DOCSLIB.ORG

From the Earliest Descriptions of Its Contents to Its Official Publication By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From the Earliest Descriptions of Its Contents to Its Official Publication By CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION From the earliest descriptions of its contents to its official publication by Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell in the Discoveries of the Judean Desert series (DJD X),1 the document know as 4QMMT has both intrigued and puzzled its readers, and continues to do so. When first announced, this text was understood to be a letter written by the founder of the Qumran community, the so-called Teacher of Right- eousness, to his opponent the Wicked Priest, in order to explain the reasons for the Qumran community’s existence. Given that this text would appear to provide us with valuable information regarding the formation of the Qumran community, it should come as no surprise that many scholars consider it to be one of the most important docu- ments in the Qumran corpus. However, the initial interpretation of this text has been somewhat modified in recent years, and both its genre as a letter and its Qumranic origin have been questioned by some scholars. In spite of these ongoing debates, the contents of this document, when combined with the unfortunate delay in its publica- tion and the subsequent court cases over intellectual property and the copyrighting of ancient manuscripts, have made 4QMMT one of the best known and most interesting texts from Qumran.2 1 E. Qimron and J. Strugnell et al., Qumran Cave 4.V: Miqsat Ma‘aseh Ha- Torah (DJD X; Oxford: Clarendon, 1994). 2 See for example Schiffman, “The New Halakhic Letter (4QMMT) and the Ori- gins of the Dead Sea Sect,” BA 55 (1990): 64-73; Kapera, “How not to Publish 4QMMT in 1955-1991,” in Qumran Cave Four and MMT: Special Report (ed. Z. Kapera; Krakow: Enigma, 1991) 55-67; idem, “How not to Publish 4QMMT. Part II: Spring 1991-Spring 1994,” The Qumran Chronicle 4. No. 1/2 (1994): 41-52; García Martínez, “Discoveries in the Judaean Desert: Textes Legaux,” JSJ 32/1 (2001): 71-89; T. H. Lim, H. L. MacQueen and C. M. Carmichael (eds.), On Scrolls, Artefacts and Intellectual Property (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001). 2 CHAPTER ONE 1.1. RESEARCH AND PUBLICATION HISTORY OF 4QMMT Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell published the editio princeps of 4QMMT (DJD X) in 1994. The title of the document, 4QMMT, was proposed by the editors in 1981. The designation derives from the words “Some of the Works of the Torah” hrwth y#(m tcqm, which were found in line C26 of the composite text in DJD X.3 The manuscripts of this document, numbered 4Q394-399, were found in cave 4 at Qumran and they were delivered to the Palestine Archaeological Museum, now known as the Rockefeller Museum, in Jerusalem during the years 1953-1959. In the DJD edition, photo- graphs of all the fragments were published for the first time with transcriptions of the manuscripts and a composite text based on all of the available manuscripts. The palaeographic analysis of 4QMMT was performed by the edi- tors and Ada Yardeni, who analyzed manuscripts 4Q397 and 4Q398.4 They dated all of the manuscripts palaeographically to the early or mid-Herodian period.5 Earlier, however, Frank Moore Cross had given one of the 4QMMT manuscripts a late Hasmonean date. In his seminal article “The Development of the Jewish Scripts” Cross listed “a late Hasmonean semi-cursive script from an unknown work in Hebrew to be edited by J. Strugnell” and he dated the script to the years 50-20 BCE. In another article Cross referred to 4Q398, and dated it either to the late Hasmonean or the early Herodian period.6 The oldest preserved manuscript is not likely to be the original composition, and the editors dated the document to around 150 BCE. It is generally considered either one of the earliest writings of the Qumran community or, alternatively, pre-Qumranic in its origin.7 3 The Hebrew word My#(m of the title has been translated either ‘precepts’ or ‘works’. 4 Yardeni, “4Q397. 4Q398. Script,” in Qimron and Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4.V: Miqsat Ma’aseh ha-Torah, 21-25, 29-34. 5 DJD X, 3-6; 14; 16-18; 21-25; 29-34; 38-39. 6 Cross, “The Development of the Jewish Scripts,” in The Bible and the Ancient Near East: Essays in Honor of William Foxwell Albright (ed. G. E. Wright; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1961) 149; idem, “Palaeography and the Dead Sea Scrolls,” in The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years: A Comprehensive Assessment. Vol I (ed. P. W. Flint and J. C. VanderKam; Leiden: Brill, 1998) 396-401. 7 Qimron and Strugnell, “An Unpublished Halakhic Letter from Qumran,” in Biblical Archaeology Today: Proceedings of the International Congress on Biblical Archaeology. Jerusalem, April 1984 (Jerusalem: IES, 1985) 401; DJD X, 121. Schiffman views 4QMMT as “a foundation document” of the Qumran sect, “The .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Frank Moore Cross's Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Classics and Religious Studies Department 2014 Frank Moore Cross’s Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls Sidnie White Crawford University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classical Archaeology and Art History Commons, Classical Literature and Philology Commons, and the Jewish Studies Commons Crawford, Sidnie White, "Frank Moore Cross’s Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls" (2014). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 127. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/127 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Frank Moore Cross’s Contribution to the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls Sidnie White Crawford This paper examines the impact of Frank Moore Cross on the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Since Cross was a member of the original editorial team responsible for publishing the Cave 4 materials, his influence on the field was vast. The article is limited to those areas of Scrolls study not covered in other articles; the reader is referred especially to the articles on palaeography and textual criticism for further discussion of Cross’s work on the Scrolls. t is difficult to overestimate the impact the discovery They icturedp two columns of a manuscript, columns of of the Dead Sea Scrolls had on the life and career of the Book of Isaiah .
    [Show full text]
  • Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls: a Question of Access
    690 American Archivist / Vol. 56 / Fall 1993 Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/56/4/690/2748590/aarc_56_4_w213201818211541.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Question of Access SARA S. HODSON Abstract: The announcement by the Huntington Library in September 1991 of its decision to open for unrestricted research its photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls touched off a battle of wills between the library and the official team of scrolls editors, as well as a blitz of media publicity. The action was based on a commitment to the principle of intellectual freedom, but it must also be considered in light of the ethics of donor agreements and of access restrictions. The author relates the story of the events leading to the Huntington's move and its aftermath, and she analyzes the issues involved. About the author: Sara S. Hodson is curator of literary manuscripts at the Huntington Library. Her articles have appeared in Rare Books & Manuscripts Librarianship, Dictionary of Literary Biography Yearbook, and the Huntington Library Quarterly. This article is revised from a paper delivered before the Manuscripts Repositories Section meeting of the 1992 Society of American Archivists conference in Montreal. The author wishes to thank William A. Moffett for his encour- agement and his thoughtful and invaluable review of this article in its several revisions. Freeing the Dead Sea Scrolls 691 ON 22 SEPTEMBER 1991, THE HUNTINGTON scrolls for historical scholarship lies in their LIBRARY set off a media bomb of cata- status as sources contemporary with the time clysmic proportions when it announced that they illuminate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dead Sea Scrolls
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Maxwell Institute Publications 2000 The eD ad Sea Scrolls: Questions and Responses for Latter-day Saints Donald W. Parry Stephen D. Ricks Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi Part of the Religious Education Commons Recommended Citation Parry, Donald W. and Ricks, Stephen D., "The eD ad Sea Scrolls: Questions and Responses for Latter-day Saints" (2000). Maxwell Institute Publications. 25. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/mi/25 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maxwell Institute Publications by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Preface What is the Copper Scroll? Do the Dead Sea Scrolls contain lost books of the Bible? Did John the Baptist study with the people of Qumran? What is the Temple Scroll? What about DNA research and the scrolls? We have responded to scores of such questions on many occasions—while teaching graduate seminars and Hebrew courses at Brigham Young University, presenting papers at professional symposia, and speaking to various lay audiences. These settings are always positive experiences for us, particularly because they reveal that the general membership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a deep interest in the scrolls and other writings from the ancient world. The nonbiblical Dead Sea Scrolls are of great import because they shed much light on the cultural, religious, and political position of some of the Jews who lived shortly before and during the time of Jesus Christ.
    [Show full text]
  • Pesher and Hypomnema
    Pesher and Hypomnema Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah Edited by George J. Brooke Associate Editors Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar Jonathan Ben-Dov Alison Schofield VOLUME 121 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/stdj Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Pesher and Hypomnema A Comparison of Two Commentary Traditions from the Hellenistic-Roman Period By Pieter B. Hartog LEIDEN | BOSTON Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hartog, Pieter B, author. Title: Pesher and hypomnema : a comparison of two commentary traditions from the Hellenistic-Roman period / by Pieter B. Hartog. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2017] | Series: Studies on the texts of the Desert of Judah ; volume 121 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
    [Show full text]
  • 4Qmmt) and Its Addressee(S)
    CHAPTER FOUR TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: MIQSAṬ MAʿAŚE HA-TORAH (4QMMT) AND ITS ADDRESSEE(S) 1. Introduction Long before its official publication in 1994,1 and even before its debut in 1984,2 4QMMT had been characterized as a polemical communi- cation (or “letter”) between the sectarian leadership of the Qumran community, or some precursor, and the mainstream priestly or Phari- saic leadership in Jerusalem.3 This framing of the document overall 1 Elisha Qimron and John Strugnell, Qumran Cave 4. V: Miqsaṭ Maʿaśe Ha-Torah (DJD X; Oxford: Clarendon, 1994), henceforth referred to as DJD X. 2 See articles jointly authored by Qimron and Strugnell in next note. 3 For a concise statement of the generally held view of 4QMMT, see James C. VanderKam, The Dead Sea Scrolls Today (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1994), 59–60. The earliest notices of 4QMMT are as follows: Pierre Benoit et al., “Editing the Manuscript Fragments from Qumran,” BA 19 (1956): 94 (report of John Strugnell, August 1955; the same in French in RB 63 [1956]: 65); Józef T. Milik, Ten Years of Discovery in the Wilderness of Judea (trans. J. Strugnell; London: SCM, 1959; French orig., 1957), 41, 130; idem, “Le travail d’édition des manuscrits du Désert de Juda,” in Volume du Congrès, Strasbourg 1956 (VTSup 4; Leiden: Brill, 1957), 24; idem, in DJD III (1962): 225; Joseph M. Baumgarten, “The Pharisaic-Sadducean Controversies about Purity and the Qumran Texts,” JJS 31 (1980): 163–64; Yigael Yadin, ed., The Temple Scroll (3 vols.; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983), 2.213; Elisha Qim- ron and John Strugnell, “An Unpublished Halakhic Letter from Qumran,” in Biblical Archaeology Today: Proceedings of the International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, Jerusalem, April 1984 (ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Ten Top Biblical Archaeology Discoveries
    Ten Top Biblical Archaeology Discoveries Cover © 2011 Biblical Archaeology Society 1 Ten Top Biblical Archaeology Discoveries Ten Top Biblical Archaeology Discoveries Production and Design Staff: Joey Corbett – Editor Robert Bronder – Designer Susan Laden – Publisher © 2011 Biblical Archaeology Society 4710 41st Street, NW Washington, DC 20016 www.biblicalarchaeology.org © 2011 Biblical Archaeology Society i Ten Top Biblical Archaeology Discoveries About the Biblical Archaeology Society The excitement of archaeology and the latest in Bible scholarship since 1974 The Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS) was founded in 1974 as a nonprofit, nondenominational, educational organization dedicated to the dissemination of information about archaeology in the Bible lands. BAS educates the public about archaeology and the Bible through its bi-monthly magazine, Biblical Archaeology Review, an award-winning Web site (www.biblicalarchaeology.org), books and multimedia products (DVDs, CD-ROMs and videos), tours and seminars. Our readers rely on us to present the latest that scholarship has to offer in a fair and accessible manner. BAS serves as an important authority and as an invaluable source of reliable information. Publishing Excellence BAS’s flagship publication is Biblical Archaeology Review. BAR is the only magazine that connects the academic study of archaeology to a broad general audience eager to understand the world of the Bible. Covering both the Old and New Testaments, BAR presents the latest discoveries and controversies in archaeology with breathtaking photography and informative maps and diagrams. BAR’s writers are the top scholars, the leading researchers, the world- renowned experts. BAR is the only nonsectarian forum for the discussion of Biblical archaeology. BAS produced two other publications, Bible Review from 1985–2005, and Archaeology Odyssey from 1998–2006.
    [Show full text]
  • BSBB9401 DEAD SEA SCROLLS Fall 2018 Dr. R. Dennis Cole NOBTS Mcfarland Chair of Archaeology Dodd Faculty 201 [email protected] 504-282-4455 X3248
    BSBB9401 DEAD SEA SCROLLS Fall 2018 Dr. R. Dennis Cole NOBTS Mcfarland Chair of Archaeology Dodd Faculty 201 [email protected] 504-282-4455 x3248 NOBTS MISSION STATEMENT The mission of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary is to equip leaders to fulfill the Great Commission and the Great Commandments through the local church and its ministries. COURSE PURPOSE, CORE VALUE FOCUS, AND CURRICULUM COMPETENCIES New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary has five core values: Doctrinal Integrity, Spiritual Vitality, Mission Focus, Characteristic Excellence, and Servant Leadership. These values shape both the context and manner in which all curricula are taught, with “doctrinal integrity” and “characteristic academic excellence” being especially highlighted in this course. NOBTS has seven basic competencies guiding our degree programs. The student will develop skills in Biblical Exposition, Christian Theological Heritage, Disciple Making, Interpersonal Skills, Servant Leadership, Spiritual & Character Formation, and Worship Leadership. This course addresses primarily the compentency of “Biblical Exposition” competency by helping the student learn to interpret the Bible accurately through a better understanding of its historical and theological context. During the Academic Year 2018-19, the focal competency will be Doctrinal Integrity.. COURSE DESCRIPTION Research includes historical background and description of the Qumran cult and problems relating to the significance and dating of the Scrolls. Special emphasis is placed on a theological analysis of the non- biblical texts of the Dead Sea library on subjects such as God, man, and eschatology. Meaningful comparisons are sought in the Qumran view of sin, atonement, forgiveness, ethics, and messianic expectation with Jewish and Christian views of the Old and New Testaments as well as other Interbiblical literature.
    [Show full text]
  • The Qumran Collection As a Scribal Library Sidnie White Crawford
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sidnie White Crawford Publications Classics and Religious Studies 2016 The Qumran Collection as a Scribal Library Sidnie White Crawford Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/crawfordpubs This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sidnie White Crawford Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Qumran Collection as a Scribal Library Sidnie White Crawford Since the early days of Dead Sea Scrolls scholarship, the collection of scrolls found in the eleven caves in the vicinity of Qumran has been identified as a library.1 That term, however, was undefined in relation to its ancient context. In the Greco-Roman world the word “library” calls to mind the great libraries of the Hellenistic world, such as those at Alexandria and Pergamum.2 However, a more useful comparison can be drawn with the libraries unearthed in the ancient Near East, primarily in Mesopotamia but also in Egypt.3 These librar- ies, whether attached to temples or royal palaces or privately owned, were shaped by the scribal elite of their societies. Ancient Near Eastern scribes were the literati in a largely illiterate society, and were responsible for collecting, preserving, and transmitting to future generations the cultural heritage of their peoples. In the Qumran corpus, I will argue, we see these same interests of collection, preservation, and transmission. Thus I will demonstrate that, on the basis of these comparisons, the Qumran collection is best described as a library with an archival component, shaped by the interests of the elite scholar scribes who were responsible for it.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of an Era Frank Moore Cross (1921-2012)
    This article is reproduced by the Society of Biblical Literature with permission from Biblical Archaeology Review. The End of an Era Frank Moore Cross (1921-2012) Hershel Shanks • 10/18/2012 There will be a memorial service for Professor Cross in Memorial Church in Harvard Yard on Saturday, November 10th, at 4:00 p.m. We knew it would happen, but it’s still a shock. Frank Cross is dead. I will leave it to scholars to write of his scholarly accomplishments. I will only write of what I know: He stood at the very pinnacle of the profession, universally respected and admired. When he spoke, others stood in awe. The Hancock Professor of Hebrew and Other Oriental Languages at Harvard University, the third oldest endowed academic chair in the United States, Cross was a specialist in the Dead Sea Scrolls, in obscure ancient languages, in the science of dating ancient inscriptions based on the shape of the letters, in the Biblical text and in archaeology, to name but a few. I’ve been at this desk for almost 40 years and by now I can comfortably engage with senior colleagues. In the early years, however, I was a newcomer. I was a lawyer who had never taken a course in archaeology or even in the Bible. In those days, I divided scholars into two categories—those who welcomed novices like me and the other kind, who looked at me from their empyrean heights. Frank was clearly in the former group and I valued his friendship more than I can say.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Studies in the Judaean Desert Isaiah Scrolls and Fragments
    INCORPORATING SYNTAX INTO THEORIES OF TEXTUAL TRANSMISSION: PRELIMINARY STUDIES IN THE JUDAEAN DESERT ISAIAH SCROLLS AND FRAGMENTS by JAMES M. TUCKER A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Martin G. Abegg Jr., Ph.D.; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Dirk Büchner, Ph.D.; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY Date (August, 2014) © James M. Tucker TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations and Sigla i Abstract iv Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.0. Introduction: A Statement of the Problem 1 1.1. The Goal and Scope of the Thesis 5 Chapter 2: Methodological Issues in the Transmission Theories of the Hebrew Bible: The Need for Historical Linguistics 7 2.0. The Use of the Dead Sea Scrolls Evidence for Understanding The History of ! 7 2.1. A Survey and Assessment of Transmission Theories 8 2.1.1. Frank Moore Cross and the Local Text Theory 10 2.1.1.1. The Central Premises of the Local Text Theory 11 2.1.1.2. Assessment of the Local Text Theory 14 2.1.2. Shemaryahu Talmon and The Multiple Text Theory 16 2.1.2.1. The Central Premises of the Multiple Texts Theory 17 2.1.2.2. Assessment of Multiple Text Theory 20 2.1.3. Emanuel Tov and The Non-Aligned Theory 22 2.1.3.1 The Central Premises of the Non-Aligned Theory 22 2.1.3.2. Assessment of the Non-Aligned Theory 24 2.1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Agents of Resurrection in 4Q521, the Sayings Source Q and 4Qpseudo-Ezekiel*
    Agents of Resurrection in 4Q521, the Sayings Source Q and 4QPseudo-Ezekiel* Benjamin Wold, Trinity College Dublin For presentation at Durham University’s Seminar for the Study of Judaism in Late Antiquity (Nov. 11, 2010) Since its publication in 1992, 4Q521 (“Messianic Apocalypse”) has become one of the most discussed discoveries from Qumran.1 The reasons for this are not difficult to understand when fragment 2 column ii is read alongside Matthew 11,1-6 and Luke 7,18-23 (from the sayings source Q). The Hebrew fragment 4Q521 2 ii preserves a reference to a messiah (ln. 1) and shortly thereafter refers to Isaiah 61,1-2 with only one significant addition: the dead are raised (ln. 12). The document 4Q521 is preserved in sixteen fragments and several other references to messiah(s) and resurrection are found among them. The largest fragment is 4Q521 2 ii and reads: Column ii [](1) [](2) vacat (3) (4) (5) (6) [(7) [](8) ][][](9) ][ ](10) []<>(11) [](12) [][][ ](13) * I would like to thank the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung for helping make this research possible. 1 É. PUECH, Une Apocalypse Messianique (4Q521), RevQ 15 (1992) 475-519. There is no clear reason that 4Q521 should be seen as originating with the Qumran community, but rather stems from a broader Palestinian Jewish tradition. See R. BERGMEIER, Beobachtungen zu 4Q521 f 2, II, 1-13, ZDMG 145 (1995) 44-45. Pace PUECH, a late second cent. BCE date of the autograph (4Q521 is likely not the autograph) is possible, but the provenance of the document lacks characteristics that would identify it as Essene; see his, Some Remarks on 4Q246 and 4Q521 and Qumran Messianism, in The Provo International Conference on the Dead Sea Scrolls (STDJ 30), hg.
    [Show full text]
  • 4QINSTRUCTION Wisdom Literature from the Ancient World
    4QINSTRUCTION Wisdom Literature from the Ancient World Leo G. Perdue, General Editor Reinhard Gregor Kratz, Associate Editor Area Editors Bendt Alster Pancratius C. Beentjes Katharine Dell Edward L. Greenstein Victor Hurowitz John Kloppenborg Michael Kolarcik Manfred Oeming Bernd U. Schipper Günter Stemberger Loren T. Stuckenbruck Number 2 4QINSTRUCTION 4QINSTRUCTION By Matthew J. Goff Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta 4QINSTRUCTION Copyright © 2013 by the Society of Biblical Literature All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goff, Matthew J. 4QInstruction / Matthew J. Goff. p. cm. — (Wisdom literature from the ancient world ; number 2) ISBN 978-1-58983-782-9 (paper binding : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58983-783-6 (electronic format) — ISBN 978-1-58983-784-3 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. 4QInstruction. 2. Wisdom literature—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title. BM488.A15G635 2013 296.1'55—dc23 2013005788 Printed on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994 standards for paper permanence. For Meegan בת חכמה ישמח אב Proverbs 10:1 (with some modifi cation) Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi A Note on the Critical Text xv Introduction 1.
    [Show full text]