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Copyright © and Moral Rights for This Phd Thesis Are Retained by the Author And/Or Other Copyright Owners Khan, Adeeba Aziz (2015) Electoral institutions in Bangladesh : a study of conflicts between the formal and the informal. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/id/eprint/23587 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this PhD Thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This PhD Thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this PhD Thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the PhD Thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full PhD Thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD PhD Thesis, pagination. Electoral Institutions in Bangladesh: A Study of Conflicts Between the Formal and the Informal Adeeba Aziz Khan Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Law 2015 Department of Law SOAS, University of London I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination. Signed: ____________________________ Date: _________________ Abstract This thesis studies formal institutions, which are expected to ensure good electoral governance in Bangladesh, such as the Election Commission, the Judiciary and Parliament. The thesis shows how these constitutionally mandated bodies of accountability contribute to the weakening of the electoral regime through partisan law making and unequal rule application with an end to giving undue advantage to the executive of the day. The study relies on traditional theories of informal institutions such as patronage and clientelism to explain the weaknesses in formal institutions. Given the difficulties of democratic consolidation faced by Bangladesh, the thesis contends that the operative framework for studying elections and electoral institutions in Bangladesh must go beyond the sole study of the regulatory framework or of electoral corruption, to include informal institutions and processes within formal institutions. To understand the puzzle of weak electoral institutions and failing democratic consolidation in Bangladesh, and answer questions such as whose interests formal institutions are representing, what channels of influence are being used and why these channels exist, it is necessary to understand the actual existing social and power relations. This research presents specific case studies to illustrate the consequences of phenomena including clientelism, patronage, corruption, dynastic politics, politicization and other informal behavior within formal institutions (along with formal regulatory weaknesses). The case studies demonstrate how these informal patterns weaken formal electoral institutions, resulting in partisan and personalized electoral laws and application of these laws. Partisan electoral laws and unequal application of the laws by different arms of the state in turn lead to political violence, which has serious consequences for democratic consolidation. The study is ethnographic and relies strongly on knowledge gained in the field. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between formal law and informal institutions in Bangladesh. 3 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Tables and Figures ................................................................................................... 7 Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 9 Chapter 1 – Introduction .................................................................................................... 10 1.1. Statement of the Problem ................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Historical Overview ............................................................................................................. 15 1.2.1 Constitutional Amendments and the Suspension of Democracy ........................................................ 19 1.2.2. The Authoritarian Years .................................................................................................................. 22 1.2.3. Electoral Politics in the Democratic Era ........................................................................................... 27 1.3. Structure of the Study .......................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 2 – Theory and Literature Review ........................................................................ 41 2.1. Theories of Democracy ...................................................................................................... 41 2.1.1. Democratic Theory ............................................................................................................................. 42 2.2. Formal Institutions and the Doctrine of Separation of Powers in Liberal Democracies ................................................................................................................................ 47 2.3. Theories of Informal Institutions ..................................................................................... 49 2.3.1. Informal Institutions and types of impact .......................................................................................... 50 2.4. Literature Review: Democracy, Institutional Weakness, Informal Institutions and Political Violence in Bangladesh ............................................................................................. 55 Chapter 3 – Methodology ................................................................................................... 72 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 72 3.2. Qualitative Case Studies .................................................................................................... 73 3.3. Archival Research ................................................................................................................ 74 3.4. Analysis of the Bangladesh Electoral Framework ........................................................ 75 3.5. Appraisal of Relevant Case Law ....................................................................................... 76 3.5.1. MA Jalil v Bangladesh and Advocate Rahmat Ali and another v Bangladesh .............................. 76 3.5.2. Abdul Momen Chowdhury and Others v Bangladesh and Abu Safa v Election Commission ..... 77 3.5.3. Abdul Mannan Khan v Bangladesh ................................................................................................. 77 3.5.4. Alhaj Aminul Bhuiyan v Bangladesh and Others ........................................................................... 78 3.6. Interviews .............................................................................................................................. 78 3.6.1. Politicians ........................................................................................................................................... 80 3.6.2. Lawyers ............................................................................................................................................. 81 3.6.3. Bureaucrats ......................................................................................................................................... 81 3.6.4. Civil Society (Media, Think Tanks and Academics) ...................................................................... 82 3.7. Research Seminars, Conferences and Publications ..................................................... 82 3.8. Problems and Solutions ..................................................................................................... 83 Chapter 4 – The Politicization of the Bangladesh Election Commission ......................... 86 4.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 86 4.2. Election Commission: Legal Framework and Formal Institutional Weakness ...... 93 4.2.1. Appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners .................................. 95 4.2.2.Freedom from Executive Interference and the Independence of the Election Commission Secretariat .................................................................................................................................................................... 100 4.2.3. Government Dependency for Budgetary Allocation ........................................................................ 102 4.2.4. Recruitment of Election Commission Staff and Officers
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