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Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140 Paper received: 00.00.200x UDC 658.511 Paper accepted: 00.00.200x

Functional and Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods

Veis Šerifi1 - Predrag Dašić2,* - Ratomir Ječmenica1 - Dragana Labović3 1 University of Kragujevac, Technical Faculty, Čačak, Serbia 2 SaTCIP Ltd., Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia 3 High School, Belgrade, Serbia

For process of modeling are developed suitable CASE tools. In the course of building this process a standard is used for functional modeling of IDEF0 realized through BPWin tool. Family of integrated IDEF methods presents basic tool of some modern strategies and methodologies of im- provement. In paper is given functional and informational model of ″Investment building of production facility″ using graphical language IDEF0 that is, CASE BPWin tool. We also suggest context , and decomposition diagram of production - investment building. © 2009 Journal of Mechanical Engineering. All rights reserved. Keywords: business process, , IDEF

0 INTRODUCTION Ang. C.L. Luo et al. [7] conducted a research on development of a Knowledge-based IDEF (Integration Definition) is Manufacturing Modeling based on reprsented as set of standardized methods and IDEF0 for the metal-cutting industry. A model family of graphical language for informational for integrating process planning and production modeling in field of Engineering (SE), planning and control in machining processes business processes and objects, and improvent was reviewed by Ciurana, J. et al. [8]. of business process. In frame of ICAM Hernandez-Matias, J.C. et al. [9] reported on an (Integrated Aided Manufacturing), integrated modeling framework to support was developed at the end of 1970 as IDEF manufacturing system diagnosis for continuous (ICAM Definition) standard, by USAF (United improvement. Kang, H.W. et al. [10] States Air Force), whose was to improve commented on unified representation of the manufacturing production productivity using In- physical process and . formation Technology (IT) and modeling [1] to Development of a novel simulation modeling [7]. system for distributed manufacturing was The goal of newly developed IDEF presented by Qin, S.F. et al. [11]. Eldabi, T et al techniques is to enable experts to comprehend [12] made an evaluation of tools for modeling problems from different views and levels of manufacturing design with multiple abstraction. In this regard, integrated IDEF levels of detail. methods present basic tools of some modern Strong software support there exists, strategies and methodologies of business which integrates IDEF methods, and enables process improvement, for example: BPR connection of IDEF methods with other tools, (Business Process Reengineering), CPI such as software for simulation of business (Continuous Process Improvement), IPD processes, software for activity based (Integrated Product Development), JIT (Just-in- of costs etc. Some integrated IDEF Time), PPC (Production Planning and Control), methods are: IDEF0 for modeling, QFD (Quality Function Deployment), TQM IDEF1 for information modeling, IDEF1X for (Total ), TPM (Total modeling, IDEF2 for modeling Productive Maintenance), etc. [6] to [14]. The simulations, IDEF3 for modeling processes, application of integrated IDEF methods can IDEF4 for object-oriented projecting, IDEF14 solve narrow class problems, as well as can for modeling networks etc ( 1) [15]. Some eliminate deficiencies of these problems types of IDEF methods are described in the proposing general methods. works: IDEF0 [16 to 25], IDEF1 [26], IDEF1X

*Corr. Author's Address: SaTCIP Ltd., Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia, [email protected] 131

Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140

[27 to 31], IDEF2 [32], IDEF 3 [33 to 36], IDEF standard is available at Web sites: IDEF4 [37], IDEF5 [38], IDEF6 [39] etc. http://www.idef.com/ and http://hissa.nist.gov/ All of the aforementioned IDEF versions !ftp//. are used for different purposes, as techniques In early 1990’s, the IDEF Users Group, for informational (semantic) modeling of data in cooperation with NIST (National Institutes and as formal graphical language; also for needs for Standards and Technology), has formed of relation modeling of data and forming rela- standards for IDEF0, published in 1992 (U.S. tion (RDB). Initially the IDEF0 lan- Government standards documents), known as guage for functional modeling was created in FIPS (Federal Information Processing Stan- the frame of SADT ( and dards) [42]. These standards are under coverage Design Technique) technique, and one subset of of IEEE and accepted by ISO [43]. IDEF0 and these methods (the IDEF1X method, which was IDEF1X are techniques of modeling based on the first published in 1993) with NIAM (Natu- combination of text graphics which are pre- ral Language Information Analysis Method or sented in organized and systematic manner to previously Nijssen′s or An Information Analysis increase reasonability and to supply logics for Method) method presents the precursor of potential exchange, specified requests, or in an- EXPRESS software tools for development of other manner, to support system analysis at STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product various levels. Model Data) applications. Complementary use of IDEF and UML is given in refs [4, 40].

Table 1. List of IDEF methods Type Description of IDEF methods

IDEF0 Function Modeling IDEF1 Information Modeling IDEF1X IDEF2 Simulation Model Design IDEF3 Process Description Capture IDEF4 Object-Oriented Design IDEF5 Ontology Description Capture IDEF6 Design Rational Capture IDEF7 Information System Auditing IDEF8 User Interface Modeling IDEF9 Scenario-Driven IS Design IDEF10 Implementation Architecture Fig.1. System development (IDEF0 Model) Modeling IDEF11 Information Artifact Modeling The integrated concept of modeling has IDEF12 Modeling been accepted by the USA government, Penta- IDEF13 Three Schema Mapping Design gon and NATO and neither document can be defined until it is described using this method- IDEF14 Network Design ology. A task which achieves this methodology must involve problems characterized by cli- Aimed at procedures of modeling are de- ent/server architecture, that is, to connect multi- veloped suitable CASE (Computer Aided ple . This approach enables connec- ) tools. In Fig. 1 a general tion of future IS and demands systems of quality model of system development is shown [5] and defined by the ISO 9000 standard. [13].

132 Šerifi, V. - Dašić, P. - Ječmenica, R. - Labović, D. Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140

1 IDEF0 - FUNCTIONAL MODELING ¾ Activity stem to establish vertical connection between activities, Demands which have motivated the ¾ Decomposition diagram to establish creation of activity modeling are [13] and [16] horizontal links between activities. to [25]: Rectangle (activity) and arrows ¾ To serve as documentation and manual for (information carrier) determine the relationship description of complex activity and between activities and . This procedures and manuals demanded by the relationship is shown in Fig. 2. standard ISO 9000. One of the basic rules is: Arrows from the left side of the rectangle the larger the documentation – the less the are defined as Input. Arrows which enter reading. Document of one or two pages with rectangle from above are defined as Output. diagram, is going to be cursory previewed Exits are data or objects produced by activity. and only when there is appropriate time. Elements shown in Fig. 2 can be Documentation consisting of many pages described by the sentence: ″Under Control, has a great chance not to be read for months. ACTIVITY, Input makes Outputs, using ¾ To enable fast organizational changes and to Mechanisms″. Arrows on the bottom side of give insight into critical activities which rectangle present mechanisms. Arrows pointed need to be performed with suitable up identify meanings that support executed resources. activity. The most important benefit in the application of activity modeling is the prototype access where alternative ideas are simply and quickly checked. It is much cheaper to draw process and data models than to develop a new information system. IDEF0 and IE () standards enable [13] and [16] to [25]: ¾ Execution of system analysis and design at all levels, for manned systems, machines, materials, computers and informations; Fig.2 Basic concepts of IDEF0 methodology ¾ Making documentation as a base for

integration of the ISO 9000 standard; Arrows of mechanisms pointed down are ¾ Better communication between analysts, defined as Call arrows. Arrows on are designers, users and managers; called ICOM (abbreviation of): ¾ Discussion within a teamwork to accomplish ¾ I - Input, something used in activity, mutual understanding, ¾ C - Control, controls or conditions on ¾ Management of large and complex . activities, IDEF0 formalism is based on the SADT ¾ O - Output, activity result and methodology. Developed in 1985, by Douglas ¾ M – Mechanism, for example, employees T. Ross from company SoftTech Inc. seated at who perform a given activity. Boston (Massachusetts – USA) [19]. A question is frequently asked: which The of the graphical language resources carry certain arrow types? IDEF0 implicates the meaning of syntax An Input arrow presents material or language components and lightens information which is used or transformed interpretations of corrections. The stage of aiming at defining Output. A possibility is interpretation describes parts like notations for allowed that certain activities need not to have activity and arrows and interlines of functional Input arrows; certain activities don’t need to relationships. have input arrows. Through functional analysis of IS, are Control arrows regulate, when and presented: whether the activity will be performed. Every ¾ Diagram of context, indicating system activity must have at least one control arrow. boundaries,

Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 133 Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140

Controls are commonly in the form of ontology is used to record and reuse these rule, regulation, politics or standards. They relations. affect activity without possibility to be M-IDEF0 method is developed as an transformed or performed. There will be cases improved graphical modeling tool to achieve the when a goal of activity is to change a rule, visualization of modular product regulation, politics, procedure or standard. In conceptualization. Basic syntax for an IDEF0 that case, it is expected that arrows containing representation, in M-IDEF0, is intended for this information are actually inputs. modular representation of a product M-IDEF0 Output arrows are materials or (Fig. 3) [14]. informations created by activity. Every activity must have at least one output arrow. An activity 2 FUNCTIONAL AND INFORMATION which does not create output is not to be MODEL modeled. Mechanism arrows are these sources Based on the above defined assumptions, which perform activity and do not wear the first discuss is functional modeling where themselves. Mechanisms can be humans, with functional decomposition would be machines and/or equipment i.e. objects which identified Information model of production- supply energy needed for performing activity. investment building in the frame of functional By free will of the project performer, model process Production-investment building. mechanism arrows can be let out of activity. For performing these activity, it is used Call arrow is a specific case of graphical language IDEF0 that is Case tool mechanism arrow and it denotes that the calling Bpwin. IDEF0 technique is typical graphical rectangle does not have its own detail diagram language which enables process description but a more detailed preview is performed on according ISO 9000:2000 standards request. another rectangle of the same or other model. Functional decomposition needs to be In IDEF0 standard knowledge capturing performed through next subordinate activity: and reuse approach is based on an ontology and ¾ To define model limit, relevant database. The ontology provides formal ¾ To define activity tree, specification in modular product development ¾ To define user’s requesting, and the design relations and graphical modeling ¾ To define decomposition . tool, a clustering method is used to capture Resulted activity by decomposition, on potential relations in the abundant data, and the the last level, needs to be described.

IDEFO/ Synt ax M-IDEFO/ Syntax

Cont rols Commo nal ity/ Va r ie t y Ma ke /B uy Lif c e yc l e Carr yover/ Develop

Input Outp utInput Ou tpu t AC TI VITY FUNCTION

Me chanisms I/E Mecha nism : (+/-) STRONG INFLUENCE : (+ / -) MED IUM INF L UE NCE (3 point s) (2 points) : (+ /- ) W E AK INFL U E NCE : (+/-) NO INFLU ENCE (1 point s) (0 points) Fig.3 Modified IDEF0 (M-IDEF0) syntax [14]

134 Šerifi, V. - Dašić, P. - Ječmenica, R. - Labović, D. Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140

2.1 To Define Model Limit has appropriate outputs which can be identified. During defining the outputs, it must take care of To define model limit is connect for negative outputs, which causes feedback supposition given for developing process arrows. ″Information model of production-investment Next elements which must be defined are building″. input arrows, which are transformed because In the frame of determining model limit appropriate output with help of appropriate it needs clearly define the targets which must to mechanisms and control. next elements content: With aspect IDEF0 standard like and ¾ reason of model modeling, ISO 9000:2000 standards requests, it would be ¾ results of activity presentation, defined like the first step appropriate context ¾ what model user would made with it, diagram, it sets and observing model limit. ¾ model purpose. Answers on these questions must give to 2.2 Context Diagram of Functional help in focusing on problem supposition. Production-Investment Building Next questions which requests answers, are: Fig. 4 shows functional model context ¾ which are assignments on given task or diagram of Information model production- activity, investment building developing in regard model ¾ which is sequence of events, limit define. ¾ how is control performs and ¾ which resources are used. Context diagram defines with rectangle which represents study of model limit. The arrows show how, in that model and out of them, information flow. Context diagram is the highest level of abstraction which, by decomposition diagrams would be lead in lower level of abstraction. To define model limits is necessary because, where its must be stopped with modeling, before all. This problem must be considers from aspect: ¾ width (to define watching elements) and ¾ depth (to define detailed level). Fig.4. Context diagram which defined model Model width is connected for context limits diagram defined (which is in IDEF0 notation Context diagram consist next elements: marked with A0) and the first level of 1) Input information are: Investor’s decomposition is signed as A1. In the frame information context diagram it must to take care of defined ¾ Information from State institutions input sets, controls and mechanisms, which ¾ Ground’s information produce output sets that is in this level to 2) Output information are Information to State generalize observed problematic with less institutions, details. ¾ Information for investors. Model depth is defined with decomposed 3) Mechanisms are: levels, where are defined detailed levels. ¾ Responsible planner/agency Decomposition went according defined ¾ Commissions and controls, possibility of primitive process. It recommends ¾ Responsible performer/agency. that is needed to start with defined output 4) Controls are: arrows, and move on to input, resources and ¾ Laws, regulations and sub obligation acts, controls. It starts from the act that every activity ¾ Standards and normative.

Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 135 Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140

INFORMATION MODEL OF PRODUCTION-INVESTMENT BUILDING 0

TE CHNICAL BUILDING AND IN V E S TIT I O N ORGANISATION CONTROL AND DOCUMENTATIONS SUPERVI SION AND PROCESSES PROGRAMM OF B UILDING SI TE 1 2 3 4

PR OJEC T ASSIG N MEN T FINA NCIAL LABOR PERFORMER ADMINISTRATIVE AND STARTING SUPPORT AND ORGANISATION SUPERVISIO/INSPECTIONS CONDITIO NS OPERATIVE OF BUILDING SITE AND COMMISSIONS CONSTRUCTION DECIS ION OF FINANCE DOCUMENTATI ON STANDARDS AND AND MAKI NG TECHNICAL ON BUILDING SITE NORMATIVES/QUALITY DOCUME NTATION CONTROL LABOR ORGANISATION URBANIST AND BUILDING AND MECHANIZATION LAWS AND SUBOBLIGATION PERMIT MATERIAL ACTS, OCCUPATIONAL BUILDING RENOUNCE PROCUREMENT AND HE ALTH, SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ETC. TECHNICAL RECEPTION TRANSPORTS AND USER'S PERMIT Fig.5. Information model production-investment building- activity tree process

Fig. 5 shows information model segments, which are very large and long-term, production-investment building model. The first and time of real action is very short, we'll show step is established decomposition diagram that all justifications of IDEF0 standard modeling. is horizontal link definition between Investment choice problematic in one jobs/activity defined in the first level. common admission that possesses two sides and two different supervising levels. The first one is 2.3 Decomposition Diagram of Information the choice of global investment structure which Model Production-Investment Building means investment allocation between production sector, branches of production and The model of decomposition process different production activities, as their whole diagram production-investment building would suitable arrangement. The second one is the decompose on four global activities (Fig. 6): investment choice in the frame of one ¾ Technical documentation and process, homogeneous kind of production, that is to say, ¾ Investment program, the choice between a different investment ¾ Building and building state of organization, variant, with reference on homogeneous ¾ Control and supervision. production, on production of the same useful With respect to IDEF0 standard, value. With the first kind of choice production appropriate arrows present sets of documents, structure of economy is determined, and the which are defined as information. Each second one searches the most satisfactory information would be divided until to the decision for realization of certain production activity level where concrete documents are assignment. defined as arrows. The way of performing optimally Internal communication stands for a investment arrangement between production number of activities which is a basic sectors and branches of production constitutes, information assignment of all partners in all without doubt, the most complex area of segments of production-investment building, economy developing policy. It holds a central assigned on following trends of modern place, because with that choice strategy building aspects and new methods in planning questions of each economy are decided. and realization for increasing productivity and In any investment project, the greatest efficiency. care is, or would be, how would be profit from Production-investment building process that investment? The answer depends on two is a very complex project, which needs to be components: the profit of investment project systematically planned, with convinced output sales (output quantity which would be justification, successful realization and to reach multiplied by with sales price) and costs of useful value and efficiency i.e. profitability. output production. If a planned profit is higher With analysis of individual problematical

136 Šerifi, V. - Dašić, P. - Ječmenica, R. - Labović, D. Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140 than the planned costs, it's good to invest and building, with minimum expenses and building vice versa. without quality defect. The next segment of process is planning. Next important chain link is, certainly, Planning is a very complicated activity aimed at Investment program. converting the uncertain (future), based on Investment program is review and certain (known past and present) with working out of enterprises idea and targets acceptable risk. That means that the risk and which are plan accomplish with determine future uncertain are not to be moved, but with investigate. planning may be reduced on probability which The reason of investment project making may be successfully controlled and realized. is to enable and enterprise management and That extraordinary human activity may other partners, who needs to engage in not be left on strongly consolidate methods like: investment realization (business partners, approximately, commander, with right date, bankers and local governments) to get fully and politically and similar, than with modern systematized clear picture about enterprise methods operation research techniques, status, project obviously and condition for according to science-technological progress and project realization. with support modern computer systems Investment project may not to be corresponding software support. established on unrealistic suppositions, wishes The planning may not be based only on and dreams of any member in their realization. intuition, what in real life is a very usual case. Realization has a sense if it is establishing on With respect on the fact that intuition is based realistic enterprise status (investor), market and on experience and knowledge gotten by management, and like that, it can gives education, it must consider and definition that foundation for bringing realistic decision about intuition is subconscious memory and that it investment in realization idea and project. It is expressive subjectivity events, which would not necessary technical-technological analysis to be majority in plans creating because it brings support investment project with especially with itself, more or less expressive subjectivity regards on both segment. mistake of unexpected disposition. Except that, Technological analysis starts from such way plans creating is narrow limited on detailed description of producing and working small number of experts who had reliable data process flow which execute or will be executed for plans making, even more so that data are in the enterprises after investment. It is officially edited nowhere, that they would necessary equipment description like expended haven't common disposition. In that way, normative of inputs in production of single planning would be, like scientific discipline, product, immediate use of capacity and produce degrading in individual skill, and dynamic plans volume accomplish, like and projection and shows graphically, the most frequently serve plan for these categories after investment, with only for wall decoration or evidence something expenses analyze. great, but no useful work. Technical analyze means accessibility In real life, the fact that planning of and developed infrastructure necessary for building project realization is connecting technological process free develop (building traditionally for talent, skill and long range object, internal transport, energetic approaching individuality experience, which they got expert and other elements). It is necessary to work out reputation for building realization are not the management of labor, plans for training and encourage, because only memories on qualifying. something similarly, soon or long time ago In this segment of investment project it's realized projects, at least that be and from obligated paying attention on ecological aspect experts side, and still is not good future visa. In of firm business by influence and protection of the focus of contemporary project-management, life surroundings and influence and protection is not important how much is built, than of engaged labor. building "Just in time" which characterize Namely, described documentation has unrealized construction at the expiration of more than hundred or thousand pages which are agreed time limit, than right in time, and means very difficult to be presented to investor or to

Functional and Information Modeling of Production Using IDEF Methods 137 Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 55(2009)2, 131-140

C1 C2 Informations Standards and from state Law s, r egu lations and normatives institutions sub obli gation acts 12 Information for TECHNICAL O1 Supervision state institutions DOCUMENTATIONS Operating de cisions, AND PROCESS process commissions 1 and investors

Informations INVEST ITION from Repo rts an d PROGRAM accounting recommen dations and finances 2 Info rm ati o ns for Inv est o r/ B us in ess Information ( ) pa r t ne r from investo r 11 O2 BUILDING AND Planner's Information 13 ORGANIZATION informations from market OF BUILDING SITE Reports ground 3 for investor Financial CONTRO L AN D informations SUPERVISION Inf orm ati ons from building 4 Information sit e or use r for perfomer Fig.6. Decomposition diagram of information model (production-investment building_ donators, in the first order necessary time period We have defined a context diagram, for informing and conviction, volume and information model and a decomposition diagram complex of project, expected results and to develop process ″Information model of guarantee... production-investment building″. Information IDEF0 standard, this very complex process model contains the basic three activities of IDEF describes picture, with diagrams on several pages, standard: Input information, Output information, on which you can see the whole process with all Mechanisms, and Controls. needed elements. It's easy for presentation and not User′s requests for a model decomposition necessary high education of investor or donator, process diagram of production-investment so that they follow marked flows. Everything is building are defined through four main activities: very clear, every connection, controls, call, all Technical documentation and process, Investment kind of information, it can be expecting results program, Building and building state of and to reach optimism which is necessary for organization, and Control and supervision (figure successful project start and realization. 6). To be in competition today is not a Process of production-investment building question of success, than a question of survival. is a very complex project, which requires We must apply what we know, notice what we systematic planning with successful realization in don't know and we occupied by thinking order to accomplish usefully value and efficiency. observation on expanding our area of understanding. 4 REFERENCES

3 CONCLUSION [1] Ang, C.L., Luo, M., Gay, R.K.L. (1994) Automatic generation of IDEF model. IDEF standard was developed at the end of Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, vol. 5, 1970 by USAF with the assumption of improving no. 2, p. 79-92. manufacturing productivity using IT and [2] Cheng-Leong, A., Pheng, K.L., Leng, modeling, and represents a set of standardized G.R.K. (1999): IDEF: a comprehensive methods and languages for information modeling modeling methodology for development of manufacturing enterprise system, in the field of software engineering towards International Journal of Production improvement of business process. Research, vol. 37, no. 17, p. 3839– 3858.

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140 Šerifi, V. - Dašić, P. - Ječmenica, R. - Labović, D.