The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera)

Jurnal KBP Volume 1 - No. 3, Desember 2013

THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SCOOTISH POLITICAL MANAGEMENT BEFORE THE UNION 1603

Ramonovera STIE “KBP” Padang ([email protected])

ABSTRAK

Skotlandia sebelum masuk kedalam United Kindom berdiri sebagai negeri kepulauan yang tidak ada perwakilannya di parlemen di Inggris. Baru pada tahun 1770, Inggris dan Skotlandia sepakat untuk bersatu dibawah satu parlemen yang sama. Tulisan ini akan mengulas tentang usaha-usaha orang Skot menunjukkan derajat yang sama dengan masyarakat terutama dalam bidang politik, social, dan ekonomi. Tulisan ini akan mengulas usaha-usaha orang skot dalam hal menunjukkan eksistensi ataupun keberadaannya untuk bisa duduk di bidang pemerintahan dan politik dengan memberikan kontribusi positif agar bisa membangun negeri sejajar dengan saudaranya yang ada di England. Sebagai hasil perjuangan orang skot adalah skotlandia berhasil menempatkan wakilnya di parlemennya di London sebagai wakil yang memperjuangkan hak-hak orang skotlandia. Sekarang Skotlandia berada sejajar dengan orang England, Wales maupun dengan orang Irlandia.

Kata Kunci : Dominasi, Pemulihan, Krisis, Wakil rakyat

INTRODUCTION: archipelago country. It was bounded on Before Scottish lived under the three sides by sea, the north is domination England. People struggled bordered by Atlantic Ocean and the their lives without paying attention from west is North sea and the east is England. Many idea from Scottish hero England. to release from England Domination. The natives of Scottish came from One of the struggle was through literary Pitches, Britons, Irish, Angles, Norman writing from Sir Walter Scott in his and Flemings. The Immigrants came work ”The Talisman and The Hearth of from some areas, they formed some Melonian” . and so, Robert Burn wrote small kingdom based on clans. In 843, some poems how Scottish. those kingdoms merged and formed the After the age of Romanticism (1700s), Kingdom of Alba (Scotia) under King I European people began open their eyes. MacAlpin. After the union in 1707, the They wanted to get freedom, equality decision that had made caused them and friendship. This was the impact of separated. French revolution. It caused spirit of After the union in 1707, Scottish to get independence. England promised to help Scottish in Scotland was located in the economic development. England saved northern part of Great Britain. It then from poverty. Unfortunately, it was consists of island or it is called just persuasion in order Scottish to

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handle Scottish land which was rich. In emphasized : culture and nationalism. fact, England still ignored Scottish. He . In his study, he emphasizes the England bargained merger just to show result of England effort to dominate his superior upon Scottish and to get Scotland. It can be seen as follows: The profit to exploit Scottish nature. This causes result the effect in political was the expansion of British Empire as management. Two disparate culture the impact of Renaissance and formations have combined into a Elizabethan age. hegemonic system which looks the The impact of this event caused Scots into a sense of their own Scottish become regret. The Scottish inferiority in the face of a powerful was just inferior and partner . All laws Anglo-British culture (1989,167). This tended to advantage British empire. statement supports the analysis in this However, the union brought writing. Scottish into prosperity. British gave all rights for Scottish live in a good way THE CAUSE AND EFFECTS such: seats in parliament and economic AFTER THE UNION OF 1603 development to build Scottish country. After the in In fact, in parliament, Scottish could not 1603, the main problems appeared that give his opinion because it was always also aroused the awareness to the devoted by other members. If it English domination were English Civil happened, they could do anything or War between the king versus gave up. Parliament, Scotland was under the Seeing the situation, Scottish Commonwealth and the Restoration nationalism emerged. They wanted to Monarchy of 1660. The Act of Union get freedom against British. One of that united the two kingdoms, Scotland important thing was how to get freedom and England under a single parliament in politics, government and economics. was the next issue. Even Scotland and The description will make the writer to England had been united, but still there develop his writing through Scottish were several conflicts raised as the history and problem in seventeenth result of the rejection of union policy. century. It will be connected to Scottish They were the changing of succession in some aspects of lives. line from Stuart into Hanoverian that resulted and Highland THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Clearances. AND REVIEW ON RELATED The accession of James VI to the LITERATURE English throne in 1603 only the union This writing discusses some of both crowns, not the union of the views on the related topic. There are parliaments or administrations. As a some studies made related to the matter of fact, James had tried to unite Scottish struggle in politics and the two kingdoms as well as the two government as the expression of their crowns, but he failed. There were too awareness to the England’s domination many differences between the peoples. until the 19th century. One of historian For the Scotsmen probably it was too who analyze Scotland, especially the soon to forget the humiliations and Scottish is John Foster who writes about resentment they had endured from the causes and effects. McCrone in his English, and the English certainly work “Representing Scotland: culture regarded the Scots as inferior. They and goverment. In his study, he both disliked the idea of a joint

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The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) parliament, and so the union was afterward the Presbyterian system was rejected (Plantagenet and Fiy, 1982). reestablished once again in Scotland. But James had strengthened his In England when Charles I tried to position, so that he was able to make attack Protestant movement, he faced the law respected throughout Scotland fierce opposition especially from the and to rule more effectively than any Parliament. Charles responded by previous kings until his death in 1625. trying to rule without the support of After James's death, Charles I Parliament. On the outbreak of the (1625-49) replaced him. Charles lacked English Civil War between the King his father understanding of the Scottish and the Parliament, the Scots, lilMte people. He disliked Presbyterians, so Solemn League and Covenant (1643) he decided to reduce the power of agreed to help the English Parliament Presbyterians by announcing some to oppose the King. The Scots' aim was policies. He imposed taxation that was to make Presbyterianism be established considered as extortion. He canceled in England as well as in Scotland. the restoration of the Church through Unfortunately, when the King was the Act of Revocation of 1625. defeated and executed in 1649, power Trevelyan affirms the disaster caused in England fell not to the Parliament by Charles I in his book: but to Oliver Cromwell, commander of parliament forces, which favoured the Charles I made the independence. Cromwell took the corresponding error of power of government into his own supposing that the Scottish hands. Church could, like the Scotland, which defied English, is molded by royal Cromwell's protectorate, proclaimed command. Confident in the Charles II as their king in order to power he had recently restore the monarchy. The assumed as autocratic ruler consequences were the defeat of the of England, and knowing Scots by Cromwell and the conquest of that the Parliament of their country. Under the Edinburgh was of no Commonwealth and the Protectorate, fccount, he deceived Scotland was forced to unite with himself into supposing that England, send members to English he could act as absolute Parliaments and freedom to trade monarch in Scotland, even with England and English colonies in in matters of religion. His return for the loss of their attempt to impose Laud's independence. English Prayer Book on the The following issue after die Scottish church at the very death of Cromwell and the collapse of moment when he was trying the Protectorate was the Restoration to get rid of the English of 1660. The aim was to bring back Parliament broke his power the old system in Scotland and to in both Kingdoms return Charles II to Scottish dirone. (1987,292). Within two years of his restoration, Charles had arranged many policies The result was the National in Scotland. One was to choose the Covenant (1638), asserting that the members of the Privy Council and king had acted illegally and soon Officers of State widiout the advice

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of parliament. Another policy was he William sent the troops and attacked formally restored government of the them in the battles. church by Kirk Sessions of laymen In his attempt to conquer and a General Assembly Jacobites, William found many (Presbyteranians) into bishops difficulties. So, he tried to solve that (episcopalians). These policies by using other tactics. Firstly, he sent resulted the struggle between General Mackay to build Fort Presbyterians (governed by Kirk William. At the same time, the sum sessions of laymen and a General of«£ 12,000 was distributed among Assembly); against Episcopalians. the chiefs in the hope of making Then rebellion of Presbyterians them loyal to William. Some aroused, but they could be defeated. accepted the bribe, some refused it, In 1685 Charles II died and was but no one became more loyal to succeeded by his brother James VII William than they had been before (II of England). James who was a (Fitzroy, 1974). Roman Catholic intended to restore Roman Catholicism in the two Facing the failure in the tactics, kingdoms. Thus, in 1687 he launched the Government now decided to adopt a policy of toleration to all-religious others.! subjects in Britain. Although they were Roman Cadiolics, Presbyterians, They planned to make them Episcopalians or Anglicans, they desperate, then root them out before should tolerate each other. Yet, that getting the help. The 1 tactic was the policy was rejected by all of them Government ordered the chiefs of except of course Roman Cadiolics. various clans to take the oath of James's Dutch son-in-law, William of allegiance to King William, not later Orange (a Calvinist Protestant) who than 1 January 1692. If they refused desired his fatiier-in-law's throne, it, they would be destroyed. And used this religious issue to get it. The they chose to refuse it. Realizing that result was the English Revolution of it could harm his people, from his 1688 led by William of Orange. This exile in France, James authorized the situation forced James to flee to chiefs to swear allegiance to his France, and in 1689 his daughter Dutch son-in-law. They did it except Mary II and her husband William III two chiefs McDonnell of Glengarry became King and Queen of England, and Maclan- Mac Donald of Scotland arid Ireland. Glencoe. Then Government troops However there were people slaughtered thirty-eight people from who opposed William's succession. the clans of Mac Donalds as the They were mostly Highlanders who warning for another not to oppose remained loyal to James VII, and him. King William had succeeded in were known as Jacobites. According bringing the Highlands to order but to Hornby: "Jacobite is the he was never trusted anymore in supporters of the English and Scotland even in England Scottish King James VII (reigned (Plantagenet and Fry, 1982). 1685-88) after his overthrow, or of In the last years of the his descendants who claimed the seventeenth centuiy the Scots found throne" (1989, 669). In order to put themselves involved in the full down the Highland Jacobites,

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The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) political union with England and one worried that the Scots would retaliate of the reasons was religious by helping the French. The English cause. Their efforts in establishing Parliament tried to solve the problem Protestantism in Scotland and England with Scotland by persuading the and their cooperation in driving Roman Scottish Parliament to do negotiations Catholicism out of both kingdoms for a Treaty of Union. made them unite. On the other hand, In the negotiations held in 1706, religion also made them come into they succeeded to make some dispute. It happened in 1701, a year agreements. The agreements were: before the death of William III. The 1. There should be a combined British English Parliament passed the Act of Parliament to which Scotland should Settlement arranging that William's heir contribute sixteen representative was his sister-in-law, Princess Anne Peers and only forty-five members Stuart (daughter of James VII). If Anne of the House of Commons as against had no children to succeed, she had to more than five hundred English be succeeded by Sophia, electress of Members. Hanover, who was the nearest 2. Scotland should bind herself to Protestant relative (see appendixes, accept the Hanoverian succession. Figure 2: Ancestry of the British Royal 3. In return the Scots would receive full House). The Act declared that the freedom and intercourse of trade and monarch had to be a Protestant in the navigation. similar line with the Church of England 4. Financially, Scotland was received (Plantagenet and Fiy, 1982). They did about X 400,000, a sum as not consult the Scots since they knew compensation and to help Scottish that the Scots tended to support James economy. VII's son, James Edward Stuart to be 5. The Scots were to retain their own the next heir. It was actually the right of legal system and the special rights of James Edward Stuart to be the next the Royal Burghs. king since Edward was the step brother 6. The freedom of religion for the Scots of Anne (for more clarification, see would be guaranteed. (Fitzroy, 1974) appendices, Figure 2). Since James After finding many oppositions Edward was a Catholic, it was a matter such as from members of Scottish for England, but it was not for the Scots Parliament and Jacobite highlands, the because they would ask him to become Treaty of union finally became law in a Protestant. January 1707.Consequently, politically In order to oppose the Act, in and administratively, the Union brought 1704 the Scottish Parliament also Scotland absolutely into dependence on passed the Act of Security which decisions taken in London. provided that Parliament should name After Anne died, George Hanover the successor to the throne of Scotland succeeded him as George I (1714-27). ffitiln twenty days of the death of die Since he was from German Monarchy, reigning sovereign. This successor was he knew nothing in common about die to be a Protestant and a descendant of kingdom he reigned, not even the the House of Stuart, but was not to be language. He just took little interest in the occupant of the English throne his new subjects and it made him find (Fitzroy, 1974). many difficulties as long as his reign. At the time England was involved Plumb stressed die incapability of in war with France. Queen Anne George in reigning in Norton:

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with England. When James started to Both George I and George rule, Scotland at the first time was not a II were "crassly stupid" and rich, country. Most people were still "incapable, totally poor, especially in the Highlands, incapable of forming a agriculturally poor. Highlanders still policy". During the period preferred the easier life of cattle-and- of dieir sheep-raising, and some of them lived reigns, the leading body of from stealing in order to solve the the king's ministers, difficulties of life. To improve the generally known as the situation, James's government made cabinet, began to meet some policies. In agriculture, a few without the king being innovations were made to increase present. The period also agricultural product. They tried to witnessed the emergence of exploit uncultivated land, mostly in the a minister who was to highlands, which formerly they thought become popularly known as it's hard to produce. Gradually, the prime minister (1984,40). trade became more increase after making an effective cooperation with Since he was incapable of her old alliance, France. (Preece, 1968). managing his kingdom's affairs, he In financial, James's government thought that it was useless to present found a big problem caused by the the cabinet's meeting. He relied on his incapability of his mother's reign, and ministers he had chosen to help manipulation of Morton's government, formulate policy. The government James's regent during lis minority. That decision was entrusted to the head of problem made the crown faced near- ministers known as the prime minister. bankruptcy. James tried to solve the For half a century after the union, problem by declaring some policies the basic political problem in Scotland such as the policy taken in 1595. To was dispute between supporters of reduce the expenditure, he decided not house of Hanover and pro union with to use chancellor or great men whom England, and supporters of the House he thought not so important to sit in the of Stuart (Jacobites) and an government. To take control of his independent Scotland. This Situation chaotic finances, in 1596 he appointed led to Jacobite rebellions, firstly in "Octavian Commission" which had the 1715 led by James Edward Stuart, and target to raise royal income by at least secondly by Prince Charles Edward £ 100,000 a year. Throughout the rest Stuart, son of James Edward. These of his reign and especially in the rebellions failed since they got no 1610s,the government increased the support in the Lowlands except among growth of the economy, such as the Episcopalians and Romans Catholics. export of cloth or the flourishing In government, the first effort of import-export business (Lynch, 1991). effective government in Scotland was James VI had developed a arranged by James VI (1567-1625). formidable reputation as a very Before the Union of the Crowns in successful King of Scots, bofil before 1603, it was difficult for the Scottish and after his accession to the English government to build an effective throne in 1603. By h^ wise actions to government since in that period understand his people, his reign was Scotland was mostly engaged in wars

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The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) more peaceful and prosperous than his long as his reign, despite several predecessors. rebellions, caused by his policies in Unfortunately, James's way of religion, Charles had ruled well enough. ruling was not followed by his son. He took interests in the arts and Charles I just had little understanding sciences. And to prove these, he of Scottish affairs or Scottish opinion. established some institutions and He often raised the policies, which offices, such as the Royal College of made his people angry with him. For Physicians in 1681 and the offices of example, he decided to impose high Royal Physician. The collections of taxation just for the sake of building a laws were also published in his reign by new parliament house and provided a Stair in 1681 and by Sir George cathedral for the bishopric. He also had Mackenzie in 1684, which both had the disrupted Scottish trading ties with title of "Institutions of the Law of England that had been connected in the Scotland". It was the work of collecting reign of James. It resulted a revolt of practices and digests of laws that had Edinburgh taxpayers, and made worst been going on since the 1560s (Lynch, by unwise political actions he had 1991 and Haigh, 1985). done, which caused him executed by In economy, several attempts to the English in 1649. encourage some manufactures for When Scotland was governed by instance linen and glass were also made the Cromwelians, Scotland was placed by protectionist devices such as the under commissioners sent from grant of monopolies and die control of England. Cromwell set up an efficient imports. In education, the educational system of military government, with system, which, in the 181'1 century English garrisons in the principal towns produced trained manpower for and strong points. Eventually, Scotland Scotland's industrialization, was created totally incorporated in one in the faith that godliness would follow Commonwealth with England and good learning. It started in 1616 by the Scotlandia. act of the Privy Council, which decreed Its economy by 1652 was the founding of a school in each parish. prostrated by war, taxation, famine and Between the period of James VII plague. Se^&h nobles deprived of their until Anne, or between 1660-1714, the extensive hereditary jurisdictions, main problems of the governments arranged rebellion but I could be were among religious disputes and the defeated. Yet, it did frighten the succession, which finally resulted the Cromwellian and audiorities into more Act of Union of two Parliaments of conciliatory attitudes to the Scottish 1707. Even Scotland and England has upper classes. Some economic recovery become under one government and came in the late 1650 but the having one parliament, but Scotland restoration of the Stuarts and of Scottish still retained her own legal system and independence in 1660 was greeted with establish church (Presbyterian). Mc relief. Crone explained the distinguishes of After the Restoration of 1660, Scottish legal system and church from Charles II ruled Scotland. Like his English: father and grandfather, mostly he governed his Northern Kingdom The legal system, with quite through a Privy Council in Edinburgh different antecedent and a secretary based in London. As traditions and unique

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procedures, continued to the union. Several rebellions aroused, develop separately from its but since the Scots themselves realized counterpart in England. that their basic reason to unite was Although of course the economic Improvement, they could be overall British framework pacified and the Union remained intact. operated via Westminster, By taking a look at the has affected Scots law, the description above, die writer finds that system is veiy different... the government , actions for their Similarly, the education nations during the period of Union of system in Scotland has 1603 was mostly for the growth of maintained a separated form economy. And also the economic and development.... At the reason made the Scottish government same time, religion in decide to unite with England through Scotland developed its the Act of Union of Parliament. distinctive traditions It was all about the Scottish (1989,59). awareness to the English domination. This awareness constituted a basic way These three major social institutions, for the Scots to show their existence the law, education and religion are an after being treated very badly by the illustration of the way in which Scottish English which aroused their nationalist society has retained a core of distinctive sentiment. everyday life that has helped to define the image that Scots were different Struggle for Existence from her neighbour, England. Struggle for Existence tells about After the Union, Scotsmen began the struggle of the Scots to show their to see what union meant in practice and existence after the Union of 1707. The how the British Government performed union resulted struggle since there were the result of the treaty. It began with a some questions and statement raised financial matter - taxation. The among the Scots that indicated their government immediately imposed the feeling of inferiority treated to become taxation into Scotland that quite out of a minority by England. Therefore the proportion of the country to pay, and it writer wants to analyze what made the soon made them unpopular. Another Scots' struggle for existence raise and early grievance was the long delay in in what aspects the Scots made great receiving the <£ 400,000 efforts in order to show their existence. "compensation What angered iie Scots Struggle for existence raised as most was the patron attitude of the the continuation of dissatisfaction of English towards their Scottish the treaty of union results. The feeling "partners" whom they regarded as of dissatisfaction was proved by some conquered subjects. Relations questions and statements among the deteriorated further when in 1710 an Scots that also indicated their feeling of Episcopalian minister insulted the inferiority treated, to become a minority authority of the Scottish Church. These by England. For instance, the statement and many other grievances shocked the from the Jacobites who said that Scottish members of both House of "Scotland had been bought and sold for Westminster, and grew the discontent English gold". The statement like this with the government. There were many not just came from the Scots, but also Scottish people who wanted to break up from an English member \yho had

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The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) forthrightness characteristic by his Proscription Alt 1747 flut prohibited to question " Have we not bought the wear the kilt and tartan and to play the Scots and right to tax them?". And bagpipes. They also replaced the rights Scottish member who objected the of clan chiefs to act as judges among treaty also said that "Scotland has the clansmen that made the chief leave become a county of Britain and now with no power with the Abolition of she is subject to the sovereignty of Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act England, she must be governed by of 1747. English rules and laws". Those The government's actions was statements and question were not so well-known as -"" wrong since Scotland had gotten £ evoked great results of the Highlanders. 400,000 a sum as compensation from Daiches explains the results of the England and freedom of trade. But in government as follows: return she had to be governed by the English chosen king and only had right Thp Jacobite Risings, to send sixteen representative Peers and especi^iy that of 1745, only forty-five members of House of which many clans Commons as against more than five supported, gave the hundred English members (Fitzroy, government the opportunity 1974). By that treaty the English and will to destroy the succeeded to force his power and independence of the superiority by exploiting the financial Highland chiefs. The ban of difficulties of Scottish government. the possession of weapona The feeling of inferior of the destroyed the real basis of Scots being bought by England and the the chiefs' power. The reality that George I was not incapable proscription of the wearing to control his kingdom, raised the of tartan and Highland Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1745. dress stuck mainly at the These rebellions aimed to take the Highlanders' pride and crown from Hanoverian line, and gave sense of identity (1981t 64). it to the successor of James VII Stuart. These rebellions indicated that most of From lie above explanation, it is Scottish people did not want to be clearly seen that those proscriptions had dictated by the English. But the struck the integrity of pride and sense rebellions could be defeated, and the of identity. The situation was revolt of 1745 was followed by brutal aggravated by the government's repression and systematic purge of the following effort to destroy the tribal system and its culture throughout independence of the Highland chiefs as the Highlands. What the British the leader of their clansmen. It left the government had done at that time was clan chiefs with no powers to protect so ruthless. They cruelly murdered the their clansmen and no pride. prisoners, burnt the wounded and more Then the situation forced them to than 1000 were sold as slaves to make hurt decision, since all of their American plantations. It was followed estates had been confiscated, their by the confiscation of the rebel chiefs farms and houses had been burned estate and through 1746, down, they were made impoverished, they were forbidden to own weapons of and all of their actions were clamped any kinds and Abolition and down by the government. They decided

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to leave their homeland and began to refers to sagacious actions in pursuing a emigrate abroad such as to Canada and policy (Webster's Desk Dictionary of Australia. Poverty, English oppression die English Language, 1983). The and a desire to improve themselves had struggle in politics here regarding to the been the reasons to leave Scotland. actions of the Scots to show their Gradually, the Highlands had been existence in politics to the English after "cleared" from their people. Estates, the Union of 1707. The struggle is more which were formerly capable of emphasized on the aspect of political supporting the clansmen, had changed life of the Scottish people and the into sheep runs or vast stretches of deer progress. forest. Those who refused to leave their At times after the union, the land often were forcibly evicted. The responsibility for Scottish affairs was land clearances and lack of employment officially entrusted to a Secretary for embittered the Highlanders and Scotland and at others to the British contributed to Scottish radicalism in the Secretary of State in charge of Home 19th century (Holsey and Friedman, Affairs. But in practice power in 1983). Scotland resided with a political After the collapse of Jacobites and manager, sometimes a private Highland clearances, the Scots individual, who was able to manipulate preferred not to make another conflicts the votes of the forty-five Scottish with the government. They chose to Members in the Westminster survive by taking all results of treaty Parliament. Of those forty-five since there were three things to Members, thirty represented the maintain; the church, the law and counties and the remaining fifteen education which were different from represented sixty- five royal burghs England. They soon began to make (borough). The burgh Members were contribution to every British aspects of not elected by the burgesses but by life, such in economy, government and delegates appointed on purpose by politics. But they did not want to be just groups of four or five burghs. This a junior partner in the merger. They system of franchise enabled the town tried hard to show their existence and councils to do corruption and capability in those aspects especially in manipulation, since money would talk government and politics, in order to in order to make them elected. And then equalize the domination of the English. they openly embezzled the common The writer tends to analyze the goods. The result was many royal Scottish effort of existence in politics burghs were sunk deep in debt (Orel, and government since in both aspects 1981). they took the unbalancing results of the Few politicians felt that everything Union treaty. was wrong. And in 1784, a Scottish And the government's attitude toward politician Henry Dundas, Viscount political and governmental policies into Melville, after appointed to govern Scotland often made the Scots Scotland, decided to make some unsatisfied. restorations. One of them was to ascertain the Scottish constituencies and Struggle for Existence of Politics arranged a movement to reform the In this writing, the writer would royal burghs, which were notorious like to talk about the struggle of the sinks of corruption. The Parliamentary Scots in politics. The word politics (1832) and Burgh (1833) reform ended

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The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) fictitious county votes and corrupt James Grant is...a novelist burgh but disappointed the working with strong Jacobite classes by failing to give them the vote. sympaties, he launced an They continued struggle to get the attack on England's role in franchise of vote until in 1867 the 1852...Grant aroused the government launched a subsequent interests of the Scottish Reform Acts. It was the Whig Party that public by his campaign had brought the reforms. The against the irregularities in consequence was most of the Scottish the Royal Arms. Such middle classes were delighted with that symbolic protests have party. The Whig Party or Liberal Party played an important part (as it became known in the 1860s) in nationalism...because of dominated Scottish mid-19lh-centuiy the interest and sympathy politics (Gwinn, 1990). they arouse in Scotland Besides that, Dundas also took his (1991,113). interest to the Highland problems. In

1782 he got success in persuading the Besides having campaign, Grant's government to repeal the Act of 1746 criticism of the English misuse of that proscribed the wearing of Highland Jacobite troops in the Royal Anns was dress and playing the pipes. And in also showed in his novel "Scottish 1784 most of the forfeited Jacobite Cavalier" (1851). In his novel, he tried estates were returned to their rightful to arouse the feeling of nationalism owners. Another Dundas's effort was with its emphasis on the ancient the raising of Highland regiments, traditions and rights of Scotland. Grant recruited from clansmen who ever also paid his attention to Scottish fought as Jacobite troops years before, politics by became Secretary of to participate in the Seven Years War National Association for the and the War of American Vindication of Scottish Rights Independence. Thus Dundas policy (NAVSR). served a double purpose. It provided NAVSR was launched in King George II and his heirs with some November 1853 by Dr. Begg and of the finest soldiers in the world. And Duncan McLaren. Its aimed were to at the same time it deprived the maintain the Scottish traditions, the Highlands of manpower and so feeling of patriotism and the nature of removed a potential threat to the House the Scottish polity. The most of Hanover (Fitzroy, 1974). immediate aim of those who had Meanwhile, the policy to raise worked for the Association was to Highland regiments in the Royal Arms secure a monument to Wallace on the got the critics from James Grant. Abbey Craig at Stirling. This action Actually, he did not criticize Dundas was a sign of a new and positive effort but the government, since the approach to Scotland's past. The government agreed to exploit the celebration of Wallace as liberator Highland (Jacobite) troops while they sometimes aroused anti-English did not take any interest to Highland's sentiments. The Wallace Monument problems. It was as Pittock said in his became a symbol of Scottish patriotism book as follows: all over die world and a symbol of

renewed optimism in Scottish nationhood.

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Another Scottish policy in order Even Scottish limited to show their existence was an effort representation indicated that this done by Sir Walter Scott to introduce country was subordinated to England in Scottish traditions to the royal family. the British political system at that time, In 1822, King George IV of Great what happened after the act of 1832 Britain and Northern Ireland, was the happier picture of Scottish sensationally dressed in flesh- coloured awareness in politics. Maclean tights and kilt - the Stewart tartan (one illustrates this prospect in politics as of traditional motives of Scottish follows: clothes), the clothes of former enemy of his dynasty, when he visited Following the reform of Scotland. The phenomena could be Parliament and the happened by the negotiation of Sir reorganization of local Walter Scott who tried to reappear a government which nation of Highlanders. With this effort accompanied it, the of introducing the Scottish traditions people of Scotland began especially Highlands' traditions, it had to take more interest in helped to fulfil the need for some politics. The old system satisfying national identity and helped of management by to heal the hurt feeling treated to be an political bosses came to inferior by the English. an end, and there was a Scott's effort to introduce Scottish wholesale change in the traditions made Queen Victoria (1837- political complexion of 1901) decide to decorate Balmoral the Members of Palace in the "authentic" Scots baronial Parliament that Scotland style. She did it since she felt that she Sent to Westminster had a special affinity with the Scottish (1974,205). people because of the Stewart blood (thank to Scott's effort to show the The above quotation informs that bloodline of Stewart dynasty in after the Reform Act of 1832, the Hanover), "The family of my Scottish people started to take more ancestors", she claimed. Victoria's interest in politics. And among claimed of affinity with the Scottish politicians themselves, they also made people resulted positive effect to the the changing of political system of monarchy. parliament better than before. Even the Scottish awareness that The effort of Scottish politicians they had similar blood with England to Increase their existence by gradually arouse, their effort to get widening the franchise and the equality in government still continued. raising of the number of seat in In 1832, the Scottish Parliamentary Parliament did not stop yet. The reform act was passed at Westminster. second reform act of 1868 gave votes It gave votes to shopkeepers, artisans to many members of the working and farmers, and added eight seats to classes to be members of Parliament, Scotland's representation in the British.. and increased the number of Scottish It made the number of Scottish members to sixty. The Stuards in members in the House of Commons 1885 granted manhood franchise to increased from forty-five to fifty-three vote the members of Parliament and (Holsey and Friedman, 1983).

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The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) the number ^Scottish mernbers parliament in Scotland to manage seventy-two out of 670 in 1885. domestic affairs. With the support of In the 1880s the campaign for the Young Scottish Society, the group Scottish autonomy grew and it which was formed to press for Home succeeded in getting the government Rule, Napier launched the articles of /to appoint a secretary for Scotland. "the Fiery Cross" which basically aim The Liberals, -led by William to convey the demand for Home Rule. Gladstone, promised to give Home The twelve original Articles of the Rule to Scotland. Several bills were Fiery Cross were as follows: launched, lit until 1894, no one of the 1. Restoration of the Stuarts bills was passed into the taw. Then in 2. Restoration of Parliament 1894, 180 votes succeeded in 3. Restoration of the Mint establishing a legislature in Scotland 4. Restoration of Privy Council for Scottish affairs. 5. Restoration of Court of Admiralty In order to restore the spirit of 6. Restoration of Stone of Destiny Stuardism and Jacobitism, Jacobite 7. Restoration of Royal Arms in candidates attempted to get elected to Scottish quarters in Scotland be the Member of Parliament. Gilbert 8. Deletion of St. George and the Baird Fraser, and W. Dragon from British coinage Clifford Mellor were elected to be the 9. "England" not to "be used in an Member of Parliament as Jacobites in imperial sense" 1891. To get the supporters, public 10. Restoration of the clan system and of meetings were held and a pilgrimage the people to the land Multiple voting was organized to the statue of King Opposition to "Jingo-Imperialism" and Charles at Charing Cross. At first, the "Militarism". authorities attempted to suppress those Napier gave number one and two of the activities, and there were clashes with articles as-the priorities of the demands police. But by 1893, Jacobite that he felt more achievable. Napier's supporters had won the right to lay an effort for the twelve articles was annual wreath at the statue, a right continued by another Scottish which the Royal Stuart Society politicians. continue to exercise to this day The next Scottish "hero" who (Pittock, 1991). struggled for his country's sake in Another Scottish politician who Parliament was Cunninghame Graham. took the interest in the Jacobite He was born in 1852 in London as the problems was Theodore Napier. He son of Scottish landowner. On the death was born in Melbourne in 1845. On his of his father, he inherited the three return to Scotland, the land of his estates of Gaitmore, Ardoch and ancestors, he plunged himself into Gallangad. In 1878, Graham had been ancestral politics with the believe that elected to the Devonshire, a Liberal the restoration of the Stuarts must club in London, and in 1885 he became accompany any Scottish parliament. candidate of Liberal party for the While another Jacobite supporters Blackfriars division of Glasgow. busied themselves with statues, debates As a landowner, he was expected and demonstrations, Napier devoted to endorse political policies in his own himself to the restoration of the interest. But he usually spoke against Scottish Secretaryship and the demands an aggressive foreign policy, against for Home Rule, that was, separate the game laws, against primogeniture,

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for reform of the land laws, for more industry, Labour Party came to rise in local self- government, free education Scotland. It formerly happened after the and local option on the sale of liquor. Scottish cotton weavers formed a trade All of those policies actually did not union and launched protest against the give him any profit. He even also tried bad working condition and the pay. hard to make Scotland get the right for This party was founded in 1888 by Keir Home Rule. With all of his efforts, Hardie and R.B. Cunninghame made him defeated from Liberal Graham. Its program included, at that candidate, but then he was in the House time, the nationalization of the land, the of Commons as member for Lanark. abolition of the House of Lords and Graham worked hard for Scottish Home Rule for Scotland. But die Home Rule since he believed that existence of Scottish Labour Party was Home Rule would bring Scotland to a not so acknowledged yet, until it later new golden age. In the Parliament, he merged in the British Labour Party in always argued for Irish and Scottish 1893. The result was the Labour Party autonomy, and he was one of the increased more and more and became original members of the Scottish Home favourite party in the Rule Association when it was founded especially in Scotland. in 1886. In 1888, he became die Gradually, political situation President of the Scottish Labour Party, became more stable and prosperous. which under his influence supported Even many Scots were resentful about Scottish Home Rule. the unbalanced political representation S In his view, the demand for Home of Scotland at ®estminstersftjust made Rule in Scotland did not come from them try hard to increase their seats in sentimental background of Union of Parliament. They also organized 1707, but from the extreme misery of a peaceful campaign for Home Rule and certain section of the Scottish a separate parliament in Scotland to population. So, it seemed normal if manage domestic affairs (Plantagenet they wished to have their own and Fry, 1982). Members under their own hands, in order to relieve that misery and to CONCLUSION recover the feeling of "nationalism". This chapter is the final result of Nationalism, in his opinion, was made the thesis. After analyzing the Scottish for peace rather than war. He also said, existence in politics and government as "Nationalism is the first step to the the expression of their awareness to the International goal which every thinking English domination until the 19th man and woman must place before their century, the writer takes some notes on eyes. Without nationalism we cannot this study and summarizes as follows; have any true Internationalism". The 1. The economic system had become point of his statement was that the most important issui in nationalism was the road to national government which made lie Scots pride, peacc and prosperity, and to get decided to unite with England the self-determination and self-respect, through the Act of Union of and the most important thing, to show Parliament in 1707; Then to show die existence to die world (Finlayson, their existence, die Scots soon 1987). developed their own country by Together with the movement of expanding the trade, industry and trade union and the growth of Scottish agriculture. They also retained their

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own law Segal education and Gunn, Robert M. 1998. The Highland establish church (Presbyterian)* Clearances and its Causes, Effects These three major social institutions and Results. were an illustration of the way in http://www.clan.com/history/. which Scottish society had retained Grimble, Iain. i| al. 1982. Scottish their distinctive life that had helped Clans and Tartans. London: The to define the image that Scots were Hamyln Publishing Group Ltd. different from England. Gwinn, Robert P. (Ed.). 1990. The New 2. To show their existence in politics, Encyclopedia Britannica. Chicago: they tried to increase the number of Encyclopedia Britannica Inc. seats in Parliament and widened the Haigh, Christopher (Ed.). 1985. The franchise by giving the votes to Cambridge Historical people from all classes. By this Encyclopedia of Great Britain and evidence of Scottish struggle for Northern Ireland. Cambridge: existence, finally the English had to Cambridge University Press. acknowledge that Scotland was not Holsey, William D. and Emanuel an inferior nation. By the Scottish Friedman. 1983. Collier's enlightenment in any aspect of life, Encyclopedia. Vol. 20. London: P. they should realize that the Scots F. Collier. Inc. could be an "equal partner" in the Jakarta-Jakarta. 1986. Pari Cerdic United Kingdom. Sampai Andrew. Jakarta: Jakarta- finally, the writer affirms that Jakarta. July. Scottish’s struggle against England had Kennedy, Ludovic. 1995. In Bed with risen a distinctively the English national an Elephant. London: Bantam struggle. The nationalist sentiment Press. aroused after being treated by the Leedy, Paul D. 1974. Practice Research English very badly. The reflection of Planning and Technique. London: Mac their inferiority feeling had made the Millan. Scots decide to show their existence in Lynch, Michael. 1991. Scotland A many aspects of British life. Even the New History. London: Century English had tried to see Scotland as Ltd. their equal partner, but the feeling of Maclean, Fitzroy. 1974. A Concise nationalism still persisted aroused fclfii History of Scotland. London: Thames t& separate from the United Kingdom. and Hudson. Mitchison, Rosalind. 1970. A History BIBLIOGRAPHY of Scotland. London: Methuen and Co Anderson, Jonathan. Berry H. Durston Ltd. and Millicent Poole. 1982. Thesis Nawawi, Hadari and Miini Martini. and Assignment Writing. 1994. Penelitian Terapan. Yogyakarta: Hongkong: John Wiley & Sons. UGM Press. Birch, A. H. 1968. The British System Norton, Phillip. 1984. The British of Government. London: George Polity. New York: Longman Ltd. Allen & Unwin Ltd. Oliver, Dawn. 1991. Government in the Blackie, Lorna. 1987. Clans and United Kingdom. Buckingham: Tartans. London: Apple Press Open University Press. Ltd. Orel, Harold, et al. 1981. The Scottish University. World. London: Thames and Hudson. Pittock.

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