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Appendix Index of Symbols, Cant and Code

ABC: ‘A Blessed Change’: the coded invocation of a . Acorn: Acorns were used on Interregnum stump work as signs of loyalty to Charles II, who hid in an oak at Boscobel after the battle of Worcester (1651), before escaping to the Continent. The use of acorns was a reminder of the oaks into which they grow, and the hope of a restoration or victory for the /Jacobite cause (see also oak). Aeneas: Exiled from his homeland, the Trojan hero was widely taken as a sym- bol of Charles II and later the exiled Stuarts. Vergilian phrases were used as tags of Jacobite memorialization. ‘Aeneas’ himself was usually James VIII: the title did not transfer to either of his sons. : ‘(dream) vision’ in Irish Gaelic. In its classic form, the poet sees a vision of a strange unearthly woman, the spéirbhean or sky-woman heroine, who symbolizes the nation, and would develop into the Cathleen Ni Houlihan or Sean Bhean Bhocht figures of more modern Irish . The woman is the land, appearing as a beloved who is bereft of her destined lover, who will on his return renew her to beauty and fertility. The plea is for the just king’s restoration, for an unjust reign is marked by infertility. In as in , the Jacobite heir might be depicted as a ‘young shepherd’, while in Flora MacDonald might appear as a shepherdess. Alba: the white land, the name in Gaelic for Scotland, which was punningly associated with the Latin for ‘white’ from the seventeenth century on. Alexis: , most famously so in the 1747 poem of that name, possibly written by Alastair MacMhaighstir Alasdair. All absent friends, all ships at sea, and the auld pier at Leith: a Jacobite toast from . The ‘absent friends’ were exiled Jacobites, the ‘ships at sea’ would bring them home as they took them away, and the pier at Leith was a traditional point of departure from Scotland for those who had fallen foul of the authorities. Amen: the last word of the Jacobite national anthem and the name of a famous kind of Jacobite glass. Anamorphosis: an image of the Prince became visible at a certain angle. Holbein’s The Ambassadors is perhaps the most famous example of this tech- nique in painting. Anchor: symbol of hope, found on glasses. Apples: fertility and renewal. Arma Christi: the ‘Five Wounds’ of Christ, symbol of Catholic suffering after the , extended to in contexts such as ’s garden at Twickenham and at Castle Fraser. Astraea: goddess of justice, who in the end always catches up with history and its offenders in a renovatio, renewing the state of the earth and bringing back the golden age of Saturn. It is she who ushers in the golden age of Vergil’s Eclogue IV, and this personification was taken as the basis for the renewed golden age of Queen Elizabeth, as discussed in Frances Yates’s Astraea (1975).

159 160 Appendix

John Dryden transferred the identification, first of all to Charles II in Astraea Redux and then to , mother of James III and VIII, in ‘Britannia Rediviva’. Astraea could be depicted in pastoral vein, as a shepherdess. Audentior Ibo: ‘I go more boldly’, from Vergil, Aeneid IX, 291. A promise that the Jacobite cause was on the march. Bacchus: Bacchus enthroned is an image of disorder or misrule. Bagpipes: symbol of patriot Scotland, often used in conjunction with banners as an image of military resistance (I am grateful to my PhD student Vivien Williams for this point). Barber: code for Charles I. Bee/Bee hive: The bee and bee hive were both used as Jacobite devices, in a tradition which drew on Vergil’s advice in Georgics IV that bees might come from carrion (still seen on Tate & Lyle tins): from the defeat of the cause will come its victory. Bien Venu: Welcome, in French because restoration will come from France. Bird in flight: the generic portrayal of the Stuart heir as a bird, either fleeing or returning, was widespread: see songs such as ‘A Wee Bird Cam to Our Ha Door’. Blackbird: a term of reference initially to Charles II, later to James VIII and III, both of whom had dark hair: Charles II was also called the ‘black boy’. However, the roots of this image lie deeper: Fionn MacCumhail’s sword was the ‘blackbird’s son’ and ‘blackbird speech’ was the noise of the clash of the swords of the Fianna. The blackbird is the singer of the most beautiful music in Ossianic lays, and it guards its nest as the Fianna guard Ireland. Driving the ‘royal blackbird’ from the three kingdoms leaves them unguarded, open – par- ticularly in Irish lore and the aisling – to the entry of the stranger. Blue: True Blue – symbolizing peace and honour – was a term associated with (as opposed to Catholic or even Nonjuring) support for the Stuart cause, although it had earlier been used by Monmouth’s supporters. In Ireland, its association with outweighed all other considera- tions, and it is not found there except in a Hanoverian loyalist context. It is also associated with insular and xenophobic politics. Bricleir, An: the Bricklayer: one who constructs the state. There is a distant analogy with the Stuart heir as Christ’s role as a keystone in humanity’s rela- tionship with God. Buachaill Ban, An: the white- (fair-) headed boy: a term of affection in Irish Gaelic, not necessarily linked to blonde colouring. Such colouring indicated fertility in the shape of a good corn crop, however, and was symbolically tied to the fair-haired Charles Edward. There is a nostalgic aisling Jacobite song of this title by Sean Ó Coileain (1754–1817), where the speaker sees his vision under a green-boughed oak. Buds: returning fertility. Butterfly: a presage of successful restoration. Carnation: coronation, a simple code. Carolum inter reges ut Lillium inter flores: Charles is among kings as the lily is among flowers: the reference could be a false loyalist one which appeared to refer to Charles I or II. Caterpillar: a caterpillar with a human head symbolizes rebirth and restoration. It could be an image of the soul returning home (to Scotland), or of Charles I. Appendix 161

Ceres: an image of restored fertility, deriving from Pliny and quite often associ- ated with Queen Anne. Chrysanthemum: grief and mourning. Clarior e Tenebris: ‘brighter from obscurity’. The idea that the would be renewed by restoration. This phrase was associated with the image of the sun. Cognuscunt me meae: ‘my own recognize me’ (John 10), both a teasing refer- ence to this phrase’s clear identification of Jacobite sympathies while remain- ing invulnerable from prosecution, and a sidelong allusion to the Gospel exhortation, ‘He who has ears to hear, let him hear’, a reference which places the Stuart heir in the role of Christ. This was an identification which neither nor Jacobites had been shy of making since the days of Charles I. Compass: the king and his realm cannot be finally divided, however they drift apart. Compasses might point towards the (Jacobite) star. Confusion to the White Horse: of Hanover. A toast. Corn: restored fertility. Craobhín Aoibhinn, An: the delightful little branch, Charles Edward Stuart, a new growth from the dynastic tree. Later a moniker used by Douglas Hyde in connexion with the de-Anglicization of Ireland. Cromwell: carried in effigy, a sign of Jacobite sympathy by 1700. Crown, Cuius Est: Whose is it? A reference to the crown the very dubiety of the enquiry indicating loyalty to the Stuarts. Daffodils: hope, returning spring. Deer: symbol of kingship, sovereignty, fidelity and legitimacy in the Classical, Gaelic and Christian worlds, sometimes presented as a snake-eater and even as a symbol of Christ. In the mediaeval era, the stag is pursued by hounds which represent vices, and this symbolic tradition was utilized as a sign of the challenge to Charles I by John Denham in Cooper’s Hill in 1642, and was linked to the more long-standing image of the stag as an icon of fidelity in the Interregnum. These associations were also taken up by the enemies of the Stuarts. Just as Horace’s version of Aesop’s fable of the horse and the stag contrasted the stag’s frugality and liberty with wealth and slavery, so Scottish Jacobitism – drawing on the same nexus of what were originally Roman Republican ideas – could be used to contrast patriotic Scottish poverty with British slavery (and the horse of Hanover). (O) Diu desiderata Navis: (O), long-hoped for ship. The ship also featured prom- inently on touch-pieces, which extended the reference to metaphors of the soul’s pilgrimage over the ocean of life, the exile of the true faith and the sacral quality of Stuart monarchy. Dog: ‘every dog has his day’, a loose translation of ‘TANDEM TRIUMPHANS’, symbolizing the eventual victory of the Jacobites. The dog gnawing on a bone could presage Jacobite victory. Dolphin: on Sea Serjeants’ glasses; only doubtfully a Jacobite symbol. Doric: native identity, suggestive of northern valour and a restored Scottish cul- tural or parliamentary polity. The term was used by Allan Ramsay to refer to the , and this is the context in which it is still used (though now more particularly referring to the dialect of the north-east). Dragonfly: found on Jacobite glass, a delightful pun on ‘dragon fly’ (run away dragon) with an interior subordinated reference to ‘George and the Dragon’, 162 Appendix

with the implication that the dragon would make George ‘fly’: a kind of inver- sion of English patriot discourse. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori: It is sweet and appropriate to die for one’s country. From Horace, Odes III:ii, was allegedly quoted by Lord Lovat on the scaffold. Dum spirat spero: While he breathes, I hope: a motto which linked personal hopes for futurity to the king’s life. Eikon Basilike: The icon of the king, a famous text which portrayed Charles I as a martyr, and which was very popular in the Interregnum. Jacobite sympa- thizers later made use of the image. Ermine: the garment of kings, and symbolic of rightful monarchy. Everso Missus Succurrere Seclo: Sent to repair the ruins of the age. This legend first appeared on a print which formed the frontispiece to Edward Pettit’s Visions of Government (1684): it portrays Charles II trampling on Jesuit, Turk and Presbyterian. It can be a false loyalist reference; on Strange’s famous engraving, it is a direct reference to Charles Edward as successor to Charles II. Falcon: King James. False Loyalism: the use of images of Charles I and II or Anne, or other references connected with these monarchs, to indicate sympathy and support for their exiled contemporaries’ successors. There are many examples: a quotation from Charles II’s 1660 coronation medal was inscribed on Agostino Francki’s 1737 Jacobite medal from Venice, while ‘Prince Charles and Down with the Rumps’ was a false loyalist legend on Jacobite glass. Family: a reference to the Stuarts, based on the Jacobite national anthem, part of which is found on ‘Amen’ glasses, which may have been used accordingly for toasts to ‘the Family’. Fasces: the authority of the Roman Republic and its magistracy, chiefly the consuls: in Jacobite terms, a promise of attention to the constitution by a restored Stuart monarch, and a rhetorical badge of Jacobite ‘republicanism’, with its poverty and simplicity being an implicit rebuke to adventurous wars and imperial pretension. Fato Profugus: (Aeneid I:2), forced by fate to fly from his native shore. This was used to refer to James VII, being used of him in a book of Jacobite poetry pre- sented to the king in 1700. Fiat: often on glass, meaning ‘let it be so’: the Latin equivalent of ‘Amen’ from the Vulgate and hence potentially a Catholic signifier; associated with the Order of the White and the Cycle Club. Fiddle: the patriot instrument, or voice of the people, expressive of native music and sometimes the Stuarts. First-Born: the ‘right of the first-born’ is one of the biblical phrases used to support Jacobite legitimism, such as ‘let us kill him and the inheritance will be ours’. Flaming hearts: symbol of loyalty and the love, both sacred and erotic, of a people for their king. Fleur-de-Lis: the French Crown, supporters of the Stuarts. Floreat: may it flourish, a reference to a plant or flower, but behind that to restoration. Fly: a symbol of exile; rare. Forget-me-Not: an obvious reminder to supporters to keep the exiled dynasty in mind. Appendix 163

Fortia Facta Patrum: the brave deeds of the forefathers: a reference to the Scottish martial tradition. Fruit: symbolic of plenty; not sufficiently indicative of Jacobite support without other markers. Fuimus Troes: We once were Trojans (Aeneid II): a statement which confirms identity, acknowledges the defeat of their cause, and hopes (through Aeneas and Brutus) for renewal. The title was first used in a book of 1633 by Jasper Fisher, referring to King James VI and I, the first Stuart ruler of the three king- doms as ‘the Second Brute’. Latterly, ‘Fuimus’ was primarily a word connected with the elegiac celebration of Jacobite values and the ‘old Scotland’ they rep- resented, as in the case of the use of the motto on David Allan’s etching of Katherine Bruce of Clackmannan. Gardens: images of retreat, particularly Horatian retreat in gardens, were linked with controversy over who really should be Augustus and who really was the rightful custodian of any new golden age. The choice of retreat rather than public engagement as a context to address these questions was itself indicative of the owner of the garden’s dissatisfaction with current political arrangements. Garland: symbolic of triumph and success. Glorious or Immortal Memory: a false loyalist toast which could be used in Jacobite circles. Gorgon: refers to the legend of Perseus and his restoration to his rightful king- dom. Green: Green is the second prime colour, and was associated with fidelity, mirth and good augury. Green ribbons were used as a sign of fertility, symbolic of Jacobite sympathies, and were also associated with the Order of the . Before 1688, green was also frequently used as a Whig party symbol, not least in the Exclusionist , but orange supervened. Greyhound: symbol of loyalty; also of the Tudor dynasty and youthful prodi- gality. Too generic to be a reliable indicator of Jacobitism, except in conjunc- tion with other symbols. Grubs: ‘Insects and grubs’ represent the return of the [national] soul in the form of Prince Charles, who will turn into a butterfly on arrival. Hannibal: a rare symbol of Scottish patriot historiography and resistance to the overweening claims of empire. Hare: a symbol of flight; rare. Harlequin: The 1750 Harlequin portrait of Charles Edward as well as a number of associated or alternative versions of Charles and his ‘Highland’ army as heroes became popular in the aftermath of the ’Forty-five, though the iconographic meaning of the image was tinged with prodigality and folly. Harp: the national instrument of Scotland as well as Ireland: associated with traditional patriotic values. Health of Sorrel: a toast to the horse of Sir John Fenwick, executed for his part in the 1696 Assassination Plot. William took the horse, which six years later threw him, leading to his death from the injuries sustained. Heart: true love, loyalty. Here’s to the King, Sir: a toast. The song of the same name takes one through the various actions of giving the toast and drinking it. Heron: emblem of a lost paradise, rare, but may be used at Callaly Castle. 164 Appendix

Hic Vir Hic Est: This is the man, this is he (Aeneid VI:791–5), an allusion to Aeneas’ encounter with the future Augustus: in the Jacobite case, a reference to a future restoration of a lost golden age with the return of the Stuart mon- arch by the agency of divine justice, characterized as Astraea in a reference to Eclogue IV. Highlander: Images of the Highlander on ceramic products became signifi- cantly more popular following the portrayal of the ringleaders of the 1743 Mutiny of the 43rd Foot (The ). Portraits of the ringleaders were enamelled on porcelain, and Richard Cooper then borrowed elements of these images in his portrayal of Prince Charles in 1745. Highlander with broadsword: patriot resistance. to 29 May: a Hogmanay toast, calling for a second Restoration (29 May). Honest: a term used as a party identifier (Presbyterians in Scotland could be the ‘honest party’), but primarily adopted by Jacobites. Honeysuckle: an image of fidelity. Hooie Uncos: ‘Hooie Uncos’ was the phrase called by shepherds in Scotland to turn away an encroaching flock. It means ‘Go away, strangers’, and was the first toast of the day every day for the formidable Katherine Bruce of Clackmannan. Iam Florescit: It flourishes now. Used of Charles II’s restoration. Jay: symbolic of borrowed plumes, hence usurpation. King in tree: both a symbol of fertility and an image of Charles II in the oak tree after the Battle of Worcester (1651). King Log: In the fable, the discontented frogs wish to be rid of King Log, who does nothing all day (he is a log, after all). Unfortunately, Jupiter sends them King Stork, who eats all the frogs. The fable reflected both on the inconsist- ency and folly of the and the benign conservatism of the oak king. King over the water: a famous toast to the absent king. The Land o’Cakes and a guid Steward to deal them: the play on the word ‘Stewart/Steward’ was regarded as enough to keep this toast safe. Landlord: a reference to the Stuart as the rightful heir. The term is obviously coded, but its allusions are to the idea that the refusal to accept conventional succession to the throne threatens all proper inheritance of land (as indeed it did, as post-1689 anti-Catholic legislation demonstrated) and that the Stuart heir is a kind of ‘mine host’, purveyor of jollity and plenty – if only he was restored to his own. Laurel: the promise of a future triumph; an ancient sign of victory. Leopard: the king. Liberty: Roman Republican rhetoric of various kinds was extensively used by Jacobites in the and 40s in particular. Lily of the Valley: the return of happiness, rare and mainly found on glass. : the king; the Lyon of Scotland is the King of Scots, hence the Lion Rampant banner. Images of the lion could refer to the sovereign rights of the king. Little Gentleman in Black Velvet: the mole over which White Sorrel allegedly tripped, throwing William III and II in a fall which led to his death. A toast. Little white-headed cow: the return of King James and with it fertility. Loo: a game of cards, but also William’s Dutch palace Appendix 165

Lover’s knot: a Jacobite device, symbolic of the king’s marriage to his kingdom, which will only provide it with fertility if the marriage is duly solemnized. Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae: ‘bring back the light, good leader, to the land’ from Horace, Odes IV:v. Mac an Cheannai (the Merchant’s Son): James. Mars: reference to ; also red was the primary colour of heraldry, implying the dignity of royalty. Mary, Queen of Scots: sometimes used as a type of Jacobite loyalty and suffer- ing and especially useful as an icon of transition to the sentimental Jacobitism of the later Romantic period. Matura Arista: ‘The corn is ripe’, anagram of (Queen) Mary Stuart (I am indebted to Peter Davidson for pointing this out). Maypole: symbolizes the Stuart dynasty’s commitment to the countryside and rural pursuits. Micat inter Omnes: he shines among all, often used in conjunction with the star allegedly seen at Charles Edward’s birth. Moorhen: symbol of Charles Edward. Moth: drawn to the light, also related to the butterfly of restoration. Oak: The oak was the badge of the Stuarts since at least the mid-seventeenth century and quite possibly all the way back to 1346, when David II allegedly wore it as his badge during a tournament. Charles II hid after the Battle of Worcester in the Boscobel Oak, and images of the king in the oak tree pres- aged future restoration by reference to Charles II; as such, they might also be an example of false loyalism, the reference to Charles I or II as a cloak for more contemporary Jacobite sentiments. The king in the tree was also a sym- bol of fertility, with reference both to Gaelic tradition and also the violation of the landscape through the felling of the sacred oak in Thessaly in Ovid, Metamorphoses VIII . There were subsidiary oak myths dealing with the loyal followers of the Jacobite cause, such as the story of Lt.-Col. George Robertson of Faskally (later an officer in Scotland) hiding in an oak at Pitlochry. In Williamite iconography of the , destroyed oaks symbolized the victory of the Orange cause over the Stuarts; but when in the eighteenth century Patriot Whigs began to adopt druidry, they adopted the oak tree too. Soon were using it as a symbol of ‘Country’ values in general and true English identity, unimproved by foreign fashions. Octagon: a possible reference to James ‘VIII’, especially when used in a non- Scottish context, where the regnal number would not be recognized. Orange: symbol – then as now – of William of Orange. Orange, which was first found in the Dutch iconography of William the Silent in the sixteenth century, long survived William of Orange’s death in 1702, for example, in the wearing of ‘orange-coloured hoods and dresses’ by ladies on the opening night of ’s Cato on 14 April 1713. In 1717, a man dressed as the ‘Orange Champion’ was a centrepiece of the Loyal Society’s Cheapside parade. By the 1790s, of course, the had been founded, and the term began to carry its modern connotations. Owl: The owl of Minerva flies at dusk; at last wisdom will return to a people who have spurned their king. Palinurus: Aeneas’ steersman; used of more than one faithful Jacobite retainer. 166 Appendix

Palms: symbols of victory; only clearly Jacobite in the context of confirmatory imagery or other references. Pear: a pair (two Stuart heirs). Pelican: The ‘pelican feeding her young with her own blood’ was used by north- ern English Catholics and revived in the Jacobite era. Perseus: an exile searching for the return of his rightful kingdom, and thus very applicable to the Stuart case. Phoenix: King James restored. Pink: regional Jacobite colour in the Trossachs. Plaid: see Tartan. Plums: fertility and renewal. Pomegranate: a rare Jacobite image which symbolizes fertility, immortality and resurrection/restoration: its multiplicity of seeds were traditionally seen as the faithful within the unity of the fruit, which symbolized the Church. The fruit could also symbolize concord. Precious metal: The preciousness of the Stuart line to its sympathizers might also be symbolized through colour, as, for example, in the leaf Jacobite ladies in wore on their breasts. Precious metal references could also be used to mock the incumbent dynasty, as in the ‘Festival of the Golden Rump’, a 1737 London caricature of George II. Presbyter, Jack: carried in effigy, a sign of loyalty to the and the Stuart heir. Pro (Rege et) Patria: for the (king and) fatherland: often used for specifically Stuart patriotism, given the extensive Latinity associated with the cause. QRS: Quickly Return, Stuart: a toast. Radiat: it shines, a reference to the sun but also the just, true and authoritative (sunlike) claims of the house of Stewart. Red: first among colours, the colour of the king; used by supporters of the Crown and the legitimate succession in the . Also used together with the second colour, green, symbolic of fertility and love: ‘The man that should our king hae been, / He wore the royal red and green’ (‘Welcome, Royal Charlie’). Reddas Incolumen: may thou be restored unharmed. Redeat and derivatives: the idea of return or restoration, frequently found, not least on glass. Redeat Magnus Ille Genius Britanniae: allusion to Charles Edward, made in William King’s 1749 speech on the opening of the Radcliffe Camera, itself designed by the Jacobite architect James Gibbs. The call is to ‘bring back that great genius of Britain’. The appropriateness of this cant phrase at this time derives from a characterization of as England’s evil genius in 1740: the Prince was thus contrasted with him. Revirescit: it grows anew, often a legend for an image of the Stuart oak. Ribbons, blue: loyalty to Monmouth, Protestant True Blue. Ribbons, green: pro-Exclusion Whigs, the Green Ribbon Club; later used by Jacobites. Ribbons, red: loyalty to King James, the colour of the Crown. Ribbons, white: badges of loyalty distributed to Stuart supporters. Rosa X Alba: Rosa X Alba (the Jacobite semi-plena white rose, grown in the Edinburgh Physic Garden from 1683) symbolized sympathy for James as Duke Appendix 167

of York and Albany during the Exclusion Crisis. ‘Albany’ symbolized white, for Charles I was the ‘White King’, who in his court masques had been pre- sented as such because of a pun over his birth in ‘Albania’, the Latinization of ‘Scotland’, but also the ‘white land’. The semi-plena white rose and the full one (Rosa Alba Maxima) both symbolized the Jacobite cause: the semi-plena was said to have been plucked by Prince Charles at Ardblair, the Maxima at Fassifern. Rose: The white rose symbolized the , and had been used to signify legitimacy since the reign of Richard II (1377–99), and may also have been linked to the use of the colour white as a sign of legitimism in other contexts, such as the badge of the white hart. Being under the (white) plaster ceiling rose, ‘sub rosa’, was a way of communicating that what was said dur- ing domestic dining or entertaining was confidential, and not to be repeated. Rose bough/branch: symbol of renewal of the rose of the house of Stuart and its return to flower in restoration. Rosemary: James VIII and III. This was a simple pun: the Jacobite heir was the ‘rose’ of Mary of Modena. This developed into extensive rose-and-bud sym- bolism referring to James and his own sons on Jacobite glass. Rosemary was also symbolic of remembrance. Roundheads: as with ‘Rump’, a false loyalist reference. Royal Exchange: an exchange of kings in Jacobite parlance: George goes into exile and James returns. Rue and Thyme: a toast. Rueing the time of George I’s accession: a pun. Rump: reference to the Rump Parliament of 1649–53; a false loyalist Jacobite reference. St Andrew: symbol of Scottish patriotism. St Margaret of Scotland: symbolic of the patriot nation. St Margaret, patroness of Scotland, was also taken as a Jacobite symbol by Scottish Catholics in par- ticular: her feast day was even moved to 10 June in 1693 to coincide with the future James VIII’s birthday. St Michael Slaying the Dragon: the destruction of the monster, King George. : of Scotland: Scottish patriotism. Saturn: the golden age was the age of Saturn. Seabhac Siubhal: the roving falcon, an image of King James in exile. Seamus: James. Shell: birthplace of Venus mother of Aeneas and a reference to restoration and return, or, in the context of pilgrimage, a journey to the promised land. Shepherd: the king, shepherd of his sheep. In Ireland as in England, the Jacobite heir might be depicted as a shepherd, while in Scotland Flora MacDonald might appear as a shepherdess. Ship: Since the Stuarts no longer launched ships, the ship on the sea on the reverse of later pieces can carry a title such as The Prince: Charles Edward is the last best hope of the Cause, and this is the ‘long hoped for ship’ refer- ence on the reverse of the 1752 medal, symbolic of both worldly and spiritual deliverance. Sola Luce Fugat: ‘He dispels them by his light alone’: the idea that the restored king (likened to the sun) would scatter his enemies by the mere fact of his appearance. Sorrel: see ‘White Sorrel’. 168 Appendix

Spaniel: indicative of legitimacy, as in Nicolas de Largilliere’s 1691 portrait of James. Spanish Cormac: James. Spéirbhean: sky-woman heroine, who symbolizes the nation, and would develop into the Cathleen Ni Houlihan or Sean Bhean Bhocht figures of more modern . Stag: one of the bearers of the Royal Arms; symbolic of the king pursued since Denham’s Cooper’s Hill. See also Deer. Star: Stars symbolized the birth of an heir or deliverer. At the birth of Charles Edward, a new star was said to have appeared. Sun: symbol of Charles I and of Fionn, more generally a symbol of kingship; emerging from a cloud, it indicates restoration. It is also a pun on ‘son’, and an indicator of the legitimacy of James III and VIII. The sun had a long history as a type of legitimate kingship, and its Jacobite use was closely aligned with Louis XIV’s Apollo imagery at Versailles. Sunflower: image of restoration, might contain royal monogram or simply be a mute witness to futurity. Sunflowers are not a clear Jacobite indicator on their own, but they can be indicative, particularly if there is contextual or other evidence. After the 1730s and particularly after the 1750s they are much less reliable indicators. Suum Cuique: Whose is it (i.e. the crown and kingdom)? Again, intended to suggest a Jacobite message, this term became such a cliché that it was adopted by Thomas Hollis in his much more markedly Whig medallic programme. Tandem Revirescit: It will flourish at last. Originally applied to Charles II. Tandem Triumphans: Victorious at last, crudely, ‘every dog has his day’. See also Dog. Tartan: symbol of the old martial and independent Scotland, and of its most valorous and truest , the northern Scots, tartan was also used to signify loyalty to a dynasty of Scottish origin by English Jacobites. Tartan was the Jacobite signage of both elite and popular protest. Tearlach Ruadh / Yellow Hair’d Laddie: ‘Ruddy Charles’ was an epithet link- ing the Prince to fertility and renewal. Thistle: symbol of Scottish patriotism; only Jacobite in the context of other con- firmatory imagery. In 1740, the Duke of Perth ‘gave Charles and his younger brother … two complete sets of Highland dress … possibly as a gesture of thanks for the Knighthood of the Thistle which was conferred on him on 19 May 1739’. The patriot garb was thus the reciprocal for the patriot honour. The thistle had appeared as a national emblem in the coinage of James III (r. 1460–88): its presence in the Jacobite medallic record was an allusion to patri- otic virtue and the persistence of Scottish nationality. Tóraidhe / : originally a person pushed into banditry by adverse political circumstances, notably by the defeat of James’s Irish army in 1691 but latterly ambiguously hybridized Jacobitism, criminality and oppression, including sectarian oppression. Touch-pieces: pieces granted to those who were ‘touched’ for scrofula or other skin complaints by one of the legitimate royal line. True Blue: see ‘Blue’. Turnip: a reference to George as a bucolic idiot: the mere display of a turnip could be an eloquent statement of Stuart sympathies. Appendix 169

Turno Tempus Erit: For Turnus, there will be a time: a possible reference to future punishment for , and the reverse of ‘Tandem Triumphans’. : symbolizing Scotland. Vines: symbols of plenty; Jacobite in certain contexts. Wine flowed freely dur- ing the King’s Birthday celebrations. Violet: faithfulness. Wallace, William: portraits of Wallace were an allusion to the Scottish patriot tradition, to anti-Unionism and frequently to the Jacobite cause. Warming pan: Whig symbol, suggestive of James III and VIII’s alleged illegiti- macy. White: symbol of legitimism, colours of the houses of Bourbon and Stewart. White Cockade: explicit symbol of Jacobite loyalty; occasionally (e.g.) used as a coded synonym for the name of Prince Charles Edward himself. White Horse: of Hanover. White Sorrell: the horse, confiscated from the executed John Fenwick (1645– 97) that in Jacobite eyes obtained his revenge by throwing William III and II to his fatal injury in 1702. Notes

1 Treacherous Objects: Towards a Theory of Jacobite Material Culture 1. See, e.g., Corp’s magnificent study of The Stuarts in , 1719–1766: A Royal Court in Permanent Exile (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011). 2. For ‘fratriotism’ and the influence of Mackenzie’s Jacobite background, see Pittock, Scottish and Irish (: , 2011 (2008)), pp. 235–58; John Barrell, Imagining the King’s Death (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). 3. Paul Kléber Monod, Jacobitism and the 1688–1788 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989); Katharine Gibson, The Cult of Charles II, Paper XLVII (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d.), p. 1; David Cressy, Dangerous Talk (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. ix–x. 4. See Penny Summerfield, ‘Culture and Composure: Creating Narratives of the Gendered Self in Oral History Interviews’, Cultural and Social History 1: 1 (2004), pp. 65–93; Lynn Abrams, Oral History Theory (London: Routledge, 2010). 5. Cressy, Dangerous Talk; see Pierre Nora et al., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, 3 vols (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996 (1984–92), I: x, 3; and Ann Rigney, The Afterlives of (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 18, 21, for Assmann’s distinc- tion between communicative and mediated memory. 6. E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977 (1975)), p. 200; Janet Sorensen, ‘Vulgar Tongues: Canting Dictionaries and the Language of the People in Eighteenth- Century Britain’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 37:3 (2004), pp. 435–54 (445). 7. Pierre Nora, ‘General Introduction: Between Memory and History’, in Nora et al., Realms of Memory, 1: 1–20 (3, 19). 8. John Barrell discusses 25 Edward III st 5 c2 in detail; it is worth noting that Henry Erskine, who was so prominent in the defence of the 1790s radicals on these charges, inherited the disinclination of prominent - yers practising in England to the extension of English treason law, earlier manifest in William Murray, Earl of Mansfield’s attitudes to those accused of seditious libel when Lord Chief Justice of the King’s Bench between 1756 and 1788. See also Roger Wells, Insurrection: The British Experience 1795–1803 (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1986 (1983)), p. 44; Stair Memorial Encyclopedia of the Laws of Scotland (Edinburgh: Law Society of Scotland, 1995), 7: 564, 584. 9. James S. Donnelly, jr, ‘The Whiteboy Movement, 1761–5’, Irish Historical Studies 21 (1978), pp. 20–54 (47). 10. Andrew Prescott, in conversation, , 25 February 2010; Cressy, Dangerous Talk, pp. 29, 41, 42, 49, 54, 57, 63, 129, 208; D. Alan Orr, Treason

170 Notes, pp. 7–11 171

and the State: Law, Politics and Ideology in the English Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 1, 11, 17, 18, 21. 11. Paul Monod, ‘The Jacobite Press and English Censorship, 1689–95’, in Eveline Cruickshanks and Edward Corp (eds), The Stuart Court in Exile and the Jacobites (London: Hambledon Press, 1995), pp. 125–42 (138); Cressy, Dangerous Talk, p. 208. For Rye House-related charges, see John Fox, The King’s Smuggler (Stroud: History Press, 2010), p. 214. See John Spurr’s famous study, England in the 1670s: ‘This Masquerading Age’ (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), p. 2. 12. Monod, ‘Jacobite Press’, pp. 125, 131–2, 137–40. 13. Richard Sharp, ‘Our Church’: Nonjurors, High Churchmen and the Church of England, Royal Stuart Society Paper LVII (London: Royal Stuart Society, 2000), pp. 4, 6; Pat Rogers, A Political Biography of (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2010), pp. 94, 141; Cressy, Dangerous Talk, pp. 233, 235, 239, 241; Brian Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee (New Haven and London: Press, 2005), p. 213; Agnes Short, Old in the Eighteenth Century, Friends of St Machar’s Cathedral Occasional Paper 6 (Aberdeen, 1985), p. 1. For William Joyce, see J. W. Hall, ‘William Joyce 1945’, in Harry Hidge and James H. Hodge (eds), Famous Trials, intr. John Mortimer (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984 (1941–55)), pp. 346–76 (365). 14. For the Elizabethan Supremacy Oath, see Peter Hinds, ‘The Hor rid Popish Plot’: Roger L’Estrange and the Circulation of Political Discourse in Late Seventeenth- Century London (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2010), p. 410; see also Theodore Harmsen, Antiquarianism in the Augustan Age: Thomas Hearne 1678–1735 (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2000), p. 64. 15. For a Jacobite oath of allegiance, see Perth and Kinross Archives B59/30/10. 16. John Ingamells, A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy 1701–1800 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 908. 17. Murray Pittock, ‘Scottish Sovereignty and the Union of 1707: Then and Now’, National Identities 14: 1 (2012), pp. 11–21. 18. Julian Goodare, The Government of Scotland 1560–1625 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 134, 185; Stair 7: 566. 19. Hinds, Popish Plot, pp. 409–11; Goodare, Government of Scotland, p. 185; Clotilde Prunier, Anti-Catholic Strategies in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2004), pp. 29, 31, 49–50, 70, 125, 151; Marion Lochhead, The Scots Household in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Press, 1948), p. 152; Bob Harris, Politics and the Nation: Britain in the Mid- Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 177–8; Murray Pittock, Inventing and Resisting Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), p. 46; Frederick Goldie, A Short History of the Episcopal Church in Scotland, 2nd edn (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press, 1976 (1951)), pp. 34, 44, 58–9; Thomas Hearne, Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, ed. Charles Edward Doble, David Watson Rannie and Herbert Edward Salter, 10 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1921), I: 196. 20. Patrick Fagan, Catholics in a Protestant Country (Dublin: , 1998), pp. 61–70, 107; Ronan Kelly, Bard of Erin: The Life of Thomas Moore (London: Penguin, 2009 (2008)), p. 18; Aldina Scieves, ‘The Nomination of Irish Bishops under James III’, Royal Stuart Journal 2 (2010), pp. 22–4 (22, 23); Pittock, Inventing, pp. 46–7, 49. 172 Notes, pp. 11–17

21. D. A. Fleming, Politics and Provincial People: and Limerick, 1691–1761 (: Manchester University Press, 2010), pp. 121, 136, 141. 22. ‘Boswell’s Jacobite goblet goes on sale’, The (15 May 2010). 23. Murray Pittock, ‘A right song and dance to prime the Jacobite cause’, Scotland’s Story 33 (Glasgow: Record Newspapers, 2000), pp. 23–5. 24. Marius Kwint, ‘Introduction: The Physical Past’, in Marius Kwint, Christopher Brevard and Jeremy Aynsley (eds), Material Memories (Oxford: Berg, 1999), pp. 1–16 (2, 4, 14); Marta Ajnar, ‘Toys for Girls: Objects, Women and Memory in the Renaissance Household’, in Kwint, Brevard and Aynsley (eds), Material Memories, pp. 75–89 (87). Inevitably, of course, objects had a primary function as well as their political one, but it was this secondary function which was more than merely one of the banal pro- cesses of experience and which thus served a primary role in the framing of memory. 25. For Brewer’s argument in this context, see Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p. 10. For ‘thing theory’ and its relations to critical and cultural theory and to anthropology, see Bill Brown, ‘Thing Theory’, Critical Inquiry 28: 1 (2001), pp. 1–22 (5–7, 10–12). 26. Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 10. 27. Roger Chartier, Cultural History, trans Lydia G. Cochrane (Oxford: Blackwell/Polity, 1988), p. 48; Stephanie Jones, Jacobite Imagery in : Evidence of Political Activity?, Royal Stuart Society Paper LIII (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d.), p. 10; Christopher Tilley, Metaphor and Material Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), pp. 6, 9, 270; ‘Metaphor, Materiality and Interpretation’, in Victor Buckli (ed.), The Material Culture Reader (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2002), pp. 23–6 (23). 28. Christopher Pinney, ‘Visual Culture’, in Buckli (ed.), Material Culture Reader, pp. 81–6 (81–3); E. H. Gombrich, cited in Ronald Paulson, Emblem and Expression: Meaning in English Art of the Eighteenth Century (London: Thames & Hudson, 1975), p. 8. 29. Eirwen E. C. Nicholson, ‘“Revirescit”: The Exilic Origins of the Stuart Oak Motif’, in Edward Corp (ed.), The Stuart Court in (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 25–48 (25). For ‘show’ and material culture in the eighteenth century more generally, see Paul Langford, Public Life and the Propertied Englishman (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991). 30. See also the Irish Museum of Modern Art’s 2009 Between Metaphor and Object exhibition and W. David Kingery, ‘Introduction’, in Kingery (ed.), Learning from Things (Washington and London: Smithsonian, 1996), pp. 1–15 (3, 4); Roger Turner, Manchester in 1745: A Study of Jacobitism in Context, Royal Stuart Paper XLIX ( London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d. [c.1997]), p. 16, for Beppy Byrom’s garters; Fox, King’s Smuggler, p. 73 and passim. 31. Niall Mackenzie, ‘The “Poetical Performance” between John Roy Stuart and Lord Lovat (1736)’, Éigse XXXIV (2004), pp. 127–40 (133). 32. Monod, ‘Jacobite Press’, pp. 137–8; Clare Jackson, Restoration Scotland 1660–1690 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), p. 41; Thompson, Whigs and Hunters, p. 166, for the Sarah Thatcher case. I am very grateful to Paul Monod for further information regarding the lack of seditious words pros- ecutions against women. Notes, pp. 17–22 173

33. See Kingery, ‘Introduction’, pp. 3–4; and J. Brown, ‘Material/Culture: Can the Farmer and the Cowman still be Friends?’, in Kingery (ed.), Learning from Things, pp. 19–27 (25) for semiotic definitions of metaphor. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (London: Fontana, 1993 (1973)), pp. 10–11, 49; for a Benjamin-style interpretation of eighteenth-century English literature, see Colin Nicholson, Writing and the Rise of Finance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 (1994)), p. 31. 34. Mark Hallett, The Spectacle of Difference: Graphic Satire in the Age of Hogarth (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 30. 35. Chartier, Cultural History, p. 96. 36. Hearne, Remarks and Collections (1898), IV: 92, 111–14. 37. Murray Pittock, Jacobitism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), p. 74. 38. For Lord Duff’s toast, see Geoffrey Seddon, The Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses (Woodbridge: Antique Collector’s Club, 1995), p. 60. 39. Ann Bermingham, ‘Introduction’, in Ann Bermingham and John Brewer (eds), The Consumption of Culture 1600–1800 (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 1–20 (3, 10, 15). An anamorphosis tray is preserved in the West Highland Museum, Fort William. 40. See Paul Kléber Monod, Murray Pittock and Daniel Szechi, ‘Introduction’, in Monod, Pittock and Szechi (eds), Loyalty and Identity (Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan, 2009), pp. 1–8, for an overview of all these trends; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 245; Pittock, Jacobitism, p. 37; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, p. 60; Nicholas Rogers, ‘Popular Protest in Early Hanoverian London’, Past and Present 79 (1978), pp. 70–100 (86). 41. Helen Berry, ‘Polite Consumption: Shopping in Eighteenth-Century England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 12 (2002), pp. 375–94 (382); Peter Bradshaw, English Porcelain Figures 1745–1795 (Woodbridge: Antique Collector’s Club, 1981), p. 107; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, p. 13; Brown, ‘Thing Theory’, p. 13; Michael Rowlands, ‘Heritage and Cultural Property’, in Buckli (ed.), Material Culture Reader, pp. 105–14 (110); Steve Pincus, 1688: The First Modern Revolution (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 58, for glass and ceramics. 42. See Thomas Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian England (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990). 43. Alexander Pope, The Rape of the Lock, ed. Cynthia Wall (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998), II:105–6; III:17–18 (p. 179); Spurr, England in the 1670s, p. 261. 44. Howard Erskine-Hill, Poetry of Opposition and Revolution: Dryden to Wordsworth (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996), pp. 78–83; Pincus, 1688, p. 115. 45. Jeremy Black, The English Press 1621–1861 (Stroud: Sutton, 2001), pp. 38–40, 119. 46. Alexander Fenton notes a 1908 example of the Word (after learning which ‘the would-be horseman had to swear never to reveal in any way whatsoever any part of the true horsemanship he was about to receive’) ‘resembled the Masonic oath’. See Alexander Fenton, Country Life in Scotland: Our Rural Past (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1987), p. 60. 174 Notes, pp. 23–6

47. David Stevenson, The Origins of : Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 7; Lawrence James, The Middle Class: A History (London: Abacus, 2008 (2006)), pp. 157–8; Terry Lovell, ‘Subjective Powers? Consumption, the Reading Public, and Domestic Woman in Early Eighteenth-Century England’, in Bermingham and Brewer (eds), Consumption of Culture, pp. 23–41 (35); Geoffrey Seddon, Jacobite Glass: Its Place in History, Royal Stuart Society Paper LIV (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d. [1999]), p. 134; , The Jacobite Relics of Scotland: Second Series, ed. Murray Pittock (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003), p. 498. 48. Mark E. Warren, ‘The Self in Discursive ’, in Stephen H. White (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Habermas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 167–200 (171); Rowlands, ‘Heritage and Cultural Property’, p. 110; Émile Durkheim, ‘Symbolic Objects, Communicated Interaction and Social Creativity’, in Jeremy Tanner (ed.), The Sociology of Art: A Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 63–8 (63, 67); see also Jeremy Tanner, ‘Introduction: Sociology and Art History’, in Tanner (ed.), Sociology of Art, pp. 1–26 (3). 49. Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, p. 227. 50. Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 247. 51. Pittock, Jacobitism, pp. 48, 75–6; F. P. Lole, ‘Northern English Jacobite Clubs of the Eighteenth Century’, The Jacobite 75 (1991), pp. 9–16 (10); Victoria Thorpe, ‘The 1752 Medal-Promise of a New Augustan Age’, Royal Stuart Review (1996), pp. 15–19 (15, 17); The Second Centenary: An Exhibition of Jacobite Relics and Rare Scottish Antiquities, catalogue (n.p., 1946), p. 271; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 111, 113, 117; The Jacobite 81 (1993), p. 3; Judith Pascoe, The Hummingbird Cabinet (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2006), p. 3; see also Murray Pittock, ‘The Aeneid in the Age of Burlington: A Jacobite Document?’, in Toby Barnard and Eveline Cruickshanks (eds), Lord Burlington: Life, Mind and Art (London: Hambledon, 1995), pp. 231–49; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 29; Nicholas K. Robinson, : A Life in Caricature (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 33. For the pincushion, see Richard Sharp, The Engraved Record of the Jacobite Movement (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), p. 224. 52. Maurice Whitehead (ed.), Held in Trust: 2008 Years of Sacred Culture (Stonyhurst: St Omers Press, 2008), pp. 100–3. 53. Godfrey Evans, ‘The Acquisition of Stuart Silver and Other Relics by the Dukes of Hamilton’, in Edward Corp et al. (eds), A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689–1718 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 131–48 (plates at 142, 143); Aileen Ribiero, Fashion and Fiction: Dress in Art and Literature in Stuart England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 78; Kathyn Barron, ‘“For Stuart Blood Is in My Veins”’, in Corp, Court in Exile, pp. 149–64 (plate at 160); Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 71; A. V. B. Normand, The Swords and the Sorrows (Glasgow: National Trust for Scotland, 1996), p. 78. 54. Archibald Pitcairne, The Latin Poems, ed. and trans. John and Winifred MacQueen (Assen []: Royal Van Gorcum; Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009), no. 11. For Notes, pp. 27–33 175

false loyalism and Queen Anne, see BMC 2331, reproduced in Paul Langford, Walpole and the Robinocracy (London: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986), p. 136. 55. For Jacobite and Hanoverian objects, see ‘The Fan’ and ‘A Query about a Jacobite Long Case Clock’, The Jacobite 122 (2006), pp. 5–6, 9; ‘The Artfund and Jacobite Relics’, The Jacobite 121 (2006), p. 6. See The Jacobite 81 (1993), p. 3, for the Thriepland of Fingask sale, and James Ayres, Domestic Interiors: The British Tradition 1500–1850 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 149, for the George Inn mural. Examples of the glasses, stump work and bellows discussed can be found in Glasgow Museums in the Kelvingrove and Burrell collections (e.g., Burrell 15/98, 0/238, for the William of Orange glasses). See also Alan Hobson, guides to Jacobite sites in England, accessible via the Jacobite Studies Trust website (http://www.jacobitestudiestrust.org (accessed 27 April 2013)). The Victoria and Albert Museum objects referred to are in Level 2 of the British Galleries. 56. Normand, Swords and the Sorrows, p. 81; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 76–7; Hobson, guides. The Victoria and Albert Museum objects referred to are in Level 2 of the British Galleries; the NMS object is NMS A. 1953.388. See also Corp et al. (eds), Court in Exile. 57. Gibson, Charles II, p. 6; Christine MacLeod, Heroes of Invention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 17. For Charles I 1633 coronation medals, see National Museum of Scotland H.R. 32, 33.H.1949, 1100, 1101. 58. Robert W. Berger, In the Garden of the Sun King (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, 1985), p. 54. 59. Peter Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), pp. 71, 195; John Tombs, Clubs and Club Life in London (London: John Camden Hotton, 1872), pp. 41, 43, 46–7; Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963), pp. 254, 255, 612; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, p. 61; Nicholson, ‘“Revirescit”’, p. 32. For the Bridewell boys, see James Hogg, The Jacobite Relics of Scotland: First Series, ed. Murray Pittock (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), p. 494.

2 Décor, Decoration and Design

1. Richard Hewlings, ‘Chiswick House and Gardens: Appearance and Meaning’, in Toby Barnard and Jane Clark (eds), Lord Burlington: Architecture, Art and Life (London: Hambledon Press, 1995), pp. 1–149; Christopher Christie, The British Country House in the Eighteenth Century (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 172; John Dixon Hunt, Garden and Grove (London and Melbourne: J. M. Dent, 1986), p. 176. 2. Jane Clark, ‘Lord Burlington Is Here’, in Toby Barnard and Jane Clark (eds), Lord Burlington, pp. 251–310 (251). The greyhound as Tudor symbol and Saturn as a symbol of the golden age are found in the 1540–2 decorations of James V at , including the Stirling Heads. For a less positive view of youth and greyhounds, see Cesare Ripa, Iconologia (London, 1709 (1593)), p. 35. 3. Michael Symes, The English Rococo Garden, 2nd edn (Princes Risborough: Shire, 2005 (1991)), pp. 9, 11; Amanda Vickery, Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 176 Notes, pp. 34–8

2009), pp. 132, 258; Timothy Mowl and Brian Earnshaw, An Insular Rococo: Architecture, Politics and Society in Ireland and England, 1710–1770 (London: Reaktion Books, 1999), pp. 17, 99; Ian Bristow, Architectural Colour in British Interiors 1615–1840 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 53; Christie, Country House, p. 130; Hunt, Garden and Grove, pp. 181, 194. 4. Gervaise Jackson-Stops, ‘Rococo Architecture and Interiors’, in Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth’s England, exhibition catalogue (London: Trefoil Books/Victoria and Albert Museum, 1984), pp. 189–209 (190, 193); John Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 199. 5. MS 2199 f.2 [J. D. Mather’s Uncompleted History of the Irish Brigades (1937)]. 6. John Hardy, ‘Rococo Furniture and Carving’, in Rococo, pp. 154–88 (155, 156, 167). 7. R ipa, Iconologia, p. 32; Ronald Hutton, Blood and : The History of the Druids in Britain (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 14, 63, 74, 112, 121; Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (London, 1873), II: 1598. 8. Pat Rogers, A Political Biography of Alexander Pope (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2010), pp. 59–60. 9. William Ruddick, ‘Liberty Trees and Loyal Oaks’, in Alison Yarrington and Kelvin Everest (eds), Reflections of Revolution (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 59–67 (59). 10. I am indebted to the late Mrs Kit Sabin, Raemoir House, for first pointing this out to me in 1988. For French, see Toby Barnard, Making the Grand Figure: Lives and Possessions in Ireland, 1641–1770 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 222. 11. Sue Hewer, email to the author of 10 August 2010; Alan Hobson, ‘The North- East and ’, Jacobite Studies Trust website www.jacobitestudiestrust. org.uk (accessed 4 May 2013). 12. Michael Charlesworth, ‘The Imaginative Dimension of an Early Eighteenth- Century Garden: Wentworth Castle’, Art History 20: 5 (2005), pp. 626–47 (628, 630–5, 639); ‘Jacobite Gothic’, in Charlesworth (ed.), The Gothic Revival 1720–1870: Literary Sources and Documents I: Blood and Ghosts (Mountfield: Helm Information, 2002), pp. 152–70 (156). 13. Hobson, ‘North-East and Yorkshire’; Geoffrey Seddon, The Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses (Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1995), pp. 62–3. 14. Barbara Paca, ‘Miscelanea Structura Curiosa: The Cross-currencies of Vitruvius Hibernicus’, Journal of Garden History 16 (1996), pp. 244–53 (247). 15. Maynard Mack, The Garden and the City (Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1969), pp. 51, 63–4, 165n, 179, 287–8. 16. Marinell Ash, Castle Fraser, Garden & Estate (Edinburgh: National Trust for Scotland, 2011), p. 4; Christie, Country House, p. 131; Charlesworth, Gothic Revival, p. 137; Christine MacLeod, Heroes of Invention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 17, for the Whig use of garden space in the period. 17. Charlesworth, Gothic Revival, pp. 137, 150–1, 159–60. 18. See Mowl and Earnshaw, Insular Rococo, pp. 88–9; John Dixon Hunt, The Picturesque Garden in Europe (London: Thames & Hudson, 2003), p. 22. Notes, pp. 39–44 177

19. John Dixon Hunt, William Kent (London: A. Zwemmer, 1987), pp. 51, 57; Philip Ayres, Classical Culture and the Idea of Rome in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 128; Hunt, Garden and Grove, p. 210. 20. Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, p. 218. 21. Symes, English Rococo Garden, p. 43; Christie, Country House, p. 131. 22. Hunt, Garden and Grove, pp. 73, 206, 209, 219; Ayres, Classical Culture, pp. 50, 76, 81; Charlesworth, ‘Jacobite Gothic’, p. 158. 23. R. W. Kellam-Cremer, , 3rd edn (London: Methuen, 1964 (1940)), p. 181. 24. Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, pp. 303, 307, 312; Mowl and Earnshaw, Insular Rococo, p. 322. 25. Charles McKean, ‘Was There a Jacobite Architecture ?’, unpublished paper, 2nd Jacobite Studies Trust Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 24 June 2010. 26. Margaret Jacobs, The Radical Enlightenment (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981), p. 120. 27. National Library of Scotland APS 4.83.4; see Philip Dunshea, ‘Another 18th Century reference to Arthur’s Oven’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 140 (2010), pp. 207–9. 28. Vickery, Behind Closed Doors, pp. 94–5, plate 3. 29. Niall Mackenzie, Charles XII of Sweden and the Jacobites, Royal Stuart Society Paper LXII (London: Royal Stuart Society, 2002), p. 19. 30. Christie, Country House, pp. 209–10. 31. Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, p. 14; James Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, 2 vols (London: Longmans, 1855), I: 48, 69, 235. This legend first appeared on a print which formed the frontispiece to Edward Pettit’s Visions of Government (1684): it portrays Charles II trampling on Jesuit, Turk and Presbyterian. Strange’s use of it as the denominating legend to a por- trait of Charles Edward is thus an attempt to link the two Charleses. 32. Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, I: 259–60; II: 127, 128n. 33. Olive Thompson and Duncan Donald (revd Shannon Fraser and Toni Watt), Drum Castle, Garden & Estate (Edinburgh: National Trust for Scotland, 2008), pp. 5, 7, 19. 34. This painting is in Aberdeen Art Gallery: I am indebted to Alexander Broadie for this reference. 35. Jason McElligott, Royalism, Print and Censorship in Revolutionary England (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), p. 32; Murray Pittock, Jacobitism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 59–60, 75–6; Edward Corp, The King over the Water: Portraits of the Stuarts in Exile after 1689 (Edinburgh: Scottish National Portrait Gallery, 2001), pp. 78–80, 104; George Dalgleish and Dallas Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’: Treasures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Edinburgh: National Museum of Antiquities, n.d. [1985]), p. 18; Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2002), pp. 30, 40, 42; Maurizio Ascari, James III in , Royal Stuart Society Paper LIX (London: Royal Stuart Society, 2001), pp. 1–2; F. Peter Lole, ‘The Tartan Chevalier’, The Jacobite 99 (1999), pp. 6–8 (7); Elspeth King, ‘The Material Culture of William Wallace’, in Edward J. Cowan (ed.), The Wallace Book (Edinburgh: 178 Notes, pp. 44–8

John Donald, 2007), pp. 117–35 (126–7, 130).The Largilliere portrait is at Scottish National Portrait Gallery 2191; Trevisiani’s of Hay (on loan from the Earl of Mansfield) is also located there. For Hearne, see Thomas Hearne, Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, ed. Charles Edward Doble, David Watson Rannie and Herbert Edward Salter, 10 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1921), VI: 152. 36. Fabienne Camus, ‘Alexis-Simon Belle (1674–1734) Peintre de Jacques III et des Jacobites’, Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale 46 (1992), pp. 51–6 (54); Bernard Cottret and Monique Cottret, ‘La sainteté de Jacques II, et les mira- cles d’un roi défunt’, Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale 46 (1992), pp. 23–31 (24); Edward Corp, ‘La maison du roi à Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1689–1718’, Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale 46 (1992), pp. 5–13 (11); Richard Sharp, The Engraved Record of the Jacobite Movement (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1996), pp. 3, 16–17, 67, 68, 225. 37. Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, pp. 30, 40, 42; R. W. Billings, The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland (London, 1843), Vol. I. 38. See National Museums Scotland (NMS) Scran records 000-190-000-804-C (ring), 000-100-002-042-C; 000-100-102-916-C; Scottish National Memorials (Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1890), p. 130; Scottish National Portrait Gallery PGL 1785 for a patch box with James’s image. There is an extensive collection of Charles I-related jewellery in the Museum of Scotland, which also has a snuffbox with ‘hidden enamelled portrait’ of Charles Edward at H.NQ.470, and a tortoiseshell snuffbox with James ‘VIII’ on the lid at H.MCR.5. 39. See Vickery, Behind Closed Doors, p. 167. 40. Geoffrey Beard, Craftsmen and Interior Decoration in England 1660–1820 (London: Bloomsbury, 1981), p. 18. For Finlayson’s map of Culloden, see NMS T.1983.102. 41. Pittock, Jacobitism, pp. 75–6; and the Manchester Jacobites (Manchester: City of Manchester Art Gallery, 1951), pp. 9, 16; F. Peter Lole, A Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, Royal Stuart Society Paper LV (London: Royal Stuart Society, 1999), pp. 18–19, 21; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 30; The Swords and the Sorrows (Glasgow: National Trust for Scotland, 1996), p. 81; Scottish National Memorials, pp. 130, 138, 150; Exhibition of the Royal House of Stuart, pp. 228, 310. Plasterwork was particularly widespread among Royalist families in north-eastern Scotland (who doubtless recommended each other to commission), with the maginificent Fraser décor at Muchalls from 1624 being another example. 42. See Katharine Clark, ‘Getting Plastered: Ornamentation, Iconography, and the “Desperate Faction”’, in Denise Amy Baxter and Meredith Martin (eds), Architectural Space in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 82–101 (91); Christie, Country House, p. 49. 43. Clark, ‘Getting Plastered’, pp. 83, 89, 93, 94. 44. Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, pp. 85, 167; A Collection of State Flowers, BMC 2025, reproduced in Paul Langford, Walpole and the Robinocracy (London: Chadwyck-Healey, 1986), pp. 16, 112. 45. Dalgleish and Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’, p. 7; The Jacobite 94 (1997), p. 4; The Jacobite 121 (2006), p. 6; Peter Davidson, ‘Imagined Cities: Jacobite and Hanoverian’, unpublished paper. Notes, pp. 48–53 179

46. Lesley Lewis, Connoisseurs and Secret Agents in Eighteenth Century Rome (London: Chatto & Windus, 1961), pp. 21, 184–5; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 84. 47. Basil Skinner, Scots in Italy in the 18th Century (Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, 1966), pp. 11, 16, 19. 48. Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, p. x. 49. Mowl and Earnshaw, Insular Rococo, p. 3. 50. Terry Friedman, James Gibbs (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 3, 4, 5, 8, 23, 51; Christie, Country House, pp. 50, 69. 51. Friedman, Gibbs, pp. 23, 51, 83, 85, 87, 103; Bryan Little, The Life and Work of James Gibbs (London: Batsford, 1955), pp. 39, 80, 84, 95, 134, 136–7, 147; James Gibbs, Gibbs’ Book of Architecture (New York: Dover, 2008 (1728)), pp. i, ii, vi; Geoffrey Beard, Decorative Plasterwork in Britain (London: Phaidon, 1975), pp. 53–4, 201, 203; Michael Snodin, ‘English Rococo and Its Continental Origins’, in Rococo, pp. 27–40 (36–7); Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, p. 69; Beard, Craftsmen and Interior Decoration, p. 106; Frank J. McLynn, Charles Edward Stuart (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 398–9; Murray Pittock, ‘Charles Edward Stuart’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Morris Brownell, Alexander Pope and the Arts of Georgian England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 153, 226, 279, 341. For Scottish influence on Continental gardening, see Cairns Craig, Intending Scotland (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009). I am grateful to Andrew Prescott for various highly informative details concerning Gibbs’s Freemasonry. It is worth noting that the plasterwork at the Wren church of St Clement Danes (1682) shows white roses also: at the time this was a statement of pro-Crown Royalism opposed to attempts to exclude James from the succession. 52. Cornforth, Early Georgian Interiors, p. 217; Friedman, Gibbs, pp. 10, 156, 197– 200, 267; Little, Gibbs, pp. 43, 51, 159–60; Gibbs, Gibbs’ Book of Architecture, pp. xxvi–xxvii; Clark, ‘Lord Burlington Is Here’, p. 275; National Archives SP 54/26/240 for an example of ‘James VIII’ as a regnal title operational in all his kingdoms; Jeremy Black, Eighteenth-Century Britain, 1688–1783, 2nd edn (Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan, 2008 (2001)), p. 169; Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum II: 1253 for William’s liberty cap; Patrick Eyres, ‘“Patronizing, Strenously, the Whole Flower of his Life”: The Political Agenda of Thomas Hollis’s Medallic Programme’, The Medal 36 (2000), pp. 8–23 (15), and ‘Thomas Hollis (1720–1774): An Introduction’, New Arcadia Journal 55/56 (2003), pp. 7–15 (10, 11); Skinner, Scots in Italy, p. 9; Alastair Tayler and Henrietta Tayler, Jacobites of Aberdeenshire and in the Rising of 1715 (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1936); Rogers, Pope, p. 175; Ayres, Classical Culture, p. 79; Charlesworth, ‘Jacobite Gothic’, pp. 158, 160. For Barber’s Jacobitism, see Charles Rivington, ‘Tyrant! ’The Story of John Barber (York: William Sessions, 1989); Kellam-Cremer, Walpole, p. 181. 53. Miles Glendinning, Ranald MacInnes and Aonghus MacKechnie, A History of Scottish Architecture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996), pp. 106–7; Jackson-Stops, ‘Rococo Architecture and Interiors’, p. 193; Beard, Decorative Plasterwork, p. 19. I am indebted to Peter Davidson for sight of his unpublished paper on ‘Imagined Cities: Jacobite and Hanoverian’ for details of Mar’s designs and plans. 180 Notes, pp. 53–8

54. John Fleming, and His Circle in Edinburgh & Rome (London: John Murray, 1962), pp. 46, 146, 267, 342, 345. 55. Glendinning et al., History, p. 107; Ellen Kennedy Johnson, ‘“The Taste for Bringing the Outside in” : Nationalism, Gender and Landscape Wallpaper (1700–1825)’, in Jerome Batchelor and Cora Kaplan (eds), Women and Material Culture, 1660–1830 (Basingstoke: PalgraveMacmillan, 2007), pp. 119–133 (119); I am indebted to Peter Davidson (email to the author, 15 March 2011). 56. Vickery, Behind Closed Doors, p. 132. For the Dundas family and Jacobite politics, see National Archives of Scotland GD 220/5/434/2, 11. I am grateful to Daniel Szechi for passing on these references. 57. For the sun and sunflowers, see Hewlings, ‘Chiswick House and Gardens’, pp. 144–5; Forbes W. Robertson, Early Scottish Gardeners and Their Plants 1650–1750 (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2000), pp. 83, 85; Niall MacKenzie, ‘A Misnamed Ship at the Battle of Barfleur (1692)’, Notes and Queries ( 2007), pp. 436–8; Beard, Decorative Plasterwork, pp. 92, 218, plates 113–14, 137–40, 145–6; Paul Kléber Monod, Jacobitism and the English People 1688–1788 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 204; John Doran, London in the Jacobite Times, 2 vols (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1877), I: 235, 237, 248; Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 21; Pittock, Jacobitism, p. 73; Dalgleish and Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’, pp. 4–5; email correspondence to Kensington Palace, copied to the author, 29 November 2005. 58. Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 97, 178, and Margaret Sankey, Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 Rebellion: Preventing and Punishing Insurrection in Early Hanoverian Britain (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), p. 78, for oak leaves and white roses. See also John Fox, The King’s Smuggler (Stroud: History Press, 2010), p. 128 plate 3, and Lois Potter, Secret Rites and Secret Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. xiii, 157. For iconologic references, see Ripa, Iconologia, pp. 30, 47. 59. National Portrait Gallery 4830 (Charles I as King and Martyr). For the king’s bodies, fertility and the sun, see Paul Monod, The Power of Kings (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 5, 55–7 and 63; cf. Wolfgang Behringer, A Cultural History of Climate (London: Continuum, 2010). For Louis XIV, see Jacques Revel, ‘The Court’, in Pierre Nora et al., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, 3 vols (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996–8), II: 70–122 (107). 60. Natalie Zemon Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987 (1965)), p. 148. 61. Beard, Decorative Plasterwork, Plate 142; Linda Colley, Britons (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 74. 62. Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The in 1745, 2nd and comprehensively revd edn (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), p. 88. 63. Murray Pittock, Celtic Identity and the British Image (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999); Srinivas Aravamudan, Tropicopolitans (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999). 64. Pierre Nora, ‘General Introduction: Between Memory and History’, in Nora et al., Realms, I: 1–20 (1, 3). Notes, pp. 59–64 181

3 Sedition, Symbols, Colours, Cant and Codes

1. Jason McElligott, Royalism, Print and Censorship in Revolutionary England (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), p. 31; Lois Potter, Secret Rites and Secret Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 15, 140. 2. See Annabel Patterson, The Long Parliament of Charles II (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 16, 18, 27 and passim. 3. H. T. Dickinson, ‘The Jacobite Challenge’, in Michael Lynch (ed.), Jacobitism and the ’45 (London: Historical Association/Historical Association of Scotland, 1995), pp. 7–22 (11). 4. Paul Monod, ‘The Jacobite Press and English Censorship, 1689–95’, in Eveline Cruickshanks and Edward Corp (eds), The Stuart Court in Exile and the Jacobites (London: Hambledon Press, 1995), pp. 125–42 (125, 131–2, 137–40). 5. F. Peter Lole, A Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, Royal Stuart Society Paper LV (London: Royal Stuart Society, 1999), pp. 60, 66; Ann Rigney, ‘Plenitude, Scarcity and the Circulation of Cultural Memory’, Journal of European Studies 35: 1 (2006), pp. 11–28 (14), and ‘Portable Monuments: Cultural Memory, and the Case of Jeanie Deans’, Poetics Today 25: 2 (2004), pp. 361–96. 6. Francis A. Yates, Astraea (London: Ark, 1985 (1975)), p. 78; David Cressy, Bonfires and Bells (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989), p. 133; Paul Monod, The Power of Kings (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), p. 64. For more detail on these references to Astraea and the Blessed Virgin, see Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 9, 14, 28. 7. Margaret Swain, The Needlework at Traquair (Traquair: Traquair House, 1984), p. 2; Potter, Secret Rites, p. 40. 8. Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch (London: Women’s Press, 1984), p. 95. 9. Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics, pp. 20–1; Inventing and Resisting Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), pp. 20–1. 10. Jack Goody, The Culture of Flowers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 201–2. 11. Aileen Ribiero, Fashion and Fiction: Dress in Art and Literature in Stuart England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 78. 12. Goody, Flowers, pp. 202–3; Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, p. 171. 13. E. P. Thompson, Customs in Common (London: Merlin Press, 1991), pp. 51, 53, 75; Margaret Swain, Embroidered Georgian Pictures (Princes Risborough: Shire, 1994), pp. 3, 7, 12, 22; Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreation in English Society 1700–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 158, 160, 162, 166. 14. Proinsias MacCance, Celtic Mythology (Feltham: Newnes Books, 1987 (1968)), pp. 57, 117–20; Ruth Perry, The Celebrated Mary Astell (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 125; Katharine Gibson, The Cult of Charles II, Royal Stuart Society Paper XLVII (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d.), p. 5; National Portrait Gallery NPG 976, 4830 oakleaf and sun images; for the stag, see Michael Bath, The Image of the Stag (Baden-Baden: Koerner, 1992), pp. 14, 30, 53, 168, 180, 208, 222–4, and Renaissance Decorative Painting in Scotland (Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, 2003), p. 94; Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics, p. 87; Balmoral (BBC 4 September and BBC 2 October 2009). For George I as a hunted deer, see Murray Pittock, 182 Notes, pp. 64–7

Jacobitism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), p. 73; for the Jacobites as a whole in this role, see ‘Urnaigh Iain Ruadh’ (‘John Roy’s Prayer’), in Ronald Black (ed.), An Lasair (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2001), p. 181. 15. Eileen Kennedy Johnson, ‘“The Taste for Bringing the Outside in”: Nationalism, Gender and Landscape Wallpaper (1700–1825)’, in Jeanne Batchelor and Cora Kaplan (eds), Women and Material Culture, 1660–1830 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), pp. 119–33 (119); Murray Pittock, The Invention of Scotland (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 21. 16. Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, ed. Frank Felsenstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 52. 17. David Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 81, 82, 125, 135; G. D. Henderson (ed.), Mystics of the North East (Aberdeen: Third Spalding Club, 1934), pp. 11, 13–15, 18, 20 (see also David E. Shuttleton, ‘Jacobitism and Millenal Enlightenment: Alexander, Lord Forbes of Pitsligo’s “Remarks” on the Mystics’, Enlightenment and Dissent 15 (1996), pp. 33–56); G. D. Henderson, Chevalier Ramsay (London and Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1952), pp. 16, 24, 27, 28, 38, 91, 142; Peter Clark, British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), p. 311; cf. Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger, ‘Introduction’, in Maxine Berg and Elizabeth Eger (eds), Luxury in the Eighteenth Century (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), pp. 7–27 (14); Chandra Mukerji, From Graven Images: Patterns of Modern Materialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), p. 188. 18. For Ramsay and ‘Doric’, see Murray Pittock, ‘Allan Ramsay and the Decolonization of Genre’, Review of English Studies 58 (2007), pp. 316–37. 19. See Niall Ó Ciosáin, ‘The Irish Rogues’, in James S. Donnelly Jr and Kerby A. Miller (eds), Irish Popular Culture 1650–1850 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1988), pp. 78–96 (90). 20. A New Canting Dictionary (London, 1725), p. 23. 21. Mark Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation in Later Stuart Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 (2005)), pp. 48–56, 296–8, 302, 304, 312. 22. New Canting Dictionary, p. 6; Janet Sorensen, ‘Vulgar Tongues: Canting Dictionaries and the Language of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 37: 3 (2004), pp. 435–54 (442). 23. Frank McLynn, Crime and Punishment in Eighteenth-Century England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); Andrea Mackenzie, ‘The Real Macheath: Social Satire, Appropriation and Eighteenth-Century Criminal Biography’, Huntingdon Library Quarterly 69:4 (2006), pp. 581–605 (595); New Canting Dictionary, p. 8. 24. The Roxburgh Ballads, 9 vols (London and Hereford: Ballad Society, 1871–97), VII: 682–3. 25. Tim Harris, London Crowds in the Reign of Charles II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 102. 26. Theodore Harmsen, Antiquarianism in the Augustan Age: Thomas Hearne 1678–1735 (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2000), p. 60; Thomas Hearne, Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, ed. Charles Edward Doble, David Watson Rannie and Herbert Edward Salter, 10 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1921), V: 61, 63, 281. Notes, pp. 67–9 183

27. George Lockhart, Letters of George Lockhart of , ed. Daniel Szechi (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1989), p. 318. I am indebted for the Checkley reference to my PhD student, David Parrish. 28. David Stevenson, The Hunt for (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2004), p. 81. 29. Tom D’Urfey (ed.), Wit and Mirth; or Tom D’Urfey’s Pills to Purge Melancholy, 6 vols (New York: Folklore Library Publishers, 1959), III: 128–31. 30. Daniel Defoe, The History of the Union between England and Scotland (London: John Stockdale, 1786), pp. 219, 224. 31. Lole, Digest of Jacobite Clubs, p. 45. 32. Ronan Kelly, Bard of Erin: The Life of Thomas Moore (London: Penguin, 2009 (2008)), p. 32; F. Peter Lole, ‘The Scottish Jacobite Clubs’, The Jacobite 81 (1993), pp. 11–16 (14). 33. Alexander Pope, The Dunciad in Four Books, ed. Valerie Rumbold (London: Longman, 1999), p. 359n; , The Lyon in Mourning: or a collec- tion of speeches letters journals etc relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, ed. Henry Paton, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press and Scottish History Society, 1895), I: xx. 34. Marion Lochhead, The Scots Household in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Moray Press, 1948), p. 140; National Archives MPF 1/2; Bob Harris, Politics and the Nation: Britain in the Mid-Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 341.

35. John Ingamells, A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy 1701–1800 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 579; , Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica and France 1765–1766, ed. Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle (Melbourne, Toronto and London: Heinemann, 1955), pp. 64, 70, 75, 87; James Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, 2 vols (London: Longman, 1855), II: 158–9. 36. Peter Hinds, ‘The Horrid Popish Plot’ (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 2010), p. 23; John Fleming, Robert Adam and His Circle in Edinburgh & Rome (London: John Murray, 1962), p. 351; Joseph Addison, The Spectator, no. 126 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965); Dennistoun, Strange, II: 297. 37. Nicholas Rogers, Crowds, Culture, and Politics in Georgian Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998), pp. 21, 24; Hearne, Remarks and Collections, IV: 409. 38. James Boswell, The General Correspondence of James Boswell, 1757–1763, ed. David Hankins and James J. Caudle (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), pp. 84, 86. 39. James Hogg, The Jacobite Relics of Scotland, Second Series, 2 vols, ed. Murray Pittock (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002–3), II: 520; Geoffrey Seddon, The Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses (Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1995), p. 60. 40. E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977 (1975)), pp. 200, 249, and Customs in Common, pp. 75, 81, for ‘turnip’ and gesture references (see also Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics, p. 70, and Paul Kléber Monod, Jacobitism and the English People 1688–1788 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 47–8, 58). 41. John Davidson, Inverurie and the Earldom of the Garioch (Edinburgh and Aberdeen: David Douglas, 1878), pp. 335, 402. 184 Notes, pp. 69–73

42. Thriepland of Fingask Papers, Perth and Kinross Archives MS 169/7/3/7–9. 43. Forbes, Lyon in Mourning, I: xx; Eamonn Ó Ciardha, An Unfortunate Attachment: Ireland and the House of Stuart (Dublin: Four Courts, 20020, Plate 33. 44. Thriepland of Fingask papers; Dennistoun, Strange, II: 144n; Katherine Clark, ‘Getting Plastered: Ornamentation, Iconography and the “Desperate Faction”’, in Denise Amy Baxter and Meredith Martin (eds), Architectural Space in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2010), pp. 82–101 (94); Hogg, Relics, I: 467, 479; for The Agreable Contrast, see Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, where it is the cover image. See also The Second Centenary: An Exhibition of Jacobite Relics and Rare Scottish Antiquities (n.p., 1946), pp. 267, 271; and Cesare Ripa, Iconologia (London, 1709 (1593)), p. 35. See also Paul Langford, Walpole and the Robinocracy (London: Chadwyck- Healey, 1986), pp. 13, 15, 62. 45. Beinecke Osborn MS b. 111/80, Yale University Library, 33, 35; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 47; Niall Ó Ciosáin, Print and Popular Culture in Ireland, 1750-1850 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1997), p. 179; McElligott, Royalism, p. 53. 46. Ó Ciardha, Unfortunate Attachment, pp. 20, 47, 161–2, 170–1. 47. Pittock, Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 37, 59, 69–70; ‘The Culture of Jacobitism’, in Jeremy Black (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain 1660–1800 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 124–45 (139). 48. Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 105–10; Jacobite Glass: Its Place in History, Royal Stuart Society Paper LIV (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d. [1999]), pp. 3–4; Scottish National Memorials (Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1890), pp. 155–60; Horace, Odes of Horace, trans and ed. James Michie (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978 (1964)); Hogg, Relics, I: 132, 293–4. 49. Pittock, Inventing and Resisting Britain, p. 35; Jacobitism, p. 72; ‘The Aeneid in the Age of Burlington: A Jacobite Document?’, in Toby Barnard and Jane Clark (eds), Lord Burlington: Life, Mind and Art (London: Hambledon Press, 1995), pp. 231–49 (242, 247–8); Hogg, Relics, I: 132–4, 293, II: 496, 503. 50. Beinecke Osborn MS 6.111/80 (Yale University Library). 51. National Library of Scotland MS Dep 221/62 for Maitland’s Aeneid. 52. Frances John Angus Skeet, Stuart Papers, Pictures, Relics, Medals and Books in the Collection of Miss Maria Widdrington (Leeds: John Whitehead, 1930), p. 73; Jeremy Black, George II: Puppet of the Politicians? (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2007), p. 1; Dennistoun, Strange, II: 145n; Forbes, Lyon in Mourning, I: xix, 183. 53. For ‘Adeste’, see Dom John Stephen OSB, ‘Adeste Fideles: A Study on Its Origin and Development’ (Buckfast Abbey, 1946), pp. 9, 11, 15. Penny Fielding discussed classical code in the context of sedition in the Romantic era in ‘Scotland, Spying and Sedition’, unpublished paper, Secret Scotland semi- nar, Glasgow University, 19 October 2010. 54. ‘Civil war coins poured out in garden “like a slot machine”’, The Times (29 March 2012), p. 14. 55. Boswell, General Correspondence, p. 172. 56. Peter Davidson, ‘Imagined Cities: Jacobite and Hanoverian’, unpublished paper. 57. Colin Kidd, ‘The Rehabilitation of Scottish Jacobitism’, Scottish Historical Review 77 (1998), pp. 58–76 (71), and ‘Walter Goodall’, in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Notes, pp. 73–7 185

58. Harmsen, Antiquarianism, p. 277. 59. Murray Pittock, ‘Historiography’, in Alexander Broadie (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 258–79; La cour des Stuarts à Saint-Germain-en-Laye au temps de Louis XIV, exhibition catalogue (Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1992), p. 54; Ó Ciardha, Unfortunate Attachment, p. 335. 60. For St Margaret’s feast day, see Mark Dilworth, ‘Jesuits and Jacobites: The Cultus of St Margaret’, Innes Review (1996), pp. 169–80; and Archibald Pitcairne, The Latin Poems, ed. John MacQueen and Winifred MacQueen (Assen [Netherlands]: Royal Van Gorcum; Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009), no. 37. 61. Fergus Kelly, A Guide to (Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies, 1988), p. 18; Ó Ciardha, Unfortunate Attachment, p. 286; Scottish National Memorials, p. 153; Joan K. Kinnaird, ‘Mary Astell and the Conservative Contribution to English Feminism’, Journal of British Studies 19 (1979), pp. 53–75 (66–7); Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 89. See also Murray Pittock, ‘Was There a Scottish Aisling ?’, Review of Scottish Culture 19 (2007), pp. 45–53, and Poetry and Jacobite Politics, pp. 14, 18–19, 60. 62. Margaret Sankey, Jacobite Prisoners of the 1715 Rebellion: Preventing and Punishing Insurrection in Early Hanoverian Britain (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005), p. 78. 63. Ian C. Bristow, Architectural Colour in British Interiors 1615–1840 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1996), p. 28. Ian Fletcher, W. B. Yeats and His Contemporaries (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1987), offers very useful coverage of white as a Stuart symbolic colour. 64. Rogers, Crowds, Culture, and Politics, pp. 25, 27, 37; La cour des Stuarts, p. 26; Lockhart, Letters, p. 165; Cressy, Bonfires and Bells, p. 64; Ó Ciardha, Unfortunate Attachment, pp. 210, 285. 65. Cuil Lodair/Culloden (Edinburgh: National Trust for Scotland, 2007), p. 31. 66. Forbes, Lyon in Mourning II: 221–2, 254. 67. Maureen Wall, ‘The ’, in T. Desmond Williams (ed.), Secret Societies in Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), pp. 13–25 (13); James S. Donnelly, jr, ‘The Whiteboy Movement, 1761–5’, Irish Historical Studies 21 (1978), pp. 20–54 (29). 68. Eirwen E. C. Nicholson, ‘“Revirescit”: The Exilic Origins of the Stuart Oak Motif’, in Edward Corp (ed.), The Stuart Court in Rome: The Legacy of Exile (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 25–48 (26–7, 29, 32, 35, 38, 39). For de Largilliere see National Portrait Gallery 976. See also Ripa, Iconologia, pp. 5, 63. 69. Lole, Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, pp. 20, 45; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 97, 178; Thompson, Whigs and Hunters, p. 305; Ripa, Iconologia, pp. 2, 9. 70. For ‘King Log’ see Pope, Dunciad, ed. Rumbold, 140n; Archibald Pitcairn, The Latin Poems of Archibald Pitcairne, no. 12, ‘Birth Day June 10 1715’, in Bodleian MS Rawl Poet 207, pp. 155–6; National Library of Scotland MS 488 f. 59 and many other places. 71. John Doran, London in the Jacobite Times, 2 vols (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1877), I: 235, 237, 248; George Dalgleish and Dallas Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’: Treasures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Edinburgh: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, n.d. [1985]), pp. 4–5; email correspondence 186 Notes, pp. 78–82

to Kensington Palace, copied to the author, 29 November 2005. See also Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), p. 145; Jacobitism, p. 73; Hogg, Relics, First Series I: 462; Hearne, Remarks and Collections, V: 333; Goody, Flowers, p. 204. 72. One of these ribbons survives in Montrose Museum; see also Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the , trans Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, .: Harvard University Press, 1988 (1976)), pp. xii, 37, 126, 256. 73. Richard Savage, The Poetical Works of Richard Savage, ed. Clarence Tracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), pp. 16, 18, 19, 21; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 98–103, 132-34, 139; also Seddon, Jacobite Glass, p. 3; Pittock, Jacobitism, pp. 75–6, and Poetry and Jacobite Politics, pp. 21, 64; Goody, Flowers, pp. 180, 200–4, 269–70. 74. National Trust for Scotland at Culloden Battlefield; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 89, 127, 326, and Power of Kings, p. 104; Ribiero, Fashion and Fiction, pp. 75, 76; Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac, unpublished paper on her life of James II, 2nd Jacobite Studies Trust Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 25 June 2010; Skeet, Stuart Papers, p. 78; Scottish National Memorials, pp. 155–6; Ripa, Iconologia, p. 9. For Louis XIV, see Édouard Pommier, ‘Versailles: The Image of the Sovereign’, in Pierre Nora et al., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Laurence D. Kritzman, trans Arthur Goldhammer, 3 vols (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), III: 292–323. 75. Donald Nicholas (ed.), Intercepted Post (London: Bodley Head, 1956), p. 61. 76. Forbes, Lyon in Mourning, I: xviii. 77. Forbes, Lyon in Mourning, II: 254–5. 78. Barbara Fairweather, ‘Plants Associated with the Royal House of Stewart’, The Jacobite 68 (1988), pp. 19–21 (21). 79. Amanda Vickery, Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 174. 80. Randall Holme, The Academy of Armoury (London, 1688); Bristow, Architectural Colour, p. 49. 81. Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 293; J. P. Jenkins, ‘Jacobites and Freemasons in Eighteenth-Century Wales’, Welsh Historical Review 9: 4 (1979), pp. 391–406 (391); Lole, Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, pp. 48, 71; Ribiero, Fashion and Fiction, p. 84. 82. La cour des Stuarts, pp. 30–1; Vickery, Behind Closed Doors, p. 174; email corre- spondence to Kensington Palace, copied to the author, 29 November 2005; Edward Corp, ‘Review of Richard Sharp’s, The Engraved Record of the Jacobite Movement’, Royal Stuart Review (1997), pp. 21–5 (23, 24); see Charles I ‘King of Hearts’ purse on exhibition at Royal Archaeological Society, London, in 2005. 83. Clark, British Clubs and Societies, p. 285; Hinds, ‘Popish Plot’, p. 100; Bristow, Architectural Colour, p. 49; Ophelia , The Kit-Kat Club (London: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 287; Nicholson, ‘Revirescit’, pp. 25, 29; Sankey, Jacobite Prisoners, p. 24. 84. BBC News (13 February 2008). 85. Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 293; John Fox, The King’s Smuggler (Stroud: History Press, 2010), p. 169; Rogers, Crowds, Culture, and Politics, p. 25; for ‘Charlie is my Darling’, see British Library 1346 m7/24; Ribiero, Fashion and Fiction, p. 89. Notes, pp. 82–6 187

86. Country Living (July 2009), p. 88; Doran, London in the Jacobite Times, I: 234; Black, George II, p. 1. See University of Collection HC:C8 for the Silver Arrow competition archive. 87. Vickery, Behind Closed Doors, p. 174. 88. Barbara Fairweather, ‘The Colours of the Jacobite Army’, The Jacobite 73 (1990), pp. 10–12; Patricia Labistour, ‘Researching the Prince’s Standard’, The Jacobite 97 (1998), pp. 18–24 (18); John Byrom, Selections from the Journals and Papers of John Byrom, ed. Henri Antoine Talon; foreword Bonamy Dobrée (London: Rockcliff, 1950), p. 230; Military Illustrated 38 (1991), pp. 39–45. The Ogilvy banner is in the McManus Museum and Art Gallery, . 89. Pittock, Myth, pp. 39–41. 90. Cuil Lodair/Culloden, p. 22. 91. Roger Turner, Manchester in 1745, Royal Stuart Society Paper XLIX (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d. [c.1997]), pp. 12, 16–17; Byrom, Journals and Papers of John Byrom, p. 227. 92. For women in tartan at Leith, see Pittock, Myth, p. 111, and Hogg, Relics, Second Series, II: 509–12, for its symbolism; Stana Nenadic, ‘Necessities: Food and Clothing in the Long Eighteenth Century’, in Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley (eds), A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600–1800 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), pp. 137–63 (142). 93. See Roger A. Mason, ‘Civil Society and the : Hector Boece, and the Ancient Scottish Past’, in Edward J. Cowan and Richard J. Finlay (eds), Scottish History: The Power of the Past (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), pp. 95–119; Hugh Trevor-Roper, The Invention of Scotland (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 195; also Roger A. Mason, Kingship and the Commonweal (East Linton: Tuckwell, 1998), and Pittock, Myth, p. 39; Ribiero, Fashion and Fiction, p. 314, for tartan on sale in London. 94. Anita Quye and Hugh Cheape, ‘Rediscovering the Arisaid’, Costume 42 (2008), pp. 1–23 (7). 95. Allan Macinnes, ‘Scottish Gaeldom, 1638–1651: The Vernacular Response to the Covenanting Dynamic’, in John Dwyer, Roger Mason and Alexander Murdoch (eds), New Perspectives on the Politics and Culture of Early Modern Scotland (Edinburgh: John Donald, n.d. [1982]), pp. 59–94. 96. Domnhall Uilleam Stiubhart, ‘Highland Rogues and the Roots of Highland Romanticism’, in Christopher MacLachlan (ed.), Crossing the Highland Line (Glasgow: Association for Scottish Literary Studies, 2009), pp. 161–93 (171). 97. Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History (London: Century, 1991), p. 299. 98. Pittock, Myth, pp. 39, 121; James Philp of Almerieclose, The Grameid, ed. Alexander D. Murdoch (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1888), pp. 23, 25, 83n, 123. See also Viccy Coltman, ‘Party-coloured Plaid? Portraits of Eighteenth-Century Scots in Tartan’, Textile History 11: 2 (2010), pp. 182–216 (205). For Archers uniform, see National Museums of Scotland A.1993.62. 99. Charles McKean, ‘Was There a Jacobite Architecture?’, unpublished paper, 2nd Jacobite Studies Trust Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 24 June 2010. 100. Colm Ó Baoill (ed.), Gair nan Clarsach: The Harp’s Cry, trans Meg Bateman (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1994), pp. 156–60 (159) and 161. 188 Notes, pp. 86–91

101. Stiubhart, ‘Highland Rogues’, pp. 173–4. 102. Quye and Cheape, ‘Arisaid’, p. 3; John Burnett, Catherine Mercer and Anita Quye, ‘The Practice of Dyeing Wool in Scotland, c1770–c1840’, Folk Life 42 (2003–4), pp. 7–31 (15). 103. Dalgleish and Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’, p. 8. For the mountaineer’s role in discourses of liberty, see Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans Sian Reynolds, abridged Richard Ollard (London: BLA/HarperCollins, 1992 (1949)), pp. 14–17. For Boswell, see Murray Pittock, James Boswell (Aberdeen: AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, 2007), pp. 48–59, 70–1. The Parocel portrait is at SNPG PG311. 104. Edward Corp, The Stuarts in Italy, 1719–1766: A Royal Court in Permanent Exile (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 252. 105. Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p. 62; Basil Skinner, Scots in Italy in the 18th Century (Edinburgh: National Galleries of Scotland, 1966), p. 41. 106. Jonathan Faiers, Tartan (Oxford and New York: Berg, 2008), pp. 87–8. 107. For a more detailed discussion of the ‘unnaturalness’ of Jacobite women in government propaganda, see Pittock, Jacobitism, pp. 78–82; For women and popular protest, see Natalie Zenon David, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987 (1965)), and James S. Donnelly, Jr, Captain Rock (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009). 108. Andrew Lincoln, Walter Scott and Modernity (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007). 109. Pittock, Myth, p. 40; Dennistoun, Strange II: 211; Maurice Whitehead, Held in Trust: 2008 Years of Sacred Culture (Stonyhurst: St Omer’s Press, 2008), pp. 106–7; Turner, Manchester in 1745, pp. 12–13, 16–17; Moira Jeffrey, ‘Relics of Rebellion’, In Trust (Autumn/Winter 2008), p. 32; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 293; Knights, Representation and Misrepresentation, p. 302. 110. National Archives TS 20/88/16, 36, 38. 111. Aberdeen University Library MS 2222. 112. Daniel Szechi, ‘The Jacobite Theatre of Death’, in Jeremy Black and Eveline Cruickshanks (eds), The Jacobite Challenge (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1988), pp. 57–73. 113. Faiers, Tartan, pp. 88, 103, 167, 170; Pittock, Myth, p. 111; James Boswell, James Boswell: The Journal of His German and Swiss Travels, 1764, ed. Marlies Danziger (Edinburgh: Yale and Edinburgh University Presses, 2008), p. 10n. For the French as monkeys, see Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, p. 61. 114. Richard Hill, ‘The Illustration of the Novels: Scott and Popular Illustrated Fiction’, Scottish Literary Review 1: 1 (2009), pp. 69–88 (73, 75–6); Harris, Politics and the Nation, p. 177; Faiers, Tartan, pp. 88, 103, 167, 170; Langford, Walpole and the Robinocracy, p. 104 (BMC 1928 from 1734). 115. Faiers, Tartan, pp. 62, 64–5, 79; Lole, Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, pp. 20, 48, 52; for Campbell’s politics, see John Campbell, The Diary of John Campbell: A Scottish Banker and the ’Forty-Five, intr. John Gibson (Edinburgh: Royal , 1995); Robin Nicholson, ‘Portrait of a Lady’, The Jacobite 88 (1995), pp. 12–13 (13). John Hynde Cotton’s tartan suit is at National Notes, pp. 91–8 189

Museum of Scotland Q.L. 1979.1.1–3, while Mosman’s portrait of Campbell is at Scottish National Portrait Gallery PGL 2311. 116. Martin Martin and David Munro, A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland Circa 1695 with A Description of the Occidental i.e. Western Isles of Scotland by David Monro (1549), ed. Charles W. J. Withers and R. W. Munro (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1999 [1703]), p. 129. 117. Faiers, Tartan, pp. 85–8. 118. NLS ACC 12251 Box 7; Martin and Munro, Description, p. 129.

4 Associations and Antiquarians

1. For a detailed discussion of British historiography’s partial and misleading char- acterization of Jacobitism, see Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009). 2. Jeremy Tanner, ‘Introduction: Sociology and Art History’, in Jeremy Tanner (ed.), The Sociology of Art: A Reader (London and New York: Routledge, 2003), pp. 1–26 (3); Ophelia Field, The Kit-Kat Club (London: HarperCollins, 2008), p. 370. 3. Émile Durkheim, ‘Symbolic Objects, Communicative Interaction and Social Creativity’, in Tanner (ed.), Sociology of Art, pp. 63–8 (67). 4. David Brown, ‘Material Agency and the Art of Artifacts’, in Tanner (ed.), Sociology of Art, pp. 137–46. For the number of London coffee houses, see Brian Cowan, The Social Life of Coffee (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 154. 5. Cowan, Coffee, pp. 2, 25, 79, 148, 184, 259; Ian Newman, ‘Crown and Anchor Drama’, unpublished paper, British Association for Romantic Studies Conference, Glasgow 30 July 2011, and in correspondence with the author, 29 August 2011. 6. Christopher Hibbert, The Road to (London: Longman, 1957), pp. 37, 43–8. 7. Richard Kinghorn, The Life of William Fuller (London, 1701), p. 87. For ‘hedge’ masonry, see Petri Mirala, Freemasonry in 1733–1813 (Dublin: Four Courts, 2007). 8. Daniel Szechi, note to the author, 31 2012. 9. Bryant Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1963), pp. 254–5, 432, 532–3; Markman Ellis, The Coffee House: A Cultural History (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), p. 29; Grant Tapsell, The Personal Rule of Charles II, 1681–85 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2007), pp. 108–9, 118–19; Cowan, Coffee; Margaret Jacobs, The Radical Enlightenment (London: Allen and Unwin, 1981), p. 117. 10. Lillywhite, London Coffee Houses; Ellis, Coffee House, pp. 45–6, 59, 72–5, 86, 259; Steve Pincus, 1688: The First Modern Revolution (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 75, 77(citation from Butler), 78; Cowan, Coffee, pp. 86, 96, 102, 170, 195, 196, 209, 210, 213–16; John Spurr, England in the 1670s: ‘This Masquerading Age’ (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000), pp. 34, 176–7. For confidentiality in Commons reporting, see Annabel Patterson, The Long Parliament of Charles II (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2008), pp. 16, 18, 45. 190 Notes, pp. 98–102

11. Clare Jackson, Restoration Scotland 1660–1690 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2003), p. 41; Bob Harris, ‘Communicating’, in Elizabeth Foyster and Christopher A. Whatley (eds), A History of Everyday Life in Scotland, 1600– 1800 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010), pp. 164–90 (175); Geoffrey Seddon, The Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses (Woodbridge: Antique Collector’s Club, 1995), p. 69. 12. Eamon Duffy, Fires of Faith (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 138; Paul Kléber Monod, Jacobitism and the English People 1688– 1788 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 105–6. 13. G. D. Henderson, Chevalier Ramsay (London: Thomas Nelson, 1952), pp. 58–9; Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, ed. Frank Felsenstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 241. 14. Archibald Pitcairne, The Latin Poems, ed. and trans. Jack MacQueen and Winifred MacQueen (Assen [Netherlands]: Royal Van Gorcum; Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009), p. 11; ‘Allan Ramsay’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Thomas Crawford, Society and the Lyric (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1979), p. 136; Marie W. Stuart, Old Edinburgh Taverns (London: Robert Hale, 1952), pp. 23, 25, 58, 94, 155–6, 167–8. 15. Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (London, 1873), III: 1518, 1539. 16. For ‘Eppie Marley’, see Opie and Peter Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 (1951)), pp. 160–1. 17. Peter Clark, The English Alehouse: A Social History 1200–1830 (Harlow: Longman, 1983), pp. 181, 187; Cowan, Coffee, pp. 217, 219, 220, 221; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 105–6; Lillywhite, Coffee Houses, pp. 164, 496; David Dobson, The Jacobites of Angus 1689–1746, 2 vols (St Andrews, 1995), II: 35; Bob Harris, The and the French Revolution (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008), p. 21; Richard Sharp, ‘A Jacobite Invitation of 1779’, Royal Stuart Journal 2 (2010), pp. 24–7 (24, 25). For Balmerino see Robert Forbes, The Lyon in Mourning: or a collection of speeches letters journals etc relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, ed. Henry Paton, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press/Scottish History Society, 1895), I: 314. 18. Cowan, Coffee, pp. 121, 135, 170; Stuart, Old Edinburgh Taverns, pp. 171–2; Ian McCalman, Radical Underworld (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 14, 21, 22, 113, 118, 141; Newman, ‘Crown and Anchor Drama’. The wig of Charles Edward, blown off at Culloden was allegedly kept, according to his valet, Michele Vezzosi, as a ‘sacred relic’ by a Catholic gentleman. For the Whigs and the woodcocks, see Thomas Hearne, Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, ed. Charles Edward Doble, David Watson Rannie and Herbert Edward Salter, 10 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1921), I: 337. 19. E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977 (1975)), p. 90; Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, p. 59; McCalman, Radical Underworld, pp. 14, 21, 22, 113, 118, 141. 20. Dobson, Jacobites of Angus, II: 42; Frances McDonnell, Jacobites of 1745 North East Scotland (n.p., n.d.), pp. 29, 48. Notes, pp. 103–8 191

21. Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, p. 59. 22. E. J. Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1974 (1959)), pp. 34–5, 165. 23. J. P. Jenkins, ‘Jacobites and Freemasons in Eighteenth-Century Wales, Welsh History Review 9: 4 (1979), pp. 391–406 (393–5); Evelyn, Lady Newton, The House of Lyme (New York: Putnam’s, 1917), pp. 360, 368. For the Independent Electors, see Paton, Lyon in Mourning II: 283. 24. Peter Lole, A Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, Royal Stuart Society Paper LV (London: Royal Stuart Society, 1999), p. 37. 25. Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 59, 60, 64. 26. Stephanie Jones, Jacobite Imagery in Wales: Evidence of Political Activity, Royal Stuart Society Paper LIII (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d. [1998–9]), pp. 1, 2, 7, 9. 27. William Gunyon, Illustrations of Scottish History Life and Superstition from Song and Ballad (Glasgow: Robert Forrester, 1879), p. 143. 28. Seddon, Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses, pp. 60–2; Victoria Thorpe, ‘Mysterious Jacobite Iconography’, in Edward Corp, The Stuart Court in Rome: The Legacy of Exile (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 95–110 (105); Jacqueline Hill, ‘Loyal Societies in Ireland, 1690–1790’, in James Kelly and Martyn J. Powell (eds), Clubs and Societies in Eighteenth-Century Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts, 2010), pp. 181–202 (182, 186, 195, 200). 29. Lole, Digest, passim; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, pp. 115, 326; David Stevenson, The Beggar’s Benison (East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2001), pp. 1, 101–3, 124, 129, 164, 166–7. One of the Erskine glasses used at these Edinburgh gatherings is at National Museum of Scotland H.MEN.94. 30. Andrew Prescott, ‘Masons, Curlers and Golfers: Secret Sociabilities in Scotland, 1550–1850’, unpublished paper given at ‘Secret Scotland’ seminar, , 19 October 2010. 31. Theodore Harmsen, Antiquarianism in the Augustan Age: Thomas Hearne 1678–1735 (Oxford: Peter Lang, 2000), pp. 57, 186; Margaret M. Smith et al. (eds), Index of English Literary Manuscripts III (London: Mansell, 1992), p. 187. 32. See Mona Ozouf, Festivals and the French Revolution, trans Alan Sheridan (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988 (1976)); Roland Quinault, ‘The Cult of the Centenary’, Historical Research 71 (1998), pp. 303– 23 (305); Nigel Leask, ‘“Antic-Queer-Ones”: Scottish Antiquarian Networks in the Late Eighteenth Century’, unpublished paper, ‘Secret Scotland’ semi- nar, 19 October 2010. 33. Alan L. Karras, Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740–1800 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992), p. 119. 34. John Ingamells, A Dictionary of British and Irish Travellers in Italy 1701– 1800 (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 324; James Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, 2 vols (London: Longmans, 1855), I: 148, 253, 311; II: 35–6. 35. Steve Murdoch, ‘Tilting at Windmills: The Order del Toboso as a Jacobite Social Network’, in Paul Monod, Murray Pittock and Daniel Szechi (eds), Loyalty and Identity: Jacobites at Home and Abroad (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 243–64 (245–7, 250, 251, 255–7). See also Edward Corp, The Stuarts in Italy, 1719–1766: A Royal Court in Permanent Exile 192 Notes, pp. 108–15

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 324; and J. M. Roberts, The Mythology of the Secret Societies (London: Secker & Warburg, 1972), p. 21. 36. Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac and Steve Murdoch, unpublished contributions to round table on Nathalie Genet-Rouffiac’s life of James II, 2nd Jacobite Studies Trust conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 25 June 2010. 37. Jacobs, Radical Enlightenment, p. 10. 38. Jenkins, ‘Jacobites and Freemasons’, pp. 392, 396–8. 39. Jacobs, Radical Enlightenment, p. 134. 40. Mirala, Freemasonry, pp. 83, 94, 128–31, 157, 169–70, 210, 259; I am indebted to Dr Penny Fielding at the for the details of the Scottish radical gesture. 41. David Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry: Scotland’s Century, 1590–1710 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 1, 81, 137; Monod, Jacobitism and the English People, p. 304. 42. Henderson, Chevalier Ramsay, p. 172. 43. Mark Colman Wallace, ‘Scottish Freemasonry 1725–1810: Progress, Power, Politics’ (unpublished PhD thesis, St Andrews, 2007), pp. 15, 27, 63–4, 70, 103, 154, 307, 319, 321–3, 328, 332. 44. Steve Murdoch, Network North (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 333, 337; Murdoch, ‘Tilting at Windmills’, pp. 243, 248, 257–59, and ‘Irish Entrepreneurs and Sweden – the First Half of the Eighteenth Century’, in Thomas O’Connor and Mary Ann Lyons (eds), Irish Communities in Early- Modern Europe (Dublin: Four Courts, 2006), pp. 348–66 (352, 365). See also Patrick Fagan, Catholics in a Protestant Country (Dublin: Four Courts, 1998), pp. 127–8; Gustave Bord, La Franc-Maconnerie en France des origines à 1815 (, 1908), I: 120; Corp, Stuarts in Italy, pp. 223–4; Roberts, Secret Societies, pp. 32–3, 68. For Masonry in the Brigades, see Seán Murphy, ‘Irish Jacobitism and Freemasonry’, Eighteenth-Century Ireland 9 (1994), 75–82 (77). 45. David Currie, ‘The Jacobite Lodge at Rome’, The Jacobite 92 (1996), 10–12; Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 243, 250, 262, 604, 626, 911; Henderson, Ramsay, 60, 142, 167, 172, 195, 199–200, 205; Ronald G. Cant, ‘David Stewart Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan’, in A. S. Bell (ed.), The Scottish Antiquarian Tradition (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1981), pp. 1–30 (4); Roberts, Secret Societies, p. 43. I am indebted to Andrew Prescott for details from the Freemasonry History discussion list. 46. Peter Davidson, ‘Jacobite Festivals at Rome, a Preliminary Survey’, unpublished paper, 2nd Jacobite Studies Trust Conference, University of Strathclyde, 25 June 2010; Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 605, 607. 47. Edward Corp et al., A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France 1689–1718 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 183, 185–6; Robert W. Berger, In the Garden of the Sun King (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, 1985), p. 7. 48. Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 11, 13, 223, 341, 604, 650, 924–5; Corp et al., Court in Exile, pp. 96–7; Corp, Stuarts in Italy, pp. 81, 88–9, 266, for influence on opera. 49. Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 49, 87, 97, 174, 176, 314–15, 329, 461, 476, 539, 576, 579, 589, 591, 597, 603–5, 627, 629, 638, 641, 663, 690, 719, 721, 760, 853, 897, 956, 1014. Notes, pp. 115–23 193

50. Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 32, 214–16, 239–40, 685; ‘Allan Ramsay’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth (Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p. 84. 51. Corp, Stuarts in Italy, pp. 7, 11, 97, 101–3, 105–6, 278. 52. Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 32, 48–9, 214–16, 223, 239–40, 313, 475, 679– 80, 685, 768, 802; Lesley Lewis, Connoissurs and Secret Agents in Eighteenth Century Rome (London: Chatto & Windus, 1961), pp. 11–12, 155–8. For a detailed biography of John Barber, see Charles A. Rivington, ‘Tyrant’: The Story of John Barber (York: William Sessions, 1989). See also ‘Allan Ramsay’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 84; Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, I: vii, 21–3; Frank Kidson, British Music Publishers, Printers and Engravers (London: W. E. Hill & Sons, 1900), p. 182; David Irwin and Francina Irwin, Scottish Painters, at Home and Abroad 1700–1900 (London: Faber, 1975), pp. 83–4. 53. ‘William Hamilton of Bangour’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Corp, Stuarts in Italy, p. 332; Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 184, 262, 477, 894–5. 54. Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 12, 13, 14, 17, 164, 169–72, 222, 439, 443, 448, 451, 475–6, 795, 961–3; Margery Morgan, ‘Jacobitism and Art after 1745: Katherine Read in Rome’, British Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 27: 2 (2004), pp. 233–44 (233); Marinell Ash, Castle Fraser, Garden & Estates (Edinburgh: National Trust for Scotland, 2011), p. 4; Peter Davidson, ‘Imagined Cities: Jacobite and Hanoverian’, unpublished paper; Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, I: 104, 236, 259; II: 117–18, 283–6. 55. Morgan, ‘Jacobitism and Art’, pp. 233, 242; Corp, Stuarts in Italy, p. 4. 56. Lewis, Connoisseurs and Secret Agents, pp. 25, 185; Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 8, 26, 44–5, 245, 262, 616–17, 690, 795, 906, 921, 1005; Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, II: 62, 158–9, 273; Morgan, ‘Jacobitism and Art’, pp. 238, 239, 242. 57. National Library of Scotland MS 14260 f.1, f.70; MS 14262 f.7r, f.38v (Lumisden Correspondence); Murdo Macdonald, ‘Ossian and Arts: Scotland into Europe via Rome’, in Howard Gaskill (ed.), The Reception of Ossian in Europe (London: Continuum, 2004), pp. 395–6; Ingamells, Dictionary, pp. 55, 828. 58. National Library of Scotland ACC 5820; McDonnell, Jacobites of 1745; Morgan, ‘Jacobitism and Art’, p. 234. Additional data is supplied from the Glasgow database of Jacobite officers, under development. 59. McDonnell, Jacobites of 1745; Mary Ann Lyons and Thomas O’Connor, Strangers to Citizens: The Irish in Europe 1600–1800 (Dublin: National Library of Ireland, 2008), p. 35. 60. David Dobson, Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 1607–1785 (Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1994), pp. 118, 120. 61. National Library of Scotland ACC 5820; McDonnell, Jacobites of 1745; Murray Pittock, Jacobitism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), p. 127. 62. National Library of Scotland MS 98 f.79; David Dobson, Directory of Scots Banished to the American Plantations 1650–1774 (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1984), p. 109; W. J. Rattray, The Scot in British , 4 vols (Toronto: MacLear and Coy, 1880), I: 247. 63. Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, I: 133. 194 Notes, pp. 123–30

64. Dennistoun, Memoirs of Sir Robert Strange, II: 313. 65. T. M. Devine, To the Ends of the Earth (London: Allen Lane, 2011); http:// www.irishineurope.com (accessed 15 May 2013).

5 Propaganda: Medals, Weapons, Glass, Ceramics and Relics

1. Richard W. F. Kroll, The Material World (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), pp. 178, 183. For the specific med- als mentioned, see National Musem of Scotland H.1984.9 and HR32, 33.H.1949.1100–1. 2. Peter Young and Wilfrid Emberton, The Cavalier Army (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974), p. 53. 3. Noel Woolf, The Medallic Record of the Jacobite Movement (London: Spink, 1988), pp. 4–7; Patricia Bruckmann, ‘“Men, Women and Poles”: Samuel Richardson and the Romance of a Stuart Princess’, Eighteenth-Century Life 27: 3 (2003), pp. 31–52 (34, 37). 4. Woolf, Medallic Record, pp. 22, 23–48. 5. Woolf, Medallic Record, pp. 29, 37, 38, 48, 53; West Highland Museum Jacobite Collections, medals nos 9 and 15. 6. Woolf, Medallic Record, pp. 61, 62, 66–7, 69; Robin Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Making of a Myth (Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 2002), p. 87; Peter Seaby and P. Frank Purvey, Standard Catalogue of British Coins Volume 2: Coins of Scotland, Ireland & the Islands (London: Seaby, 1984), p. 30. Medal no. 39, Jacobite Collection, West Highland Museum. 7. ‘A llan Ramsay’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography; Woolf, Medallic Record, pp. 14, 22, 46, 53, 61, 66, 69, 114–17, 119, 120, 127, 136. See also Edward Corp, The Stuarts in Italy, 1719–1766: A Royal Court in Permanent Exile (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 103; there is a worn Cumberland medal in the West Highland Museum, Jacobite collection med- als no. 27. 8. Howard Erskine-Hill, ‘Twofold Vision in Eighteenth-Century Writing’, English Literary History 64 (1997), pp. 903–24 (903, 904). 9. Peter Seaby and Monica Russell, British Tokens and Their Values, revd Michael Dickinson and P. Frank Purvey (London: Seaby, 1984 (1970)), pp. 195–9. A worn ‘Reddite’ medal of bronze halfpenny size is in the collections of Glasgow Museums, at GMRC.1893.170.h (not on display); 1699 Roettier jet- ton from a private collection. 10. Woolf, Medallic Record, p. 121; Lois Potter, Secret Rites and Secret Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 200–1; Victoria Thorpe, ‘The 1752 Medal – Promise of a New Augustan Age’, The Jacobite 85 (1994), pp. 4–6, and Royal Stuart Review (1996), pp. 15–19 (15). 11. A. V. B. Normand, The Swords and the Sorrows (Glasgow: National Trust for Scotland, 1996), p. 78; Murray Pittock, Jacobitism (Basingstoke: Macmillan, now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998), pp. 75–6; George Dalgleish and Dallas Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’: Treasures of Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Edinburgh: National Museum of Antiquities, n.d. [1988]), p. 18; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, pp. 29, 60, 87–8; Patrick Eyres, ‘“Patronizing, Notes, pp. 131–8 195

Strenuously, the Whole Flower of His Life”: The Political Agenda of Thomas Hollis’s Medallic Programme’, The Medal 36 (2000), pp. 8–23 (9, 15). For miniatures, see Victoria and Albert Museum, British Galleries Level 3; Excise medal from a private collection. 12. Noel Woolf, The Sovereign Remedy (Manchester: The British Association of Numismatic Societies, 1990), pp. 7, 10, 13, 15, 19, 22, 25, 26, 44; Woolf, Medallic Record, pp. 39, 77, 125, 134–5; Frances John Angus Skeet, Stuart Papers, Pictures, Relics Medals and Books in the Collection of Miss Maria Widdrington (Leeds: John Whitehead, 1930), pp. 68–9; Marc Bloch, The , trans J.E. Anderson (London: Routledge, 1973), pp. 210–11. See also Raymond Crawfurd, The King’s Evil (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1911). 13. Seaby and Purvey, Coins of Scotland Ireland & the Islands, pp. 155–61 (155, 161). 14. Woolf, Medallic Record, p. 59; Seaby and Purvey, Coins of Scotland Ireland & the Islands, 91; Michael Sharp, ‘A Proposed Jacobite Coinage for 1745’, The Jacobite 74 (1990), pp. 9–10. 15. A. V. B. Normand, Culloden: The Swords and the Sorrows (n.p.: National Trust for Scotland, 1996), pp. 4, 6–9, 11, 13, 14, 17–18; The Swords and the Sorrows (Glasgow: National Trust for Scotland, 1996), pp. 37–8, 57; David Boswell to the author, September 2001. National Museums of Scotland H.LA.124. 16. Dalgleish and Mechan, ‘I Am Come Home’, pp. 8–9; ‘Arms and Armour’, in Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth’s England (London: Trefoil Books/Victorian and Albert Museum, 1984), pp. 145–8 (146–7). See also Cesare Ripa, Iconologia (London, 1709 (1593)), p. 80. 17. Frank J. McLynn, The Jacobite Army in England 1745: The Final Campaign (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1983), pp. 97–8; Martin Kelvin, The Scottish Pistol (London: Cygnus Arts, 1996), pp. 81, 197; Stuart Reid, Highland Clansman 1689–1746 (Oxford: Osprey, 1997), p. 14; Stuart Allan and Allan Carswell, The Thin Red Line (Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, n.d.), p. 64 (plate 2.2); Michael Duffy, The Englishman and the Foreigner, The English Satirical Print 1600–1832 (Cambridge: Chadwick Healey, 1986), pp. 260–1, 266–7; Murray Pittock, The Myth of the Jacobite Clans: The Jacobite Army in 1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995, 1999, 2nd and compre- hensively rev. edn, 2009), p. 111. 18. Geoffrey B. Seddon, The Jacobites and Their Drinking Glasses (Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1995), pp. 137, 139, 159, 167, 175; Jacobite Glass: Its Place in History, Royal Stuart Society Paper LIV (London, Royal Stuart Society, n.d. [1999]), p. 17; F. Peter Lole, A Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, Royal Stuart Society Paper LV (London: Royal Stuart Society, 1999), p. 23. 19. L. M. Bickerton, Eighteenth Century Drinking Glasses, 2nd edn (London: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1986 (1971)), pp. 11, 12, 13, 266, 276, 287–9, 352. 20. F. Peter Lole, ‘The Erskines as Jacobites’, The Jacobite 95 (1997), pp. 13–20 (19), and ‘Jacobite Glass’, The Jacobite 84 (1994), pp. 6–10 (9); The Jacobite 76 (1991), p. 5, for the Spottiswoode AMEN glass sale. For the Lochiel glass, see National Musem of Scotland A.1952.71. 21. Seddon, Drinking Glasses, pp. 63, 74, 80, 93, 104, 131, 188, 225–6, 229, and Jacobite Glass, pp. 18–19. 22. Pittock, Jacobitism, p. 76; Bickerton, Glasses, pp. 266, 283, 289; Lole, Jacobite Clubs, pp. 12, 48, 55, 56, 60; Lole, ‘Northern English Jacobite Clubs of the Eighteenth Century’, The Jacobite 75 (1991), pp. 9–16 (10); John Campbell, 196 Notes, pp. 140–9

The Diary of John Campbell: A Scottish Banker and the ’Forty-Five, ed. John Gibson (Edinburgh: , 1995), p. 28. 23. James Hogg, The Jacobite Relics of Scotland: First Series, ed. Murray Pittock (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), pp. 110, 458. 24. Woolf, Medallic Record, p. 116: Seddon, Drinking Glasses, pp. 15, 46, and Jacobite Glass, p. 3; Bickerton, Glasses, pp. 17, 160, 276–7, 280–1, 282, 284–6, 330; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, pp. 64, 71, 78. 25. Seddon, Drinking Glasses, pp. 47, 98–112, 117, 126–7, 129, 131–4, 139, 212– 13, and Jacobite Glass, pp. 3–4; Bickerton, Glasses, pp. 162, 164, 279, 283; Thorpe, ‘1752 Medal’, p. 17; Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 75; Lole, ‘Jacobite Glass’, pp. 6, 7; Pittock, Jacobitism, pp. 75–6; Ripa, Iconologia, pp. 2, 9, 71. 26. For Esop’s Jay, see Richard Savage, The Poetical Works of Richard Savage, ed. Clarence Tracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), pp. 16–21. 27. For Tieze, see Peter Francis, ‘Franz Tieze (1842–1932) and the Re-invention of History on Glass’, Burlington Magazine 194 (1994); and F. Peter Lole, ‘Jacobite Glass Furore’, The Jacobite 86 (1994), pp. 6–7. 28. Seddon, Drinking Glasses, pp. 8, 14–15, and Jacobite Glass, p. 8. 29. Museum of London ACC 34.139/313. 30. John Byrom and the Manchester Jacobites (Manchester: City of Manchester Art Gallery, 1951), nos 71, 72, 75, 76, 78, 82. 31. Katharine Gibson, The Cult of Charles II, Royal Stuart Society Paper XLVII (London: Royal Stuart Society, n.d.), pp. 6, 10; Murray Pittock, Poetry and Jacobite Politics in Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 81. Paul Kléber Monod in Jacobitism and the English People 1688–1788 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) discusses Jacobite adoption of classical republicanism in the 1730s. 32. Tony Curtis, Lyle Price Guide: China (Galashiels: Lyle, n.d. [c.1991]), pp. 80, 105, 107, 109–15; Peter Francis, Irish Delftware: An Illustrated History (London: Jonathan Horne Publications, 2000), p. 30. 33. Nicholson, Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 65; Victoria Thorpe, ‘The Last Great Jacobite Councils in England (1750 and 1752)’, Royal Stuart Journal 1 (2009), pp. 16–52 (37–9); W. Ellwood Post, Saints, Signs and Symbols: A Concise Dictionary (London: SPCK, 1990 (1964)), p. 65; Ripa, Iconologia, p. 14. 34. Amanda Vickery, Behind Closed Doors: At Home in Georgian England (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2009), p. 128. 35. Lole, Digest of the Jacobite Clubs, pp. 18–19, 21; Michael Hook and Walter Ross, The ’Forty-Five (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1995), p. 85. 36. Thomas Hearne, Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, ed. Charles Edward Doble, David Watson Rannie and Herbert Edward Salter, 10 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1921), IV: 111; The Jacobite 84 (1994), p. 3. 37. As is the case with Sion Lleyn’s poem, ‘Cyfarchiad Britania I boebl Loegr ar farwolaeth yr Arglwydd Nelson’ (‘Britannia’s address to the English on the death of Lord Nelson’) (I am indebted to the project team on the AHRC Wales and the French Revolution project suite at the Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies at the National Library of Wales for this information). 38. Exhibition of the Royal House of Stuart (London: n.d. [1888]), pp. 86–9, 103–15. 39. See National Museum of Scotland H.NQ.31. Notes, pp. 151–4 197

Postscript: The Making of Memory

1. See Janet Sorensen, ‘Vulgar Tongues: Canting Dictionaries and the Language of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain’, Eighteenth-Century Studies 37: 3 (2004), pp. 435–54 (447). 2. For an example of these plates, see The Smith Art Gallery and Museum, Stirling. 3. D. A. Fleming, Politics and Provincial People: Sligo and Limerick, 1691–1761 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010), pp. 61, 151. 4. Mary Helen Thuente, ‘Liberty, Hibernia and Mary Le More: United Irish Images of Women’, in Dáire Keogh and Nicholas Furlong (eds), The Women of 1798 (Dublin: Four Courts, 1998), pp. 9–25 (19). 5. Eugene Charlton Black, The Association (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 153, 156, 163; Dana Rubin, ‘Imperial Disruption: City, Nation and Empire in the Gordon ’, in Ian Haywood and John Seed (eds), The (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), pp. 93–114 (107); Henry Cockburn, Memorials of his Time (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1971 (1856)), p. 68. 6. J. L. McCracken, ‘The United Irishmen’, in T. Desmond Williams (ed.), Secret Societies in Ireland (Diblin: Gill and Macmillan, 1973), pp. 58–67 (65); Thomas Bartlett, ‘Defenders and Defenderism in 1795’, Irish Historical Studies 24 (1985), pp. 373–94 (389–92); James S. Donnelly, Jr, Captain Rock: The Irish Agrarian Rebellion of 1821–1824 (Cork: Collins Press, 2009), pp. 97, 99–100; Tom Garvin, ‘Defenders, Ribbonmen and Others: Underground Political Networks in Pre-Famine Ireland’, in C. H. E. Philpin (ed.), Nationalism and Popular Protest in Ireland (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 219–44 (231); M. R. Beames, ‘The Ribbon Societies: Lower-Class Nationalism in Pre-Famine Ireland’, in Philpin (ed.), Nationalism, pp. 245– 63 (253–4); Cockburn, Memorials, pp. 328–9. 7. Tom Garvin, ‘Defenders, Ribbonmen and Others’, in Philpin, Nationalism, pp. 219–44; see also M. R. Beames, ‘The Ribbon Societies’, in Philpin, Nationalism, pp. 245–63; Thomas Bartlett, ‘Bearing Witness: Female Evidence in Courts Martial Convened to Suppress the 1798 Rebellion’, in Keogh and Furlong, Women of 1798, pp. 64–86 (69); Claire Connolly, A Cultural History of the Irish Novel, 1790–1829 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), p. 77. 8. Thuente, ‘Liberty, Hibernia and Mary Le More’, p. 22. See Robert Forbes, The Lyon in Mourning: or a collection of speeches letters journals etc relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward, ed. Henry Paton, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press/Scottish History Society, 1895), I: 241, for the origins of the Jemmy Dawson tale. 9. Donnelly, Captain Rock, pp. 22, 51, 104, 110, 139, 302, 305; Garvin, ‘Defenders, Ribbonmen and Others’, pp. 233–4; Beames, ‘Ribbon Societies’, p. 253; Maura Cronin, ‘Memory, Story and Balladry: 1798 and Its Place in Popular Memory in Pre-Famine Ireland’, in Laurence M. Geary (ed.), Rebellion and Remembrance in Modern Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts, 2001), pp. 112–34 (117); Ronan Kelly, Bard of Erin: The Life of Thomas Moore (London: Penguin, 2009 (2008)), p. 47; George Rudé, The Crowd in History 1730–1848, 2nd edn (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1981 (1964)), p. 157, for the Rebecca Riots. 198 Notes, pp. 154–6

10. Bob Harris, ‘Political Protests in the Year of Liberty, 1792’, in Bob Harris (ed.), Scotland in the Age of the French Revolution (Edinburgh: John Donald, 2005), pp. 49–78 (49, 62–4); Mark Schoenfield, British Periodicals and Romantic Identity (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 58; Thuente, ‘Liberty, Hibernia and Mary Le More’, p. 19. 11. See Anna Kinsella, ‘Nineteenth-century Perspectives: The Women of 1798 in Folk Memory and Ballads’, in Keogh and Furlong (eds), Women of 1798, pp. 187–99 (188). 12. Black, The Association, pp. 257–8, 269. 13. Raoul Girardet, ‘The Three Colours: Neither White nor Red’, in Pierre Nora et al., Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past, ed. Lawrence D. Kritzman, trans Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996 (1984–92)), pp. 2–26 (5, 14). See also David Andress, The Terror (London: Abacus, 2006 (2005)), p. 174. 14. Samuel Bamford, Passages in the Life of a Radical, intr. Tim Hilton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984 (1884)), p. 241; Louis James (ed.), Print and the People 1819–1851 (London: Allen Lane, 1976), p. 66; Paul Monod, ‘Pierre’s White Hat?’, in Eveline Cruickshanks (ed.), By Force or By Default? The Revolution of 1688–1689 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1989), pp. 159–89. 15. Donnelly, Captain Rock, pp. 132, 147; Gary Owen, ‘Nationalism without Words: Symbolism and Ritual Behaviour in the Repeal “Monster Meetings” of 1843–5’, in James S. Donnelly, jr, and Kerby A. Miller (eds), Irish Popular Culture 1650–1850 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1988), pp. 242–69 (250); John Miller, Religion in the Popular Prints 1600–1832 (Cambridge: Chadwyck- Healey, 1986), p. 340 (BMC 14766). 16. Murray Pittock (ed.), in Global Culture (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2011); Emilia Szaffner, ‘The Hungarian Reception of Walter Scott in the Nineteenth Century’, in Murray Pittock (ed.), The Reception of Sir Walter Scott in Europe (London: Continuum, 2006), pp. 138–56. 17. Jonathan M. Wooding, ‘A Monument “where pilgrims may worship and patriotism be renewed” – the Sacred Nationalism of the Australian ‘98 Centenary’, in Laurence M. Geary (ed.), Rebellion and Remembrance in Modern Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts, 2001), pp. 196–213 (199). 18. Claude Langlois, ‘Catholics and Seculars’, in Nora et al., Realms of Memory, pp. 108–43 (116); François Furet, ‘The Ancien Régime and the Revolution’, in Nora et al., Realms of Memory, pp. 78–106 (101); Christian Amalvi, ‘Bastille Day: From Dies Irae to Holiday’, in Nora et al., pp. 117–60 (159). 19. J. M. Roberts, The Mythology of the Secret Societies (London: Secker & Warburg, 1972), pp. 2, 99–100, 306. 20. Marianne Elliott, Robert Emmet: The Birth of a Legend (London: Profile, 2003), p. 196. 21. Jon Karl Helgason, intervention at Utrecht Commemorating Writers conference. 22. John Neubauer, ‘Embodied Communities and Disembodied Poets: Karl Jynek Mácha and Sándor Petofi in Their Central-European Context’, unpub- lished paper, ‘Commemorating Writers 1800–1916’, Colloquium, University of Utrecht, 9 December 2011; Marijan Dovíc, ‘Translating Bones, Erecting the Statue, Singing the Anthem’, unpublished paper, ‘Commemorating Writers 1800–1916’. Notes, p. 157 199

23. Wooding, ‘Monument’, p. 212. See Daniel Szechi, ‘The Jacobite Theatre of Death’, in Eveline Cruickshanks and Jeremy Black (eds), The Jacobite Challenge (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1988), pp. 57–73. 24. Matt Treacy, The IRA, 1956–69 (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2011), pp. 21–2. 25. Lynn Abrams, Oral History Theory (London: Routledge, 2010), pp. 79, 83, 85, 95. Nora (Realms of Memory, p. 3) makes a division between history as a record of the past and memory’s making that past persistently present through ‘space, gesture, image, and object’, possibly overlooking the extent to which a reiterated framework for memory established in the historical record gives persisting resonance to the past as always present, not least because history reinforces favourable national, gender or class self-image through source selection. Bibliography

Much of the primary research was carried out in museums, galleries, houses and gardens, which are not listed here. Key examples are cited in the endnotes.

Primary MS sources

Beinecke Library, Yale Osborn MS b. 111/80

Bodleian Library, Oxford MS Rawl Poet 207

British Library BL1346 m7/24

National Archives MPF 1/2 State Papers 54/26/240

National Library of Scotland (NLS) NLS ACC 5491 NLS ACC 5820 NLS ACC 9202 NLS ACC 12251/7 NLS APS 4.83.4 NLS Highland Society of London Papers Dep 268/15 NLS MS 98 NLS MS 488 NLS MS 14260, 61, 62, 65 (Lumisden Papers) NLS Ry (Rosebery) 1.2.85

National Records of Scotland GD385/145

Perth and Kinross Archives (PKA) B59 ‘Documents Relating to Jacobites, 1715–1895’ PKA Thriepland of Fingask Papers MS 169

200 Bibliography 201

Trinity College, Dublin MS 2199

Primary sources (printed)

Bamford, Samuel, Passages in the Life of a Radical, intr. Tim Hilton (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984 (1884)). Billings, R. W., The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland (London, 1843). Black, Ronald (ed.), An Lasair (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2001). Boswell, James, Boswell on the Grand Tour: Italy, Corsica and France 1765–1766, eds Frank Brady and Frederick A. Pottle (Melbourne, Toronto and London: Heinemann, 1955). Boswell, James, The General Correspondence of James Boswell, 1757–1763, eds David Harkins and James J. Caudle (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006). Boswell, James, James Boswell: The Journal of His German and Swiss Travels, 1764, ed. Marlies Danziger (Edinburgh: Yale and Edinburgh University Presses, 2008). Byrom, John, Selections from the Journals and Papers of John Byrom, ed. Henri Antoine Talon; foreword Bonamy Dobrée (London: Rockcliff, 1950). Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum (London, 1873). Cockburn, Henry, Memorials of His Time (Edinburgh: Mercat Press, 1971 (1856)). Defoe, Daniel The History of the Union between England and Scotland (London: John Stockdale, 1786). D’Urfey, Thomas (ed.), Wit and Mirth; or Tom D’Urfey’s Pills to Purge Melancholy, 6 vols (New York: Folklore Library Publishers, 1959). Exhibition of the Royal House of Stuart (London: n.d. [1888]). Forbes, Robert, The Lyon in Mourning: or a collection of speeches letters journals etc relative to the affairs of Prince Charles Edward Stuart, ed. Henry Paton, 3 vols (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press/Scottish History Society, 1895). Gay, John, Walking the Streets of Eighteenth-Century London: John Gray’s Trivia (1718), eds Clare Brant and Susan Whyman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Gibbs, James, Gibbs’ Book of Architecture (New York: Dover, 2008 (1728)). Hearne, Thomas, Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne, ed. Charles Edward Doble, David Watson Rannie and Herbert Edward Salter, 10 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1885–1921). Henderson, G. D. (ed.), Mystics of the North East (Aberdeen: Third Spalding Club, 1934). Highland Papers Volume III, ed. J. R. N. MacPhail (Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1920). Index of English Literary Manuscripts III, eds Margaret Smith et al. (London: Mansell, 1992). Lockhart, George, Letters of George Lockhart of Carnwath, ed. Daniel Szechi (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1989). 202 Bibliography

Martin, Martin, and Monro, David, A Description of the Western Islands of Scotland Circa 1695 with A Description of the Occidental i.e. Western Isles of Scotland by David Monro (1549), eds Charles W. J. Withers and R. W. Munro (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1999). Miscellany of the Scottish History Society XII (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1994). A New Canting Dictionary (London, 1725). Ó Baoill, Colm (ed.), Gair nan Clarsach: The Harp’s Cry, trans. Meg Bateman (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1994). Opie, Iona, and Opie, Peter, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992 (1951)). Philp of Almerieclose, James, The Grameid, ed. Alexander D. Murdoch (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, 1888). Pitcairne, Archibald, The Assembly: or Reformation. A Comedy (Edinburgh: James Reid, 1756 (1692)). Pitcairne, Archibald, The Latin Poems, ed. and trans. John MacQueen and Winifred MacQueen (Assen [Netherlands]: Royal Van Gorcum; Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2009). Pope, Alexander, The Dunciad in Four Books, ed. Valerie Rumbold (London: Longman, 1999). Pope, Alexander, The Rape of the Lock, ed. Cynthia Wall (Boston: Bedford Books, 1998). Richardson, Jonathan, A discourse on the dignity, certainty, pleasure and advantage, of the of a connoisseur (London, 1719). Ripa, Cesare, Iconologia (London, 1709 (1593)). Savage, Richard, The Poetical Works of Richard Savage, ed. Clarence Tracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962). Scottish National Memorials (Glasgow: James MacLehose, 1890). The Second Centenary: An Exhibition of Jacobite Relics and Rare Scottish Antiquities, catalogue (n.p., 1946). Serle, J., A Plan of Mr Pope’s Garden, As it was left at his Death (London, 1745). Smollett, Tobias, Travels through France and Italy, ed. Frank Felsenstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).

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Abrams, Lynn, Oral History Theory (London: Routledge, 2010). Allan, Stuart, and Carswell, Allan, The Thin Red Line (Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland, n.d.) Amalvi, Christian, ‘Bastille Day: From Dies Irae to Holiday’, in Nora et al. (eds), Realms of Memory, pp. 117–60. Andress, David, The Terror (London: Abacus, 2006 (2005)). Aravamudan, Srinivas, Tropicopolitans (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1999). ‘Arms and Armour’, in Rococo, pp. 145–8. Ascari, Maurizio, James III in Bologna, Royal Stuart Paper LIX (London: Royal Stuart Society, 2001). Ash, Marinell, Castle Fraser, Garden & Estates (Edinburgh: National Trust for Scotland, 2011). Bibliography 203

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Abjuration, Oath 9, 11 45–6, 54, 77, 148 Adam, Robert 39, 53, 119 Bolingbroke, Henry St John, Adam, William 32, 53–4, 57 Viscount 49 Addison, Joseph 68, 81 Boswell, James 2, 52, 67, 68, 73, 87, aisling 64, 74 110, 118 alehouses, mughouses and Jacobitism 133 taverns 30, 95–6, 100–2 Brewer, John 14, 17 Alexander, Cosmo 42, 52, Brown, Bill 14 117–18, 120 Bruce, Katherine, of Alexander, John 113–14 Clackmannan 69 Alexis-Belle, Simon 43, 44 Buccleuch, Anne Stewart, Alfred’s Hall 38–9 Duchess of 41 Allan, David 118 Buchan, Earl of 112, 118 Allegiance, Oath 8–9, 10 Burlington 32, 33 Alnwick Castle 39 Burns, Robert 73, 119, 134, 148, 149, Anglican culture 65–6 155, 157 Arbury Hall 138 Bute, James Stuart, 3rdEarl of 119 Arbuthnot, John 49, 99 Butler, Samue l 97 , Duke of see Campbell Byres of Tonley, James 118–19 dukes of Argy ll Byrom, John 45, 49, 144 Arma Christi 38 Byrom family 16, 82 Arniston House 54 Artari, Giuseppe 34, 37, 50, 53 Caesar, Mary 45 Arthur, King 39 Callaly Castle 47 Assassination Plot 99 Cameron of Lochiel, Ewan 122 Aston-on-Clun 77 Campbell dukes of Argyll 49, Astraea 56, 61, 74 51, 130 101, 115 Castle Campbell 39 Austen, Jane 36 Cannons House 50 cant 65–72 Bagutti, Giovanni 34, 50, 53 Carte, Thomas 73, 103 Barber, John 52, 116 Caryll, John 77, 101 Barnard, Toby 32 Cassiobury 46 Barnard Castle 27 Castleton 77 Barrell, John 2, 5, 57 ceramics 145–7 Barry, James 121 Chandos, James Brydges, Bathurst, Allen Ear l38 Duke of 50 Baudrillard, Jean 17 Charles II, coronation 29–30, 62 Beaufort Hunt 49 Chartier, Roger 17–18 Beggar’s Benison 105–6 37, 135 Beninbrough Hall 43 Cheape, Hugh 85 Benjamin, Walter 21 Cheyne, George 67 Black Act 8 Chiswick 32

221 222 Index

Churchill, Charles 89 Dun, David Erskine, Lord 52, 54, Clark, J.C.D. 1 58, 65 Clark, Jane 32 Dun, House of 35, 54–8, 114, 135 Clayton, Thomas 54, 56 Dunbar, James Murray Earl of 67, Clifton, Francis 74 115, 117, 121 clubssee under Jacobitism Dupplin Castle 50 coffee houses 16, 23, 30, Dupra, Domenico 43, 118 95–9, 100–2 Durkheim, Émile 23, 95 in Continental Europe 99 Dwight, John 21 and Jacobite army 101 and Jacobite relics 102 Earlberry, Matthias 60 coins, and medals 71, 79, 113, 125–32 Edgar, James 118 Colley, Linda 53, 58 Edgeworth, Maria 68 Cooper, Richard 87–8, 117, 146 Eikon Basilike 43 Corp, Edward 1, 29, 108, 111, 114 , cult of 61 Corsham Court 34 Enzer, Joseph 35, 44, 54–8 Cotton, Sir John Hynde 90 Episcopalianism, and Nonjuring 4, Cowan, Brian 95, 97 10, 65, 69 Cowley, Abraham 56, 78–9 Erskine, Andrew 68, 73 Craigievar Castle 35, 40, 46 Erskine-Hill, Howard 1, 21, 128 Craigston Castle 44 Exclusion Crisis 63–4, 74, 75, 85 Cressy, David 8, 62 Castle 46–7, 63 Faiers, Jonathan 87, 89, 91 Cromartie, George Mackenzie, false loyalism 26, 38, 68, 71, 82, 3rdEarl of 110 113, 127, 136 Cruickshanks, Eveline 1 Feathers Inn(Basingstoke) 105, 147 Cycle Club 104 Felbrigg Hall 40 Fenwick, Sir John 47 David, Antonio 44 fiddlers 102 Davidson, Peter 73, 112, 119 Finlayson, John 46 deer as symbol 63–4 Flint, George 60 Defenders 152 Fontana, Carlo 49 Defoe, Danie l63 Forbes, Robert 67 De Largilliere, Nicholas 43 Foucault, Michel 60 Denham, John 63–4, 126 Foulis brothers 112 Derwentwater, James Fox, John 16 Radclyffe, 3rdEarl of 25 Francki, Agostino 130 Devine, T.M. 123 Fraser, Castle 38, 42, 118 Dick, Alexander of Prestonfield 52, Fratellini, Giovanni 44 110, 111, 117 fratriotism 2, 153 Dickinson, Harry 60 Freebairn, Robert 114 45 Freemasonry 65, 108–12, 152 Ditchley 49 in Continental Europe 110–11 Donnelly, James S. 5 Jacobite 111, 117 Druids 35, 39, 53 Drum Castle 42, 57 gardens 32–7 Drummond, Lord John, later Gay, John 66 4th Duke of Perth 117, 121 Geertz, Clifford 2, 17 Dryden, John 126 Gibbs, James 34, 35, 39, 49–53, Duffy, Eamon 98 113, 129 Index 223

Gibson, John 91 architecture 38–58 Gibson, Katherine 2 associations and networks 14, 94 Ginzburg, Carlo 15 ceramics 145–7 Glamis Castle 29, 130 classical code 18, 37, 71–2, 114, glass 23–4, 134–45 139–44 Gothic 38–41, 51–2 clubs 95–7, 103–8, 137 Great Wishford 77 coffee houses 16, 23, 30, Gunmoney 132 95–9, 100–2 Habermas, Jürgen 4, 22, 97 coins and medals 71, 79, Hagley Hall 40 113,125–32 Hallett, Mark 17 colours 80–3 Hamilton, Gavin 118 culture and language 12–23, 35, Hamilton, Hugh Douglas 118 36, 48, 55, 63, 74–83 Hamilton of Bangour, William 118 in diaspora 113–23 Hanoverianism flags 82, 134 clubs 81 flowers, gardens and trees 32–7, memorabilia 26–7 74 –7, 82 Harley, Robert 49 Freemasonry 65, 108–12, 111, 117 Harley family 50 glass 23–4, 134–45 Harmsen, Theodore 106 hunting 66–8 Harrington, James 97 in Italy 113–21 Hearne, Thomas 10, 18, 43, 63, 67, 106 military networks 121–3 Herrick, Robert 62 mythology 73 Hewlings, Richard 32 nationalism 75 Hill, Christopher 63 objects: explicit objects 24–8, 150; historiography 2–3 kitsch 21, 88; market 13 Hoare, Henry 39 pastoral 65 Hobson, Alan 27, 37 punishments for 5–11, 19–21, Hollis, Thomas 130 59–60: see also sedition, treason Hopetoun House 32, 47, 55 relics 147–50 Horace (Quintus Horatius republican symbolism 2, 52, Flaccus) 18, 64, 71 57, 134 and gardens 37 riots 76 Houghton 47 and Romanticism 149–50 Hovingham Hall 36 stumpwork 61–2 Hume, Joseph 2 symbolism, explicit 24–8, 61 Hume, Octavian 2 tartan 37, 83–6, 91–2 Hunt, Henry 155 technology 21 Hunt, John Dixon 32, 39 thaumaturgy 56, 130–1 hunting 49, 66–8 toasts 19, 69, 139–40 uniforms 83–4 Inveraray 39 virtuosi 112 Ireland 68, 70, 151–5, 157 weapons 132–4 treason law 10–11 Jamesone, George 44 Irish Brigades 121–2, 158 Jenkins, J.P. 108 Irvine, James of Drum 119 Jones, Stephanie 104

Jacobitism Karras, Alan 107 alehouses, mughouses and Kellie Castle 46, 75 taverns 30, 95–6, 100–2 Kent, William 33, 38, 39 224 Index

Kidd, Colin 73 Shaftesbury 29–30 Kilmarnock, William Boyd, theory of 3–4, 11, 13, 14, 59, 157–8 4thEarl of 110 Mengs, Raphael 120 King, William 18, 51, 52, 112 Merryweather, Anne 7, 16, 60 Kingston, James Seton, 3rd Mirala, Petri 109 Viscount 67 Mist, Nathanie l60, 101 Kippencross 56 Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord 110 kitsch 21, 88 Monod, Paul Kléber 1, 2, 14, 19–20, Knights, Mark 66 24, 29, 98, 101 Mosman, William 90–1 Lauderdale, Richard Maitland, mughouses, alehouses and 4th Earl of 72 taverns 30, 95–6, 100–2 Law, John 115 Murdoch, Steve 1, 108, 111 Leslie, Charles 60, 115 Murray, John of Broughton 110, 111 liberty 62–3 and the mountains 12, 87, 155 Nationalism in modern Europe 156–7 liberty trees 78, 154 Naturalization Act 8 Licensing Act (1695) 60 Newman, Ian 30 Limerick 10, 11, 34, 132, 154 newspapers 22 Lincoln, Andrew 87 Nicholson, Robin 48 Lole, Peter 105 Nonjuring, andEpiscopalianism 4, Lovat, Simon Fraser, 11th Lord 72 10, 65, 69 Lovelace, Richard 62 Nora, Pierre 4, 157–8 Lullingstone Castle 60 Nunnington Hall 27, 36 Lumisden, Andrew 52, 107, 118, 120–1, 123 Ó Buachalla, Breandan 1 Lyme Park 90, 103, 138 Ó Ciardha, Eamonn 70 Oates, Titus 68 MacDonald, Flora 45, 48, 90, 149 O’Connell, Daniel 155 Macinnes,Allan 85 Oglethorpe, Anne 45 Mack, Maynard 37 Oglethorpe, James 122 McKean, Charles 40, 86 Order del Toboso 107–8, 152 Mackenzie, Niall 16 Order of the White Rose 137 Mackenzie, William Lyon 2, 153 Orleans House 51 Macpherson, James 57 Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) 36, 71 ‘Macpherson’s Rant’ 65 Oxburgh Hall 138 Mar, John Erskine, 23rdEarl of 49, 50, Ozouf, Mona 78 51, 53, 57, 112, 113, 114 and druids 53 Parker, Roszika 62 Marischal, George Keith Perth, James Drummond, 10th Earl 67, 87, 107, 111, 114 3rdDuke of 86–7, 111 Mary, Queen of Scots 73–4, 107, 118 Peterloo 155 Matthews, John 60 Philp of Almericlose, James 85, 121 maypoles 78 pipers 102 medals, and coins 71, 79, 113, Pitcairne, Archibald 26, 77, 99, 118 125–32 Pitsligo, Alexander Forbes, memory, memorabilia and 4th Lord 65, 67, 110, 114 memorialization 70 plasterwork 50, 53–8 coronation 29–30 Pope, Alexander 36, 37, 38, 49, 77 Edinburgh 40–1 Rape of the Lock 1, 21–2 Index 225

Popish Plot 21, 66, 68,98 Society of Antiquaries 112 106, 154 tartan 91–2 Powis Castle 73 taverns and howffs 99 Pyne, Hugh 6 treason law 9–10 Scott, Sir Walter 155 Quye, Anita 85 Sea Serjeants 104, 106, 108, 137 Seddon, Geoffrey 13, 71, 135, 144 Radicalism 152–5 Sedition 6, 59 use of Jacobite symbols 152–3 Sharp, Richard 44 Raeburn, Henry 118 Smeltzing, Jan 126 Ramsay, Allan, sr 53, 99–100, 106, Smollett, Tobias 64, 99 111, 117, 128 smuggling 106 Ramsay, Allan, jr 117, 120 Spurr, John 7 Ramsay, Chevalier Andrew 65, 108, Stainborough Castle 38 109, 111–12 Steuart of Goodtrees, Sir James 117 Rawlinson, Richard 113 Stewart, Archibald 45 relics 147–50 Stiubhart, Domhnall Uilleam 86 Reynolds, Joshua 119 Stowe 39, 51–2 Ribbonmen 153–4 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Ribiero, Aileen 62 Earl of 37 Richards, Thomas 21 Strange, Robert 24, 41, 88, 116, 117, Act 8 120, 132, 141 Ripa, Cesare 33 Strawberry Hill 39–40 Robertson, Alexander of Swift, Jonathan 52, 99 Struan 82, 99 Stukeley, William 38 Robertson, William 44, 73, 110 Szechi, Daniel 1, 88, 157 Rockites 153–4 Rococo 33–4, 50 Tartan see under Jacobitism, Scotland Roettier family 71, 113, taverns, alehouses and 126–8, 130 mughouses 30, 95–6, 100–2 Rosselli, Matteo 114 Templars 156 royal touch 56, 130–1 Temple Newsam House 27 Runciman, Alexander 120–1 Test Act 10 66 Thatcher, Sarah 17 Theocritus 53, 65 Sacheverell Trial 100 theorysee memory St Margaret, Patroness Thistle, Order of 80 of Scotland 73 Thompson, E.P. 3 St Martin-in-the-Fields 50 Thomson, James 39 St Mary-le-Strand 49 Thriepland of St Michael and All Angels Fingaskfamily 69, 86 (Worcestershire) 50 Tory, definition of 70 Savage, Richard 78 Traquair 37, 43, 45, 46, 77 Scotland 70–1 Treason 5–11, 59–60: see also under architecture 53–8 Jacobitism art networks 112–21 25 Edward III 5, 6 coffee houses 98 1535 Act 6 Freemasonry 65 1702 Act 7–8 privy council 16 Trevisiani, Francisco 43 riots 106, 154 Troyes, François de 43 226 Index

Tullibardine, William Murray, Wallington Hall 47 Marquis of and de jure 2nd Duke Walpole, Horace 39–40, 52 of Athol l82 Walpole, Robert 47, 70, 129 Twyn, John 7 Warren, Mark 23 Wentworth Castle 37, 114 United Irishmen 152–3 Wharton, Philip, Duke of 111 Whiteboys 152–3 Vanbrugh, Sir John 38 Whorwood, Jane 16 Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro) 18, 39, Wills, Rebecca 1 40, 41, 47, 61, 72, 126–7, 142 Windsor Blacks 154 Versailles 29 Woolf, Noel 13 Vickery, Amanda 33 Wynn, Sir Watkin Williams 51, 52, virtuosi 112 104, 138, 144

Wade, John Francis 72 Yates, Frances 61 Wallace, Mark 110 Yester 54