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No. 3, Desember 2013 BEFORE the UNION 1603 The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) Jurnal KBP Volume 1 - No. 3, Desember 2013 THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF SCOOTISH POLITICAL MANAGEMENT BEFORE THE UNION 1603 Ramonovera STIE “KBP” Padang ([email protected]) ABSTRAK Skotlandia sebelum masuk kedalam United Kindom berdiri sebagai negeri kepulauan yang tidak ada perwakilannya di parlemen di Inggris. Baru pada tahun 1770, Inggris dan Skotlandia sepakat untuk bersatu dibawah satu parlemen yang sama. Tulisan ini akan mengulas tentang usaha-usaha orang Skot menunjukkan derajat yang sama dengan masyarakat England terutama dalam bidang politik, social, dan ekonomi. Tulisan ini akan mengulas usaha-usaha orang skot dalam hal menunjukkan eksistensi ataupun keberadaannya untuk bisa duduk di bidang pemerintahan dan politik dengan memberikan kontribusi positif agar bisa membangun negeri sejajar dengan saudaranya yang ada di England. Sebagai hasil perjuangan orang skot adalah skotlandia berhasil menempatkan wakilnya di parlemennya di London sebagai wakil yang memperjuangkan hak-hak orang skotlandia. Sekarang Skotlandia berada sejajar dengan orang England, Wales maupun dengan orang Irlandia. Kata Kunci : Dominasi, Pemulihan, Krisis, Wakil rakyat INTRODUCTION: archipelago country. It was bounded on Before Scottish lived under the three sides by sea, the north is domination England. People struggled bordered by Atlantic Ocean and the their lives without paying attention from west is North sea and the east is England. Many idea from Scottish hero England. to release from England Domination. The natives of Scottish came from One of the struggle was through literary Pitches, Britons, Irish, Angles, Norman writing from Sir Walter Scott in his and Flemings. The Immigrants came work ”The Talisman and The Hearth of from some areas, they formed some Melonian” . and so, Robert Burn wrote small kingdom based on clans. In 843, some poems how Scottish. those kingdoms merged and formed the After the age of Romanticism (1700s), Kingdom of Alba (Scotia) under King I European people began open their eyes. MacAlpin. After the union in 1707, the They wanted to get freedom, equality decision that had made caused them and friendship. This was the impact of separated. French revolution. It caused spirit of After the union in 1707, Scottish to get independence. England promised to help Scottish in Scotland was located in the economic development. England saved northern part of Great Britain. It then from poverty. Unfortunately, it was consists of island or it is called just persuasion in order Scottish to 454 Jurnal KBP, Vol. 1, No. 3, Desember 2013: 454 - 469 handle Scottish land which was rich. In emphasized : culture and nationalism. fact, England still ignored Scottish. He . In his study, he emphasizes the England bargained merger just to show result of England effort to dominate his superior upon Scottish and to get Scotland. It can be seen as follows: The profit to exploit Scottish nature. This causes result the effect in political was the expansion of British Empire as management. Two disparate culture the impact of Renaissance and formations have combined into a Elizabethan age. hegemonic system which looks the The impact of this event caused Scots into a sense of their own Scottish become regret. The Scottish inferiority in the face of a powerful was just inferior and partner . All laws Anglo-British culture (1989,167). This tended to advantage British empire. statement supports the analysis in this However, the union brought writing. Scottish into prosperity. British gave all rights for Scottish live in a good way THE CAUSE AND EFFECTS such: seats in parliament and economic AFTER THE UNION OF 1603 development to build Scottish country. After the Union of the Crowns in In fact, in parliament, Scottish could not 1603, the main problems appeared that give his opinion because it was always also aroused the awareness to the devoted by other members. If it English domination were English Civil happened, they could do anything or War between the king versus gave up. Parliament, Scotland was under the Seeing the situation, Scottish Commonwealth and the Restoration nationalism emerged. They wanted to Monarchy of 1660. The Act of Union get freedom against British. One of that united the two kingdoms, Scotland important thing was how to get freedom and England under a single parliament in politics, government and economics. was the next issue. Even Scotland and The description will make the writer to England had been united, but still there develop his writing through Scottish were several conflicts raised as the history and problem in seventeenth result of the rejection of union policy. century. It will be connected to Scottish They were the changing of succession in some aspects of lives. line from Stuart into Hanoverian that resulted Jacobitism and Highland THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Clearances. AND REVIEW ON RELATED The accession of James VI to the LITERATURE English throne in 1603 only the union This writing discusses some of both crowns, not the union of the views on the related topic. There are parliaments or administrations. As a some studies made related to the matter of fact, James had tried to unite Scottish struggle in politics and the two kingdoms as well as the two government as the expression of their crowns, but he failed. There were too awareness to the England’s domination many differences between the peoples. until the 19th century. One of historian For the Scotsmen probably it was too who analyze Scotland, especially the soon to forget the humiliations and Scottish is John Foster who writes about resentment they had endured from the causes and effects. McCrone in his English, and the English certainly work “Representing Scotland: culture regarded the Scots as inferior. They and goverment. In his study, he both disliked the idea of a joint 455 The Causes and Effects... (Ramonovera) parliament, and so the union was afterward the Presbyterian system was rejected (Plantagenet and Fiy, 1982). reestablished once again in Scotland. But James had strengthened his In England when Charles I tried to position, so that he was able to make attack Protestant movement, he faced the law respected throughout Scotland fierce opposition especially from the and to rule more effectively than any Parliament. Charles responded by previous kings until his death in 1625. trying to rule without the support of After James's death, Charles I Parliament. On the outbreak of the (1625-49) replaced him. Charles lacked English Civil War between the King his father understanding of the Scottish and the Parliament, the Scots, lilMte people. He disliked Presbyterians, so Solemn League and Covenant (1643) he decided to reduce the power of agreed to help the English Parliament Presbyterians by announcing some to oppose the King. The Scots' aim was policies. He imposed taxation that was to make Presbyterianism be established considered as extortion. He canceled in England as well as in Scotland. the restoration of the Church through Unfortunately, when the King was the Act of Revocation of 1625. defeated and executed in 1649, power Trevelyan affirms the disaster caused in England fell not to the Parliament by Charles I in his book: but to Oliver Cromwell, commander of parliament forces, which favoured the Charles I made the independence. Cromwell took the corresponding error of power of government into his own supposing that the Scottish hands. Church could, like the Scotland, which defied English, is molded by royal Cromwell's protectorate, proclaimed command. Confident in the Charles II as their king in order to power he had recently restore the monarchy. The assumed as autocratic ruler consequences were the defeat of the of England, and knowing Scots by Cromwell and the conquest of that the Parliament of their country. Under the Edinburgh was of no Commonwealth and the Protectorate, fccount, he deceived Scotland was forced to unite with himself into supposing that England, send members to English he could act as absolute Parliaments and freedom to trade monarch in Scotland, even with England and English colonies in in matters of religion. His return for the loss of their attempt to impose Laud's independence. English Prayer Book on the The following issue after die Scottish church at the very death of Cromwell and the collapse of moment when he was trying the Protectorate was the Restoration to get rid of the English of 1660. The aim was to bring back Parliament broke his power the old system in Scotland and to in both Kingdoms return Charles II to Scottish dirone. (1987,292). Within two years of his restoration, Charles had arranged many policies The result was the National in Scotland. One was to choose the Covenant (1638), asserting that the members of the Privy Council and king had acted illegally and soon Officers of State widiout the advice 456 Jurnal KBP, Vol. 1, No. 3, Desember 2013: 454 - 469 of parliament. Another policy was he William sent the troops and attacked formally restored government of the them in the battles. church by Kirk Sessions of laymen In his attempt to conquer and a General Assembly Jacobites, William found many (Presbyteranians) into bishops difficulties. So, he tried to solve that (episcopalians). These policies by using other tactics. Firstly, he sent resulted the struggle between General Mackay to build Fort Presbyterians (governed by Kirk William. At the same time, the sum sessions of laymen and a General of«£ 12,000 was distributed among Assembly); against Episcopalians. the chiefs in the hope of making Then rebellion of Presbyterians them loyal to William. Some aroused, but they could be defeated. accepted the bribe, some refused it, In 1685 Charles II died and was but no one became more loyal to succeeded by his brother James VII William than they had been before (II of England). James who was a (Fitzroy, 1974). Roman Catholic intended to restore Roman Catholicism in the two Facing the failure in the tactics, kingdoms.
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