebooks. ut opus ut opus as needed vol n/a volatile Abbreviation Latin English amar amarum bitter How to read early modern prescriptions Ano Anodyne anodyne An example of a page from James Petiver’s prescription (medication in notebooks, featuring eighteen customer orders is pre- alcohol) sented as Figure 1.9 Th e start of a new day is indicated apoz apozem decoction by ‘Dia’ on the left-hand side, with the date noted op- aq aqua water posite on the right-hand side. Th is page shows the drugs auri auripigmentum orpiment dispensed from 13 October to 17 October 1698, with bals n/a balsam at least one customer order each day. Th e customer or- ders follow a standard format. Each new order is indi- bol bolus bolus cated by a star, followed by the customer’s name. Each cap capiat to be taken prescription in the customer order begins with the Rx ceph cephalicae cephalic symbol, followed by the name of the drug(s) dispensed chart charta powder (e.g. aq. alex. or Aqua Alexiteria), then the quantity, coch cochleare spoonful weight or volume (e.g. ℥ij, or two ounces) and, fi nally, cras cras tomorrow instructions on how to take the drug(s). Instructions crem cremor cream included the dose (e.g. no. ij, or two), the format (e.g. diacod diacodium syrup of poppies haustus, or in a draught), when the drug should be tak- dolor dolore in pain en (e.g. postci., or after meals) and how often (e.g. sing. dulc dulcis sweet hr, or every hour). For repeat prescriptions, fewer details elect n/a electuary were recorded, often limited to the name of the cus- elix elixir elixir tomer, the type of medicine (e.g. apoz. Amar., or bitter emplastr or emp emplastrum plaster decoction) and either ‘iterum’ or ‘ut ante,’ indicating ext n/a extract that this medicine was being given again. gt guttae drops Figure 2 shows a close-up of seven prescriptions haust haustus draft from the page shown in Figure 1. A transcription and hs hora somni at bedtime translation of these prescriptions is provided in Table 3. Th e transcription illustrates that customers’ orders iter iterum again were recorded by Petiver in a standardised format in a laud laudanum laudanum mixture of English and Latin. As noted above, each re- liq liquor liquor cord begins with a star symbol, followed by the name mmanemorningof the customer. Sometimes the customer was not the

58 PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 Table 3. Transcription and translation of seven of Petiver’s prescriptions. Transcription Translation Mr Woodgers friend Rx Mr Woodger’s friend was Bals. Brasil ℥β. Spt. prepared a mixture of Chamomel ℥i. Syr. half an ounce of Balsam Aether ℥ii. M. Cap. of Brazil, one ounce of Coch. i. mane & som Spirit of Chamomile and two ounces of Syrup of Aether. One spoonful to be taken each morning and night. Mr Woodcocks child Mr Woodcock’s child pulv purg. iterum was dispensed purgative powder again. Mrs Bennett. Emplas- Mrs Bennett was dis- trum astringens iteru pensed an astringent plaster again. Mrs Willmotts Child. Mrs Willmott’s child was Pulv. purg. ut ante dispensed purgative powder as before. Mrs Smyths child 3 a. Mrs Smyth’s child was Rx Pulv. Catholic Gr xii dispensed twelve grains Cap m of catholic powder. To be taken in the morning. Mrs Crosses child Rx Mrs Crosse’s child was Figure 1. A page from Petiver’s prescription notebooks Pulv Catholic gr viii Cap dispensed eight grains of (Source: © British Library, Sloane MS 3223, f.3) mane catholic powder. To be patient who would consume the dispensed drugs. In taken in the morning. the examples above, Mr Woodger was given a drug for Mr Bameworth Rx Pil. Mr Bameworth was his friend, and Mr Woodcock, Mrs Willmott, Mrs St. Cephalic no iii Cap dispensed three stoma- Smyth and Mrs Crosse collected medicaments for their hs. Rx Bol. Purgante ʒii chocephalic pills to take children. When a customer was new to Petiver, he also Cap. mane before bed and a 2-dram noted their location, for example ‘Mrs Edwards att purgative bolus to take in Charing Cross’ or ‘Margaret Brown att Mrs Torrys near the morning.

Figure 2. Close-up of seven prescriptions in Petiver’s prescription notebooks. (Source: © British Library, Sloane MS 3223, f.3)

PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 59 Table 4. Most commonly dispensed drugs in Petiver’s retail practice. Drug name Common use Times used % of prescriptions Diacodium (Syrup of Poppies) Alleviate pain 13 8.9% Pill Stomach Cephalic (Stomacho- Alleviate nausea and headache 10 6.8% cephalic pill) Bolus Purgative Purge 7 4.8% Aqua Alexiteria Treat plague 6 4.1% Laudanum Alleviate pain 6 4.1% Elixir Antiscorbutica Treat scurvy 5 3.4% Aqua Epidemica (Plague Water) Treat plague 5 3.4% Bitter Apozem Purge 5 3.4% Pulv Catholic General cure-all 5 3.4% Elixir Volatile Lavender Treat epilepsy and nervous diseases 5 3.4% Pulv Purgative Purge 5 3.4% Pulv Alcalizat (Alkaline Powder) General cure-all 4 2.7% Marmalade Purgative Purge 4 2.7% Emplastrum Melilot Draw out ulcers and boils 4 2.7% Spirit of Chamomile Treat pain and fevers 4 2.7% Balsam of Brasil Treat wounds, gonorrhea and the 32.1% Whites Rosa Solis Treat consumption 3 2.1% Tinctura Anticolica Treat colic 3 2.1% the White Horse’. Margaret Brown may have lodged been preserved if he made his own version. Th ere was with Mrs Torry or been a servant in Mrs Torry’s house- discussion in the early modern period as to what was hold. Most of the locations were in London but a few meant by the designation of ‘catholic’ and whether or were further afi eld, for example Mr Campion from not there was a religious signifi cance to the remedy. In Tunbridge and Mr Blyth from Colchester. Fuller’s description of his receipt, he wrote, ‘Catholic Examples of medicines in the orders shown in Fig- signifi es general, and hath nothing to do with Religion, ure 2 are purgative powder, astringent plaster, purgative as silly Readers may be likely enough to imagine’.12 bolus, stomachocephalic pills and catholic powder. Ta- When Petiver and his apprentices prepared mixed ble 4 provides details about the common uses of the medicines to order for customers, he denoted this in his drugs that Petiver dispensed. Purgative powder and bo- notebooks with an ‘M’ symbol. An example of a mixed luses were used to purge the patient by evacuating their medicine is the concoction containing Balsam of Bra- stomach and/or bowels, a common practice in early zil, Spirit of Chamomile and Syrup of Aether dispensed modern medicine to rid the body of excess humours to Mr Woodger’s friend. For mixed medicines, Petiver and restore balance in the body. An astringent plaster recorded the quantity, volume or weight of each com- would have been applied externally to provoke the con- ponent in the mixture. Some of these mixes were traction of skin or other bodily tissues, and these plas- straightforward combinations of two medicines while ters were often used to treat aches and haemorrhages.10 others were more involved. Mrs Burkett was dispensed Stomachocephalic pills were prescribed to alleviate a mixed medicine containing six ingredients including headaches and nausea and were the second-most com- Decoction Pectoral, Radix Pyrethrum, Piper Nigrum, monly dispensed medicine in Petiver’s notebooks. Aqua Plantaginis, Spirit of Sulphur and Syrup de Meco- Catholic powder was used as a general cure-all. A nio on 1 October 1698.13 contemporary receipt in the physician Th omas Fuller’s Petiver fi nished each prescription with instructions (1654-1734) Pharmacopoeia Extemporanea (1710) listed on how to take the medicines he dispensed, indicated its ingredients as two drams of senna, one dram each by the term ‘cap’ or ‘capiat’ (let him take). Mr Woodg- of rhubarb, jalap, turbith (morning glory) and diagryi- er’s friend was advised to take one spoonful of his med- dum (scammony) and half a dram each of clove, mace, icine in the morning (mane) and one at bedtime (hora cinnamon and ginger.11 Receipts varied, however, and somni). Mr Bameworth was dispensed two prescrip- Petiver’s receipt for preparing this medicine has not tions; one to take before bed and one to take in the

60 PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 Figure 3. Mr Wheeler’s order in Petiver’s prescription notebooks. (Source: © British Library, Sloane MS 3221, f.3) morning. Other customers were instructed to take their lationship to the customer (if not the patient them- medications immediately, when in pain, as needed or selves), the number of prescriptions and the number of when having spasms. drugs were recorded. Two-thirds of the orders were for Many of Petiver’s patients received repeat prescrip- retail customers, and the remaining orders were for pa- tions. Mr Woodcock’s child, Mrs Bennett and Mrs tients at the Charterhouse. Willmott’s child all received repeat orders, and in these Petiver’s apothecary notebooks served several pur- cases Petiver used the Latin terms ‘iterum’ (again) or ‘ut poses. For his work at the Charterhouse, he was likely ante’ (as before) instead of the details of how much was required to produce details about what drugs he had dispensed and the directions for taking the medicine. dispensed to the schoolboys and pensioners by the So- Petiver occasionally included other business in his ciety of Apothecaries as part of their audit. In both his apothecary notebooks, such as the sale of bulk ship- retail and institutional practices, Petiver would have ments of drugs and other medical items. For example, benefi ted from having a record of previous transactions he sold to a Mr Wheeler at ‘Portiground’ (Porsgrund) and instructions given to patients that he could refer in Norway a large order, including six doses of stoma- back to at a later date. Many customers returned to chocephalic pills at 4d each; six glasses of Proprietary Petiver’s shop repeatedly and appear frequently in the Chalybeate Elixir at 9d each; nine glasses of Spirit of notebooks. For example, Esq. Chapman visited Petiver’s Cochlear (six standard at 8d each and three purgative shop on eight occasions between 4 October and 23 Oc- at 10d each); ten ounces of Marmaleda Purgative at 6d tober 1698.16 Th ese returning patients were often dis- an ounce; and four drams of Terra Sinica at 3d a dram. pensed the same order repeatedly, as in the three repeat In this example, Petiver sold sizeable quantities of his prescriptions described above. Overall, 26 percent of proprietary medicine, which included sassafras, jalap, the retail prescriptions and 38 percent of the Charter- mechoacan, and sarsaparilla.14 Th is demonstrates that house prescriptions were repeats. his proprietary remedies were in demand, and high- Some of the repeat prescriptions were requested by lights the importance of the global trade in drugs for letter. An example of this is preserved amongst Petiver’s Petiver’s medical practice. He would have purchased correspondence. Th e following letter was sent to Petiver the ingredients for his proprietary medicine from mer- by a Mr Th orpe: chants trading with the Americas, manufactured his medicinal preparation in London and then sold it to a Th e poor old woman was with me this Morn. She is customer based in Norway.15 very badly affl icted again with her illness: if you please do put some of the ingredients (as you sent What can be learned from early modern prescrip- before) in your packet tomorrow night if you come tions? to Child’s, or, if you do not to send it by the penny- Th e analysis in this section is taken from a dataset of post on Monday Morn I will pay you for the postage 360 transcribed customer orders from Petiver’s pre- and thank you.17 scription notebooks, from two sample periods of his private practice (June-July 1693 and September-Octo- Th is letter demonstrates that Petiver provided drugs by ber 1698), and one sample period of his Charterhouse courier and also that he needed to keep a record of the practice (July-September 1700). For the orders in this drugs that he had dispensed in the past so that he could sample, the name of the patient, their gender, their re- refer to it for future repeat orders. Petiver was also asked

PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 61 to repeat the directions he gave for consumption of the In Petiver’s retail practice, 71 percent of orders were drugs he had previously dispensed. For example, Jo- dispensed for the customer to consume themselves. Of seph Bentham in Stevenage wrote to Petiver asking to the remainder, 23 percent were collected on behalf of be reminded of the order in which his wife should take children and 6 percent were for spouses, friends or serv- her ‘powder, dropps etc’.18 She had not yet taken the ants. Th ere were a similar number of female and male medicine because she believed herself to be pregnant. customers (45 percent female, 55 percent male). Th ese On discovering that she was not pregnant, she had de- women and men tended to share the responsibility of cided to take the medicines and had remembered the purchasing medicines for children (47 percent women, directions for their consumption but could not recall 53 percent men). Th e Charterhouse was for schoolboys the order in which she was supposed to take them. In and male pensioners, so nearly all of the medicines this case, Petiver could refer to his recorded directions Petiver dispensed were for males, although a small that he had given Bentham’s wife to provide her with number of daughters (possibly of people who worked at a reminder. the Hospital) were also treated.

Figure 4. Number of customers per day treated by Petiver.

Th e statistics of Petiver’s practice provide an insight into the daily life of an apothecary. On average, Petiver dis- Figure 5. Drugs dispensed per order in Petiver’s retail and pensed drugs to six people per day in his retail practice Charterhouse practices. and three people per day at the Charterhouse charity. His daily customer totals during the three sample peri- Figure 5 indicates the number of drugs per order in ods are shown in Figure 4. Petiver dispensed medicines Petiver’s private and Charterhouse practices. In both almost every day from his shop; only one day in each practices, around half of patients received one drug per of the two sample periods had no entries in his prescrip- order, while the rest of the customers received multiple tion notebooks. Petiver also dispensed medicines on drugs in their orders. Th e range was greater for his re- most days at the Charterhouse, although there are more tail practice (from 1 to 15 drugs) than for his institu- days in which he did not do so compared with his retail tional practice (from 1 to 10 drugs). Th is diff erence practice. It is not known whether he did not attend his could refl ect the more substantial buying power of the shop or the Charterhouse on the days in which no pre- private patient and the greater availability of drugs that scriptions are recorded, but it is evident that Petiver had they could access from Petiver’s shop. very few breaks in his practice during the periods sam- Th e most-commonly dispensed drugs in Petiver’s pled. retail practice are listed in Table 4. Medicines based on

62 PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 opium – diacodium and laudanum - were frequently period. Recent scholarship has explored sources such as used to alleviate pain; they were dispensed both on customs ledgers, apothecaries’ inventories and probate their own and were also were often included in com- records to investigate changes in medical consumption pound medicines. Th e Bolus Purgative, Bitter Apozem in early modern England.19 Prescription notebooks can and Pulvis Purgative were heavily prescribed because add to this literature by providing information about they were purgatives that Petiver used to treat a variety the dispensing practices of medicines to men, women of diseases. Th e frequent provision of Elixir Antiscor- and children of diff ering social backgrounds. Petiver butica, Aqua Alexiteria and Aqua Epidemica suggest provides a particularly useful case study because his pri- that many of Petiver’s patients were treated for scurvy vate retail practice can be compared with his institu- and plague, diseases that affl icted people from all social tional role as apothecary to the Charterhouse. Th is ar- classes. ticle has demonstrated how to read and understand early modern apothecaries’ prescriptions and has illus- trated how these sources can contribute to research about apothecary practice, drug consumption and medical care. A number of apothecaries’ prescription notebooks are available at libraries and archives in the UK which could be used in future research. Th e British Library holds Petiver’s prescription notebooks as well as those of the seventeenth-century Oxford apothecary Jeremi- ah Webbe and an anonymous seventeenth-century Cambridge apothecary.20 Cambridge University Li- brary houses the prescription book of an apothecary Figure 6. Types of drugs dispensed in Petiver’s retail prac- operating in Westminster dating from the fi rst half of tice. the seventeenth century.21 Eighteenth century prescrip- tion notebooks of apothecaries in Cheshire and Hamp- Figure 6 illustrates the diff erent types of drug prepara- shire are stored at the Wellcome Library and the Bodle- tions that Petiver dispensed. Th e most common form ian Library.22 Th ese sources provide researchers with was waters, such as Aqua Alexiteria and Aqua Alexip- useful information about the day-to-day practice of harmica, which were prepared medicines in liquid medicine in the early modern period. Future research form. Th e next most common drug type was syrups could include a larger-scale inquiry into the provision that were thicker and sweet, such as diacodium (Syrup of medical services to patients by apothecaries and also of Poppy) or Syrup of Paeony. Syrups were followed by compare how practice varied between diff erent apoth- powders, which were mixtures of crushed plant and ecaries. animal materials, such as Pulvis Catholic or Pulvis Em- menagogue (a powder to provoke menstruation). Th e Acknowledgements fourth most common drug preparation was draughts, I would like to thank the Wellcome Trust and the De- which were liquid mixtures of medicinal substances, partment of History and Philosophy of Science at the usually a water combined with a few other ingredients, University of Cambridge for funding this research, and for example Aqua Chamomile mixed with diacodium BSHP for the award of a Burnby Bursary. and Oil Pectoral. Next were pills, which were a small compressed ball containing a medicinal substance small Author’s address: Katrina Maydom, Department of enough to be swallowed and were usually made by History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cam- Petiver or his apprentices. Only 7 percent of the drugs bridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RH, UK. dispensed were simples (plants, seeds and spices or an- Email: [email protected] imal products as single ingredients) suggesting that most drugs purchased from apothecaries included more Endnotes and References than one substance. 1. Risse, G. ‘Doctor William Cullen, Physician, Edin- burgh’: A Consultation Practice in the Eighteenth Century, Bul- Conclusion letin of the History of Medicine, 1974: 48(3); 338-51. Brockliss, L. Consultation by Letter in Early Eighteenth-Century Paris: Th e prescription notebooks of apothecaries like Petiver the Medical Practice of Etienne-François Geoff roy. In La Berge, are a rich source for researching the day-to-day retail- A. and Feingold, M. (eds). French Medical Culture in the Nine- ing and consumption of medicines in the early modern teenth Century. Amsterdam: Brill, 1994: 79-119. Nance, B. Tur-

PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2 63 quet de Mayerne as Baroque Physician: Th e Art of Medical Portrai- 4. British Library, Sloane MS 3219. ture. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2001. Louis-Courvoisier, M. and 5. British Library, Sloane MSS 3220-3226. Pilloud, S. Consulting by Letter in the Eighteenth Century: 6. For a detailed analysis of Petiver’s apothecary practice, Mediating the Patient’s View? In de Blécourt, W. and Usborne, see Maydom, KE. James Petiver's Apothecary Practice and the C. (eds). Cultural Approaches to the History of Medicine: Mediat- Consumption of American Drugs in Early Modern London. ing Medicine in Early Modern and Modern Europe. Houndmills: Notes and Records. 2020: 74(2); 213-238. Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, 71-88. Steinke, H. and Stuber, M. 7. British Library, Sloane MS 3219. Medical Correspondence in Early Modern Europe: An Introduc- 8. British Library, Sloane MSS 2314, 2336, 2338, 2340, tion. Gesnerus. 2004: 61(3-4); 139-160. Kassell, L. Medicine and 2344, 2346, 2364, 2366. Magic in Elizabethan London: Simon Forman: Astrologer, Alche- 9. Th e graphs in this article were created using the graph- mist, and Physician. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. ics package plotplain in Stata 15, created by Daniel Bischof. Bis- Churchill, WD. Female Patients in Early Modern Britain: Gen- chof, D. New Graphic Schemes for Stata: plotplain and plottig. der, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012. Kassell, Th e Stata Journal. 2017: 17(3); 748-759. L. Casebooks in Early Modern England: Medicine, Astrology, 10. A seventeenth-century receipt for an astringent plaster and Written Records. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2014: was as follows: ‘Take Comfry Roots, Knotgrass Roots, Cinque- 88(4); 595-625. Dinges, M., Jankrift, KP., Schlegelmilch, S. and foil Roots, Budweed or Baudweed, of each two good handfuls. Stolberg, M. (eds). Medical Practice, 1600-1900: Physicians and Stamp all these, and put to them a quart of the best Sallet Oil; Th eir Patients. Leiden: Brill, 2015. Stolberg, M. A Sixteenth- then let it boil softly till the Oil hath extracted the virtues of the century Physician and His Patients: Th e Practice Journal of Hiob Roots; then strain it; then put to it four ounces of Venice Tur- Finzel, 1565–1589. Social History of Medicine. 2019: 32(2); 221– pentine, and as much of Virgin-Wax, and two ounces of Pitch’. 240. Bresadola, M. A Physician and a Man of Science: Patients, Digby, K. Choice and experimented receipts in physick and chirur- Physicians, and Diseases in Marcello Malpighi’s Medical Prac- gery as also cordial and distilled waters and spirits, perfumes, and tice. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2011: 85(2); 193-221. other curiosities. Second edition. London: Henry Brome, 1675: Weston, R. Medical Consulting by Letter in France, 1665-1789. 72. Farnham: Ashgate, 2016. 11. Fuller, T., Pharmacopoeia Extemporanea: or, a Body of 2. For considerations of Petiver’s natural history collecting, Medicines Containing a Th ousand Select Prescripts Answering Most see Coulton, R. ‘Th e Darling of the Temple‐Coff ee‐House Club’: Intentions of Cure, third edition. London: W. Innys and R. Man- Science, Sociability and Satire in Early Eighteenth‐Century by, 1719: 452. London. Journal of Eighteenth‐Century Studies. 2012: 35(1); 43– 12. Fuller, T. (Note 11) 1719: 452. 6. Coulton, R. Introduction: Remembering James Petiver. Notes 13. British Library, Sloane MS 3223. and Records. 2020: 74(2); 189-211. Hunt, A. Under Sloane's 14. Petiver’s receipt for his Proprietary Chalybeate Elixir is Shadow: Th e Archive of James Petiver. In Keller, V., Roos AM. recorded in British Library, Sloane MS 2340, f. 21. and Yale, E. (eds). Archival Afterlives: Life, Death, and Knowledge- 15. 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Murphy, KS. James Petiver's ‘Kind 26-53. Mortimer, I. Th e Dying and the Doctors: Th e Medical Rev- Friends’ and ‘Curious Persons’ in the Atlantic World: Com- olution in Seventeenth-Century England. Woodbridge: Boydell, merce, Colonialism and Collecting. Notes and Records. 2020: 2009. Withey, A. ‘Persons Th at Live Remote from London’: 74(2); 259-274. Vane-Wright, RI. James Petiver’s 1717 Papilio- Apothecaries and the Medical Marketplace in Seventeenth-and num Britanniae: an Analysis of the First Comprehensive Account Eighteenth-Century Wales. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. of British Butterfl ies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Notes and Re- 2011: 85(2) 222-247. Wallis, P. (Note 15). Wallis, P. and Piro- cords. 2020: 74(2); 275-302. hakul, T. Medical Revolutions? Th e Growth of Medicine in Eng- 3. Petiver was the second apprentice bound to Feltham, land, 1660-1800. Journal of Social History. 2016: 49(3); 510-531. who was the apothecary to St Bartholomew’s Hospital (Society 20. British Library, Sloane MS 1112, ff . 1-34. British Li- of Apothecaries Court Book, 1 Sept., 1651-6 April, 1680, f. 221, brary, Sloane MS 564. For an analysis of Webbe’s notebooks, see Society of Apothecaries Library, London). He became a freeman Churchill, WD. and Alsop, JD. Th e Prescribing Physicians and of the Society of Apothecaries on October 6th, 1685 (Society of Sick Scholars of Oxford: Jeremiah Webbe’s Apothecarial Note- Apothecaries Court Book, May, 1680-February 1694, f. 183). Bi- book, 1653-54. Vesalius. 2001: 7(2); 73-77. ographical information about Petiver is available in Stearns, RP. 21. Cambridge University Library, GBR/0012/MS James Petiver, Seventeenth-Century Promoter of Natural Sci- Add.3071. ence, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, 1952: 22. Bodleian Library MSS. Eng. misc. c.266-7; Wellcome 62(2); 243-365 and Allen, DE. James Petiver (c.1665-1718), Bot- Library MS.3974. anist and Entomologist. In Oxford Dictionary of National Biog- raphy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.

64 PHARMACEUTICAL HISTORIAN · 2021 · Volume 51/2