APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. 6, No.1
POTENTIAL BIODIESEL FUEL FROM STERCULIA FOETIDA WITH ZERO WASTE SYSTEM
Putri Sulhana El-Fiesha Balqis 1
1 SMA NEGERI 6 Yogyakarta – C. Simanjuntak 2 Street, Terban, Gondokusuman, Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia 55233
ABSTRACT In Indonesia, Sterculia foetida tree are grow up in many places, including rocky and sandy places. Sterculia foetida seed is one of botanical plant that potencially be utilized as alternative energy resources, like biodiesel fuel. Because it seed has oil content of 45%-55% and has other contents that can be liquified in process to transform to biodiesel. Processing of sterculia foetida seed into oil follows the route: Peel Bake Destroy Wrap Press obtained- and residue. Techniques Sterculia foetida into oil seed processing is a roaster method. The technique is as follows. Tree Fruit seed oven blender press Sterculia foetida oil and dregs Biodiesel Sterculia foetida. Biodiesel production from Sterculia foetida can be expected can help to tackle the problem of oil scarcity. This research has many benefits, of biodiesel production and zero waste system in this research, which is very helpful to harness and sustainable biodiesel producton with simultaneous environmental benefits.
Keywords: Sterculia foetida, zero waste, oil scarcity
Correspondence to : Putri Sulhana El-Fiesha Balqis ([email protected])
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Energy Crisis Disposable natural resources such as oil are non-renewable natural resources (non- renewable) that will one day run out. Petroleum is now dwindling energy crisis that raises fuel prices on the international market increased. Price of oil is processed into gasoline increased to over U.S. $ 104.52 per barrel. Oil prices to be highest in the 21st century. According to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2012) In 2011, Indonesia produced 329 million barrels of oil, exporting crude oil and 99 million barrels of fuel oil (BBM) of 12 million barrels and 479 million barrels of oil consumed, causing a deficit of 150 million barrels by years.
1.2. Sterculia foetida The dependence of Indonesia on petroleum energy inversely proportional to the decline in investment in search of oil reserves is one of the alternative energy utilization constraints. One example of an alternative energy that is biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel that can be used directly or blended with diesel fuel in a diesel engine. Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oil or animal fat with big potential because of its presence can be updated (Pflumm, 2001). This corresponds to the natural state of Indonesia have the energy or abundant natural resources so that it can be processed into alternative energy, one that is bulging with seed oil content of 45% -55%. Starting from Sterculia foetida seed with oil content and can potentially be used as alternative energy sources such as biodiesel fuel, but the seed has not been utilized optimally expected by the breakthrough will help to tackle the problem of oil scarcity. This research has many benefits, like researcher us zewo waste system in this research, which is very helpful and decrease the disadvantage from this reseach.
1.3. Biodiesel Biodiesel is an alternative energy that developed in large quantities to decrease dependences to fossil oil. Biodiesel is a fuel with methyl ester oil acid that comes from trans esterferification. As fuel, biodiesel can decrease the hidrocarbon non flamable polisiklik aromatic and solid particles that make biodiesel is fuel that loved and save environment.
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In some country, biodiesel was produced and consumpted in high number. In 2008, America was produced about 700 billion gallon (Anonim, 2008). Soy bean, kanola oil, coconut oil, and sun flower seeds a high resources by making biodiesel. But unfortunately, that made a new contraints in the need of food. In other side, jarak (Jatropha curcas L) oil which has been developed to overcome these problems have not been economically feasible for further development on a large scale due to the discontinuity of supply. Therefore, the search for new raw materials for biodiesel is needed. Making biodiesel from oil seeds Sterculia f. be held in the first stage of the process transesterfikasi because the levels of free vegetable acids (FFA) in the seed oil under 5% (Gerpen, 2005). If more than 5% then the process must be carried out in two stages, the process estrans or esterification-transesterification (Sudrad et al., 2005). Billowing seed (sterculia foetida seed) oil 100 ml incorporated into the three-neck flask and heated while stirring with a magnetic stirrer until the temperature reaches 60 ° C. After that, a mixture of methanol with KOH was added and the heating process is maintained at a temperature of 60 ° C for 1 h. Concentration of methanol is added to the oil is a variable in this study are: 10, 15 and 20% (v / v) of oil and KOH were made variable is: 0.5, 1 and 1.5% (w / v) of oil . After the completion of the transesterification, formed two phases, namely under is glycerol phase and upper phase was methanol and biodiesel with the rest of KOH. Glycerol is separated with a separating funnel, in order to obtain biodiesel dirty. To reduce the residual catalyst contained in biodiesel, 0.01% acetic acid solution (v / v) was added to the gross biodiesel and followed by washing using warm water. Analysis is conducted acid number, kinematic viscosity, density, cetane number, water content.
1.4. Benefits of the research
This study has the following benefits:
For the community, as an alternative in the manufacture of biodiesel fuel and add insight and knowledge, especially regarding the use of Sterculia foetida and seeds as an oil producer. For the government, the suggestion that this plant can be developed because the seeds can be processed into oil. For the company as an innovative manufacture of biodiesel fuel using Sterculia foetida seed.
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2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Characteristic plants Sterculia Foetida
Figure 1: Tree Sterculia Foetida and Fruit Sterculia Foetida
Botanical Name ► Family : Malvaceae ► Genus : Sterculiae ► Species: Sterculia foetida Region Deployment : ► Growing up in the area that stretches from East Africa to Queensland which has the structure of rocky and sandy. Plant Pattern ► Sterculia foetida is grows up in tropical and warm temperate regions, usually found in the cemetery and in the dense forest. It also able to grow easily in the critical area and includes plants that can grow quickly and spread throughout the archipelago (Heyne, 1987).
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Oil of the Sterculia f. seed :
Oil Contents: 45% - 55% (Heyne, 1987).
No. Analysis 1st Repetition (%) 2nd Repetition (%) 1. Water 0,3593 % 0,3207 % 2. Oil 99,6407 % 99,6793 % *) sources: Laboratorium Chem-ix Pratama Table 1: Result of Analysis Oil Contain
Has a fatty acid content as follows: No. Macam Analisa Ulangan 1 (%) Ulangan 2 (%) 1. Asam Miristat C 14:0 0,1448 % 2. Asam Palmitat C 16:0 11,7634 % 3. Asam Palmitoleat C 16:1 0, 3787 % 4. Asam Stearat C 18:0 9, 1990 % 5. Asam Oleat C 18:1 8, 5112 % 6. Asam Linoleat C 18:2 39, 9691 % 7. Asam Linolenat C 18:3 9, 8785 % *) Sources: Laboratorium Chem-ix Pratama Table 2 :Results vegetable Acid Content Analysis
3.2 Sterculia foetida Seed Oil as biodiesel Materials Based on experiments that have been conducted by the author can be seen that Sterculia foetida seed can be used as fuel. This happens because in addition to the embryo, testa in seeds also contain oil Sterculia foetida. Oil can be used as biodiesel fuel.
3.3 Process Sterculia foetida Oil Seeds Sterculia foetida seed obtained must go through several processes before pressing up on the stage to produce oil. The process can be explained coherently in the stages below:
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Fruit Sterculia Foetida cleaned first washed with water so the dirt on the skin of the fruit is gone. Considering the Sterculia Foetida fruit are in place hygienic disposal of waste low value. The water is drained, the fruit is opened by using tools such as hammers and knives. If the seeds contained in the fruit is dry can immediately be taken, but if the seeds are still wet should be dried in the sunlight for about 3 days. Seeds Sterculia foetida peeled the skin of seeds in order to obtain the core, this process using tools such as knives. Core beans baked in a preheated oven at 1200C for 10 minutes. Core seed are baked from the oven must be crushed by dry blended Beans that have been mashed core pressed by pressing tool, the results are accommodated by the bottle or aids another capacity.
3.4 Proces making biodiesel from Sterculia f. oil Billowing seed that has been processed into oil using the following process in order to be bio diesel.
Solvent (Trans esterification oil) is made by mixing 6 ml of methanol and 0.15 grams of NaOH to dissolve Combine metoxida into a beaker containing 20 ml of oil billowing wearing a plastic spoon and stir until mixture is evenly Allow 4-12 hours until precipitation occurs Characterized by the deposition of two layers of different colors with a dark layer under the so-called crude glycerin, while the top layer is actually clear, crude BD Separate crude biodiesel from crude glycerin is then put into a large beaker for mixing washed with clean water as much as 80ml. Air pumped through aquarium air pump and let some time so that it appears milky white Separate the crude biodiesel is yellow with white water through the hose Biodiesel has clear added beaker and heat to 100 degrees a few minutes to allow the water to evaporate and the remaining methanol. Biodiesel has been heated and cooled can be directly used for cars and industrial diesel engines.
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3.5 Comparison of Fuel Power Older Flames Comparison of long time flames Sterculia f. seed biodiesel with old flame biodiesel are presented in Table 1 below. The data in Table 1 is obtained from experiment 2. In experiment 2, the amount of biodiesel used was 0.2 mL.
Repetition Biodiesel Sterculia f. Bio Solar (minute) (minute) 1 1,7 1,6 2 1,8 1,7 3 1,9 1,8 Average 1,8 1,7 Table 3: Comparison of Biodiesel qualities between Sterculia foetida and other vegetable oils
4. CONCLUSIONS Sterculia Foetida seed can produce oil that can be used as an alternative fuel in the manufacture of biodiesel. Techniques for transforming Sterculia Foetida into oil is via seed processing that involves a method roaster. The technique is as follows. Tree Fruit seed oven blender press strofila foetida oil and dregs Transesterification process Biodiesel Sterculia foetida. Waste processing into briquettes Sterculia Foetida seed is as follows. Waste pounded roasted mixed glue beprinted dried charcoal briquettes. Researcher recomended to: Planting trees Sterculia foetida in the cities need to be multiplied because these plants can serve as shade. Investment in large quantities are also used to develop the use of seeds of this plant as an alternative fuel.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Throughout this project, many people have helped and contributed valuable insights. I would like to thank My Parents and my Family for their support. And I would like to thank Mr. Yuda Setiabudi for his mentorship, patience, and guidance. I would also like to thank Mr. Rudy Prakanto for his support and guidance. SMA NEGERI 6 Yogyakarta for providing me with this opportunity; and to all the students and teachers who helped throughout the whole research process.
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6.REFERENCES
1 Biodiesel.org 2 Pub.bhaktiganesha.or.id 3 Badan Standardisasi Nasional. 2006. Biodiesel. SNI 04-7182-2006. Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN). Jakarta. Bajpai, D. dan Tyagi, V.K. 2006. Biodiesel : Source, Production, Composition, Properties and its Benefits. Joul of Oleo Sci 10 : 487-502. 4 Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia. Jilid III. Translated by : Badan Litbang Kehutanan. Yayasan Sarana Wanajaya. Jakarta. Islam, M.N., and Beg, M.R.A. 2004. The Fuel Properties of Pyrolysis Liquid Derived from Urban Solid Wastes in Bangladesh. Bioresources Technology 92 : 181-186. 5 Ramadhas, A.S., Mulareedharan, C., and Jayaraj, S. 2005. Performance and Emission Evaluation of Diesel Engine Fueled With Methyl Esters of Rubber Seed Oil. Jou of Renew En 30 : 1789-1800. 6 Utami, T.S., Arbianti, R., dan Nurhasman, D. 2007. Kinetika Reaksi Transesterifikasi CPO terhadap Produk Metil Palmitat dalam Reaktor Tumpak. Di dalam Seminar Nasional Fundamental dan Aplikasi Teknik Kimia, Surabaya, 15 November 2007. (Page KR2-1-KR2-6)
Putri Sulhana El-Fiesha Balqis
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