International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848 p-ISSN: 2348-795X Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals Volume 05 Issue-01 January 2018

Study of Allopathic Medical System in Valley (1864-1900) Davood Ahmad Khanday & Dr. Shanti Dev Sisodia 1Research scholar Jiwaji University Gwalior [email protected] 2Assistant Professor Jiwaji University Gwalior [email protected] Abstract During the colonial era,missionary doctors medical work. Present study will focus on the tend to reachremote areas of the world majorly progress made by Kashmirin the field of for treating sick people and to expertise in the medicine with the help of missionaries. It will field.Similarly, the back side of the work was to also discuss at length and breadth the pass the sacred massage of Jesus into the contribution of these medical missionaries heathen lands and the best mode was medicine. healing bodies of Kashmiris during the area of The Kashmir valley came to benefit from such study. missionaries in 2nd half of 18th century. During 1. Introduction the time, the health system of people was very Kashmir has been ruled by different dynasties poor as they totally were dependent on the from time to time by both locals and foreigners ancient medical systemslike Ayurveda and belonging to different religions. The rulers unani.With the advent of 19th century, Kashmir were tyrant as well as resourceful which witnessed various diseases, famines and floods. effected all the domains of life.1. The The first aide by state govt. was totally production from land could hardly earn miserable as they were interested only in livelihood but still people could enjoy their life collecting the revenue. The health system was provided the ruler was sympathetic but if the degrading day-by-day in all spheres of life and same happened to be cruel the consequences people were in all the way hoping some were altogether different.Kashmir had seen miracle that can only improve their health gooddays in religion, medicine, philosophy, system.And by the advent of Christian literature, sculpture and astronomy. Charaka missionariesin 2nd half of 19th century, with and Narhari were two famous writers on medicine as the foremost tool to propagate medical science that flourished in early , people take a sigh of relief as they periods2. During Muslim rulemany rulers opened various health dispensaries at their ascended the throne but Zain-ul-Abdin is the own cost. Firstly, it was Rev Clark after his two one who is still remembered by every Kashmiri seasonally visitsto Kashmirwith his wife Hindu or Muslim and is famous by the name of Elizabeth opened first dispensary in Downtown “Badh Shah”. He promoted medicine and all Srinagar. The trend was continued by most theother important social welfare departments famous medical missionary doctors of the times during his reign (1420-70 A.D). His whole life who emanated to the valley and spend either remained busy in social works to uplift his whole or the best of their life in Kashmir, subjects. He was a great lover of art, literature treating people.This work of medical and science and patronised all brainy scholars missionaries had far-reaching effects on all the and learned men. He translated many important domains on Kashmir valley especially on Persian booksto Sanskrit and vice versa3. The

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women healthwas given prominent importance, because almost all the rulershappened to be hakims and vaidyas bloomed during his tenure. tyrants who just made the life of people At that time, the name Shri Bhatta who was a miserable10.During the visit of some Britishers court physician had a name along with the in 2nd half of the 19th century, a report came other hakims and vaidyas. Once when the from Dy. Commissioner performing a special emperor Zain-ul-Abdin was suffering from a duty by visiting Cashmere, to Government of malicious boil which couldn‟t be cured by the Punjab on 10 December 1861 that “The people hakims and vaidyas of the court, Shri Bhatta in Kashmir are wretchedly poor and in other was called to cure the same who did it country their state would be almost one of successfully. Thereafter he had a good place in starvation and famines”11.By these thoughts, the royal court among other physicians. He was since Britishers started to visit Kashmir and it also promoted as officer-in-charge of medical was firstly the Rev Clark who after his two sciences in the empire. The other vaidyas who seasonally visitswith his wife Elizabeth opened served in his court and flourished medical first dispensary in Downtown Srinagar city12. science were Karpura Bhatta, Siva Bhatta and The other namely Moorcroftwith his visit, Ramanand. The king himself was interested in wrote that,“at one time I see the condition of medical science and used to personally people very bad, suffering from most deadly prescribe medicines to the patients4andopened diseases”13. So, their advent was welcomed by many schools and helped the students by the people as it was the right time to heal providing them all type of facilities for bodies and save souls. It was also very learningsubjects5. The emperor opened many fortunate moment for the people of valley that hospitals and dispensarieswhere well trained somebody came to them to give them a little midwives from Samarqand served. He sent relief from their sufferings. The picture of rest many scholars to central and to learn of India was totally different the missionaries science and other branches. He was a great had started medical work before a long time patronas many scholars from other places also and now at various places hospitals and came to his court due to his interest in dispensers were erected and people get learning6,7.Similarly, the natural calamities like opportunity to use western medicines to floods, earthquakes, destructive fires and overcome different diseases14. dangerous diseases were putting hurdles in this 2. Medical missionaries and their work progress. Nature had always been cruel in the in valley valley, as floods were followed by famines. There have been various eminent and profound Floods were caused by early rainfall or snow in researchers that have visited the Kashmir the harvesting season, which destroyed the valley and are discussed as under crops. These natural calamities dramatically 2.1. Clarks affect the demographic structure of the valley, Rev. Robert Clark and his wife Elizabeth one among was the deadly disease cholera that where the two first evangelists who started had affected the valley from centuries. The working in Srinagar. Despite a little opposition cholera was first experienced in 15988 (end of from ruling class they managed to rent a house 16th century). Thescarcity of food resulted in in downtown Srinagar, but when they entered sickness and starvation9 and even during the house they had to face opposition from the Afghan, Sikh and Dogra rule the trend people too. They did not lose hope and shift to continued and people had to suffer a lot one of the state headquarters which was later

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named by people as European Quarters. Mr annually. He also received cloistered aid from Clark and his wife were devoted evangelists within the United Kingdom. He devotes all that and worked with great zeal and in a very less money to improve the health condition of time they were very close to the people15. It people in the vale. To be more effective was the couple who opened the first allopathic Elmslie learned kashmiri, Sanskrit and Persian, dispensary in Srinagar near Nawa Kadal on so that he could understand the native people May 2, 1864. The dispensary engrossed the well.After few years he translated English to attention of people and became well-known to Kashmiri dictionary which helped his the whole society in less time. Patients successors in understanding the society18. increased day-in and day-out, therefore the As he started his work the number of patients Clarks wanted to stay whole year, but the was less but at the end pf the same month the permission was not granted.At that time number of patients was 53, means the number permission was not given to any European to of patients increased very fast. For first stay for the whole year in Kashmir they must summer the number of patients was very high leave during winters, therefore the couple (over 2000 patients), which reveals the work of worked for two summers in the valley and laid doctor. To baptise the patients a special a foundation stone for the coming preaching address was given to the patients and doctors16.Thus Clarks will be known to every their attendants in kashmiri became every day kashmiri for their work in the valley and the work. The dispensary became famous in less enthusiasm with which he faced all the hurdles time and people from faraway villages started placed in the way by the state and people. to come also. Elmslie was an able doctor, a 2.2. Dr. Elmsile good surgeon who was the first to use The system familiarized by Clarks was the chloroform inhalation and saved the lives of his modern system of medicine developed in west patients. He successfully removed stone from known as allopathy (“allo” means opposite bladder of patient without any X-rays during pathos means suffering). This system of that time19. When Elmslie came back in 1866 medicine was then used by Dr William Elmslie he stayed in the European Quarters because the in the valley, who was a Scottish doctor posted previous house he stayed was not available. by Church Missionary Society (CMS) in The routine continued till his life he used to kashmir. On May 4, 1865 he reached Srinagar come in May and leave in October. He must and lent a house. The house he lived in was start his work in a tent until the quarter was also used by him as a dispensary too. He available. Despite this he continued his work started his workonly after five days after his with great passion. He was a great physician arrival. On the same day when he started his and nice surgeon used to cure the dangerous medical work, he wrote in his diary: diseases like breast cancer, removal of stone “Today is memorable in the history of Kashmir from bladder, Kandi Cancer (Cancer caused by Medical Mission, from the fact that I opened fire pot). Cystic tumour etc. Locals call him my dispensary this morning. . . Here patients “Padree Doctor Sahab” with great respect20. are Seen one by one. The number present With this great success in the valley Elmslie today was ten.”17 had a few setbacks which hampered his work As he was posted in the valley, he was given in the valley. Once he went to Hazratbal Shrine 1,200 to launch a mission, 180 personal salary in the Srinagar with his fellows to save souls, annually and 150 for mission expanses as he started to teach them the lesson of

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Christianity the people got angry and doctor medical missionary doctor who had such a had to run from the spot. This scene was great welcome by the then Maharaja of Jammu observed by Rev William Jenkins like this: and Kashmir. Maxwell was the nephew of “…. Regardless of intent, Dr Elmslie should Maharajas friend Genral Jhon Nicholson (one have been more aware of the potential for among the political officers in kashmir). The violent reaction, by the moslems, when he stood rivalry thus ended to some extent and he was on top of one of their sacred places to given a house to live in and a site at which a denounce heir God. I have written to him hospital was erected.25The site granted in the regarding this matter, with the firmest of north of the city for hospital was on the hill instructions that he should ask of his servants known as Rustum Ghaddi. This was the before preaching if such a place is suitable.”21 beginning of the mission hospital and a great Another mistake was not done by him to create step by the state towards the upliftment of any mischief but unfortunately it turned against modern medicine.26Due to ill health condition him. It was when a patient died during a Maxwell had to leave only after two years. This surgical operation in the dispensary. Both the was the unfortunate moment for the people incidents had negative impression on the because he could have made a remarkable people of valley. Besides this the state and the success in the medical mission with state local Hakims also put hurdles in the work of collaboration because state always showed doctor but all the things were faced by him negative attitude to the missionaries. It was successfully and won the heart of everybody22. beginning of a new medical culture based on He worked in the remote areas of valley to see the modern western style and the doctors also the sick and it is clear from the missionary belonged to west. A new face arrived the valley records that he worked hard during the Cholera in 1877 known as Dr Edmund Downes took epidemics of 1868.23 After a break of some over the charges of the newly erected hospital time he came back with his wife Margaret in the valley. whom he had married during this break in 2.4 Dr. Downes and his work Scotland in 1870. He as a routine left in When Dr Downes was approached for medical October 1872, but never come back. He died mission to Kashmir, he was working in Royal peacefully in the way due to his ill health in Artillery. He resigned his commission and left Punjab on November 18, 1872. He will be for the valley. As he reached Kashmir he had to remembered in the valley all time for the great took over the charge of hospital in his hands service he provided to the people of Kashmir. and added few new huts to it. Now the hospital He expressed his love for the valley in the could accommodate 100 patients at a time. He following words: earned a good reputation during his six years “It seems to me a perfect paradise, which stay in Kashmir byconsolidating and extending should know nothing butPeace and plenty, this medical mission planted by purity and joy.”24 Elmslie.28Downes was a good surgeon with 2.3 Dr Theodore Maxwell and the Birth extra ordinary skills in this field that made him of a hospital a successful doctor in the valley. After the premature death of Elmslie CMS Unfortunately, a terrible famine struck in the placed Dr Maxwell in 1874. His posting to year of his arrival by which population was kashmir was a great benefit to the health reduced to two and a half lack only29. This system of kashmir. Maxwell was the only three-year famine deserted every edible thing,

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therefore people began to eat carcass and other “It was dark before the needs of all had been sub-standard foods. People died with hunger met. "You see what it is," Downes said that and the sub-standard foods caused epidemic night as they sat by a crackling pinewood fire. diseases like cholera which increased death " The hospital is like a fire in the darkness. rate.30 Sparks are lit from it and carried-who knows Mr Wade says:“To-day I have riddenthrough a where! North, south, east, and west they go - great part of the city,and I saw a large number ten, fifty, hundreds of miles. The patients ofpersons, especially children and women, understand little of what we say, but they all whom death certainly has marked for his own understand what we are trying to do. And the very shortly. A half-dozentimes I tried to buy sparks that are carried-some of them burst into and distribute some kulchas— smallcakes made a tiny flame. It's worthwhile to keep the fire of the flour of Indian corn, rice or wheat— and burning!".33 wasas often mobbed. Poor children crept from These were the dark days for the people of underneath theverandah boards of closed valley, when there was no body to help the shops, and others from holes andcorners that hungry, diseased, poor and helpless people, it pariah dogs generally occupy, and was the medical mission doctors like Downes, surroundedmy pony. Parda women, and Wade and the others who tried every kind of apparently most respectablemen, stopped and help that could be made possible by the begged and struggled for a piece of bread.I doctors. More men were employed for the found it impossible to keep the people from relief work, so that all possible help could be thronging me,or to maintain anything like done. Relief camp was set in the hospital and order. Directly I obtained any kulchas, the almost two thousand (2000) people were given hungry pressed upon me, the stronger relief simultaneously. Medical staff also does pushingaside the weaker, and al l reaching regular rounds in the other districts of valley to forth their hands, andbegging or screaming, see patients. At hospital an orphanage was also they laid hold of my coat. They tookbread out started for the patients in which four hundred of my pockets. Two men with baskets of (400) inmates stayed at that time, which later bread,from whom I attempted to purchase were claimed by their families. Therefore, the some, were besiegedand their bread speedily hospital gained reputation and the number of seized and eaten. After havingpaid for the patients increased enormously. In 1882 Dr bread, I made my escape by riding as fast as Downes was joined by Dr Arthue Neve till Icould away from the hungry crowd.”31 Autum he enjoyed and get experience by the Throughoutthis famine Dr Downes worked company of Dr Downes. Now Dr Downes had hard and went to see patients in remote areas. to leave because of ill-health, the service he did Not only this but Dr Downes and his fellows to the people in the valley is noteworthy.34 took over the work of relief for the effected 2.5 Neve family people and raised voice against the corrupt Dr Arthur Neve graduated from and government. In the year of 1882 alone Dr was followed by his brother Earnest Neve. Downes treated one thousand (1000) inpatients Arthur was one of the brilliant student at at hospital.32we can understand the situation Medical Mission School at Edinburgh and best when Dr Downes advises the new comer worked as a fellow at Edinburgh Royal College Arthur Neve that: of Surgeons.Church Missionary Society appointed Dr Arthur Neve in Kashmir for the

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public service. At that time Dr Drownes was in the hospital and started the treatment of service in Kashmir therefore he greeted him wounded patients with Dr Thomas and others. and enjoyed his company till his retirement in Rev. Rowland Bateman, who was there on autumn. Downes made Arthur aware of every holyday explains the situation in a letter the aspect of the society that he was going to face following words: in his future medical carrier. Dr Arthur also “We went to village 16 miles from Srinagar, brought with him two Indian christens to assist itinerating,on 29th May. Before going to bed at hospital and both of them worked hard with we heard a booming sound less unlike the him.Before leaving the valley Dr Downes report of distant ordnance than anything else, advised Neve that he has to keep burning the only it was evidently not distant at all. Being flame of this mission therefore Neve started tired, we idly wondered what it was and forgot working with great interest and enthusiasm that it. About three o‟ clock next morning there was is why he was conferred Kaisar-i-Hind gold a terrible Shaking. Our village beds, at all time medal after nineteen years of service. 35The lively from other causes, began to dance about most fortunate day came after two months of the room with us on them. The hut we were in Dr Neves arrival, when Indian Christian doctor was made of wood, and did not fall as the Dr. B.K. Thomas from Punjab came along with plaster did, so we were only smothered in dust. his brother and their families and joined the A large silk factory next door fell with a staff. Dr neve had brought carbolic steam-spray terrible crash. A piteous wail arose from all the which helped him very much to treat the inhabitants. Nextmorning, we were in doubt patients that need it. He always tried to have which way to go, not knowing whether a friendly relations with the state officials and similar shock had been felt in Srinagar. We always tried to meet the British residents so decided to return. Not far from our door we that hospital could work in harmony with state saw the sole survivor of a family digging for its development.36Despite bad political graves for his wife and child, his sister and her conditions 7,562 patients were seen in the year child. There were none wounded. Those who 1883 and 450 surgical operations were did not escape were dead. We trudged back executed. He also had rounds in faraway through mud and rain to the city. The villages situated in the Pir Panjal region and convulsion had been less and less severe in Banihal road.In one of the villages in north of every village we reached, but just as we entered the river Jhelum Dr Neve treated a boy whose Srinagar we saw in one place twenty-one fires name was Kabira who could not run because of consuming the bodies of as many soldiers who illness but after a successful surgery the boy were being summoned toparade as we passed had an opportunity to run again. 37In 1885the the day before. The Mission Hospital was Valley was hit by a brutal earthquake on 30 almost uninjured, though there was a sad loss May 5:00 am, people shouted everywhere and in glass and drugs. We rested, I am sorry to came out of houses, but everybody could not say, on Sunday instead of going out as we escape of this shock. This severe earthquake should have done had we known that the takes thousands of lives and wounded district which we had been going to had thousands of people as well as animals. suffered much more than the capital.39 On Bandipora and Sopur suffered the most the Monday Mr Knowles and I went out to collect houses of people were dashed to the ground by the wounded in boats and bring them to the this earthquake.38 Dr Neve immediately ran to hospital which DrNeve established on the river

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bank at Baramulla. This work lasted for a “Arthur Neve was everywhere, in and out of fortnight. I t was soon apparent that we had to filthy plague ridden houses, up and down the count the dead by thousands. There can hardly reeking alleys, and all the time carrying the have been less than three thousand deaths in work of the hospital.”43 the district we traversed in that time. The Like Arthur Neve, his brother also went to proportion of wounded to dead was everywhere every nook and corner of the valley to see sick surprisingly small, but there was plenty to do. and to propagate Christianity among the people And every day the cases became worse from in the heathen land. The results were neglect and delay. Bones began to reunite all dramatically different regarding converts in crooked, dislocations to get hopelessly stiff, Kashmir because the converts were very few. wounds to gangrene and mortify, and systems Still the Mission continued to help people grew less able to bear the operations which weather they are sick, poor or hit by any earlier might have been unnecessary.”40 natural calamity. Younger brother of Dr Arthur This letter of Rev. Rowland Bateman makes it followed his brother in this work as he clear how much work done the medical mission followed him in education. He also worked in those dark days. Hospital remained open all very hard in hospital and outside, set medical the time, for the patients and doctors worked camps in Islamabad‟s Wazeer Bagh, day and night to see patients. Set medical (Anantnag) Aishmuqam, Bawan, (Mattan) camps in the faraway districts and distributed Vernag, Achibal, Sopur Baramulla, etc. As Dr medicine, food and clothes to the effected Arthur Neve keep the flame burning advised by people. After some time, Dr Arthur Neve Dr Downes same thing was done by Dr Earnest managed to visit the most effected district Neve.44 After six (1892) years of Dr Earnest Baramulla and spend few days to see the Neve‟s arrival kashmir was once again struck patients, distributed money, medicineand by cholera. The number of deaths in villages clothes among the needy. Thus, we can get an was 5,931 and in Srinagar it was 5,781.45 idea of hard work, great zeal and eagerness Earnest neve this time served at hospital while among the doctors who worked in the valley at big brother set medical camps in villages. From that time.41By the local‟s, Dr Arthur Neve was the arrival of Dr Earnest Neve, the patients nicknamed as Bijli Sahib (Mr Lightning)which treated in hospitals where 853 in-patients, indicates how fast he was while doing his 8,688 Out-patientsand total number of patients work. This mission was further strengthened by who visited hospital were 20,606. The number Dr Earnest Neve brother of Dr Arthur Neve in of patients seen in camps in winter in villages 1886, he had also graduated from Edinburgh was 2,022. Total number of working days in Medical Mission School.Ernest like his brother villages was 90 (days) in winter and summer worked as a fellow of the Royal College of from 1887 to 1993 and the patients seen was Surgeons of Edinburgh.42 He released the 5,167. Number of total surgical operations pressure of his brother at hospital in Srinagar done in and outside hospital 2,589 (major 503 and Arthur got time to see patients everywhere and minor 2,086).46The number of lepers and in the valley and he also started his recreational lunatics in Kashmir in 1890 was 133 and from activities like mountaineering. A P Shepherd 1891-92, 103 were treated. The state also wrote about Arthur during the time he was in showed positive attitude towards medical Valley: Mission and provided a hospital to the same for lepers.Inpatients in 1896 were 1,300 and

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Outpatients 36,000 and surgical operations boards with the name at the head of each bed performed from 1889 to 1899 were in red letters, the pale green walls and mirror 30,000.Describing Outpatients Earnest Neve like floors all combine to make a pretty picture; wrote: this is enhanced by the feeling of underlying “Here we see people disfigured by large utility.”51 goitres, crippled with chronic rheumatism, and Neve family (especially)does a remarkable some with their faces so marred by the disease work in the valley and developed the medical as to impel them to keep them hidden from system by working day and night.Therefore, sight. The blind with cataract or ophthalmia, we can say that the candle lighted by Clarks in the halt and maimed, paralysed or sufferers of the dark land turned into a shining star with the diseases of bones or joints, the cancer stricken, efforts of Maxwel, Downers and the Neves, those afflicted with dropsy, lepers, and crowds which lighted the whole valley. These men with every variety of surgical aliment, toil up to along with the other missionary doctors the steps to the waiting room as the mid-day transformed the small health centre into well- gun is fired.”47 developed institution. Not only this, Neve This shows the last years of 19th century people brother also authored many important books of Kashmir have shown very much interest in about all spheres of the Kashmir Valley and the modern western medicine.48 The Mission published someimperative research papers that Hospital developed very fast in all spheres, task proved to be most valuable for the populace.52 of rebuilding the hospital started in 1888 and Same process continued hospital developed, continued for 80 years. The total cost was waiting hall was enlarged that could 60,000 that were met by local contribution and accommodate 200-300 hundred people back medical fees of patients. In 1896 the hospital time, number of consultation rooms increased, was extended and could accommodate 125 X-ray room, a microbiology laboratory, a patients that were increased to 150 patients in dispensary, and two operating theatres were 1914. From 1914-1924 the number of added. Therefore, till the death of Dr Arthur outpatients increased to 166,000and 46,699 Neve by fever on 5, September 1919 the operations were performed.49 The two brothers Mission Hospital very much well developed. were joined by their niece Nora (1898) and Dr He was buried at Srinagar in in Christian Arthur‟s wife Mrs Bessie Neve in 1911. The Graveyard. State funeral was ordered and neve family with the rest of missionary doctors people of all classes, religions and races united developed the old small hospital into the for this great personality to pay tribute. The modern one. While commenting on the work of deep sorrowfulness was expressed by the Nora Neve: organisations and the Maharaja in the “I have already referred to the most important following words: and valued work done by Miss Neve as Geographical Journal in 1919 noted: Superintendent of Nursing. To this we owe “He probably did more than anyone who ever much of the efficiency of the hospital.”50 lived towards the amelioration of suffering for On other occasion Earnest Neve writes: various native races of that country among “In the broad verandahas there are lines and whom his reputation was extraordinary.”53 lines of polished black iron bedsteads, Anjuman-i-Nusrat-ul-Islam: occupied by patients. . . their white clothes and “In recognition of the innumerable favours, happy faces, the scarlet blankets and neat grey which the Kashmiris in general, and Muslims,

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enjoyed at his hands, the Anjuman, on behalf of important factor in explaining the growth of the Muslims of Kashmir, places on record the medical missions.”57 The church missionary deep sorrow and extreme regret felt by the doctors spread a new medical knowledge of latter on the lamented and untimely demise of west with zeal, kindness and great care among the Late Dr Arthur Neve.”54 the populace of the valley suffering from Hindu Santan Darma Sabah: terrible diseases, poverty, famines and other He had special and sincere love of the country natural disasters. In kashmir the trend to move and its inhabitants, and served all classes of to the hospital ward started in the late people without the difference of class or sex. nineteenth century and early-twentieth century, Similarly, the people loved him heartily. By his but due to skilled mission doctors who came to sudden and unexpected death, the valley has the valley it developed rapidly. The doctors lost a valuable special medical aid, of which provided medical care to the whole community we were proud.”55 and did not work based on cast, colour, Maharaja to Earnest Neve: religion, sex, and race. They faced ignorant, “He has been my very old friend, and his loss superstitious and poor people with compassion is irreparable to my country and the valley of and affection that changed the mindset of Kashmir. He used to do great medical work; he people towards them and people started to was so popular; and kind to the public. His respect them. The doctors faced firm death is really a great loss.”56 opposition from the state authorities‟ and It really was a countless loss to the people of sometimes from people, but they never give up. valley as they lost such a great doctor who left They crossed the lofty and dangerous his sweet home and spend his whole life Himalayan mountains with no roads, were helping the people of Kashmir Valley suffering encounters with wild animals always loomed, from natural disasters, vicious epidemics like but without bothering of their lives they made Cholera, and deadly famines. He will always be entry to the valley. The medical mission in a shining star for the populace for developing Kashmir was not a result of colonial motives the modern medical system in the valley. It was like other countries and states of India, but it the hard work of Dr Neve and his fellows who was established by Church Medical Missionary in less time despite many difficulties made to provide medical assistance to the diseased allopathic medicine so popular and trusted people. It is very interesting that the missionary among people. doctors do not show any rivalry with the 3. Conclusion traditional medical system and their medicine Missionaries does great medical work in many got popularity because of their generosity and countries, but the work done by them in fruitful results in the valley. All the mission medical field of Kashmir was extraordinary. doctors who came to Kashmir were committed They got admiration in the whole valley and to serving the population, but the work done by people came to in large numbers to the mission Dr Arthur Neve is noteworthy. The people of hospital for treatment. The recognition goes to Kashmir will never forget the doctors and their them for the popularization of biomedicine or service offered by the them to the people in at least certain aspects of biomedicine in those dark days and years. It was due to rivalry Kashmir. According to Williams: “This with medical missionaries that state had to step underlining of the place of benevolence in forward in this area. The converts were very missionary strategy is probably the most small in number about which Dr Earnst says,

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“Of those who have been baptised in Kashmir, [15]. A. P. Shepherded, “Arthur neve of several have sooner or later kashmir” Church Missionary Society,1926, p11- apostatized58”.Therefore, it is clear that the 12 service provided by the missionary doctors was [16]. A Memoir of William Jakson based on humanitarian grounds. Elmsile,Seed Time in Kashmir, JK Books References Kashmir, 2014,P84 [1]. Prem Nath Bazaz,“Inside Kashmir” The [17]. Ibid, p 96 Kashmir Publishing Co, 1941, p3 [18]. Sec 3 part 13, CMS Collection of lives [2]. Ibid, pp,8-10. of Missionaries held at the Church Mission [3]. Mohibbul Hasan, “Kashmir Under Society, Adam Methew publications London, Sultans” Ali Mohammad and sons, 2005,pp86-90 2002 p168 [4]. Abul Fazal, “Any-e-Akbari” translated [19]. A Memoir of William Jakson Elmsile, into English by Blochman and Jarret, Asiatic Op, cit;p100 Society ofBengal, 1896, Vol. 11, pp288 [20]. Ibid, [5]. P.N.K, Bamzai,“A History of Kashmir, [21]. BU XCMS Church Missionary Society Political, Social and Cultural”Gulshan Archive 1799-1959: Letter from Rev William Books,pp328-329 Jenkins, Missionary Observer to CMS Foreign [6]. Anonymous,“Tarikh-e-Kashmir” Mission Board 1866. Habibgang Collection, Maulana Azad Library [22]. A Memoir of William Jakson Elmsile, Aligrah. Op, cit;p140 [7]. Chitralekha Zutshi, “Kashmir’s [23]. BL: English Presbyterian Missionary contestedPasts”Oxford University Press 2014, Society Records. Microform N Microfiche A. p 258 19469, Mission Board Letter to Donald [8]. Walter Lawrence, “Valley of Morison, December 1887. Kashmir”Gulshan Books, 2011, p 218 [24]. A Memoir of William Jakson Elmsile, [9]. Mohibbul Hasan, Op, cit; pp86-90 Op, cit; p263 [10]. Mohammad Yusuf Saraf, “Kashmir [25]. Arthur Neve F.R.C.S.E,“Thirty Years Fight for Freedom 1819-1947”vol.1 Ferozsons in Kashmir”Edward Arnold London,1913, P 29 Ltd. 32 Empress Road, Lahor, 2005, pp 267-270 [26]. Gulzar Mufti, “Kashmir in Sickness [11]. Report, Report from Dy. Commissioner and in Health”Partridge India,2013, p52 on special Duty at Cashmere to Government of [27]. Ibid, p53 Punjab, dated 10 December 1861. [28]. Ernest Neve, “Beyond the Pir Panjal” [12]. Anonymous, Op,cit; p55 Unwin London, 1912, p266 [13]. Moorcroft W. and GeorgeTre beck, [29]. Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladakh, “Travels in the Himalayan Providences of Compiled under the Quarter Master General in Hindustan and Punjab; In Ladakh and India, the Intelligence Branch Calcutta, 1890, Kashmir, In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and p24 Bokhara,”London J Murry, 1841, p124 [30]. Danish Mehran,„Famine in Kashmir: Its [14]. David Arnold, “The New Cambridge causes and effects, International Journal of History of India” Cambridge University Press, Humanities and Social Science Research‟, 2004,p62 2015, p 8 [31]. Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S, “Beyond the Pir Panjal” Op, cit; p265

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[32]. A.P. Shepherded, Op, cit; p13 Thinking‟,Ecclesiastical History Society, 1982, [33]. Ibid, p36 p279-80 [34]. Ernest F. NeveM.D., F.R.C.S, “Beyond [58]. Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S, Op, the Pir Panjal”Op, cit; p 266 cit;p292 [35]. Ibid, p 267 [36]. Arthur Neve F.R.C.S.E, Op, cit; p 34 [37]. A.P. Shepherded, Op, cit; p37 [38]. Arthur Neve F.R.C.S.E,Op, cit; p38 [39]. Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S, “Beyond the Pir Panjal” Op, cit;p267 [40]. Ibid,p 40 [41]. A.P. Shepherded published, Op, cit; p51 [42]. Gulzar Mufti, Op, cit; p 60 [43]. Earnest F Neve,“Crusader in Kashmir” Seeley Service and Company Limited, 1928, p65 [44]. Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S, Op, cit; p 164 [45]. Walter Lawrence, Op, cit; p 218 [46]. Ibid, p231 [47]. Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S,Op, cit; p279 [48]. Walter Lawrence, Op, cit; p232 [49]. Ashley Carus-Wilson,“Irene Petrie, Missionary to Kashmir” Holder and Stoughton Landon,1905, p181 [50]. Ernest F. Neve, M.D., F.R.C.S, Op, cit; p 281 [51]. Earnest F Neve, „Crusader in Kashmir‟ p 99 [52]. Rais Akhter, Arthur Neve (1859- 1919)and Mission Hospital in Srinagar, Kashmir, Journal of Medical Biography, 2011,P 177-181 [53]. Ibid. [54]. Earnest F Neve,Crusader in Kashmir, Op, cit; p64-65 [55]. Ibid 65. [56]. Ibid. [57]. C.P. Williams, „Healing and Evangelism: The Place of Medicine in Later Victorian Protestant Missionary

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