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Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus Pelamis) Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus Albacares)

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Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus Pelamis) Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus Albacares) Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) © Monterey Bay Aquarium Indian Ocean Troll/Pole October 3, 2016 Alexia Morgan, Consulng Researcher Disclaimer Seafood Watch® strives to have all Seafood Reports reviewed for accuracy and completeness by external sciensts with experse in ecology, fisheries science and aquaculture. Scienfic review, however, does not constute an endorsement of the Seafood Watch® program or its recommendaons on the part of the reviewing sciensts. Seafood Watch® is solely responsible for the conclusions reached in this report. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 About Seafood Watch 3 Guiding Principles 4 Summary 5 Final Seafood Recommendations 5 Introduction 7 Assessment 10 Criterion 1: Impacts on the species under assessment 10 Criterion 2: Impacts on other species 14 Criterion 3: Management Effectiveness 18 Criterion 4: Impacts on the habitat and ecosystem 25 Acknowledgements 28 References 29 Appendix A: Extra By Catch Species 31 Appendix B: Update Summary 32 2 About Seafood Watch Monterey Bay Aquarium’s Seafood Watch® program evaluates the ecological sustainability of wild-caught and farmed seafood commonly found in the United States marketplace. Seafood Watch® defines sustainable seafood as originang from sources, whether wild-caught or farmed, which can maintain or increase producon in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or funcon of affected ecosystems. Seafood Watch® makes its science-based recommendaons available to the public in the form of regional pocket guides that can be downloaded from www.seafoodwatch.org. The program’s goals are to raise awareness of important ocean conservaon issues and empower seafood consumers and businesses to make choices for healthy oceans. Each sustainability recommendaon on the regional pocket guides is supported by a Seafood Report. Each report synthesizes and analyzes the most current ecological, fisheries and ecosystem science on a species, then evaluates this informaon against the program’s conservaon ethic to arrive at a recommendaon of “Best Choices,” “Good Alternaves” or “Avoid.” The detailed evaluaon methodology is available upon request. In producing the Seafood Reports, Seafood Watch® seeks out research published in academic, peer-reviewed journals whenever possible. Other sources of informaon include government technical publicaons, fishery management plans and supporng documents, and other scienfic reviews of ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch® Research Analysts also communicate regularly with ecologists, fisheries and aquaculture sciensts, and members of industry and conservaon organizaons when evaluang fisheries and aquaculture pracces. Capture fisheries and aquaculture pracces are highly dynamic; as the scienfic informaon on each species changes, Seafood Watch®’s sustainability recommendaons and the underlying Seafood Reports will be updated to reflect these changes. Pares interested in capture fisheries, aquaculture pracces and the sustainability of ocean ecosystems are welcome to use Seafood Reports in any way they find useful. For more informaon about Seafood Watch® and Seafood Reports, please contact the Seafood Watch® program at Monterey Bay Aquarium by calling 1-877- 229-9990. 3 Guiding Principles Seafood Watch defines sustainable seafood as originang from sources, whether fished1 or farmed, that can maintain or increase producon in the long-term without jeopardizing the structure or funcon of affected ecosystems. Based on this principle, Seafood Watch had developed four sustainability criteria for evaluang wildcatch fisheries for consumers and businesses. These criteria are: How does fishing affect the species under assessment? How does the fishing affect other, target and non-target species? How effecve is the fishery’s management? How does the fishing affect habitats and the stability of the ecosystem? Each criterion includes: Factors to evaluate and score Guidelines for integrang these factors to produce a numerical score and rang Once a rang has been assigned to each criterion, we develop an overall recommendaon. Criteria rangs and the overall recommendaon are color-coded to correspond to the categories on the Seafood Watch pocket guide and online guide: Best Choice/Green: Are well managed and caught in ways that cause lile harm to habitats or other wildlife. Good Alternave/Yellow: Buy, but be aware there are concerns with how they’re caught. Avoid/Red Take a pass on these for now. These items are overfished or caught in ways that harm other marine life or the environment. 1 “Fish” is used throughout this document to refer to finfish, shellfish and other invertebrates 4 Summary This report focuses on skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught by troll and pole fisheries in the Indian Ocean. All the tuna species in this report are of medium inherent vulnerability to fishing pressure based on life history characteriscs, including when they reach sexual maturity, maximum size, and spawning strategy. Almost all these species are either top predators or occupy a high trophic level in the ecosystem. The skipjack tuna populaon in the Indian Ocean is healthy, and fishing mortality rates are well below maximum sustainable yield, indicang that overfishing is not occurring. Yellowfin tuna in the Indian Ocean is overfished and overfishing is occurring. Bycatch in the troll and pole fisheries is typically very low, but other tunas such as bigeye, bullet, and frigate are incidentally captured; other bycatch species are not common. These species are managed through various measures by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) within the Indian Ocean. Recently, the IOTC implemented a harvest control rule for skipjack tuna and measures to reduce fishing mortality of yellowfin tuna, though it is unknown if the measures will be sufficient to end overfishing of yellowfin tuna and rebuild its populaons. Overall management is considered moderately effecve, with a mixed record of following scienfic advice and ensuring compliance with regulaons. The fishery does not impact the benthic habitat and has moderately effecve ecosystem-based measures in place. Final Seafood Recommendaons CRITERION CRITERION 2: 1: IMPACTS IMPACTS ON CRITERION 3: CRITERION 4: ON THE OTHER MANAGEMENT HABITAT AND OVERALL SPECIES/FISHERY SPECIES SPECIES EFFECTIVENESS ECOSYSTEM RECOMMENDATION Skipjack tuna Green (5.000) Red (1.414) Yellow (3.000) Green (3.873) Good Alternave Indian Ocean, (3.010) Troll/Pole Yellowfin tuna Red (1.414) Yellow (2.644) Yellow (3.000) Green (3.873) Good Alternave Indian Ocean, (2.567) Troll/Pole Summary Skipjack and yellowfin tuna caught by handline, troll or pole-and-line in the Indian Ocean are a Good Alternave. Eco-Cerficaon Informaon A poron of this fishery is cerfied by the Marine Stewardship Council. Scoring Guide Scores range from zero to five where zero indicates very poor performance and five indicates the fishing operaons have no significant impact. Final Score = geometric mean of the four Scores (Criterion 1, Criterion 2, Criterion 3, Criterion 4). Best Choice/Green = Final Score >3.2, and no Red Criteria, and no Crical scores 5 Good Alternave/Yellow = Final score >2.2-3.2, and neither Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) nor Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) are Very High Concern2, and no more than one Red Criterion, and no Crical scores Avoid/Red = Final Score ≤2.2, or either Harvest Strategy (Factor 3.1) or Bycatch Management Strategy (Factor 3.2) is Very High Concern or two or more Red Criteria, or one or more Crical scores. 2 Because effecve management is an essenal component of sustainable fisheries, Seafood Watch issues an Avoid recommendaon for any fishery scored as a Very High Concern for either factor under Management (Criterion 3). 6 Introducon Scope of the analysis and ensuing recommendaon This report focuses on skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) caught by troll, handline, and pole fisheries in the Indian Ocean. Species Overview Skipjack and yellowfin tuna are found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide including in the Indian Ocean. These species are each assessed as single populaons in the Indian Ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, there are two populaons: Eastern Pacific, and Western and Central Pacific. In the Atlanc Ocean, there is one populaon of yellowfin and two of skipjack (Eastern and Western). Both skipjack and yellowfin tuna are highly migratory and are commonly found as juveniles schooling together below floang objects (IOTC 2013b) (IOTC 2013c) (IOTC 2013d). Globally, purse seines are the primary gear used to capture skipjack and yellowfin tuna. Skipjack and yellowfin tuna catches have all increased substanally over me, peaking in the early 2000s for yellowfin tuna and around 2009 for skipjack tuna (ISSF 2013b). In the Indian Ocean, tuna are managed by the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC). Producon Stascs Historically, the pole-and-line and trolling fisheries captured the majority of skipjack tuna in the Indian Ocean unl the mid-1980s, when purse seining was introduced. Since then, both fisheries have contributed far less to the overall catches in the region. Total catches of skipjack tuna have been increasing over me and peaked in 2006 at around 600,000 MT, with less than 50,000 MT coming from other fisheries including trolling, handline, and longline. In 2012, total catches were 384,537 MT, with 183,594 MT coming from trolling, handline, and longline fishing gears (combined). The top fishing naons for skipjack tuna using handline gear (troll and pole; in decreasing order) are Maldives, Indonesia, India, and Sri Lanka (IOTC 2013c). Figure 1 Skipjack tuna annual catches, 1950-2012, in the Indian Ocean (IOTC 2013c). Total annual catches of yellowfin tuna have increased significantly since the 1980s due to the expansion of the purse seine, gillnet, and troll and pole fisheries. Total catches peaked in 2004 at 528,797 MT (20,929 MT troll and 4,631 MT handline) but have since dropped, with total catches in 2012 being 370,000 MT (21,444 MT 7 troll and 6,253 MT handline). The top fishing naons for yellowfin tuna using handline gear (in decreasing order) are Maldives, Yemen, Indonesia, India, and Sri Lanka (IOTC 2013d).
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