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Politics of Script: Tiie Case of Konkani (1961 - 1992)

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Politics of Script: Tiie Case of Konkani (1961 - 1992) POLITICS OF SCRIPT: TIIE CASE OF KONKANI (1961 - 1992) THESIS SUBMITTED TO GOA UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE BY RAYAN B. DES AI PONDA -GOA RESEARCH GUIDE DR. PETER RONALD deSOUZA PROFESSOR AND HEAD DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIFNCE GOA UNIVERSITY TALEIGAG GOA 2002 DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS SHRI. BHASKAR DATTARAM DESAI AND SOU. NIRMALA BHASKAR DESAI DECLARATION I, Narayan Bhaskar Desai, hereby declare that this thesis entitled `POLITICS OF SCRIPT: THE CASE OF KONKANI (1961-1992)' is the outcome of my own study undertaken under the guidance of Dr. Peter Ronald deSouza, Professor and Head, Department of Political Science, Goa University. It has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or certificate of this or any other University. I have already acknowledged all the sources used by me in the preparation of this thesj,s -;,1----i- (") \ -74 - • • Dated: 3 og,), 00 NARAYA B. DESAI CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled POLITICS OF SCRIPT: THE CASE OF KONKANI (1961 — 1992) submitted by Mr. Narayan B. Desai, for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science, is the record of the original work done by him under my supervision. The result of the research presented in this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any other degree or diploma or certificate of this or any other University. TALEIGAO — GOA Peter Ronald deSouza 3 D December 2002 Research Guide Professor & Head Department of Political Science Goa University, Goa CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i - vii CHAPTER I : SOCIO-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF 1 - 66 KONKANI N GOA — CULTURAL AND POLITICAL LApSCAPE 1 Goa: Geography and Topography - Myth and Text - History Till Portuguese Colonialism - Cultural Aspect - Language Scenario. COLONIAL EXPERIENCE UNDER THE PORTUGUESE 16 Socio-cultural Transformation - Impact On Language - Language Policy. LIBERATION AND LANGUAGE 36 The early Phase — Crucial Period - Goa and the Konkani Identity -Language in the Liberation Struggle. LANGUAGE IDENTITY AND POLITICS 57 ISSUES AND QUESTIONS 60 STRUCTURE AND METHOD 62 CHAPTER II :MAPPING THE KONKANI LANGUAGE 67-144 LANDSCAPE LANGUAGE AND THE MAKING OF THE MODERN 67 POLITY Language As A Group Marker - Language and power. INDIAN LANGUAGE DEBATE 72 National and Official language -English and Regional languages - Language Movements - Linguistic States. EVOLUTION OF KONKANI IDENTITIES 81 Migration - Role of the Metropolis — Leadership- Economic Factors. MULTIPLE LANGUAGE DYNAMICS ALONG THE 98 KONKAN Bombay As a Cosmopolitan Setting Mangalore: Communal Divide Cochin — The Caste As Language Goa — The Caste — Community Combine Inter-Language Scenario. GOA : KONKANI LANGUAGE MOVEMENT 118 Autonomy and The Oponion Poll - Educational and Literary Status - Official Language Agitation - Political Factors - Language Agitation - Role of the Saraswats - Catholic Concerns - Bahujan Samaj- Medium of Instruction Issue. CHAPTER III : SCRIPT AS A DRESS CODE 145-220 KONKANI AND ITS SCRIPTS 145 LITERARY HISTORY IN DIFFERENT SCRIPTS 151 Work in Devanagari - Contribution of Roman Script - Kannada Scenario - Malayalam Script and Konkani. CAUSES OF MULTI -LITERALISM 174 Political Factors - Cultural factors -Economic Factors INTERNAL ECONOMY OF KONKANI AND SCRIPT 185 ISSUE Scripts In Goan Situation -Predicament of Kannada Users- Malayalam Script and Konkani Speakers - Metropolitan Mosaic- Script As Language. LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL CONCERNS 197 SOCIO-POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES 210 SCRIPT, LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND IDENTITY 215 CHAPTER IV :REGIONAL DYNAMICS OF 221-281 LANGUAGE AND SCRIPTS REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF ASSOCIATIONS 222 North Kanara — Opportunity Not Taken - Metropolitan problems - Kerala — Caste Contests - South Kanara — The Real Battle-ground. LINGUISTIC MINORITY ISSUE 259 LANGUAGE AND THE IDENTITY ISSUE 266 Language in Education THE TURNING POINT 278 CHAPTER V : THE CHANGING POLITICS 282-339 OF RECOGNITION Mobilisation for Konkani - Official Language Agitation and the Act - State Representative on the Sahitya Akademi - Promotion of Konkani in Goa University - Revamping of Goa Konkani Akademi - Sahitya Akademi Awards - TSKK and Dalgado Academy - KBM and GKA - Parishad Presidents' Resentment -State Policy and Activists' Response CHAPTER VI : ACHIEVEMENTS AND DILEMMAS 340-368 OF THE MOVEMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY 369-434 APPENDIX - I 435-440 APPENDIX -II 441-442 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study is the result of a continuous dialogue on the issues related to Goa and Goans in which I was engaged by Dr. Peter Ronald deSouza, my teacher and Research Guide. I have no words to thank him for his passion for incessant intellectual interaction, patience with my peculiar predeliction for Konkani literature more than the language, and most of all, for his perseverence in boosting my spirit all through the period of my research. I would prefer to remain indebted to Prof. de Souza for all that he has done to provide direction, insights and inspiration in my work. I could take up the study only because of the immense understanding shown by the Managing Committee of Shri Nirakar Education Society in general and its Office-bearers — both present and past - in particular. Special mention has to be made of Shri. Prasad Lolayekar, the ex-Chairman, Shri. Prashant Naik, the present Chairman and Shri. Mohandas Lolayekar, Manager of S. S. Angle Hr. Sec. School where I have been working. I take this opportunity to thank them all. I also thank all my colleagues in the teaching faculty and administrative section of the institution for bearing with my uncertain schedules and for fulfilling my on-the-spot demands related to school work during the period of this study. Mr. Vassalo Carvalho, who handled the school affairs efficiently during the period of my study leave, deserves special thanks. ii My sincere thanks to the Director of Education, Government of Goa, for considering my request for Study Leave, and to the Government of Goa for granting me the leave to pursue my research work. I am grateful particularly to Shri. K. B. Marathe and Shri. Anil Powar for their advice and to other officers in the Directorate, who extended co-operation in the matter. In my field work I received help, guidance and assistance from various Konkani organisations and individuals active in different regions in coastal South India. It is not possible to name everyone but Konkani Bhasha Prachar Sabha, Konkani Language Institute and Kerala Konkani Academy — all from Kerala, also Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Academy, Mandd Sobhann, Konkani Bhasha Mandal Karnataka, Institute of Konkani from Mangalore, Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra at Udupi, Konkani Bhasha Mandal of Mumbai and those from Goa such as Konkani Bhasha Mandal, Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendra and Goa Konkani Akademi have been helpful. Shri. Vasudev Shanbhag (Sirsi, Uttara Kannada), Shri. Eric Ozario (Jeppu, Mangalore), Shri. R. S. Bhaskar (Amaravathy, Kochi) have spent their time and energy in arranging the visits and interview schedules in their respective areas and also helped by providing print material relevant to my querries and enquiries. In Kerala Adv. H. B. Shenoy (Ernakulam), Shri. N. Purushothama Mallaya (Kochi), Shri. N. Shivanand Shennai (Kottayam), Shri. K. K. Subramanyam (Cherai), Shri. P. G. Kamath (Trichur) provided me with deeper insights into the specific issues, whereas in Karnataka I was guided in this respect by Shri. Basti Vaman Shenoy, Shri. Lawrence Lobo, 111 Prof. Shripati Tantri (all in Mangalore), Dr. H. Shantharam (Manipal), Shri. Gopal Gowda (Yedapadavu), Rev. Dr. A. F. D'Souza (Vamanjoor) , Rev. Fr. Mark Valdar (Thannirbavi) and many others. Adv. Bernard D'Souza and John Fernandes as well as John Mendes provided me an opportunity to travel with them to have personal interaction with members of their Bardeskar community settled above the ghats and on the Konkan coast in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra. Guidance from Prof. Ram Bapat, Prof. Sadanand More and Dr. L. M. Khubchandani of Pune helped a great deal in understanding the issues better. Dr. Jose Pereira (U.S.A.), Dr. Rocky Miranda (Mysore), Dr. William Madtha (Dharwad), Prof. R. K. Agnihotri (Delhi), Prof. N: N. Anandan and Dr. C. K. Kareem ( both from Kerala) not only responded to my letters but also provided me the material and information I sought. I am grateful to them for their kind words of encouragement and valuable guidance. In Goa Shri. Pundalik Naik, Shri. R. V. Jogalekar, Shri. R. N. Phene, Shri. Felicio Cardoso, Fr. Pratap Naik and Shri. Bhiku Pai Angle enriched me with their perspectives on language controversy and its socio-political undercurrents. I thank all of them. All others whom I could meet and talk to during the visits and interviews also deserve thanks. I should make a special mention of the nonagenarian K. N. Rao of Dandeli for his youthful narrative and the lone crusader Fr. C. C. A. Pai (Swami Supriya) of Haliyal, (who passed away recently), for his words of courage. iv Shri. Alito Siqueira of the Sociology Department, Goa University and Dr. Alexander Henn of Heidelberg University, Germany not only suggested the material and provided books, off-prints of articles, papers etc. but also spared their valuable time to discuss the issues and clarify on a number of them in the course of my research. Their course 'Understanding Goa: Social History and Culture' for the students of Goa University in the year 2000- 2001 under the Department of Sociology was of immense help. I express my sincere gratitude to them for the personal interest and unqualified enthusism they showed in discussing my work area. Libraries of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute (BORI), Bharat Itihas Samshodhan Mandal, and Daily Kesari in Pune, lnstitue of Konkani and Kanara High School Library in Mangalore, Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Research Institute in Udupi, Sukritindra Oriental Research Institute (SORI) at Thammanam (Kochi), Ernakulam Public Library (Ernakulam) in Kerala and our own Goa University Library, A. J. De Almeida high School Library (Ponda), Konkani Bhasha Mandal (Margao) and Central Library (Panaji) in Goa provided me with the required sources. Dr. D.
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