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The Welsh Role in the Jacobites Uprising in the Anglo-Scottish Civil War 1714-1746

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The Welsh Role in the Jacobites Uprising in the Anglo-Scottish Civil War 1714-1746 DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH UNIVERITY OF ABDELHAMID IBN BADIS – MOSTAGANEM- FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE MASTER DEGREE IN «British Civilization » The Welsh Role in the Jacobites Uprising in the Anglo-Scottish Civil War 1714-1746 Presented by Mr: Mehdid Rachid Aymen Board of Examiners: Chairperson: Miss. Bahraoui Sofia University of Mostaganem Supervisor: Mr. Teguia Cherif University of Mostaganem Examiner: Ms. Benmaati F.Z University of Mostaganem Academic Year 2019/2020 Dedication I dedicate this work to: My parents the dearest persons to my hearts Source of my happiness and success in life, Who have raised me to be the person I am today, To my brothers Hichem and Oussama and also to my unique sisters Ikram and Kaowthar For their unconditional support and encouragement to pursue my interests, To my special one Maroua For her love and encouragement, and her patience for the past five years. To my uncles and my friends : Hocine, Abdelmalek, Redha who stood up with me during the best and worst times, To my extended family who have been So supportive And encouraged the fulfilment of this work,To all those who believed in me and proud my Success. and lastly to those who were infected by The COVID19 and all the people who suffered the consequences of the Corona pandemic, To all the Algerian Doctors We say THANK YOU . ii Acknowledgments I would like to convey my heart-felt thanks to my supervisor Mr.Teguia for his help and intellectual pieces of advices which permitted me to accomplish this research. I am particularly indebted to my friend Dr.Robin Jackson who provided me with different documents that have supported my research topic with his thesis, He merits my special thanks. Finally, I am grateful to the library staff of JStore in Oran for the help they provided during my work on the dissertation. Especially Mr.Khaled who gave me the access to the site . As always, and as I am your student so I am responsible for errors and omissions, and I will welcome correction. iii Abstract Great Britain has always been known for its rich and eventful history, and one of these historical events is without any doubt the Jacobean movement that sparked civil war all over the island. Such rebellious movement is widely known to have revolted with the aim of bringing back the rightful Scottish rulers to the throne of England. Despite its direct link to Scotland, the Jacobite movement witnessed support from other regions and more precisely from Wales. The latter role in the jacobean movement and the parliament's reaction to it has been overlooked. In light of this, The present study will examine the role and part of Wales in the region during the Jacobean Revolution and how effective the Welsh were to restore the throne for the Stuarts. The researcher will be able to highlight several different primary sources to place this work together which can include, the testimony of several witnesses, and some historians memoirs that will be analyzed. The dissertation reveals that Wales had indeed supported the Jacobites cause and the Stuarts but had no actual active involvement in this matter. What triggered me to investigate the role of Wales in the Jacobites rebellion is the lack of research on Welsh history. a larger sample is needed for future research. Key Words : - Great Britain - Civil war -The Stuarts -The Jacobites - Jacobean Movement - Wales, -The parliament iv Content Dedication……….……….………………………………………………………………………....I Acknowledgments…………….…………………………………………………………………...II Abstract…………….…………………………………………..……………...…………………..III Content……………………………………………………………………………………………. IV List of Maps ………………………….…………..……………………………….…...………….. VI General Introduction…………….………………………………………………….1 Chapter One: Britain under the Stuart Dynasty (1603-1714) 1.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………….…………………………...03 1.2 The Stuart’s Accession to the Tudors 1603 ……………………………………………………03 1.3 The Royal Family Policies and its Backgrounds ……………………………………………….04 1.4 Religion ………………………………………………………………………………...………08 1.5 The Glorious Revolution …………………………………………………………………….…09 1.6 The Jacobite Movement …………………………………………………………………..……11 1.7 England, Scotland and Ireland ……………………………………………………………….…12 1.8 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………13 Chapter Two : The Jacobean Cause in Wales (1689-1746) 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………...…………….……..14 2.2 Views over the Role of Wales in the Civil War (1689-1715) ………………………………….14 v 2.3 Jacobite Wales (1715-1746) ……………………………………………………………………16 2.4 The Welsh Jacobites Leaders ……………………………..……………………………………22 2.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………..24 Chapter Three : The Jacobean Welsh Societies VS the English Parliament 3.1 Introdution ……………………………………………………………………………………25 3.2 The Welsh Society and Jacobitism ……………………………………………………………25 3.3 Wales Place in the Realm during the Anglo-Scottish Civil War ………………………………28 3.4 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………...……………32 General Conclusion………………………...………………………………..………………...33 vi List of Maps Map 01 : Rednorshire Anti-Jacobitism Region ……………………………………………….…..18 Map 02 : Carmarthenshire Anti-Jacobitism Region ……………………………………………..…19 Map 03 : The South West Coast of Wales ………………………………………………...……….21 Map 04 : Percentage of Welsh Speakers by Main Region …………………………………………29 Map 05 : River Taff in Wales ………………………………………………………………………31 vii General Introduction For many, Scotland was the only stronghold and fierce supporter of the Stuarts royal family, but the fact is that there is a second side of the island that one can also consider supportive of the Stuarts and the Jacobites. Wales which was always considered as the underdog took a stand with the Jacobean king and supported him. For this reason, Wales was considered the bastion of hope for the King’s return to the throne, while it was a source of concern to others such as the British Parliament, especially after their participation in the Jacobean revolutions, and the Jacobite movement seemed reassured that the Walsh would remain loyal to the Stuarts, and they were considered the most stubborn supporters of the banned dynasty. Although, many historians note that the Jacobean cause in Wales was not noteworthy at best or was not present at worst. And this is mainly because the events between 1688 and 1746 were studied religiously by many historians. And this made them all focused on researching and publishing exclusively about the struggles in Scotland, England, and Ireland. In this regard, Wales has had very few research or publications related to Jacobitism, or the place of Wales in the United Kingdom and the extent of its importance among other kingdoms, or its effectiveness in important historical events and dates such as the Jacobite movement. In order to highlight the role of Wales in the Jacobite movement, the following questions are put forward : 1- In case the Stuarts politics were the reason behind the instability in the kingdom, so under what circumstances exactly did the Jacobite movement start? 2- In case Wales was indeed supportive of the Jacobite cause then how effective was Wales on the ground to support the king at the expense of Parliament and return him to take over the reins of power? 3- What was the position of the Welsh community on the armed Jacobite revolution, and what were their methods of supporting the Jacobite cause? 4- For every action there is a reaction and therefore, What was the parliament reaction of the Welsh stand, and how did Parliament deal with the Welsh society? 8 According to these questions, One might suggest the following hypotheses : 1- The Stuarts dynasty and politics created a hostile environment between the king and the parliament which led to the birth of the Jacobites movement. 2- Wales had no active involvement in the Jacobean revolution, and it may have led the Jacobean king to lose his chance to regain the throne. 3- The Welsh community refused the armed revolution and chose the peaceful methods to express their support to the banned king. 4- The parliament was worried about the Welsh support to the Jacobites movement, but it chose the satirical approach as a reaction to the Welsh stand. For that, and in order to investigate the rightfulness of the above hypotheses, this work has been divided into three chapters. The first one titled “Britain under The Stuarts Dynasty (1603- 1714)”, Sheds the light on the Stuarts politics since the accession, and the events during their time. Then in the second chapter entitled “The Jacobean Cause in Wales”, focuses on the role of Wales in the Jacobite movement. Finally, the last chapter highlights The Jacobean Welsh society and its feud with the parliament. However, the central goal of all the three chapters remains the same, to determine the Welsh role in the Jacobites uprising in the Anglo-Scottish civil war. This work is a qualitative research study, that intends to describe the relationship between the Welsh and the Jacobite movement relying on the descriptive and the analytical methods. 9 Chapter One: Britain under The Stuart Dynasty (1603-1714) Chapter One Britain under the Stuart Dynasty (1603-1714) Introduction This chapter is an introduction to the Stuart dynasty; it first deals with the Stuarts accession to the Tudors, then their politics in ruling England and Great Britain, which is followed by the role of religion at the time. Next, the chapter will discuss the uprising of the Glorious Revolution and the Jacobites movement in the seventeenth century in England, Scotland and Ireland. 1. The Stuart’s Accession to the Tudors (1603) The 17th century witnessed many ups and downs in the history of England, but the most outstanding event that shook the whole kingdom and caused the end of the Tudors as a ruling dynasty was the death of the Virgin Queen Elizabeth I and the accession of the Scottish Stuarts royal family to the throne of England in 1603. It could be argued that the great achievement of the Tudors was not the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 15881, rather, the great triumph of the Tudors and the final proof that the Wars of the Roses2 were really over, is the peaceful accession of the Stuarts in 1603 (Bucholz.p131).
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