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Pharmaceutical Measurements and Calculations

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Pharmaceutical Measurements and Calculations © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett5 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEPharmaceutical OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Measurements LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning,and LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONCalculationsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © JonesOBJECTIVES & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION After reading this chapter, you will be able to: • Implement systems of measurement commonly used in pharmacy practice. • Practice operations involving ratios and proportions. • © Jones & Bartlett CalculateLearning, drug LLCdoses. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR• Describe DISTRIBUTION four systems of measurement commonlyNOT used FOR in pharmacy, SALE OR and DISTRIBUTIONconvert units from one system to another. • Explain the meanings of the prefixes most commonly used in metric measurement. • Convert from one metric unit to another (e.g., grams to milligrams). • Convert Roman to Arabic numerals © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Convert standard time to 24-hour military time. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Convert temperatures to and from the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. • Round decimals up and down. • Perform basic operations with proportions, including identifying equivalent ratios and finding an unknown quantity in a proportion using cross-multiplication. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Convert percentages to and from fractions, ratios, and decimals. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Perform fundamental dosage calculations and conversions. • Solve problems involving powder solutions and dilutions. • Use the alligation method to prepare solutions. © Jones & Bartlett• IdentifyLearning, the basic LLC units and prefixes of the metric© Jones system. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR• Convert DISTRIBUTION units within the metric system by movingNOT theFOR decimal SALE place, OR using DISTRIBUTION the ra- tio-proportion method, and using the dimensional-analysis method. • Calculate drug doses using the ratio-proportion and dimensional-analysis methods. • Calculate doses based on weight and body surface area (BSA). © Jones & Bartlett Learning, • LLCCalculate a pediatric dose using© Jones the patient’s & Bartlett weight orLearning, age and the LLC appropriate NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONadult dose. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 32267_ch05_5954.indd 113 9/20/11 4:04:25 PM 114 UNIT ONE Foundation © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONKEY TERMS NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Accuracy Concentration Proportion Admixture Dilution Ratio Alligation Dose Ratio strength © JonesBody-surface & Bartlett area (BSA) Learning,Dosage LLC Specific© Jones gravity & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTCompounding FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONPrecision NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Overview © Jones & Bartlett77 Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEMathematics OR DISTRIBUTION is important in pharmacy practice.NOT A mistake FOR inSALE a calculation OR DISTRIBUTION or measure- ment could lead to serious consequences, such as underdosing or overdosing. This, in turn, may lead to inadequate treatment or drug toxicity. Virtually all tasks within pharmacy practice relate to mathematics and calcula- tions: dispensing the correct volume of a solution, compounding a medication or © Jones & Bartlett Learning,determining LLC a dose. These tasks© Jonesinvolve basic& Bartlett arithmetic Learning, as well as LLC an understanding NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof fractions, rounding numbers,NOT ratios FOR and proportions,SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONand percentages. This chapter covers important topics relating to pharmaceutical measurements and calculations. © JonesNumbers & Bartlett and Learning, Numerals LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT7 7FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Number refers to a total quantity or amount, while a numeral is a word or symbol that represents a number. The Arabic, or decimal, system and Roman numerals are the most commonly recognized and used systems of notation in pharmacy practice. © Jones & BartlettRoman Learning, Numerals LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEThe OR Roman DISTRIBUTION system of notation uses combinationsNOT FOR of eight SALE letters OR whose DISTRIBUTION position indicates addition or subtraction from a succession of base numbers TABLE 5.1 . Bases 1 include ⁄2, 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000. Roman numerals are used for expression only and are not used for calculations. The values of each letter are shown here. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCBy combining letters, quantities© Jones other & than Bartlett the base Learning, values can LLC be expressed. The NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONletters indicate a sum of theirNOT values FOR when SALE they are OR represented DISTRIBUTION in equal or succes- sively smaller values. For example: II = 2 III = 3 © JonesVI = 6& Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 5.1 Roman Numeral Base Letter Value 1 © Jones & BartlettSS or Learning,ss LLC ⁄2© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEI ORor i DISTRIBUTION 1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION V or v 5 X or x 10 L or l 50 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,C LLCor c © Jones & Bartlett100 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIOND or d NOT FOR SALE500 OR DISTRIBUTION M or m 1,000 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 32267_ch05_5954.indd 114 9/20/11 4:04:25 PM CHAPTER 5 Pharmaceutical Measurements and Calculations 115 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEVII OR = 7DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION VIII = 8 XI = 11 In Roman-numeral notation, letters are LI = 51 not repeated more than three times in a LV = 55 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCrow. For example, XXX = 30,© butJones XL = & Bartlett Learning, LLC 40. CX = 110 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION If a smaller value precedes a larger value, then the smaller value is subtracted from the larger value before the quantities are added together. For example: © JonesIV = 4 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTIX =FOR 9 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION XIV = 14 XIX = 19 XL = 40 © Jones & BartlettXCIX Learning, = 99 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALECM OR = DISTRIBUTION900 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Usually, capital letters are used to express years, while lowercase letters are used to express numerical values. Traditionally, capital Roman numerals have been used in pharmacy practice on prescriptions to designate the number of units prescribed or the quantity of medication© Jones to be &administered. Bartlett Learning, However, Roman LLC numerals are increasingly© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC being replaced byNOT the decimal FOR SALE system OR in pharmacy DISTRIBUTION practice. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Roman numerals are sometimes preferred on prescriptions because they cannot be easily altered. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 77Systems of Measurement Used in Pharmacy Practice Several systems of measurement are employed in pharmacy: the common house- hold system, the avoirdupois system, the apothecary system, and the metric system. © Jones & BartlettOther notations Learning, of quantityLLC and measure- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEment ORinclude DISTRIBUTION international units and mil- NOTAdvise FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION liequivalents. Pharmacy technicians should Help patients understand how to convert between be familiar with all these systems, and be the metric system and the household measuring system. Many able to use them interchangeably. However, will be more familiar with teaspoonfuls than milliliters. the metric system© is Jones the most & common,Bartlett Learning,and LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC safest, system used in pharmacy practice. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Household and Avoirdupois Systems of Measurement The household and avoirdupois systems are the common measurements used in the United States for selling goods and food products, although they have been replaced in© mostJones other & Bartlettcountries Learning,throughout theLLC world by the metric system.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTThe FOR household SALE system OR DISTRIBUTION of measurement is the one with which patientsNOT FOR in the SALE United OR DISTRIBUTION States will be the most familiar. This sys- tem includes teaspoons, tablespoons, pints, quarts, and gallons for measuring liquid. The Communicate household system and the avoirdupois system Household measuring devices vary in actual © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC are synonymous for measuring weight, and capacity. Remind patients to use the calibrated NOT FOR SALEinclude OR ounces DISTRIBUTION and pounds. In both systems, NOTadministration FOR SALE devices OR that DISTRIBUTIONcome
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