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"Ceci N'est Pas Un Historien" Construction and Deconstruction of Henri Pirenne

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"Ceci n'est pas n hist"#ien" Const# cti"n an$ $ec"nst# cti"n "% Hen#i Pirenne '(LT)R*&R)+)NI)R1 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, &#"%ess"# )-e#it s . /ni0e#siteit Gent The %i#st a-bition "% this a#tic2e is t" %ind out 3hic! t4pe "% p#"%essiona2 app#"ac! and 3hic! %"#- "% socia2ising Henri &i#enne 3as suppose$ t" ha0e const#ucte$ in "#$e# t" bec"-e one "% the 5#eatest scientists "% !is 5ene#ation and a success% 2 societ4 -an. 64 second question is8 di$ !e hi-se2%, "# di$ his c"nte-p"#a#ies, const# ct that ic"n? 1. :IR;T TH);I;8 TH) C<N;TR/CTI<N*<: &IR)NN)*(;*(*&R<6IN)NT HI;T<RI(N*(N= (; TH) ':</N=ING*:(TH)R'*<: TH) GH)NT HI;T<RIC(L*;CH<<L I;*(*&)R:)CT )X(6&L)*<:*(*;/CC);;:/L 6>TH<L<GI;(TI<N The (-e#ican hist"#ian G#a4 B"4ce ?1940, 449-464), %#"- Be#Ce2e4, a student "% &i#enne in t!e 1920s, c"nfe##e$ t!e pate#nit4 "% the G!ent sc!""2 inte#nationa2 1#i22iance in !is st $4 on "The Le5ac4 "% Henri &i#enne" %#"- 1940. In %act he c"##"1"#ate$ a %"#-at and an i-a5e that ha$ been const#ucte$ 14 &i#enne's students and c"22ea5ues in t!e "laudationes" on the occasion o% eac!*"% the*!on"#a#4*-eetings, f#"- 1926 on.2*( st#ong s4-pt"- "% the ai- "% de%ining &i#enne as t!ei# ic"nic %athe# is the c"22ecti0e oat! 14 a22 !is a2 -ni at &i#enne's %une#a2 in 1935 t" prepa#e a 'liber alumnorum' an$ t3" s"2i$*0"2 -es*"% 'hommages' and -e-"#ies3, but, e0en -"#e i-portant24, t" #eDect %i#-24 the e$ition "% a si-i2a# 'liber' %"# t!e-se20es in the % t #e, a decision that -ost "% these a2 -ni indee$ #especte$. Hans +an 'e#0eCe,* !"3e0e#, #e-e-be#e$ in 1@AA that &i#enne's pate#nit4 "% the Ghent sc!""2 3as not the "#i5ina2 c"ncept. In the 1880s it 3as c"--onl4 he2$ opini"n t!at 1. Co#resp"n$ence c"ncernin5 t!is artic2e s!" 2$ 1e a$$resse$ t" 'a2te# &re0enie#8 3a2te#.pre0enie#Fte2enet.1e 2. Mélanges d'histoire offerts à Henri Pirenne (1@2A). 3. In$ee$ p 12is!e$ as8 Études d'histoire dédiées à la mémoire de Henri Pirenne (1@37BG an$ as8 Henri Pirenne, hommages et souvenirs ?1@3EB. BTNG | RBHC, XLI, 2011, 3-4, pp. 553-573 &a 2 :#ede#ic7 ha$ the a-bition t" 1ec"-e the numero uno in G!ent.4 :#ede#ic7 3as indee$ in a positi"n t" c2ai- the status "% c#eat"# "% the Ghent hist"#ica2 sc!""2, since s"-e 4ea#s be%"#e &i#enne, he int#"duce$ the ne3 -et!"$"2"5ies and the %"#-at "% the !ist"#ica2 se-ina#, %i#st in Lie5e, t!en in Ghent, 3hen he ca-e "ve# in 1883. It 3as proba124 :#ede#icq, and not &i#enne, 3!" 3as %i#st in0ite$ 14 Ja#2 La-precht in 1896 t" p#"$ ce a "Hist"#4 "% Be25i -" %"# his Ge#-an c"22ection "% nationa2 !ist"#ies. :#ede#ic7 c2ai-s, in his =ia#4, that he s 55este$ La-precht t" asC &i#enne %"# this !"nou#a12e tasC, and s" it happene$ ?+an 'e#0eCe, 1979, 49, 54G T"22ebeeC, 2008b, 335-336).5 In this case, 2iCe in -an4 othe#s, :#ede#ic7 cede$ !is p#i"#it4 t" his 4ounge# c"22ea5ue. He ce#tainl4 #ea2ise$ that he 2acCe$ the s4nt!etic 'Schwung' &i#enne ha$ t!e #i5ht t" be p#" $ "%. K" T"22ebeeC ?2008a, 152-158) #e0ea2e$ the 1acC5#ounds "% t!is pr"%essi"na2 and ps4c!"2"5ica2 #esi5nation in his -a5ni%icent #ecent 'ant!#op"2"5ica2' ana24sis "% &a 2 :#ede#ic7. :#e$e#ic7 3as innovati0e as a peda5"5ue and a teac!e#, but -isse$ c#eati0it4 and inventi0eness as a 3#ite#. LiCe &i#enne he 3as a net-3"#Ce#, but on a 5e"5#aphica224 2i-ite$ and the-atica224 one-side$ sca2e. &i#enne !a$ e0e#4t!ing t" de0e2op int" a -4t!"2"5ica2 icon. (#ound 1900 acade-ia 0isi124 a22"3e$ a uni0e#sit4 pr"%ess"# t" $e-onst#ate, 3it!" t #isC, a %2a-1"4ant socia2 be!a0i" #, and t" enD"4 c"2" #% 2 and uninhi1ite$ $iscus- sions*3it! %#iends and c"22ea5ues in D"4% 2 Ghent brasseries and c"%%ee!"uses ?L4on, 1974, 289-290, 411B. &i#enne -ade a 5#eat i-p#ession at (22 ;" 2s in <L%"#$ 3hen, a%te# sa0" #ing se0e#a2 52asses "% a st#"ng B#itis! bee#, he 3as sti22 being capa12e "% p#esenting a pe#%ect24 2uci$ and 1#i22iant $isc" #se ?Ibid., 413-414). (pa#t %#"- a si5ni%icant IM, &i#enne de%inite24 disp2a4e$ e7 a224 3e22-de0e2ope$ e-oti"na2 inte22i5ence. He ha$ a ta2ent t" -aCe -"#e %#iends t!an ene-ies. <ne othe# positi0e qua2it4 3as his capa1i2it4 t" ass -e c#itica2 #e-a#Cs %#"- his st dents and c"22ea5ues. +an 'e#0eCe, in his "6e-oi#s" #e-inds &i#enne's #e-a#Ca12e 0a#iant on C2aude Be#na#d's boutade "=N-"2isseO--oi"8 ";i $ans 25 ans -"n 'Hist"ire $e Be25i7 e' est enc"#e $e1" t, c'est 7 e -es N2P0es a #"nt -a2 t#a0ai22N" ?+an 'e#0eCe, 2000, 113B. I pres -e t3" bacC5#ounds %"# his p#"%essiona2 an$ socia2 s ccesses. :i#st, &i#enne's pe#-eabi2it4 %"# a 2a#5e 0a#iet4 "% 'choses de la vie', %"# -an4 4. +an 'e#0eCe's -e-"irs 3ere 3ritten in 1@AA, 1 t p 12is!e$ in 2000 ?+an 'e#0eCe, 2000, 104-105B. 5. It is in %act n"t c"-p2ete24 c2ea# i% t!e in0itati"n %irst 3ent t" &a 2 :re$eric7 "# t" &irenne (T"22e1eeC, 1@@A, 40E). H554I '. &R)+)NI)R c 2t #es and 2angua5es. &i#enne 3as not a sing2e--inde$ p#"%essiona2. In his Apologie pour l'histoire 6a#c B2"c! ?3#itten in 1941B #eca22s the anec$"te that, a%te# t!e inte#nationa2 hist"#ica2 cong#ess "% 1928 in <s2o, he -a$e a t#ip t" ;tocC!"2- 3it! &i#enne. 'a2Cing in the st#eets "% ;tocC!"2-, he asCe$ &i#enne "Mu'a22ons-nous*0oi# d'a1"#$9". T!e ans3e#*3as8 "I2 pa#aQt 7 'i2 4 a n HRte2 $e +ille t" t ne %. C"--enS"ns pa# 2 i". B2oc! s!"3ing s"-e astonis!-ent, &i#enne adde$ that he 3as not an antiqua#ian, 1 t a !ist"#ian8 "C'est pour7 oi D'ai-e 2a 0ie".A The second %act"# is t!e !"-e--ade t"2e#ance 3ithin &i#enne's %a-i2ia2 1iot"pe. He 3as the s"n "% a business-an, a c2"t! -anufact #e# %#"- +e#0ie#s, 3!" 3as a2s" a %#ee-ason "% &#"testant descent, and acti0e on t!e 2"ca2 sca2e in the 2i1e#a2 pa#t4 ?L4on, 1974, 5-25). His -othe# ca-e %#"- a pi" s, conse#0ati0e- cat!"2ic bacC5#ound. In a soci"2"5ica2 pe#specti0e, this $" 12e t#acC 1#" 5ht &i#enne int" an int#i5uing pl #a2istic nic!e. (t the /ni0e#sit4 "% LiP5e it 5a0e hi- the a1i2it4 to s!"3 e-pat!4*%"# t!e c2asses*"% the 0e#4 cat!"2ic G"$e%#oi$ J #th, 3it! a Ge#-an-speaCing bacC5#ound, as 3e22 as %"# those "% the 2i1e#a2, -ode#ate :2e-is! acti0ist &a 2 :#ede#icq. It is 14 the support "% the cat!"2ic J #t! that the '2ibe#a2' 4oung 5#aduate &i#enne c" 2$ be appointe$ at the /ni0e#sit4 "% LiP5e in 1885, and at the /ni0e#sit4 "% Ghent in 1886. The 2on5standing %#iends!ip 3it! :#ede#ic7 in G!ent and in the Ge#-an ca-ps, $ #ing '"#2$ 'a# I, -a4 explain &i#enne's t"2e#ance "% the :2e-is! e-anci- pation -"0e-ent. In the 1920s &i#enne s3itc!ed, inf2 ence$ 14 his 2ess t"2e#ant son, t" a 2esse# unde#standing, pa#tic 2a#24 on the p2ans %"# '=utc!4%4ing' the Ghent alma mater, 1 t in those $a4s :#ede#ic7 3as no 2on5e# a2i0e.7** 'e s!" 2$ not unde#esti-ate t!e Cnow2e$5e "% 2angua5es as a Ce4 %"# a success% 2 ca#ee#. In the case "% &i#enne it 2ea$ t" inte#est in %"#ei5n c 2t #es, and t" #ea$iness t" 2ea0e LiP5e %"# post5#aduates in :#ance as 3e22 as in Ge#-any. The Cnow2e$5e "% Ge#-an a22"3e$ !i- t" de0e2op a $i#ect dia- 2"5ue 3it! p#"-inent Ge#-an sc!"2a#s, suc! as ec"nomic !ist"#ians (2%ons =opsc! and Gusta0 ;c!-"22e#, and 0e#4 intense24 3it! Ja#2 La-precht, a %#iend %"# -any 4ea#s. It 5a0e hi- a chance t" #ea$ 6aL 'ebe# in the "#i5ina2 and t" 1ec"-e, at 2east 1e%"#e 1914, one "% the -ost pr"-inent 6. ;ee Bl"c! ?1@5@, 13B (t!e 7 "te is se$ t" i22 strate t!e c!apte#8 "Co-pren$#e 2e passN pa# 2e present"). B2"c! - st !a0e 1een !i5!24 i-presse$ 14 t!e ;t"cC!"2- trip, %"# 3!ic! !e t!anCs &i#enne in a 2ette# "% ( 5 st 30, 1@2E ?L4"n T L4"n, 1@@1, 105-10AB.
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    PIRENNE EN FREDERICQ Over historiografische ambities omstreeks 1900 Jo Tollebeek Henri Pirenne en Paul Fredericq hebben elkaar veertig jaar lang van zeer nabij gekend. 1 Hun beider academische carriere startte haast gelijktijdig. Fredericq werd, na een loopbaan als leraar, in 1879 op amper negentwintigjarige leeftijd buitengewoon (vanaf 1882 gewoon) hoogleraar aan de Luikse Rijksuniversiteit, waar hij onder meer met het onderwijs in de Nederlandse letterkunde, de hedendaagse geschiedenis en de geschiedenis van Belgie werd belast en waar hij zijn oude studievriend Godefroid Kurth opnieuw vervoegde.2 Onder zijn studenten bevond zich ook de twaalf jaar jongere Pirenne, die in 1880 in Luik arriveerde.3 In 1883 werd Fredericq benoemd in Gent, opnieuw voor een com­ binatie van literair-historische en historische vakken.4 Nog eens twee jaar later startte de carriere van Pirenne in Luik, waar hem in 1885 het onderwijs in de paleografie en de oorkondenleer werd toegewezen. Een jaar lateral vervoegde hij Fredericq in Gent, eerst als buitengewoon, vanaf 1889 als gewoon hoogle­ raar. Dat gebeurde overigens met de steun van Fredericq, maar ging ook gepaard met een conflict tussen heiden over de verdeling van de leeropdrach­ ten.5 Zo hadden in amper achtjaar tijd, tussen 1879 en 1886, zowel Fredericq als Pirenne de zo begeerde universitaire positie gekregen, in beide gevallen eerst in Luik, daarna in Gent. Voor biografische gegevens over Pirenne: B. Lyon, Henri Pirenne. A biogra­ phical and intellectual study (Gent 1974) en de portretten van B. Ebels-Hoving, 'Henri Pirenne (1862-1935)', in: A.H. Huussenjr., E.H. Kossmann en H. Renner ed., Historici van de twintigste eeuw (Utrecht- Antwerpen- Amsterdam 1981) 26-40 en M.
  • Sovereignty, Civic Participation, and Constitutional Law: the People Versus the Nation in Belgium

    Sovereignty, Civic Participation, and Constitutional Law: the People Versus the Nation in Belgium

    Sovereignty, Civic Participation, and Constitutional Law: The People versus the Nation in Belgium Edited by Brecht Deseure, Raf Geenens, and Stefan Sottiaux First published in 2021 ISBN: 978-0-367-48359-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-71228-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-03952-5 (ebk) Chapter 11 Pulling the curtain on the national sovereignty myth: Sovereignty and referendums in Belgian constitutional doctrine Christophe Maes, Brecht Deseure, and Ronald Van Crombrugge (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) This OA chapter is funded by KU Leuven. 11 Pulling the curtain on the national sovereignty myth Sovereignty and referendums in Belgian constitutional doctrine Christophe Maes, Brecht Deseure, and Ronald Van Crombrugge Introduction The dominant interpretation of sovereignty in the Belgian Constitution holds that the National Congress consciously opted for national sovereignty as opposed to popular sovereignty. Followers of this interpretation argue that direct consul- tation of the people – most notably through referendums – is unconstitutional. Giving voice to the nation through legal decision-making is reserved exclusively for political representatives. Yet, it has been shown elsewhere that the national sovereignty interpretation is an anachronism (De Smaele, 2005; Deseure, 2016b; Geenens and Sottiaux, 2015). This chapter traces the development of the closely related subjects of sovereignty and referendums in Belgian constitutional doctrine from 1831 onwards. We will chart the different points of view on sovereignty from the nineteenth century until the definite breakthrough of the national sov- ereignty interpretation between 1893 and 1950, as well as the implications this development had for the perceived (un)constitutionality of referendums. We will also briefly address the more recent (post-2000) debates on citizen participation and their connection to the issue of sovereignty.
  • Zaalteksten En.Indd

    Zaalteksten En.Indd

    city and university since 1817 ENgallery texts downloadable from www.stamgent.be please drop me in the box as you leave city and since 1817 university October 9th 1817 saw the ceremonious opening of the university in Ghent. Since that day back in 1817 the university has become firmly embedded in the city and is now an unmissable part of the street­ scape. Students live here, hurry by bicycle from one building to another and also take advantage of the university city’s vibrant nightlife. Campuses are expanding and a fourth tower has appeared on the skyline, the Book Tower. The exhibition looks back at the inter­ action between city and university over the last 200 years. It also looks to the future. ‘City and University. Since 1817’ is a STAM exhibition about the university, the city and above all about their coexistence — yesterday, today and tomorrow. 2 1 ] a university The Belgian Revolution in August for ghent 1830 was the start of a chaotic period. Two of the four faculties In 1817 Ghent acquired were scrapped and Orangist Ghent a university. At the time Ghent feared for its university. The uncer­ — like the rest of what is tainty came to an end in Septem­ today Belgium — was part ber 1835: Ghent would retain of the United Kingdom its university, with four faculties. of the Netherlands. In 1815, at the beginning of 1.01 ] The early days the newly created United Kingdom of the university of the Netherlands, education in the south was in a sorry state, On November 3rd 1817 classes having been badly neglected.
  • Franz Foulon, La Tentation Inopportune

    Franz Foulon, La Tentation Inopportune

    Jean-Pierre Delhaye et Paul Delforge Franz FOULON La tentation inopportune Préface de Rudy Demotte Institut Destrée Collection “Ecrits politiques wallons” n° 9 2008 Préface Celui qui ne connaît pas l’Histoire n’est peut-être pas condamné à la revivre mais il est, en tout cas, voué à ne pas comprendre le présent. L’actualité politique et institutionnelle de la Belgique nous en donne, depuis juin 2007 au moins, profusion d’exemples. À l’aube du XXe siècle, il y était généralement admis, y compris par la Flandre, que la Révolution belge avait été quasi exclusive- ment le fait des Wallons et des Bruxellois. Inexactitude historique partielle, qu’à cela ne tienne, puisque cette interprétation convenait aux deux parties dans une Belgique francophone bientôt dépassée par les faits. Aujourd’hui, dans un phénomène bien connu de relecture du passé à partir du présent, combien de nos concitoyens n’imaginent pas que la fixation de la frontière linguistique, l’unilinguisme territorial et même la fédéralisation du pays sont issus de la seule volonté flamande. Qui même, en Wallonie, sait que la revendication “sépa- ratiste” - le terme lui-même a changé de sens puisqu’il s’agissait alors tout au plus de fédéralisme - fut d’abord une revendication des Wallons, confrontés à leur minorisation politique. Il aura fallu, récemment, ce que la presse a appelé les “gifles fla- mandes”, infligées à répétition au Parlement fédéral, pour que les Wallons et les Bruxellois francophones redécouvrent ce qu’était la Belgique avant les garanties du fédéralisme : une démocratie, certes mais où la volonté de la majorité flamande s’imposait implacable- ment, de par le seul fait du rapport démographique aux Chambres.