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2.1.10.3 FRI CHAPTER 2.1.10.3 AUTHORS: LAST UPDATE: FRIGATE TUNA J. VALEIRAS and E. ABAD Sept. 4, 2006 2.1.10.3 Description of Frigate Tuna (FRI) 1. Names 1.a Classification and taxonomy Species name: Auxis thazard (Lacepède 1800) ICCAT species code: FRI ICCAT names: Frigate tuna (English), Auxide (French), Melva (Spanish) According to Collette and Nauen (1983), the frigate tuna is classified as follows: • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Superclass: Gnathostomata • Class: Osteichthyes • Subclass: Actinopterygii • Order: Perciformes • Suborder: Scombroidei • Family: Scombridae Some authors have used the name Auxis thazard as including Auxis rochei in the belief that there was only a single worldwide species of Auxis (Collette and Nauen 1983). Most of the published data on biological parameters of Auxis in Atlantic ocean are from Auxis rochei. 1.b Common names List of vernacular names used according to ICCAT, FAO and Fishbase (www.fishbase.org). The list is not exhaustive and some local names might not be included. Angola: Chapouto, Judeo. Australia: Frigate mackerel, Leadenall. Brazil: Albacora-bandolim, Bonito, Bonito-cachorro, Cachorro, Cadelo, Cavala, Judeu, Serra. Cape Verde: Cachorra, Cachorrinha, Chapouto, Gaiado, Judeo-liso, Judeu, Merma, Panguil, Serra. China: ᅭ⯦㫎, ᡥ⯦㫎. Chinese Taipei: ᡥⰼ㫎. Cuba: Melva aletilargo. Denmark: Auxide. Djibouti: Auxide, Frigate tuna. Dominican Republic: Bonito. Ecuador: Botellita. Finland: Auksidi. France: Auxide. Germany: Fregattmakrele. Greece: ȉȠȣȝʌĮȡȑȜȚ, ȀȠʌȐȞȚ, ȀȠʌĮȞȐțȚ, ǺĮȡİȜȐțȚ, Kopani-Kopanaki. India: Ayila soora, Bugudi, Churai, Ellichoora, Frigate mackerel, Frigate-tuna, Gedar, Gedara, Kuppa, Kutteli- churai, Ragondi, Urulan-churai. Indonesia: Balaki. Iran: Batch-e-zardeh. 217 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010) Italy: Mpisu, Biso, Bisu, Bonitu, Culariau, Istrumbu, Istrumbulu, Motolo, Motulu, Muetolo, Pisantuni, Pizzutellu, Sangusu, Scurmo, Scurmu, Sgamirru, Sgamiru, Sgionfeto, Strumbo, Strumbu, Strumbulu, Strummulu, Tambarela, Tambarello, Tambarelo, Tamburello, Tombarello, Tonnetto, Tumbarello, Tunnacchiu. Japan: Hiramejika, Hirasoda, Hirasôda, Hirasodakatsuo, Oboso, Obosogatsuwo, Shibuwa, Soda-gatsuo, Soma, Suma. Malaysia: Aya, Aya selaseh, Baculan, Bakulan, Kayau, Kayu, Selasih, Tongkol, Tongkol selasih. Martinique: Bonit queue raide. Mexico: Barrilete negro, Bonito, Melva. Micronesia: Mackerel tuna, Yasiuneiu-yauma. Mozambique: Judeu. Netherlands: Fregatmakreel. New Zealand: Frigate tuna. Nicaragua: Melva. Norway: Auxid. Oman: Deraiga, Sadah, Tibban. Papua New Guinea: Frigate mackerel, Frigate tuna. Peru: Barrileto negro. Philippines: Aloy, Budburon, Buroboto, Ehalason, Frigate tuna, Ilahason, Kantorayan, Mangko, Mangkoh, Perit, Pidlayan, Pirit, Super Aloy, Tangi, Tolingan, Tulingan, Tulingan lapad, Vahuyo. Poland: Tazar. Portugal: Judeu, Judeu-liso e judeu. Romania: Melva, Ton negru. Sao Tome Prn: Fulu fulu. Somalia: Jaydar-dhiiglow. Spain: Melva. St Helena: Mackerel tuna. Sweden: Auxid. Tanzania: Sehewa. Trinidad Tobago: Bonito. Turkey: Gobene, Tombile. United Arabian Emirates: Tabban United Kingdom: Frigate tuna. United States of America: Bullet mackerel, Frigate mackerel, Frigate tuna. Venezuela: Cabaña negra. Vietnam: Cá Ngùr chù, Frigate mackerel. 2. Identification Figure 1. Drawing of an adult Auxis thazard (by A. López, ‘Tokio’). 218 2.1.10.3 FRI Characteristics of Auxis thazard (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) Frigate tuna is a small tuna species. Maximum size is 65 cm (Cayré et al. 1993). Common size is 25 to 40 cm depending on fishing gear, seasonally and region (Collete and Nauen 1983; Collete 1986). Colour: • Colour bluish on dorsal parts turning to deep purple or almost black on the head. • Pattern of 15 or more dark bars or wavy lines, oblique to nearly horizontal, in the scaleless area above lateral line. • White belly without stripes or spots. • Pectoral and pelvic fins are purple, with black inner sides. External: • Body robust elongate and rounded. • Body naked, except for the corselet which is well developed. Corselet narrow in its posterior part (no more than 5 scales wide under second dorsal fin origin). • Strong median keel on each side of caudal peduncle, between two smaller keels. • Two dorsal fins separated by a large interspace (at least equal to length of first dorsal fin base). Second dorsal lower than first, followed by 8 finlets. • Anal fin followed by 7 finlets. • Short pectoral fin but extending posterior to beginning scaleless area above corselet. Pectoral rays: 22- 25. • Dorsal spines: 10-12. • Gillrakers on first arch: 38-47. • Inter-pelvic process single and very large, equal to length of pelvic fins. Internal: • Swimbladder absent. • Right lobe of liver very long, extending the length of the body cavity and left lobe greatly reduced. • Vertebrae: 39. • Cutaneus artery present but divided into separate dorsal and ventral branches. The ventral branch is very poorly developed. Pattern of 15 or more dark bars or wavy lines, oblique to nearly horizontal, in the scaleless area above lateral line Short pectoral fin but extending Strong median keel on each posterior to beginning scaleless side of caudal peduncle, area above corselet. Pectoral rays: between two smaller keels 22-25 Figure 2. Synthesis of the most outstanding characteristics of Auxis thazard (by A. López, ‘Tokio’). 219 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010) 3. Distribution and population ecology 3.a Geographical distribution The genus Auxis is distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical waters. The confusion surrounding the identification of the species of Auxis is reflected in their reported distribution in the world’s oceans. Auxis is distributed in both sides of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, including the Mediterranean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico (Figure 3). Latitudinal range reported for genus in Atlantic is from 45ºN to 35ºS. In the eastern Atlantic is reported as far north as Norway and as far south as South Africa waters. In the western Atlantic off the east coast of North America has been recorded from Gulf of Maine, (Cape Cod). Off the Atlantic coast of South America the species is recorded to Mar del Plata (Argentina). Figure 3. Geographical distribution of Auxis sp. (FAO. c2001-2009. Compilation of aquatic species distribution maps of interest to fisheries. In FAO Fisheries Department [online]. Rome. [15 sept. 2009]. http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/fish_dist_map). 3.b Habitat preferences Frigate tuna is an epipelagic and neritic fish as well as oceanic occurring in warm waters. Larvae have a high temperature tolerance of at least 21.6 to 30.5ºC, (the widest among tuna species studied), their optimum is 27- 27.9ºC. The species has a strong schooling behaviour. 3.c Migrations Little is known about frigate tuna movements. Less migratory than other tuna species. 3.d Recruitment Knowledge of the early life stages in tunas is very scarce. It is assumed that larval period is short. During the first life stages frigate tuna are not caught and juvenile life history is unknown. Immature fish first appear in fishery from around 25 cm of fork length. 220 2.1.10.3 FRI 4. Biology 4.a Growth Most of the studies on growth of Auxis species in Atlantic regards to Auxis rochei. Data of Auxis thazard from Gibraltar Straits area published by Rodriguez-Roda (1966) were later attributed to Auxis rochei for the same author (Rodriguez-Roda 1983). Table 1. Growth parameters for frigate tuna (L in cm, K in y-1, t0 in y). Growth Parameter Area Reference NMethod L k t0 51.47 0.32 -0.83 Eastern Central Atlantic Grudtsev and Korolevich, 1986. 237 Spines 51.5 1 - West Java, Indonesia Dwiponggo et al., 1986 4.b Length-Weight relationship Most of the studies on length-weight relationships of Auxis species in Atlantic regards to Auxis rochei. Data of Auxis thazard from Gibraltar Straits area published by Rodriguez-Roda (1966) were latter attributed to Auxis rochei for the same author (Rodriguez-Roda, 1983). Probably, the relationship for A. thazard published by Ramos et al. (1985) refers also to A. rochei. Table 2. Published frigate tuna length-weight relationships. Equation N Area Country Reference W= 0.00166 x FL 3.64257 515 Gibraltar Strait Spain Ramos et al., 1985 W= 0.0547x FL 2.7 - South Africa van der Elst, 1981 W= 0.01x FL 3.13 - Southwestern Brazil Brazil Madureira and Rossi-Wongtschowski, 2005 3.3 W= 0.0061x FL - Mikomoto Japan Ishida, 1971 W= 0.077 x FL 2.509 - Shionomisaki Japan Ishida, 1971 W= 0.0018x FL 3.334 - Sri Lanka Sivasubramaniam, 1966 4.c Reproduction Most of the studies on reproduction of Auxis species in Atlantic regards to Auxis rochei. Some information for other oceans are included below. Spawning The species has an extended spawning period from February to November depending on the geographical area in North Atlantic. In tropical African coasts the spawning occurs from April to September off Sierra Leone, in summer in the gulf of Guinea, November and December off Congo and Angola (Rudomiotkina 1984). Spawning is recorded at the surface water temperatures of 21.6-30.5º, with massive spawning at 25-26º. Maturity Sexual maturity is reached at about 29 cm fork length in Japanese waters and 35 c around Hawai (Collette and Nauen 1983). Fecundity Fecundity was estimated at about 1.37 million eggs per year in a 44.2 cm female. Fecundity of fish in Indian waters ranged between approximately 200,000 to 1.06 million eggs per spawning in correlation with the size of females (Collette and Nauen 1983). 221 ICCAT MANUAL, 1st Edition (January 2010) 4.d First life stages Eggs and larvae Eggs are pelagic, 0.84-0.92 mm of diameter and with one oil globule (0.24-0.29 mm of diameter). The yolk is homogeneus. The hatch size is 2.32 mm. The embryo presents melanophores and large green chromatophores on posterior half. Larvae present pigmentation on midbrain, hindbrain, gut, cleithral symphysis dorsal, lateral and ventral margins of tail (Richards 2005). 4.e Diet Food is primarily selected by the size of gillrakers. The species feeds on fish, crustaceans, cephalopods and others. 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    Evolution, 59(7), 2005, pp. 1570±1578 PHYLOGENETIC PERSPECTIVES IN THE EVOLUTION OF PARENTAL CARE IN RAY-FINNED FISHES JUDITH E. MANK,1,2 DANIEL E. L. PROMISLOW,1 AND JOHN C. AVISE1 1Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 2E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Among major vertebrate groups, ray-®nned ®shes (Actinopterygii) collectively display a nearly unrivaled diversity of parental care activities. This fact, coupled with a growing body of phylogenetic data for Actinopterygii, makes these ®shes a logical model system for analyzing the evolutionary histories of alternative parental care modes and associated reproductive behaviors. From an extensive literature review, we constructed a supertree for ray-®nned ®shes and used its phylogenetic topology to investigate the evolution of several key reproductive states including type of parental care (maternal, paternal, or biparental), internal versus external fertilization, internal versus external gestation, nest construction behavior, and presence versus absence of sexual dichromatism (as an indicator of sexual selection). Using a comparative phylogenetic approach, we critically evaluate several hypotheses regarding evolutionary pathways toward parental care. Results from maximum parsimony reconstructions indicate that all forms of parental care, including paternal, biparental, and maternal (both external and internal to the female reproductive tract) have arisen repeatedly and independently during ray-®nned ®sh evolution. The most common evolutionary transitions were from external fertilization directly to paternal care and from external fertilization to maternal care via the intermediate step of internal fertilization. We also used maximum likelihood phylogenetic methods to test for statistical correlations and contingencies in the evolution of pairs of reproductive traits.
  • The Italian Annotated Bibliography on Albacore (Thunnus Alalunga, Bonnaterre, 1788)

    The Italian Annotated Bibliography on Albacore (Thunnus Alalunga, Bonnaterre, 1788)

    SCRS/2019/156 Collect. Vol. Sci. Pap. ICCAT, 76(8): 7-39 (2020) THE ITALIAN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON ALBACORE (THUNNUS ALALUNGA, BONNATERRE, 1788) F. Garibaldi1, P. Addis2, A. Di Natale3, C. Piccinetti4, F. Tinti5 SUMMARY The Italian scientists have a long tradition of studies and research on albacore (Thunnus alalunga). This species is one of the most important for the Italian fishery since many centuries, even if it was often neglected. This is the first attempt to list together the many papers published so far by Italian scientists, concerning the biology of this species, the fisheries and many other scientific and cultural issues. The aim of this paper is to provide a sort of annotated bibliography, with specific key words, even if it is surely incomplete, because of the many papers published over the years. So far, we found 164 papers on albacore. This updated bibliography was set together to serve the scientists and to help them in finding some rare references that might be useful for their work. RÉSUMÉ Les scientifiques italiens ont une longue tradition d'études et de recherches sur le germon (Thunnus alalunga). Cette espèce est l'une des plus importantes pour la pêche italienne depuis de nombreux siècles, même si elle a été souvent négligée. Il s'agit de la première tentative de répertorier les nombreux articles publiés à ce jour par des scientifiques italiens concernant la biologie de cette espèce, les pêcheries et de nombreuses autres questions scientifiques et culturelles. Le but de ce document est de fournir une sorte de bibliographie annotée, avec des mots clés spécifiques, même si elle est sûrement incomplète, en raison des nombreux articles publiés au cours des années.