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Elite Scotswomen's Roles, Identity, and Agency in Jacobite Political

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Elite Scotswomen's Roles, Identity, and Agency in Jacobite Political “PETTICOAT PATRONAGE.” Elite Scotswomen’s Roles, Identity, and Agency in Jacobite Political Affairs, 1688-1766. This Thesis is Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of History of the University of Western Australia Humanities History Anita R. Fairney B.A. (Hons.) 2015 ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to uncover and analyse the identities and actions of the elite Scotswomen who supported and/or were involved in the political machinations between 1688 and 1766 in support of the Stuart cause. The strength of Jacobitism in Scotland and the national level of its support has been reappraised in recent years, revealing its centrality to Scottish political life and its strong patriotic agenda. However, the role and participation elite Scottish women played in over half a century’s political and military schemes, and their part in the preservation of Scottish Jacobite culture and community has not been examined. Through predominantly archival research I have identified and examined a few hundred elite women, who during this period were known, or referred to as Jacobites, in support of the exiled Stuart monarchy. These women came from the length and breadth of Scotland, with a variety of religious, political and familial identities, substantiating the national extent of Jacobitism in Scotland in the eighteenth century. In order to better understand the nature and range of female support I have made a prosopographical investigation of a cross section of these women. Furthermore, for the process of analysis I have organised the nature and type of elite Scotswomen’s support for Jacobitism into four main categories, which are examined each in their own chapter. This analysis contributes to Scottish, women’s and Jacobite history by revealing that the roles performed by these women had at the heart of their intention and motivation a political intent. I begin with those who preserved Jacobitism among the Scots as a political, religious and cultural ideology, and raised their children in it, and encouraged others to support it. I also examine those who partook in the patronage network as either a client or patroness in Jacobites’ favour. It also involved the analysis of women who were confidantes and informants of significant Jacobite male officials, within and outwith the field of action, contributing to their plotting and planning with moral support and information. This is further complemented by an examination of those who performed the role of accomplice and agent to such officials, organising, managing and delegating secret correspondence, and the participation of others in the lead up to Jacobite events. Finally, research into the contemporary media and !ii propaganda directed against the women in the movement is analysed, to reveal the extent to which their support and actions were felt and responded to by contemporaries. The findings of this research reveal that elite Scotswomen were political women, and very much involved and supportive of Jacobite political affairs. Their contribution to the political machinations in the eighteenth century was significant to Jacobite political affairs, and therefore Scottish politics, as they were at the very heart of state building, or rather changing, working alongside Scotsmen in numerous capacities to return the Stuarts to the throne. Previously unacknowledged by historians, elite women’s participation reveals that women did not sit at home while their men plotted and planned, and went out into the field to fight for the Cause. It shows rather that they worked with them and alongside them in their country’s and families’ interest. !iii !iv CONTENTS Abstract ii Declaration iv Contents v Abbreviations viii Tables, Maps and Images ix Acknowledgments x I. Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Prosopographia Scotia Jacobiti Mulieris 30 II. Categories and Strategies of Political Interaction Chapter 2: The Preserver of Scottish Jacobite Culture and Community 67 i) The Educator ii) The Ambassador iii) The Material Jacobite Chapter 3: ‘Petticoat Patronage’: Jacobite Scotswomen & the Patronage System 93 i) The Client ii) The Patroness Chapter 4: The Confidante 122 i) The Confidante !v ii) The Adviser iii) The Informant Chapter 5: Agents and Accomplices 146 i) Accomplice ii) The Agent III. Action & Reaction Chapter 6: A Case Study of Action in the 1708 173 Chapter 7: The Petticoat in the Pamphlet. Anti-Jacobite Propaganda 202 IV. Conclusion 241 V. Bibliography 255 VI. Appendices 296 I. List of Elite Jacobite Scotswomen II. Prosopographical Case Study III. Categories and Strategies of Political Interaction III.I Jacobite Preserver III.II Patronage System III.III Confidante and Informant III.IV Agent and Accomplice IV. List of Aliases V. List of Jacobite and Anti-Jacobite Fans VI. List of Female Anti-Jacobite Propaganda Pamphlets !vi Attributed to Cosmo Alexander (Scottish, 1724-1772), Half-length Portrait of a Lady, believed to be Jean Cameron of Lochiel, Oil on Canvas, 1744. (Image courtesy of Lyon & Turnbull) !vii ABBREVIATIONS Bod. Bodleian Library, Oxford BC Blair Castle Archives Carstares State Papers and Letters Addressed to William Carstares CSP Calendar of Stuart Papers EEBO Early English Books Online HCA Highland Council Archives HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission MFA Museum of Fine Art, Boston NLS National Library of Scotland NMS National Museums Scotland NPGS National Portrait Gallery Scotland NRS National Records of Scotland NT National Trust NTS National Trust Scotland Traq. Traquair House, Stuart-Maxwell Papers HMC Historical Manuscripts Commission ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography SCA Scottish Catholic Archives SP Stuart Papers UA University of Aberdeen, Scotland V&A Victoria and Albert Museum, London WHM West Highland Museum, Fort William !viii IMAGES, MAPS AND TABLES Images: Image I. Lady, believed to be Jean Cameron of Lochiel, 1744 vii Images II. MS. ‘An Impartial and Genuine List of the Ladys on the Whig or Jacobite Partie. Taken in hand Merely to Shew that the Common Acusation and Slander Rashly Thrown on The Female Sex As To Their being All Jacobites is False and Groundless As upon a Calculation the Whigs are Far Superior in Number and Not inferior either in Rank Beauty or Sollidity’, 1747? 251 Maps: Map I. Four Regions of Scottish Jacobite Elite Women 33 Map II. Geographical Regions of Elite Jacobite Scotswomen: 1688-1704 47 Map III. Geographical Regions of Elite Jacobite Scotswomen: 1705-1716 50 Map IV. Geographical Regions of Elite Jacobite Scotswomen: 1717-1743 56 Map V. Geographical Regions of Elite Jacobite Scotswomen: 1744-1766 61 Table: Table I. Anti-Jacobite Pamphlets published in the Jacobite Era. 207 !ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the board of the Australian Postgraduate Award and the University of Western Australia for giving me this incredible opportunity and for funding this research. It has been an incredible journey for which I am truly grateful. Thanks must also go to the board of the Patricia Crawford Award and her family who by granting me this scholarship made certain research trips possible. Special thanks to my supervisors Associate Professor David Barrie and Winthrop Professor Susan Broomhall, who have been very supportive and encouraging throughout the duration of this thesis. Their knowledge, wisdom and expertise have been invaluable. I would also like to thank Professor Robert Stuart for his support and words of wisdom. To all of the archivists and librarians who have aided in making this research experience possible, and a pleasurable one, I thank you. I would like to make special mention and thanks to Jane Anderson, archivist at Blair Castle, who was so very warm and helpful; and James Hamilton, archivist and head librarian at the Signet Library, with whom I shared a particular love of the prize of their collection, the ‘Impartial and Genuine List’, thank you. Also to the staff at the Wolfson Reading Room at Kings College Library, Aberdeen, in particular Michelle Gait and June Ellner; to Catherine Maxwell-Stuart and Margaret Fox (archivist) at Traquair House, to Dr. Caroline Cradock, archivist at the Scottish Catholic Archives; to Mrs H. E. Alexander, director of the Fan Museum, thank you for the lovely talk about fans. Thanks to Lady Willoughby de Eresby and Sue Goodwin, from the Grimsthorpe and Drummond Castle Trust, who granted me permission to view the portraits of their family members in the SNPG, for which I am most grateful; and finally to the staff at the National Records of Scotland, the National Library of Scotland, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, West Sussex Archives, the V&A Museum, the British Museum, and the British Library. To fellow scholars and academics who have been a source of knowledge and inspiration along this journey, granting me their advice and wisdom from their many years of experience. A special thanks goes to historian Dr. John Watts, who patiently read through the final drafts of this thesis. To Professor Allan I. Macinnes, thank you for pointing me in the direction of the Jacobite !x Scotswomen in the 1708. It was a delight to find them. To various friends and acquaintances, such as Rev. John Emerson, FSSP, Dr. Nicola Cowmeadow, Chris Kauer, Dorothy and Mark McLean. Your support and advice has been invaluable. I would like to thank my dear family and friends, particularly those back home in Australia. I am most grateful for all the support they have given me over the years, most especially their prayers. I could not have done it without them. Most importantly, I would like to thank my husband Paul, who has been a constant support, patient and unfailing friend throughout this thesis. He is a Godsend, and to him and his pure heart I dedicate this thesis. Finally, I must thank God for all the gifts and grace He has given me to complete this project. !xi Introduction ‘[W]e see that this Part of the Species are the first Prosylites to the most absurd Doctrines, and in all Changes of State or Religion, the Ladies are sure to lead the Van.’ 1 Anonymous, The Female Rebels, Edinburgh, 1747.
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