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An Environmental Assessment of the Bay of Bengal Region Bay of Bengal Programme Bobp/Rep/67

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An Environmental Assessment of the Bay of Bengal Region Bay of Bengal Programme Bobp/Rep/67 BOBP/REP/67 AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BAY OF BENGAL REGION BAY OF BENGAL PROGRAMME BOBP/REP/67 An environmental assessment of the Bay of Bengal region by Dr. Staffan Holmgren Environmental Adviser, SWEDMA R/BOBP SWEDMAR Swedish Centre for Coastal Development and Management of Aquatic Resources A unit within the National Board of Fisheries 1994 This document is the final report of an environmental assessment in the Bay of Bengal carried out between April 1991 and February 1993, with special reference to fisheries. It includes edited versions of the status reports from every member country of the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP). They were presented at the regional workshop held in Colombo, February 2-6, 1993 at the conclusion of the assessment. The country reports and the state reports from India were prepared by representatives of each country/state. Figure and data in these status reports are sometimes difficult to compare due to different methods of analysis, insufficient information sampling etc. The assessment was funded by the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), and executed by the Swedish Centre for Coastal Development and Management of Aquatic Resources (SWEDMAR), a unit within the National Swedish Board of Fisheries, and carried out under the umbrella of the Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP). The objective was to assess the problems of environmental degradation in the coastal ecosystems in the Bay of Bengal by reviewing the existing information, analyzing available data and collating it all as a fundamental information base. In the long-term, the project could result in recommendations for coordinated activities in the countries as well as the region to achieve sustainable productivity from the coastal ecosystems and reduce the negative effects on the fisheries resources. The Bay of Bengal Programme (BOBP) is a multiagency regional fisheries programme which covers seven countries around the Bay of Bengal - Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Shri Lanka and Thailand. The Programme plays a catalytic and consultative role: it develops, demonstrates and promotes new technologies, methodologies and ideas to help improve the conditions of small-scale fisherfolk communities in member countries. The BOBP is sponsored by the governments of Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and also by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). The main executing agency is the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). This document is a report and has not been cleared by the governments concerned or the FAO. March 1994 Published by the Bay of Bengal Programme, 91 St. Mary’s Road, Abhiramapuram, Madras 600 018, for SWEDMAR and printed by Nagaraj & Co., Madras 600 041. ( ii ) Contents Page 1. AN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE BAY OF BENGAL REGION 1. Introduction 1.1 Methodology 2. Country Findings 2 2.1 Indonesia 2 2.2 Malaysia 2 2.3 Thailand 3 2.4 Bangladesh 3 2.5 India 4 2.6 Shri Lanka 6 2.1 Maldives 3. Conclusions 7 Appendices I. Terms of Reference for the Consultants who conducted the surveys on the environmental threats to marine fisheries in the Bay of Bengal 10 II. The area reports received II III. Issues for discussion at the workshop and priorities agreed on 12 II. NORTH SUMATERA, INDONESIA 13 4. Introduction 15 5. Marine Habitats 15 5.1 Mangrove forests 16 5.2 Seagrass, algae beds and coral reefs 18 5.3 Estuaries 19 6. Marine Pollution 21 6.1 Domestic wastes 22 6.2 Industrial waste 22 6.3 Oil 23 6.4 Sedimentation 23 6.5 Agriculture 23 7. Marine Fisheries 24 8. References 24 Appendices 27 IV. Institutions engaged in environmental research, monitoring and enforcement 27 V. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 29 VI. Other publications on the marine environment 31 ( iii ) III. THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA 33 9. Introduction 35 10. Marine Habitats 35 10.1 Mangroves 35 10.2 Coral reefs 36 10.3 Seagrass beds 36 11. Marine Pollution 36 11.1 Sewage 36 11.2 Heavy metals 38 11.3 Agro-based industries 39 11.4 Pesticides 40 11.5 Soil erosion and sedimentation 41 11.6 Petroleum 41 11.7 Power plants 42 11.8 Aquaculture 42 12. Marine Fisheries 42 12.1 Demersal resources 43 12.2 Pelagic resources 43 13. Algal Blooms and Fish Kills 43 14. Ongoing Research Projects 44 14.1 Department of Environment 44 14.2 Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) 44 14.3 Universities 45 15. Conclusions 45 16. References 45 Appendices 48 VII. Institutions engaged in environmental research monitoring and enforcement 48 VIII. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 49 IX. Other publications on the marine environment 51 IV. THE ANDAMAN SEA COAST THAILAND 55 17. Introduction 57 18. Marine Habitats 58 18.1 Mangroves 58 18.2 Coral reefs 59 18.3 Seagrass beds 59 ( iv ) 19. Marine Fauna 60 20. Marine Pollution 61 20.1 Mining/dredging 61 20.2 Industries 62 20.3 Oil 62 20.4 Infrastructural development 62 20.5 Agriculture 64 20.6 Fishery harbours 64 20.7 Aquaculture 64 21. The Environmental Status in the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand: A Comparison 65 22. Coastal Resource Management 66 23. References 68 Appendices 70 X. Institutions engaged in environmental research,monitoring and enforcement 70 XI. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 71 XII. Other publications on the marine environment 72 XIII. Environmental conditions in the Gulf of Thailand 73 V. BANGLADESH 75 24. Introduction 79 25. General Facts 79 26. Marine Habitats 81 26.1 Estuaries 81 26.2 Mangroves 82 26.3 Coral reefs 83 26.4 Seagrass 84 26.5 Beaches 84 26.6 Islands 84 26.7 Offshore waters 84 27. Fishery Resources 85 27.1 The esturaine and nearshore fishery 85 27.2 The offshore fishery 85 27.3 Culture fishery 86 28. Endangering the Marine Habitats 86 28.1 Water resources development activities 87 28.2 Destruction of mangrove forests 88 28.3 Overfishing 90 (V) 29. Marine Pollution 91 29.1 Industrial centres 92 29.2 Industrial wastes 95 29.3 The Karnaphuli River 96 29.4 Industrial pollution control measures 98 29.5 Municipal wastes 98 29.6 Agricultural wastes 101 29.7 Oil pollution 104 29.8 Shipbreaking operations 106 29.9 Plastic products 107 30. Natural Disasters 107 3 1. Siltation 108 32. Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 109 33. Education and Research 109 33.1 Current programmes 110 34. Conclusions and Recommendations 111 35. References 113 Appendices 120 XIV. Institutions engaged in environmental research,monitoring and enforcement 120 XV. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 124 XVI. Other publications on the marine environment 127 XVII. Public awareness 128 XVIII. Abbreviations 129 VI. THE INDIAN EAST COAST 131 36. The Coast 134 37. Living Aquatic Resources in the Bay of Bengal 135 38. Marine Pollution in the Bay of Bengal 137 38.1 Heavy metals 138 38.2 Pesticides and insecticides 139 Appendices 141 XIX. Institutions engaged in environmental research,monitoring and enforcement 141 XX. Profiles of major Indian states on the Bay of Bengal coast 142 (vi) West Bengal, Indian East Coast 147 39. The Ganga and the Hugli Estuary 149 39.1 Estuarine fisheries in West Bengal 149 39.2 Pollution in the estuary 149 39.3 Fish ponds 150 40. Mangroves 152 40.1 Mangroves 152 Appendices 153 XXI. Other publications on the marine environment 153 Orissa, Indian East Coast 155 41. Marine Habitats of Orissa 157 41.1 Chilika Lake 157 41.2 Mangroves 158 42. Fisheries 158 43. Marine Pollution 159 43.1 Domestic wastes 159 43.2 Industries 160 43.3 Treatment of waste water 163 43.4 Agriculture 164 44. Effects of Pollution 164 45. Use of Industrial/Domestic Wastes 165 46. References 166 Appendices 167 XXII. Institutions engaged in environmental research, monitoring and enforcement 167 XXIII. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 168 Andhra Pradesh, Indian East Coast 169 47. Marine Habitats 172 47.1 Mangroves 172 47.2 Algae 173 48. Fisheries 173 49. Marine Pollution 174 49.1 Industries 174 49.2 Agriculture 178 49.3 Exploitation of natural resources 178 ( vii ) 50. References 79 Appendices 180 XXIV. Institutions engaged in environmental research, monitoring and enforcement 180 XXV. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 181 XXVI. Other publications on the marine environment 181 Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry, Indian East Coast 183 51. Marine Habitats 185 5 1.1 Mangroves 185 5 1.2 Coral reefs 186 51.3 Seagrass beds and seaweeds 187 52. Marine Fauna 188 52.1 Fisheries 188 52.2 Aquaculture 188 52.3 Molluscs 189 53. Fish Kills 190 54. Marine Pollution 190 54.1 Domestic wastes 190 54.2 Industries 192 54.3 Energy production 197 54.4 Oil Pollution 199 54.5 Agriculture 199 55. References 201 Appendices 204 XXVII. Institutions engaged in environmental research,monitoring and enforcement 204 XXVIII. Legislation against threats to the marine environment 205 XXIX. Other publications on the marine environment 206 VII. SHRI LANKA 209 56. General Facts 211 56.1 Location and territory 211 56.2 Climate 212 56.3 Oceanography 212 56.4 Population 214 57. Marine Habitats 214 57.1 Mangroves 214 57.2 Coral reefs 214 57.3 Seagrass beds 216 57.4 Estuaries and lagoons 217 ( viii ) 58. Land-based Activities Affecting the Marine Environment 218 58.1 Domestic wastes 218 58.2 Industrial wastes 218 58.3 Agriculture 223 58.4 Aquaculture 223 58.5 Activities causing siltation 224 58.6 Tourism 224 59. Maritime Activities Affecting the Marine Environment 224 59.1 Seabed exploration 224 59.2 Shipping 224 59.3 Fishery harbours 225 60.
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