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Thesis Art History Universiteit Utrecht June 21, 2018 ‘Zeer constich ghedaen ende wel beziensweerdich’ The notes about art and artists in Marcus van Vaernewijck’s Den spieghel der Nederlandscher audtheyt (1568). Context, origins, and a reproduction of the text with added commentary Research Master Thesis Art History Universiteit Utrecht June 21, 2018 Part I – Essay Student: Laurens Kleine Deters, 4015959 MA Arts & Culture (research), Art History of the Low Countries in its European Context Supervisor: dr. Victor M. Schmidt Second reader: dr. Dirk van Miert Contents of Part I Preface 1 I. Literature of art Introduction 4 Literature of art in Antiquity 5 Town and country: chorography 6 Chorographies in the Low Countries 8 The appearance of artist in laudatory poems and elegies 13 Laudatory poems in the vernacular: Lucas d’Heere 16 Lucas d’Heere: a lost canon 22 Towards artist’s biographies: Gerard Geldenhouwer and Dominicus Lampsonius 23 II. Marcus van Vaernewijck Introduction 27 The written oeuvre of Marcus van Vaernewijck: poetic work 30 Descriptions of Flanders and Italy: chronicles and chorographies 32 Travel reports and descriptions of rarities 33 III. Den spieghel der Nederlandscher audtheyt Introduction 36 Illustrations 38 Structure of the text 40 Sources and short overview of the relevant segments 42 Traditions and the circulation of knowledge: Van Eyck self portraits 47 Reading Vasari? 50 Van Vaernewijck as a sculptor 51 IV. Humanists in Antwerp and Liège Introduction 52 Ortelius 52 Cock and Lampsonius: the Pictorum 57 Towards the next generation 60 Epilogue 62 Contents of Part II General introduction 1 Edition of the text 2 Appendices 1. Chronological overview of Marcus van Vaernewijck’s known social and political positions 84 until his death on February 20, 1569 2. Works by Marcus van Vaernewijck published in print during the sixteenth century 85 i 3. Complete alphabetical index of artists, authors, kings, saints, and other names mentioned 86 throughout the edition of the Spieghel 4. Complete alphabetical index of regions, towns, rivers, peoples, and other geographical 88 names mentioned throughout the edition of the Spieghel Bibliography 89 Summary 104 List of illustrations 1. Lambertus Suavius or Hubert Goltzius?, Portrait of Lambert Lombard, in Lampsonius, Lamberti 25 Lombardi apud eburones pictoris celeberrimi vita, 1565, fol. A1r. Engraving, 98 mm. Collection Harvard University, Houghton Library, Cambridge, inv. no. Typ 530.65.510. 2. Johannes Wierix, Portrait of Lambert Lombard, in Pictorum aliquot celebrium Germaniae inferioris 25 effigies, 1572. Engraving, 215 × 133 mm. Collection Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, inv. no. RP-P-1907-603. 3. Pieter de Jode the Elder, Portrait of Marcus van Vaernewijck, ca. 1619. Engraving, 187 × 133 mm. Collection 29 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, inv. no. RP-P-OB-7758. 4. Marcus van Vaernewijck, Monstrous fish, ink drawing in Van die Beroerlicke tijden, fol. 104v, ca. 1566– 34 1568. Collection Universiteitsbibliotheek, Ghent, inv. no. 2469. 5. Marcus van Vaernewijck, Van die Beroerlicke tijden, fols. 104v–105r, ca. 1566–1568. Collection 34 Universiteitsbibliotheek, Ghent, inv. no. 2469. 6. Frontispiece of Marcus van Vaernewijck’s Den spieghel der Nederlandscher audtheyt (Ghent 1568). 37 Collection Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, inv. no. BIB.G.000033. 7. Frontispiece of Marcus van Vaernewijck’s Die historie van Belgis, diemen anders namen mach: Den 37 spieghel der Nederlantscher audtheyt (Ghent 1574). Collection Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, inv. no. BIB.G.000034. 8. Battle scene with Roman pikemen, in Salenson, De cronijcke van Vlaenderen int corte, 1557, fol. D1v. 38 Woodcut, ca. 35 × 45 mm (each). Collection Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, inv. no. BIB.G.000128. 9. Cavalry charging with banners and pikes, in Salenson, De cronijcke van Vlaenderen int corte, 1557, fol. F3r. 38 Woodcut, ca. 45 × 45 mm (each). Collection Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, inv. no. BIB.G.000033. 10. Besieged city wall, in Salenson, De cronijcke van Vlaenderen int corte, 1557, fol. MM2v. Woodcut, ca. 30 × 38 45 mm (each). Collection Universiteitsbibliotheek Gent, inv. no. BIB.G.000033. 11. Bernard Salomon, Colossus of Rhodes, in Thevet, Cosmographie de Levant, 1556, cap. 31, 105. Woodcut. 44 Collection Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica, Paris. 12. Frans Hogenberg? after Abraham Ortelius, Ruinarum Arcis Britannicae apud Batavos Typus, 1566. 45 Engraving, 590 × 435 mm. Collection Altea Gallery, London, inv. no. 14906. 13. Willem van den Broecke, Portrait of Jan van Eyck as Belgarum Splendor, ca. 1562–1563. Sandstone, 39 cm. 49 Collection Museum Vleeshuis, Antwerp, inv. no. VH.5920.2/2. Image source: BALaT KIK-IRPA, Brussels, cliché B016425. 14. Anonymous engraver (formerly attributed to Johannes Wierix), Portrait of Jan van Eyck, in Pictorum 49 aliquot celebrium Germaniae inferioris effigies, 1572. Engraving, 209 × 123 mm. Collection Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, inv. no. RP-P-OB-67.046. 15. Lucas d’Heere, Siren rising from the sea, entry in Album amicorum Abraham Ortelius (1573–1596) fols. 53 28v–29r, d.d. July 6, 1580. Pen and ink wash, 160 × 110 mm (sheet). Collection Pembroke College Library, Cambridge University, inv. no. LC2113. 16. Lucas d’Heere, Siren rising from the sea, entry in Album amicorum Joannes Vivianus (1570–1603) fol. 55r, 54 d.d. April 1, 1580. Pen and ink wash, 202 × 142 mm (sheet). Collection Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, inv. no. 74 F 19. ii 17. Lucas d’Heere, Siren rising from the sea, d.d. August 1, 1576. Pen and ink wash, 329 × 442 mm. Collection 54 Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, inv. no. RP-T-1911-83. 18. Pieter Bruegel, Death of the Virgin, ca. 1564. Oil on panel, 36 × 55 cm. Collection National Trust, Upton 55 House, Warwickshire, inv. no. NT 446749. 19. Ortelius’s eulogy of Pieter Bruegel and epitaph of French medical doctor Jean Thorius in a grotesque 56 frame designed by Hans Vredeman de Vries in Album amicorum Abraham Ortelius (1573–1596) fols. 12v– 13r. Pen and ink wash, 160 × 110 mm (sheet). Collection Pembroke College Library, Cambridge University, inv. no. LC2113. 20. Philips Galle, Portrait of Abraham Ortelius, in Virorum Doctorum de Disciplinis benemerentium Effigies, 58 1572, fol. C6. Engraving, 175 × 120 mm. Collection Museum Plantin-Moretus, Prentenkabinet, Antwerp, inv. no. 4 97. iii Preface* Now mostly known to specialists of the Iconoclastic Fury and the Dutch Revolt, Marcus van Vaernewijck (1518–1569) was a writer, rhetorician, and civic administrator active in Ghent in the second half of the sixteenth century. He is best known for his Van die Beroerlicke tijden in die Nederlanden en voornamelijk in Ghendt, 1566–1568,1 a diary recording the Iconoclastic Fury of August 1566, the Calvinist open-air sermons, and the first stages of the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years’ War. Not surprisingly, the manuscript text has been studied extensively since it was first discovered in the late nineteenth century.2 Van Vaernewijck’s other major work, Den spieghel der Nederlandscher audtheyt, published in 1568 and first reissued in 1574 as Die historie van Belgis, did not nearly receive that degree of scholarly attention, partially because of its reputation as being historically unreliable.3 Nonetheless, the text has to be regarded as both useful and important, more so because of the many notes about art, painters and sculptors scattered throughout it. The Spieghel is one of the earliest, and at the same time one of the most elaborate examples of Netherlandish literature of art. Van Vaernewijck’s text includes one of the earliest ‘Flemish’ artistic canons, albeit a predominantly local one that was meant to shape Ghent’s cultural identity. I should emphasize that writings about art and artists from the Low Countries that predate Karel van Mander’s (1548–1606) Schilder-Boeck of 16044 are * The first part of this thesis is a heavily revised version of a text written during my research internship at the Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, Antwerp (KMSKA). I am most grateful to my supervisor, dr. Victor M. Schmidt, Associate Professor of Art History at Utrecht University, for his support, helpful advice, and many valuable comments. I also thank him for encouraging me to continue work on Van Vaernewijck’s writings after the conclusion of From Alberti to Van Mander, the famed course on Renaissance art theory. I am indebted to dr. Dirk van Miert, Assistant Professor of Early Modern Cultural History at Utrecht University and the second reader of this thesis, for his suggestions and constructive criticism. Finally, my thanks to prof. dr. Manfred Sellink and dr. Christine van Mulders at the KMSKA for reading earlier versions of this text. 1 Marcus van Vaernewijck, Van die Beroerlicke tijden in die Nederlanden en voornamelijk in Ghendt, 1566–1568, Ferdinand Vanderhaeghen ed. (Gent 1872–1881, in v vols.), J. Duverger e.a. (ed.), Nationaal biografisch woordenboek [NBW] vol. viii (Brussel 1979) 799–807. 2 Dirk Coigneau, ‘Calvinistische literatuur te Gent tot 1584’, Jaarboek de Fonteine (1981) 145–166; W. Waterschoot, ‘De rederijkerskamers en de doorbraak van de reformatie in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden’, Jaarboek de Fonteine (1997) 141– 153; Koen Lamont, Het wereldbeeld van een zestiende-eeuwse Gentenaar Marcus van Vaernewijck. Een ideeën- en mentaliteitshistorische studie op basis van zijn kroniek, Van die beroerlicke tijden. Verhandelingen der maatschappij voor geschiedenis en oudheidkunde 30 (Ghent 2005); Anne-Laure van Bruaene and Michal Bauwens, ‘De Sint- Jacobskerk te Gent. Een onderzoek naar de betekenis van de stedelijke parochiekerk in de zestiende-eeuwse Nederlanden’, Handelingen der Maatschappij voor geschiedenis en oudheidkunde te Gent 65 (2011) 103–125. 3 Marcus van Vaernewijck, Den spieghel der Nederlandscher audtheyt. Inhoudende die constructie, oft vergaderinghe van Belgis. […] (Ghent 1568). See Philip Marie Blommaert, De Nederduitsche schrijvers van Gent (Ghent 1862) 76–81; Ferdinand Vanderhaegen, Bibliographie gantoise. Recherches sur la vie et les travaux des imprimeurs de Gand, 1483– 1850 vol. i (Ghent 1858) 151–152 no. 172; Marie-Thérèse Lenger, Ferdinand Vanderhaeghen, Joseph de Reuck (ed.), Bibliotheca Belgica. Bibliographie générale des Pays-Bas vol. v (Brussels 1975) 408–410 no.
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