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The Apothecary's Cabinet 16Pp Apothecary’s Cabinet No. 8, Fall 2004 News and Notes from the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy HEADLINE: Lewis & Clark Bought Imported Drugs!! by Gregory J. Higby YES, the famed Corps of Discovery shows what limited resources were ence. Only one man was lost during led by Meriwether Lewis and Will- available two hundred years ago to the 28-month journey. iam Clark traversed 8,000 miles of treat acute illnesses. North American wilderness with two As part of his preparation to Cinchona Bark (South chests full of imported drugs. In con- lead the expedition west, Lewis had America) trast with current debates about the spent time consulting with cost of prescription medicines, the Philadelphia’s scientific elite, includ- It was no accident that the decision was simple in 1803—almost ing the famed physician Benjamin largest single medicine purchased by all drugs were imported into the Rush. Lewis received a set of medical Whelan for the Corps was fifteen United States because of sheer ne- instructions from Rush—which he pounds of “Pulv. Cort. Peru” other- cessity. Most items of the materia and Clark largely ignored—and no wise known as cinchona bark or sim- medica were derived from plants doubt guidance to bring along a ply Bark. One of the great panaceas grown only in far-off lands. And plentiful supply of “Rush’s Pills.” The of the era, cinchona bark arrived in many of the chemicals used as medi- chests of medicines had the basics of Europe from South America in the cines were not mass produced yet by the day: cinchona bark, opium, ton- early 1600s as a specific cure for in- the nascent American industry. ics, laxatives, emetics, and dia- termittent fevers (malaria). As a spe- In May 1803, Army purveyor phoretics, plus ointments and other cific it rocked traditional medical Israel Whelan went to the establish- external remedies for the inevitable theories, which maintained that dis- ment of Gillaspy and Strong, Drug- scrapes and sprains. The most im- ease came from humoral imbalances gists, of Philadelphia and bought portant medical decision made by within the body. As one of the few medical supplies for the Corps of Lewis and Clark was choosing a drugs that actually cured a disease, Discovery. Thirty-odd drugs and group of healthy young men tough- cinchona was soon tried against medicines were purchased, as well as ened by frontier or military experi- other fevers and constitutional ail- bottles, surgical supplies, and a few other necessities. Table 1 lists the items that appeared on the bill sent to Meriwether Lewis. A glance over The American Institute of the History of Pharmacy is a unique the list reveals much about what organization dedicated to the preservation of pharmacy’s heri- medical challenges the captains ex- tage. The Apothecary’s Cabinet is a publication from AIHP that pected on their journey: malaria, takes a popular look at the history of pharmacy in its many fac- wounds, gastro-intestinal disorders, and venereal disease. The list also ets. We welcome your comments and submissions. No. 8 1 ments even though it had little if any effect. For the can have a better title to the appellation of sedative than Corps, however, fifteen pounds of Peruvian Bark was no opium. Indeed there is hardly any affection, in which foolish extravagance. The center of the North American it may not, from circumstances, be proper; and in all des- continent was full of mosquitoes, some of which carried perate cases, it is the most powerful means of alleviating malaria. the miseries of patients.” (pp. 240-243.) Quinine, the main active ingredient of cinchona, Hypodermic syringes were a half-century in the was not isolated until 1820 by French pharmacists future, so physicians of the early 19th century adminis- Pelletier and Caventou. Only ten or twelve ounces of tered opium orally, often in the form of a simple rolled this alkaloid would have equaled the medicinal power of pill. Because it was a valuable drug, opium was often a bulky container of powdered Bark. Like most of the adulterated, therefore druggists like Gillaspy and other drugs carried by the Corps, the cinchona probably Strong carefully examined each shipment that arrived. arrived in Philadelphia via London merchants, rather Their reputation as dealers in quality drugs depended than directly from the countries of origin. largely on the potency of their opium. Opium and Laudanum (Middle East) Ipecac (Brazil) From the list of drugs, opium and its tincture A drug sometimes combined with opium, ipecac (laudanum) appear to fill a niche still required in was one of the most versatile medicines of the early today’s therapeutics—opiate pain reliever. (Five of the modern period. Introduced into Western medicine in top 100 drugs prescribed in 2003 were derived in part the late 1600s from South America, ipecacuanha from opium.) And while opium and its preparations quickly gained stature as a treatment for dysentery and were used for the relief of pain, they were also the seda- as a reliable emetic and diaphoretic. Intentionally in- tives and hypnotics of choice two hundred years ago. ducing vomiting or sweating was viewed at the time as About the same time as the Lewis and Clark Expedition, a good way to alter the body’s balance and encourage German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner was developing the restoration of health. Ipecac remains an official the method to extract morphine from crude opium, drug, although its status as an emergency emetic has thereby opening the era of alkaloidal chemistry. As in declined in recent years. In 1803, most ipecac roots the case of cinchona and quinine, however, this discov- were dug in Brazil for exportation. ery would come too late for the Corps, which was re- quired to take the bulkier crude drug along for the Camphor (Sumatra) 8,000 mile journey. Lewis, as Jefferson’s private secretary, may have Another exotic carried along by Lewis and Clark read the following from the Edinburgh New Dispensa- that is still official is camphor. One contemporary au- tory (1791), a book in the president’s library: “Egypt, Per- thor described it as “a very peculiar substance . sia, and some other provinces of Asia, have hitherto sup- chiefly extracted from the wood and roots of a tree plied us with this commonly: in those countries, large growing in Sumatra.” The collection of camphor was quantities of poppies are cultivated for this purpose. described by Marco Polo and in the Arabian Nights. Opium, when taken into the stomach . gives rise to a Considered a concrete essential oil, the drug was ad- pleasant serenity of mind, in general proceeding to a cer- ministered orally to combat fevers through inducing tain degree of languor and drowsiness. no substance perspiration. Apothecary’s Cabinet • No. 8, Fall 2004 ISSN 1534-4509 Editor: Gregory J. Higby Assistant Editor: Elaine Condouris Stroud Publisher: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, located at the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222 Phone (608) 262-5378, email [email protected]; www.aihp.org. THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY is incorporated under Wisconsin statute 180 as a non-profit organization de- voted to advancing knowledge and understanding of the place of pharmacy in history. It publishes Pharmacy in History, Apothecary’s Cabinet, occa- sional monographs, and pamphlets; it fosters humanistic teaching in pharmaceutical education; confers awards for outstanding achievement in its field; sponsors historical meetings and exhibits; collects and preserves source materials; and serves as a center for research and information. PUBLICATION PRICES: Apothecary’s Cabinet is distributed free of charge to schools of pharmacy upon request. This and other publications of the AIHP may be obtained through membership ($50 per year for individuals, $100 for institutions); individual copies of Apothecary’s Cabinet are $2.00. 2 Apothecary’s Cabinet (London) (Fort Clatsup) (Philadelphia) Asafetida Opium Jalap Camphor Copaiba Cinnamon Cinchona Ipecac Columbo Copaiba (Brazil and took an entire pound of this smelly ecaries. In early America, this was Venezuela) substance is unclear. still the case. As druggists in Phila- delphia, Gillaspy and Strong handled Buried in the usual lists of large quantities of these precious Columbo Root (Mozambique) medicines carried by the Corps of goods. In both regular and folk Discovery is “Balsam of Copaiba.” When Gillaspy and Strong medicines, pungent spices were This soothing liquid came trees packed up half a pound of columbo taken to improve digestion. Some tapped in the Amazon basin. Al- root for the Corps, they probably authors have speculated that they though it had other applications, co- thought the drug came from Ceylon were purchased by Lewis and Clark paiba was mainly used for the treat- (modern Sri Lanka). For decades, to flavor their drug preparations. It ment of gonorrhea. When consumed Portuguese traders had a monopoly is more likely that the captains internally, it produced a characteris- on this drug and hid its origins. Por- bought them for culinary purposes. tic odor to a patient’s urine and was tuguese ships would stop on the East thought to soothe inflammation coast of Africa, purchase the roots caused by venereal disease. As expe- Rush’s Pills (USA from from local gatherers, and then carry rienced army officers, Lewis and Imported Ingredients) them along to India on their jour- Clark knew they needed to be pre- neys before returning home to Eu- One significant medicine was pared to treat VD, so they brought rope. At first called kalumb, the not imported—the famous Bilious along copaiba, calomel, and penile drug’s name shifted to variations of Pills of Benjamin Rush.
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