Systems of Measure 39

% C OBJECTIVES © Jones & Bartlett. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 789NOT FOR SALE—. OR DISTRIBUTIONUpon completion of this chapter,NOT FORthe technician SALE OR student DISTRIBUTION will be able to: 4 5 6 X • Express metric measures correctly. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Convert measures© Jones within & Bartlett the metric Learning, system LLC accurately. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Identify symbols within all systems and identify their equivalent. • State the apothecaries’ measures commonly used in the © Jones & Bartlettprac ticeLearning, of pharmacy. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Identify measures in the household system used in the practice of pharmacy. TERMS • State the common household equivalents in the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • 24-hour time metric system. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Apothecaries’ • Convert approximate equivalents between the metric, system apothecaries’, and household systems. • Avoirdupois © Jones & Bartlettsystem Learning, LLC • Become familiar© Jones with & milliequivalents, Bartlett Learning, units, LLC and NOT FOR •SALEGram OR DISTRIBUTION internationalNOT units FOR of measur SALE e.OR DISTRIBUTION • Household • Convert traditional 12-hour time to 24-hour time (military system or international time) and vice versa. • Liter © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Meter • NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • Metric system

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCMedication is primarily manufactured,© Jones & ordered, Bartlett and Learning, prepared in LLC the metric system. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe major focus of this chapterNOT is FOR to make SALE the metric OR system,DISTRIBUTION particularly as it is used in the practice of pharmacy, and converting measures within this system, habit to the technician student. The second focus of this chapter is to familiarize the technician student with the household system of measure and conversions between it and the metric system. A brief review of the apothecaries’ system is included. The apothe- © Jonescaries’ & systemBartlett has Learning, been almost LLCtotally replaced by the metric© system, Jones but & some Bartlett med- Learning, LLC NOT FORications SALE are still OR being DISTRIBUTION ordered in grains, and some manufacturersNOT FOR continue SALE to label OR DISTRIBUTION certain medications in grains. The avoirdupois system will also be mentioned in rela- tion to bulk and stock powdered chemicals and drugs.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMetric System NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION metric system The deci- The metric system of measure was formulated in France in the late 18th century. Its mal system of measure widely use in the United States was legalized (but not made mandatory) in 1866. By act of used for prescribing and Congress in 1893, it became our legal standard of measure, and all other systems © Jones &administering Bartlett medication.Learning, LLChave been referred to it for© officialJones comparison & Bartlett (including Learning, the UnitedLLC States’ cus- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONtomary system of measurement—pounds,NOT FOR SALE yards, OR and DISTRIBUTIONso on) ever since. It is accepted by scientists the world over because its tables are simple, because they are based on the decimal system of notation, and because the greater of two consecutive denominations of the same kind is always 10 times the lesser. © Jones Each& Bartlett table of Learning,the metric system LLC contains a definitive unit.© JonesThe meter & isBartlett the unit Learning, LLC liter, gram, NOT FORof length; SALE the OR ofDISTRIBUTION volume; and the of weight. SubdivisionsNOT FOR and SALE multiples OR DISTRIBUTION of these principal units commonly used in pharmacy, their relative values, and their corresponding prefixes are shown in Table 2.1.

% C 1. Arabic numbers are used to express quantities in the metric system. . 789—. 2. Decimal fractions are used in the metric system. A zero should always be placed in front of the decimal when the quantity is less than 1 (e.g., 0.4 mg and not .4 mg). © Jones & Bartlett4 5 Learning,6 X LLCNo decimal point or zero should© Jones follow & a wholeBartlett number. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE1 OR2 3DISTRIBUTION– 3. The quantity is always writtenNOT before FOR the SALE abbreviation OR DISTRIBUTION or symbol (e.g., 60 mg, 0 • = + 0.55 mL; not mg 60 or mL 0.55).

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORMetric SALE symbols OR are DISTRIBUTIONthe same in singular and plural; e.g., 1 mg,NOT 2 mg,FOR or 100SALE mg. OR In DISTRIBUTION selecting among unit dimensions (e.g., mg, g, kg), the choice is generally the unit that will result in a numeric value between 1 and 1000. For example, 500 g rather than 0.5 kg; 1.96 kg rather than 1,960 g; 750 mL rather than 0.75 L; or 750 mm or © Jones & Bartlett75 Learning, cm rather than LLC 0.75 meter. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Measure of Length meter Base unit of length in The meter is the fundamental unit of this system. It has been determined as approx- the metric system. imately one ten-millionth part of the distance from the earth’s equator to the North © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Subdivisions

− Micro- © JonesOne-millionth & Bartlett (10 6 )Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Milli- NOT One-thousandthFOR SALE OR (10 −DISTRIBUTION3) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Centi- One-hundredth (10−2) Deci- One-tenth (10−1) ©Multiples Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTDeka- FOR SALE OR10 DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hecto- 100 (102) Kilo- 1000 (103) © Jones & BartlettMega- Learning, LLC1 million (106) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Giga- 1 billion (109)

a Times the basic unit.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Pole, and is in factNOT 39.37 FOR inches, SALE or a little OR more DISTRIBUTION than 1 yard. The denominations usedNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION most commonly are the millimeter, centimeter, and meter. The common application of length in the practice of pharmacy involves patient height. Table 2.2 shows length equivalencies in the metric system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC MeasureNOT FOR of SALE Volume OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The liter is the fundamental metric unit of volume. The denominations used most liter Base unit of volume in commonly are the milliliter and liter. Table 2.3 shows volume equivalences in the the metric system. metric system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEMeasure OR DISTRIBUTION of Weight NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The fundamental unit of weight in the metric system is the gram. The denominations gram Base unit of weight in used most commonly in the practice of pharmacy are the microgram, milligram, the metric system. gram, and kilogram. Table 2.4 shows weight equivalencies in the metric system. For micrograms,© Jonesthe abbreviation & Bartlett mcg Learning,and the symbol LLC ␮g are both used in this© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ␮ 1 text. Although theNOT symbol FOR gSALEis used OR in DISTRIBUTIONthe United States Pharmacopeia, theNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION abbreviation mcg is widely used in pharmaceutical package labeling and in prescription writing. The term gamma (γ) is customarily used for microgram in bio- chemical literature. Prescriptions written in the metric system use Arabic numerals before the abbreviations© Jones & forBartlett the denominations Learning, (e.g.,LLC 6 g). Quantities of weight© Jones are usually & Bartlett Learning, LLC writtenNOT FOR as grams SALE and ORdecimals DISTRIBUTIONof a gram, and volumes as millilitersNOT and FOR decimals SALE OR DISTRIBUTION of a milliliter.

Table 2.2 Table of Metric Length

© JonesMetric & Bartlett System Length Learning, Equivalencies LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 km = 1000.000 m 1 hm = 100.000 m 1 dam = 10.000 m © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 m = 1.000 m NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 dm = 0.100 m 1 cm = 0.010 m 1 mm = 0.001 m © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC = NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION1 µm NOT0.000,001 FOR m SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 nm = 0.000,000,001 m

Equivalencies of Most Common Length Denominations

Km, kilometer; hm, hectometer; dam, dekameter; m, meter; dm, decimeter; cm, centimeter; mm, millimeter; µm, micrometer; nm, nanometer.

Metric System Volume Equivalencies

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC1 kL = ©1000.000 Jones L& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION1 hL = NOT100.000 FOR L SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 daL = 10.000 L 1 dL = 0.100 L © Jones1 cL & Bartlett Learning,= 0.010 LLC L © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 mL = 0.001 L 1 µL = 0.000,001 L

Equivalency of Most Common Volume Denomination © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR 1000DISTRIBUTION mL = 1 L NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION kL, kiloliter; hL, hectoliter; daL, dekaliter; L, liter; dL, deciliter; cL, centiliter; mL, milliliter; µl, microliter.

1 kg = 1000.000 g = 1 hg © Jones &100.000 Bartlett g Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 dag NOT= FOR10.000 SALE g OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 dg = 0.1000 g 1 cg = 0.010 g ©1 Jonesmg & Bartlett= Learning,0.001 g LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT1 mcg FOR SALE= OR DISTRIBUTION0.000,001 g NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 ng = 0.000,000,001 g 1 pg = 0.000,000,000,001 g © Jones & Bartlett1 fg Learning,= LLC 0.000,000,000,000,001© g Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Equivalencies of Most Common Weight Denominations

1000 mcg = 1 mg = 1000 mg © Jones &1 gBartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1000 g NOT= FOR1 SALEkg OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Kg, kilogram; hg, hectogram; dag, dekagram; g, gram; dg, decigram; cg, centigram; mg, milligram; mcg (also µg), microgram; ng, nanogram; pg, picogram; fg, femtogram.

Dr. Debra Lawson © Jones & Bartlett Learning,888 NW 27th LLC Ave., Miami, FL 98885 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 247-555-6613 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Name: Virginia Millhouse 678 Apple St.

Rx: Codeine© Jones sulfate & Bartlett 0.26 Learning, g LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Ammonium chloride 6.1 g Cherry syrup ad 120.0 mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTSig: FOR5 mL SALE as directed.OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CriticalNOT FORThinking SALE 2.1 OR DISTRIBUTION It is extremely important to recognize many normal doses, % C so that in the case of the missing zero and decimal point the . error is noted. For example, a “normal” dose of Lanoxin® is 789—. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,0.125 mg LLC or 0.25 mg, not 125 or 25 mg.© Jones Remember, & Bartlett a mis- Learning, LLC 4 5 6 X NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONplaced decimal point will cause a minimumNOT FOR of a SALE10-fold OR DISTRIBUTION 1 2 3 – error. With some medications this error can cause death. ?0 • = + © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Metric System Fundamental Computations Reducing to Lower or Higher Denominations © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONThe metric system is basedNOT on the FOR decimal SALE system; OR therefore, DISTRIBUTION conversion within the metric system can be done by simply moving the decimal point. To change a metric denomination to the next smaller denomination, move the decimal point one place to the right. It takes fewer parts of the larger unit to make the same amount. To change a metric denomination to the next larger domination, move the decimal point © Jonesone place& Bartlett to the left. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORIn SALEpharmacy OR and DISTRIBUTION health care in general, each unit of measureNOT FOR commonly SALE used OR DISTRIBUTION differs by 1000. Micrograms, milligrams, grams, and kilograms are metric units of weight, and milliliters and liters measure volume. Therefore, conversions within the metric system for these units can be made by moving the decimal point up to three © Jones & Bartlettplaces Learning, right to LLC convert from larger to smaller© Jones units and & threeBartlett places Learning, left to convert LLC NOT FOR SALE ORsmaller DISTRIBUTION units to larger units (Fig. 2.1). NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Converting from larger to smaller, moving three places to the right. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE1.23355 kgOR = 1,233.55 DISTRIBUTION g NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1,233.55 g = 1,233,550 mg

1,233,550 mg = 1,233,550,000 mcg © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Therefore, 1.23355 Kg =NOT 1,233.55 FOR g = 1,233,550 SALE mgOR = 1,233,550,000 DISTRIBUTION mcg. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Converting from smaller to larger, moving three places to the left.

9,876,160© Jones mcg = &9876.16 Bartlett mg Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

9876.16NOT mg FOR = 9.87616 SALE g OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Therefore, 9,876,160 mcg = 9876.16 mg = 9.87616 g. Figure 2.1 Conversions in the metric system. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Reduce 9876 mg ©to grams.Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9876mg= 9., 876 g answer

© JonesIn the ﬁrst & example,Bartlett 1.23 Learning, kg is to be LLC converted to grams. On the© scale, Jones the gram& Bartlett Learning, LLC position is three decimal positions from the kilogram position. Therefore, the deci- malNOT point FOR is moved SALE three OR places DISTRIBUTION toward the right. In the second example,NOT FOR the con- SALE OR DISTRIBUTION version from milligrams also requires the movement of the decimal point three places, but this time to the left. Converting within the Metric System © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEThe conversions OR DISTRIBUTION discussed in the previous section NOTcan also FOR be made SALE by ORmultiplying DISTRIBUTION or dividing by 1000, by ratio-proportion, or by dimensional analysis. Multiplication and Division by 1000 To convert from a large unit of measure to a smaller one, multiply. It takes more of a smaller unit to make© Jones the equivalent & Bartlett of the Learning, larger unit. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Example: Convert 12 mcg to milligrams. Multiply to get more units. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 12NOT mcg FOR× 1000 SALE = 12,000 OR mg DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Rule for Converting Units of Measure © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION % C To convert from a smaller unit of measure to a larger one, divide. . 789—.

4 5 6 X

1 2 3 –© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC

0 • = +NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Example:NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Convert 12 mg to grams. Divide to get fewer units. 12 mg÷=1000 0.012 g, answer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCThe Ratio-Proportion Method© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Example: Convert 16.75 kg to grams Conversion factor: 1 kg = 1000 g. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC So NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1= 1000kg g 16.75 kg X g Solve for X: © Jones & Bartlett16 Learning, 75.kg= 16,750 LLC g, answer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

The Dimensional Analysis Method

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONExample: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1000 gkg× 16.75 = X g 1kg X = 16,750 g, answer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Addition and Subtraction To add or subtract quantities in the metric system requires reducing them to a common denomination, preferably the base unit, and arranging their denominate num- © Jones & Bartlettbers Learning, for addition LLC or subtraction as ordinary© decimals. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Examples: Add 1 kg, 250 mg, and 7.5 g. Express the total in grams. 1kg= 1000 g © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION250 mg = 0. 250 g NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 7.5 g = 75. g 1007.75 g or 1008 g, answer

© JonesAdd &4 L, Bartlett 375 mL, Learning, and 0.75 L. ExpressLLC the total in milliliters.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4LmL= 4000 375 mL= 375 mL 0.75 L = 750 mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning,5125 LLC mL, answer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & BartlettA capsule Learning, contains the LLC following amounts of medicinal© Jones substances: & Bartlett 0.075 g, Learning, 20 mg, LLC NOT FOR SALE0.0005 OR g, 4 DISTRIBUTION mg, and 500 mcg. What is the total weightNOT of the FOR substances SALE in theOR capsule? DISTRIBUTION 0.. 075gg= 0 075 20mg= 0. 020 g = 0.. 0005g 0 0005© gJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4mg= 0. 004NOT g FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 500 mcg = 0. 0005 g 0.1000 g or 1100 mg, answer

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Subtract 2.5 mg from 4.850 g. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4.. 850gg= 4 850 −=2.5 mg −0. 0025 g 4.8475 g or 4.848 g, answer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEA OR prescription DISTRIBUTION calls for 0.06 g of one ingredient,NOT 2.5 mgFOR of another,SALE ORand enoughDISTRIBUTION of a third to make 0.5 g. How many milligrams of the third ingredient should be used? Interpret all quantities as accurate to the nearest 0.1 mg: 1st ingredient: 0.0600 g= 0. 0600 g © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC = 2nd ingredieent:NOT 2.5 FOR mg SALE0. 0025 OR g DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 0. 0625 g Total weight: 0.55000 g Weight of 1st and 2nd: −0. 0625 g © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTWeig FORhht of SALE 3rd: OR DISTRIBUTION0. 4375 g or 437.5 mg, answer NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Multiplication and Division © Jones & BartlettBecause Learning,every measurement LLC in the metric system© isJones expressed & Bartlett in a single Learning, given LLC NOT FOR SALEdenomination, OR DISTRIBUTION problems involving multiplicationNOT and divisionFOR SALE are solved OR DISTRIBUTIONby the methods used for any decimal numbers.

Examples: © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Multiply 820 mL NOTby 12.5 FOR and expressSALE theOR result DISTRIBUTION in liters. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 820 mL×=12.5 10,250 mL =10. 25 L, answer

Divide© Jones 0.465 & g Bartlett by 15 and Learning, express the resultLLC in milligrams. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 0NOT. 465 gFOR÷=15 SALE 0.031 OR g =31 DISTRIBUTION mg, answer NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1. Liters and milliliters are metric units that measure ______.

© Jones2. Kilograms,& Bartlett grams, Learning, and milligrams LLC are metric units that© measure Jones ______. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 3. The base metric unit that measures volume is the ______.

4. The base metric unit that measures weight is the ______. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR5. DISTRIBUTION 1 g = ______mg NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

6. 1 g = ______mcg

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC7. 1 L = ______© mLJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8. Express the following amounts with proper notation: a. One hundred milliliters b. Twenty-five hundredths of a milligram c. Twelve and one-half milligrams © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC d. One hundred twelve micrograms NOT FORe. SALESeventy-five OR DISTRIBUTION milliliters NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION f. One hundred fifteen liters g. Five hundred milligrams h. One hundred twelve and one-fourth micrograms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR9. DISTRIBUTION Make the following conversions: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. 150 mg to grams b. 750 kg to grams c. 250 mcg to milligrams d. 0.05 mg to micrograms © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC e. 0.5 g to milligrams© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONf. 4000 mg to grams NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION g. 2500 mcg to mg and grams h. 15 L to milliliters i. 2250 mL to liters © Jones j.& 25Bartlett mL to liters Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORk. SALE 11 L to ORmilliliters DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION l. 146.89 mg to grams m. 13.567 g to milligrams

10. Add 0.00250 kg, 1750 mg, 2.25 g, and 825,000 mcg and express the answer © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in grams. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 11. Reduce 1.256 g to micrograms, to milligrams, and to kilograms.

12. Multiply 255 mg by 380, divide the result by 0.85, and convert the result © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC to grams. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett13. A low-strength Learning, chewable LLC aspirin tablet contains© 81Jones mg of & aspirin Bartlett per tablet. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEHow OR many DISTRIBUTION tablets may be prepared from 1 kgNOT of aspirin? FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

14. A liquid contains 0.25 mg of a substance per milliliter. How many milligrams of the substance does 3.5 L contain? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 15. An inhalationNOT aerosol FOR contains SALE 225 OR mg DISTRIBUTIONof metaproterenol sulfate, which is suf-NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ﬁcient for 300 inhalations. How many micrograms of metaproterenol sulfate are in each inhalation?

16. Triphasil®-28 birth control tablets are taken sequentially, 1 tablet per day for © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 28 days, with the tablets containing the following: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Phase 1 6 tablets, each containing 0.05 mg levonorgestrel and 0.03 mg ethinyl estradiol Phase 2 5 tablets, each containing 0.075 mg levonorgestrel and 0.04 mg ethinyl estradiol © Jones & BartlettPhase Learning, 3 10 tablets, LLC each containing 0.125 mg© Joneslevonorgestrel & Bartlett and 0.03 Learning, mg LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONethinyl estradiol NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Phase 4 7 inert tablets (no drug). How many total milligrams each of levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol are taken during the 28-day period? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 17. How many colchicineNOT FOR tablets, SALE each OR containing DISTRIBUTION 600 mcg, can be prepared from NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 30 g of colchicine?

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Apothecaries’ System of Measure The apothecaries’ system of measure originated in Greece and was the ﬁrst system of apothecaries’ system © Jones & Bartlettmeasure toLearning, be used by LLC physicians and pharmacists.© It Joneswas the &system Bartlett in use Learning, in Eng- System LLC of measure that origi- NOT FOR SALEland during OR DISTRIBUTION the 1600s, and colonists brought it to NorthNOT America. FOR SALEThe system OR evolved DISTRIBUTIONnated in Greece. It was modi- into our household system for measuring volume using pints, quarts, and gallons. Units ﬁed and evolved into the of weight, such as pounds and ounces, also originated in the apothecaries’ system. household system of measure. The apothecaries’ system is little used today, but a few drams are still ordered, This system uses Roman and some medication continues to be ordered and manufactured in grains. Pounds, numerals, common fractions, grains, ounces, quarts,© Jones and gallons & Bartlett are all units Learning, of measure LLC not only in the apothecaries’©and Jones special &symbols Bartlett that pre- Learning, LLC system but in the NOTfamiliar FOR household SALE system OR DISTRIBUTION of measure. This chapter addresses theNOTceded FOR numeric SALE values. TheOR DISTRIBUTION apothecaries’ system as a whole and provides some exercises in converting this system common units are grain into the metric and household systems. and ounce. Apothecary notation uses Roman numerals and common fractions, in contrast with© Jones the Arabic & Bartlett numbers Learning, and decimals LLC used in the metric system.© The Jones symbol & forBartlett Learning, LLC theNOT units FOR of measure SALE ORprecedes DISTRIBUTION the numeric value. Typically lowercaseNOT FORletters SALEare OR DISTRIBUTION used to designate the numeric value of the apothecary measure, as in the follow- 1 ing: gr i (1 grain), iii (3 oz), and gr ⁄4 (not 0.25 gr). Note that a fluidram ( ) is commonly recognized to be equivalent to 1 tsp or 5 mL. Table 2.5 shows apothecaries’ system fluid measure equivalencies, and Table 2.6 shows apothecaries’ © Jones & Bartlettsystem weight Learning, equivalencies. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCTable 2.5 Table of Apothecary© Jones Fluid & Bartlett Measure Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Apothecaries’ System Fluid Measure Equivalencies

60 minims ( ) = 1 ﬂuidrachm or ﬂuidram (f or )a

= a © Jones8 fluidrams & Bartlett (480 minims)Learning, LLC 1 fluidounce (f or© Jones ) & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR16 fluidounces SALE OR DISTRIBUTION= 1 pint (pt) NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 pints (32 fluidounces) = 1 quart (qt) 4 quarts (8 pints) = 1 gal (gal)

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,These Equivalencies LLC May Also Be Written© as Jones Follows & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION gal qt pt f f 1 4 8 128 1024 61440 1 2 32 256 15360 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 16 128 7680 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 8 480 160

a When it is clear that a liquid is to be measured, the f may be omitted from this symbol. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Table 2.6 Table of Apothecary Weight Measure

Apothecaries’ System Weight Measure Equivalencies

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,20 grains LLC = 1© scruple Jones() & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR 3DISTRIBUTION scruples (60 grains) = 1NOT drachm FOR or dram SALE ( ) OR DISTRIBUTION 8 drachms (480 grains) = 1 ounce ( ) 12 ounces (5760 grains) = 1 pound (lb)

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCThese Equivalencies May© Also Jones Be Written & Bartlett as Follows Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION lb Grain 1 12 96 288 5760 1 8 24 480 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1360 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 120

avoirdupois© Jones system & BartlettA Learning,Avoirdupois LLC System © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC systemNOT of measure FOR using SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION grains, ounces, and pounds; The technician student must also be somewhat familiar with the avoirdupois system of used for bulk or stock pack- measuring weight. Bulk or stock packages of powdered drugs and chemicals (and occa- ages of powdered drugs and sionally liquids when they are sold by weight) are customarily provided to the phar- chemicals by manufacturers macy in avoirdupois units of weight by manufacturers and wholesalers. The pharmacy © Jones &and Bartlett wholesalers. Learning, LLClikewise sells bulk packages© of Jones nonprescription & Bartlett drug Learning, and chemical LLC items by the avoir- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlettdupois system. Learning, When compoundingLLC prescriptions, ©however, Jones the & pharmacistBartlett Learning,uses the LLC NOT FOR SALEmetric OR system DISTRIBUTION to weigh and measure ingredients. For NOTexample, FOR pharmacists SALE ORuse the DISTRIBUTION conversion factor for 1 kg to equal 2.2 avoir lb and one avoir lb to equal 454 g.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Review SetNOT 2.2: FOR Avoirdupois SALE OR DISTRIBUTION System NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. Reduce each of the following quantities to grains: a. ii iss. b. ii iss. ©c. Jones i ss &i. Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTd. iFOR i gr x.SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

2. Reduce 1 pint, f ii to ﬂuidrams.

© Jones & Bartlett3. Reduce Learning, each of the followingLLC quantities to weighable© Jones apothecaries’ & Bartlett denominations: Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEa. OR158 grainsDISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. 175 grains c. 210 grains d. 75 grains e. 96 grains © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4. A pharmacist had 1 gal of phenobarbital elixir. At different times he dispensed 1 pt, f vi, f iv, f viii, f iss, and f xii. What volume, in ﬂuidounces, of the elixir was left?

5.© HowJones many & fBartlett ii bottles Learning, of cough syrup LLC can be obtained from 5 gal© Jonesof & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTcough FOR syrup? SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1 6. Children’s chewable aspirin tablets contain 1 ⁄4 grains of aspirin in each tablet. How many tablets can be prepared from 1 avoir lb of aspirin? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE7. How OR many DISTRIBUTION grains of a chemical are left in a 1–avoirNOT oz FOR bottle SALE after enough OR DISTRIBUTION of it 1 has been used to make 2000 tablets, each containing ⁄200 grain of the chemical?

8. If a chemical costs $10.75/avoir oz, what is the cost of iii?

1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 9. How many ⁄400-grain tablets of nitroglycerin can a manufacturer prepare from a NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION quantity of a trituration of nitroglycerin that contains ⁄8 oz of the drug?

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT HouseholdFOR SALE OR SystemDISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The household system of measure is the least accurate of all of the systems because of household system System the inaccuracy of the measuring devices used, but this is the system that is used most of measure that evolved from commonly to give directions to patients. Pharmacists use the household system to tell the apothecary system. There © Jones & Bartlettpatients what Learning, volume of LLC medication to take, for example,© Jones 1 tsp or & 1 Bartletttbs. As is discussed Learning,is no LLC standardized system of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones ¬ation, Bartlett but preferably Learning, the LLCTable 2.7 Household Abbreviations© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORquantity SALE is ORexpressed DISTRIBUTION in Ara- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION bic numerals and common Abbreviation Unit Equivalent fractions. This is the system of measure usually used gtt Drop by the patient at home to tsp Teaspoon measure medication. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORtbs SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONTablespoon NOT1 tbsFOR = 3 tspSALE OR DISTRIBUTION oz Fluidounce 2 tbs = 1 oz oz Ounce (weight) 16 oz = 1 lb © Jones & Bartlett Learning,cup LLC Cup © Jones & Bartlett1 cup Learning, = 8 oz LLC NOT FOR SALE ORpt DISTRIBUTION Pint NOT FOR SALE 1OR pt = DISTRIBUTION2 cups qt Quart 1 qt = 4 cups = 2 pt

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC in Chapter 4, devices used for measuring medication in household units are often very NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONinaccurate, and part of our NOTjob is FORto make SALE sure our OR patients DISTRIBUTION have a device to measure these volumes accurately. The household system uses Arabic numbers and common fractions to deﬁne the unit, followed by the abbreviation. Table 2.7 lists common household measurements © Jonesand their& Bartlett equivalents. Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Review Set 2.3: Household System © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR1. DISTRIBUTION Interpret the following: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a. 2 tsp b. 1 tbs c. 16 oz d. 4 pt © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION2. How many teaspoons areNOT in 1 FORtbs? SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

3. Which is larger, 4 tbs or 1 oz?

© Jones & Bartlett5. Learning, Using household LLC measure, how would you© Jones instruct & a patientBartlett to takeLearning, 5 mL of LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa medication? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

6. Using household measure, how would you instruct a patient to take 60 mL of medication? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OROther DISTRIBUTION Common Drug MeasurementsNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Units, international units, and milliequivalent units of measure may also be used in prescription and medication orders for specific drugs. Medications such as penicillin, heparin, and insulin commonly are in units. The unit is a standardized amount needed to produce© aJones specific & desired Bartlett effect. Learning, The international LLC unit (IU) is a system© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC used for vitaminsNOT and chemicals. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The milliequivalent is the unit of measure used for the concentration of certain medications, such as electrolytes (sodium and potassium). There are no conversions to memorize for these products. Products and calculations involving these measuring systems are discussed further in Chapter 10. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Conversions among Systems of Measurement All of the major measuring systems used in the practice of pharmacy have been intro- © Jones & Bartlettduced. Pharmaceutical Learning, LLC technicians must master conversions© Jones in & the Bartlett metric system. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEThe OR household DISTRIBUTION system is commonly used on prescriptionNOT FOR labels, SALE and therefore OR DISTRIBUTION conversions between the metric system and the household system must be memorized. Other equivalent measures that require memorization include specific apothecary and avoirdupois measures. The example equivalents presented in Table 2.8 are useful in gaining perspec- tive and in solving© certain Jones problems & Bartlett in the Learning, text, for example LLC when it is necessary to© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC convert fluidouncesNOT to millilitersFOR SALE or kilograms OR DISTRIBUTION to pounds. The equivalents in boldNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION print in Tables 2.8 to 2.10 must be committed to memory. In the tables, not all of the exact equivalents are in bold; in many cases the approximate equivalent is commonly used in practice. For example, 30 mL and 30 g, not 29.57© Jones mL, are & commonlyBartlett Learning, used as the equivalents LLC for 1 fl oz and 1 oz.© JonesThere is &great Bartlett Learning, LLC variationNOT FOR in a pint;SALE some OR manufacturers DISTRIBUTION use 500-mL, others 480-mL,NOT and stillFOR others SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 473-mL containers. The pharmacy technician should always refer to the manufacturer when there is a question. This text uses 473 mL as 1 pt. Grains are sometimes rounded up to 65 mg = 1 grain; other times 60 mg is used. The exact metric equivalent

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Table 2.8 Conversion Equivalents of Volume NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Approximate Metric Exact Metric Apothecary Measure Equivalent (mL) Equivalent (mL)

1 fl oz © Jones & Bartlett Learning,30 LLC 29.57 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 4 fl oz NOT FOR SALE OR120 DISTRIBUTION 118.28 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8 fl oz 240 236.56 1 pt (16 fl oz) 480 473.00 ©1 Jones qt (2 pt) & Bartlett Learning, LLC960 © Jones946.00 & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT1 gal FOR(4 qt) SALE OR DISTRIBUTION3840 NOT3785.00 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 16.23 minims 1.00 1 minim 0.06

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCTable 2.9 Conversion Equivalents© Jones & ofBartlett Weight Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Apothecary or Approximate Avoirdupois Measure Metric Equivalent Exact Metric Equivalent

1 grain 60 or 65 mg 64.8 mg © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORss grain SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 30 mg NOT FOR32.4 mg SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 ⁄60 grain 1 mg 1.08 mg

1 ⁄100 grain 0.6 mg (600 mcg) 0.648 mg 1⁄ grain 0.4 mg (400 mcg) 0.432 mg © Jones & Bartlett Learning,150 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 NOT FOR SALE OR ⁄DISTRIBUTION200 grain 0.3 mg (300NOT mcg) FOR SALE OR0.324 DISTRIBUTION mg

1 ⁄400 grain 0.15 mg (150 mcg) 0.162 mg 1 avoir oz 30 g 28.35 g © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC1 avoir lb (16 oz) © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC454 g NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION2.2 avoir lb NOT FOR SALE1 kgOR DISTRIBUTION1000 g

Items in bold must be committed to memory.

is 64.8 mg = 1 grain. For acetaminophen, aspirin, and iron products, 65 mg = 1 grain. © JonesFor codeine& Bartlett and thyroid,Learning, 60 mg LLC = 1 grain. Again, the pharmacy© Jones technician & Bartlett should Learning, LLC NOT FORrefer to SALE the manufacturer’s OR DISTRIBUTION label when there is a question. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Conversions from other systems to the metric system must be thoroughly mas- tered by the pharmacy technician student.

SEE ﬂuidounce → THINK mL © Jones & BartlettS Learning,EE teaspoon LLC→ THINK mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORSEE DISTRIBUTIONpound → THINK grams NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION All of the following example conversions can be solved with ratio-proportion.

© JonesTable & 2.10BartlettCommon Learning, Household LLC Measures © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Household Approximate Apothecary Other Measure Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent

1 © Jones & Bartlett Learning,⁄2 tsp LLC 2.5 mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR 1DISTRIBUTION tsp 5 mL NOT1 FORﬂuidram SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 tsp 10 mL 2 ﬂuidrams

1 3 tsp 15 mL 1 tbs or ⁄2 oz © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC2 tbs ©30 Jones mL & Bartlett Learning,1 ﬂ oz LLC 1 oz NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONItems in bold must be committed to memory.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

65 mg X mg gr i © Jones & Bartlettgr v Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC StepNOT 3. FOR Solve SALE for X. OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION gr i()X = 65 mg() gr v 165grain()X = mg(() 5 grains 65 mg() 5 grains © Jones & BartlettX = Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 grain NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION X= 325 mg, answer

Convert 12 ﬂ oz to milliliters. Step 1. List the equivalent.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 130fl oz= mL NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Step 2. Set up ratio. 1 fl oz = 30 mL 12 fl oz X mL Step 3. Solve for© X. Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 13012fl oz()X = mL() fl oz 30mL() 12 fl oz X = 11 fl oz X© =Jones360 mL, & answerBartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONReview Set 2.4:NOT Conversions FOR SALE OR among DISTRIBUTION Systems of Measurement Convert each amount to the unit indicated. Indicate the equivalent measure you used in © Joneseach &conversion. Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Conversion Equivalent Used 1. gr ii = ______mg ______2. 3 tsp = ______mL ______© Jones & Bartlett 3.Learning, 325 mg =______LLC grains ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR4. DISTRIBUTION 2 oz = ______mL ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 5. 90 lb =______kg ______6. 2 pints = ______mL ______7. 7.5 mL = ______tsp ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC8. 45 mL = ______© tbs Jones & Bartlett ______Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION9. 2.5 L = ______NOT mL FOR SALE ______OR DISTRIBUTION 10. 1 gal = ______mL ______11. 2.5 kg = ______lb ______12. gr x = ______mg ______13. gr xxv = ______g ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 14. = ______mL ______NOT FOR15. ^ =SALE______OR DISTRIBUTION tsp ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 16. 60 mL = ______oz ______17. 5 lb = ______g ______18. 5 g = ______mg ______© Jones & Bartlett19. Learning, i tsp =______LLC mL ______© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR20. DISTRIBUTION 3 tbs = ______mL ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

21. Last winter, while on a cruise, my husband gained 6 lb. He weighed 186 lb when we left. What was his weight in kilograms when we returned?

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC22. Premature twins were ©born Jones in 1998. & BartlettThe smaller Learning, weighted 1.2 LLC kg, and the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONlarger, 2 kg. Convert theseNOT weights FOR SALEto pounds. OR DISTRIBUTION

23. How many 30-mg codeine capsules can be made from 0.0012 kg of codeine powder? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR24. Calculate SALE theOR total DISTRIBUTION ﬂuid intake in milliliters of a patient consumingNOT FOR the SALEfollowing: OR DISTRIBUTION Breakfast 4 oz orange juice 6 oz milk 4 oz water Lunch 8 oz lemonade © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Snack 12 oz diet soda NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDinner 6 oz chicken brothNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8 oz milk 4 oz V-8 juice 6 oz coffee © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Snack 6 ©oz Jones tea & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 NOToz water FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett25. A patient Learning, was ordered LLC to receive 2 tsp of Tylenol®© Jones Elixir &every Bartlett 4 hours. Learning, How LLC NOT FOR SALEmany OR dosesDISTRIBUTION are contained in a 4-oz bottle of Tylenol®NOT FOR Elixir? SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 26. If a physician prescribed 4 g of aspirin to be taken by a patient daily, about how many 5-grain tablets should the patient take each day?

27. A pharmacist© received Jones a &prescription Bartlett callingLearning, for 30 LLC capsules, each to contain © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1 ⁄200 grain of nitroglycerin.NOT FOR HowSALE many OR 0.4-mg DISTRIBUTION nitroglycerin tablets would supplyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the amount required?

28. A certain elixir contains 0.325 g of potassium thiocyanate per teaspoonful (5 mL). At $15.35/lb, what is the cost of the potassium thiocyanate required to © Jonesmake 1 gal& Bartlett of the elixir? Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 29. If a child accidentally swallowed 2 ﬂ oz of Feosol® Elixir, containing ⁄3 grain of ferrous sulfate per 5 mL, how much ferrous sulfate in milligrams did the child ingest?

© Jones & Bartlett30. How Learning, many grains LLCeach of codeine sulfate and ©acetaminophen Jones & Bartlett does the Learning,pre- LLC NOT FOR SALEscription OR DISTRIBUTION below have? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Dr. Debra Lawson 888 NW 27th Ave., Miami, FL 98885 © Jones247-555-6613 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Name: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Virginia Millhouse 678 Apple St.

Rx: © Jones &Codeine Bartlett Learning,sulfate LLC 30 mg © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEAcetaminophen OR DISTRIBUTION 325 mg NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION M. ft. cap. D.T.D. no. 24

© Jones & BartlettSig: Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONOne capsule t.i.d. for pain.NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute

31. A physician advises© Jones an adult & Bartlett patient to Learning, take a children’s LLC aspirin (81 mg of © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC aspirin per tablet)NOT daily FOR as SALEa precaution OR DISTRIBUTIONagainst a heart attack. Instead, the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION patient decides to cut 5-grain aspirin tablets into dosage units. How many doses could be obtained from each 5-grain tablet?

32. Sustained-release tablets of nitroglycerin contain the following amounts of 1 1 1 © Jonesdrug: ⁄25 &grain, Bartlett ⁄10 grain, Learning, and ⁄50 grain. LLC Express these quantities© as Jones milligrams. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1 33. The usual dose of colchicine for an acute gout attack is ⁄120 grain every hour for 8 doses. How much colchicine in milligrams is in the usual dose?

34. A hematinic tablet contains 525 mg of ferrous sulfate, which is equivalent to © Jones & Bartlett105 mgLearning, of elemental LLC iron. How many grains each© Jones of ferrous & Bartlettsulfate and Learning, ele- LLC NOT FOR SALEmental OR DISTRIBUTION iron would a patient receive from one tablet?NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC35. If f i of a cough syrup© contains Jones 10 & grains Bartlett of sodium Learning, citrate, LLChow much in mil- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONligrams is contained inNOT 5 mL? FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

1 36. A formula for a cough syrup contains ⁄8 grain of codeine phosphate per teaspoonful. How many grams of codeine phosphate should be used in preparing 1 pt of the cough syrup? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR37. A SALEphysician OR instructs DISTRIBUTION an adult patient to take 165-mg aspirinNOT tablets.FOR SALE How OR DISTRIBUTION much aspirin in grains does each tablet contain?

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Critical Thinking 2.2 A child was prescribed Dilantin®-125 suspension, 1 tsp t.i.d. C The pharmacy technician ﬁlled the three unit-dose oral © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC % © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC . syringes with 15 mL of Dilantin® suspension and sent them 789—. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION to NOTthe nursing FOR unit SALE for the OR patient. DISTRIBUTION 4 5 6 X This patient has not received the correct dose. Was 1 2 3 – the patient overdosed or underdosed? What could the effect on the patient be? Dilantin® is a 0 • = + drug used for seizure control. An underdose would mean © Jones &? Bartlett Learning,the seizures LLC would not be controlled.© An Jones overdose & Bartlettwould Learning, LLC NOT FORmean SALE that theOR patient DISTRIBUTION would have extreme adverse effects,NOT such FORas mental SALE con- OR DISTRIBUTION fusion, drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and rash.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMeasurement of TimeNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 24-hour time A method of Health care commonly uses 24-hour time to avoid giving doses at the wrong time keeping time by numbering the because AM and PM were poorly written on orders. The 24-hour clock is also known hours from 1 to 24 rather than as military or international time. Figure 2.2 shows this clock. Table 2.11 shows © Jones &from Bartlett 1 to 12 twice, Learning, the familiar LLCexamples of traditional time© convertedJones & to Bartlett 24-hour time.Learning, LLC NOT FORantemeridian SALE OR and DISTRIBUTION postmeridian NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION (AM and PM) notations. The 24-hour system uses four digits 2400 and no colons; 9 PM is given as 2300 1200 1300 1100 0100 2100. The ﬁrst two digits rep- © Jones2200 & Bartlett Learning,1400 LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC resent the hour, and the lastNOT FOR1000 SALE OR DISTRIBUTION0200 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION two digits represent the minutes. Also known as military 2100 1500 time or international time. 0900 0300 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR 2000DISTRIBUTION 1600 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 0800 0400 1900 1700 0700 1800 0500 0600 Figure 2.2 The 24-hour clock. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Traditional Time Written As Spoken As 10 AM 1000 Ten hundred © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 1:15 PM NOT FOR SALE 1315OR DISTRIBUTIONThirteen ﬁfteen NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

6 AM 0600 Zero six hundred

6:30 PM 1830 Eighteen thirty ©12 Jones AM (midnight) & Bartlett Learning, 2400LLC Twenty-four© Jones hundred & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONor or NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 0000 Zero hundred

1. Convert traditional time to 24-hour (international or military) time. a. 9 AM ______b. 1 PM ©______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC c. 5 PM NOT______FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION d. 9 PM ______e. 10:30 AM ______f. 7:00 AM ______© Jonesg. 10:00 & PM Bartlett______Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTh. FOR 8:45 AM SALE______OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION i. 11:25 PM ______j. 3:30 PM ______

2. Convert 24-hour time to traditional time. © Jones & Bartletta. 0600 Learning, ______LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEb. OR 1400 DISTRIBUTION ______NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION c. 0130 ______d. 0730 ______e. 1045 ______f. 2400© ______Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

PRACTICE PROBLEMS Convert© Jones the &following Bartlett to Learning,the units indicated. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. 2.5 tsp = ______mL 2. 25 tbsp = ______tsp = ______mL 3. 120 mL = ______oz © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC4. 2.150 mL = ______© Jones & BartlettL Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION5. 4 L = ______NOT FOR mL SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 6. 750 mg = ______g 7. 2000 mcg = ______mg © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR8. 65 SALE lb = ______OR DISTRIBUTION kg NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 9. 140 lb = ______kg 10. 1 gal = ______mL © Jones & Bartlett11. Learning, 0.0525 mg LLC = ______mcg© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 12. 0.00256 mL = ______L 13. 0.276 kg = ______g = ______mg = ______mcg

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC14 345.26 mL = ______L© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION15. 7.625 mcg = ______gNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Solve: 16. If a patient takes 2 mg of Prandin® t.i.d. for 30 days, how much Prandin® in © Jones &grams Bartlett will the Learning, patient have LLC received after 30 days of therapy?© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 17. How many 4-oz bottles can be ﬁlled from 2 gal of solution?

18. A physician orders gr ss capsules of codeine be made for a patient. How much © Jones &codeine Bartlett in grams Learning, would be LLC required to make 120 such ©capsules? Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE19. HowOR muchDISTRIBUTION codeine phosphate in grams is leftNOT in an originalFOR SALE 5-g bottle OR after DISTRIBUTION the amount required to prepare 100 capsules, each containing 15 mg of codeine phosphate, is used? 20. Answer the following questions based on the prescription below: a. How many© Jones micrograms & Bartlett of cyanocobalamin Learning, LLCwill be administered over© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 12 weeks?NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. How many milligrams of cyanocobalamin are in 10 mL of this preparation?

Dr. Alfred Sauls © Jones &151212 Bartlett S. High Learning, Rd., Chicago, LLC IL 23875 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR 954-555-1300DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Name: Alan Johnson 92 Ibis Lane © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORRx: DISTRIBUTION Cyanocobalamin 10 mcg/mLNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Disp: 10-mL sterile vial

Sig: 1.5© JonesmL every & Bartlett other Learning, week LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE Dr.OR Alfred DISTRIBUTION Sauls NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dispense as written May substitute

21. Aspirin tablets generally contain 325 mg of aspirin. How many such tablets © Jonesmay be & prepared Bartlett from Learning, 5 kg of aspirin? LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 22. Norgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets are available containing 0.5 mg of norgestrel and 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol. How many grams of each ingredient would be used in making 10,000 tablets? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC23. How many grams of reserpine© Jones would & Bartlett be required Learning, to make 25,000LLC tablets, each NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONcontaining 250 mcg ofNOT reserpine? FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 24. Answer the following questions based on the prescription below: a. How many milliliters of paregoric would be contained in each 15-mL dose? © Jones &b. Bartlett How many Learning, milligrams LLCof pectin would be contained© in Joneseach prescribed & Bartlett dose? Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. Debra Lawson 888 NW 27th Ave., Miami, FL 98885 247-555-6613

Rx: Paregoric 15 mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Pectin ©0.6 Jones g & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Kaolin 22 g Alcohol 0.8 mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORPuriﬁed DISTRIBUTION water ad 120 mL NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Mix and make a suspension. © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Sig: LLC15 mL prn for diarrhea.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC25. If an injectable solution© Jones contains & 25 Bartlett mcg of a Learning, drug substance LLC in each 0.5 mL, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONhow much in millilitersNOT will FOR be required SALE to OR provide DISTRIBUTION a patient with 0.25 mg of the drug substance?

© Jones & Bartlett26. How Learning, many milligrams LLC of pergolide mesylate© would Jones the &patient Bartlett receive Learning, daily, LLC NOT FOR SALEbased OR DISTRIBUTION on the prescription below? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Dr. Alfred Sauls 151212 S. High Rd., Chicago, IL 23875 © Jones954-555-1300 & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Name: Alan Johnson 92 Ibis Lane

Rx: © Jones & PergolideBartlett Learning, mesylate LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Disp: 50-mcg tabs No. 90 Sig: One tab t.i.d. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Dr. Alfred Sauls© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORDispense DISTRIBUTION as written May substituteNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

27. Answer the following questions based on the prescription below:

a. How many© Jonesmilligrams & Bartlett of hydrocodone Learning, bitartrate LLC would be contained in© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC each capsule?NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION b. What is the total weight in milligrams of the ingredients in each capsule? c. How many milligrams of caffeine would be taken daily?

Virginia Millhouse 678 Apple St. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE ORRx: DISTRIBUTION Hydrocodone bitartrate NOT 0.2 FORg SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Phenacetin 3.6 g

Aspirin© Jones 6 & g Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC CaffeineNOT FOR 0.6SALE g OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION M. ft. caps. no. 24 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT Sig:FOR SALEOne capsuleOR DISTRIBUTION t.i.d. prn for pain. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC28. Lanoxin® is available ©for Jones parenteral & pediatricBartlett use Learning, in a concentration LLC of 0.1 mg/mL. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHow many milliliters NOTwould FORprovide SALE a dose ORof 40 DISTRIBUTION mcg? 29. If a pharmacist had four 1-L stock bottles of each of the ingredients in the prescription below, how many times could this prescription be ﬁlled?

© Jones & Bartlett Learning,Name: LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONVirginia Millhouse 678NOT Apple FOR St. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ® Rx: Phenergan VC Syrup 60 mL ® © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Robitussin© JonesSyrup & Bartlett ad 120 Learning, mL LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sig: 5 mL prn for cough. Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 30. If one 20-mL ampul contains 0.5 g of aminophylline, how much in milliliters should be administered to provide a 25-mg dose of aminophylline? © Jones & Bartlett31. Learning, How many LLC milliliters of Maalox® Suspension© Jones would & Bartlett be contained Learning, in each dose, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONbased on the prescription below? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Dr. Debra Lawson © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 888 NW 27th© Jones Ave., Miami, & Bartlett FL 98885 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT247-555-6613 FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Virginia Millhouse 678 Apple St. Name: © Jones &Rx: Bartlett Belladonna Learning, LLCtincture 10 mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Alurate® Elixir 60 mL ® © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCMaalox Suspension© adJones 120 & mLBartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sig: 5 mL t.i.d. Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett32. An intravenousLearning, solution LLC contains 500 mcg of a© drug Jones substance & Bartlett in each milliliter. Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEHow OR manyDISTRIBUTION milligrams of the drug would a patientNOT receive FOR fromSALE the ORintravenous DISTRIBUTION infusion of a liter of the solution?

33. If an intravenous solution containing 123 mg of a drug substance in each 250-mL bottle is to be administered at 200 mcg of drug per minute, how much of the solution in milliliters© Jones would be& Bartlettgiven per hour?Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 34. How many milliliters of Decadron® Elixir would be taken in the initial dose of the prescription below?

Name: Virginia Millhouse 678 Apple St. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ® NOT FOR SALE ORRx: DISTRIBUTION Decadron Elixir NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Benadryl ® Liquid aa 20 mL Triple© Jones Sulfas & Bartlett suspension Learning, 80 LLC mL © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sig: 10 mL stat., then 5 mL t.i.d. Dr. Debra Lawson Dispense as written May substitute © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 35. The prophylactic dose of riboflavin is 2 mg. How many micrograms of riboflavin are in a multiple vitamin capsule containing one-fifth of the prophylactic dose?

36. Streptomycin sulfate 1 mg contains the antibiotic activity of 650 mcg of strep- © Jones & Bartletttomycin Learning, base. How LLC many grams of streptomycin© Jones sulfate &would Bartlett be the Learning, equiva- LLC NOT FOR SALE lentOR of DISTRIBUTION 1 g of streptomycin base? NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

37. A commercial package contains 36 200-mg tablets of ibuprofen. How many kilograms of ibuprofen were used in the manufacture of 1000 packages of the product?© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 38. A vial of tobramycinNOT FOR sulfate SALE contains OR 80 DISTRIBUTION mg of drug in 2 mL of injection. HowNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION many milliliters of the injection should be administered to obtain 0.02 g of tobramycin sulfate?

39.© Jones A preﬁlled & Bartlett syringe ofLearning, furosemide LLC contains 20 mg of drug in 2© mL Jones of solution. & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOTHow FOR many SALE micrograms OR DISTRIBUTION of drug would be administered by an injectionNOT FOR of 0.5 SALEmL OR DISTRIBUTION of the solution?

40. A multidose vial of sulﬁsoxazole diolamine contains 2 g of drug per 5 mL. How many milliliters would be used to administer 400 mg of the drug to a patient? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC41. Half a liter of dextrose© 5%Jones in water & Bartlett (D5W) contains Learning, 2000 mcgLLC of added drug. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONHow many millilitersNOT of the FOR ﬂuid wouldSALE contain OR DISTRIBUTION 0.5 mg of the drug? 42. Acetaminophen in amounts greater than 4 g per day has been associated with liver toxicity. What is the maximum number of 325-mg tablets of acetaminophen that a person may take daily and not reach the toxic level? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR43. An SALE effervescent OR DISTRIBUTION tablet has the following formula: NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Acetaminophen 325 mg Calcium carbonate 280 mg Citric acid 900 mg Potassium bicarbonate 300 mg © Jones & Bartlett Learning,Sodium bicarbonate LLC 465 mg © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONa. Calculate the total weight in gramsNOT of the FOR ingredients SALE in OReach DISTRIBUTION tablet. b. How many tablets could be made with a supply of 5 kg of acetaminophen? 44. How many milligrams of total sodium and potassium salts are in each dose in the prescription below? © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. Alfred Sauls 151212 S. High Rd., Chicago, IL 23875 954-555-1300 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEName: ORAlan DISTRIBUTION Johnson 92 Ibis Lane NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Rx: Sodium chloride 1.46 g © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCPotassium chloride © 0.745Jones g& Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sodium bicarbonate 1.68 g Sodium sulfate 5.68 g © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION PEG 3350NOT FOR 60 g SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Water ad 4 L © Jones &Sig: Bartlett Drink Learning, 8 oz (240LLC mL) every © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 10 minutes until gone. Label: Colon Electrolyte Lavage. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dr. AlfredNOT FORSauls SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Dispense as written May substitute

45. How many grams of ethinyl estradiol are needed to prepare 2500 tablets, each © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC containing 50 mcg of© the Jones medicinal & Bartlett substance? Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett46. The Learning,recommended LLC dose for a brand of nicotine© patch Jones is one & 21-mgBartlett dose Learning, per day LLC NOT FOR SALEfor OR 6 weeks,DISTRIBUTION followed by 14 mg per day for 2 NOTweeks FOR and then SALE 7 mg OR per dayDISTRIBUTION for 2 more weeks. What total quantity in grams would a patient receive during this course of treatment? 47. If an albuterol inhaler contains 20 mg of albuterol and each inhalation dose contains 90 mcg,© how Jones many & inhalation Bartlett doses Learning, can be delivered? LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 48. Compazine® for injection is available in 10-mL multiple-dose vials containing 5 mg/mL. How many 2-mg doses can be withdrawn from the vial?

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ReferenceNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1. The United States Pharmacopeia, 24th Rev. Rockville, MD: United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 2000:14.