The Impact of Women in Computer Science History: a Post-War American History
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Power of Abstraction
The Power of Abstraction Barbara Liskov March 2013 MIT CSAIL Software is Complex Systems are big and they do complicated things and they may be distributed and/or concurrent Addressing Complexity Algorithms, data structures, protocols Addressing Complexity Algorithms, data structures, protocols Programming methodology Programming languages This Talk Programming methodology as it developed Programming languages Programming languages today The Situation in 1970 The software crisis! Programming Methodology How should programs be designed? How should programs be structured? The Landscape E. W. Dijkstra. Go To Statement Considered Harmful. Cacm, Mar. 1968 The Landscape N. Wirth. Program Development by Stepwise Refinement. Cacm, April 1971 The Landscape D. L. Parnas. Information Distribution Aspects of Design Methodology. IFIP Congress, 1971 “The connections between modules are the assumptions which the modules make about each other.” Modularity A program is a collection of modules Modularity A program is a collection of modules Each module has an interface, described by a specification Modularity A program is a collection of modules Each has an interface, described by a specification A module’s implementation is correct if it meets the specification A using module depends only on the specification Modularity A program is a collection of modules Each has an interface, described by a specification A module’s implementation is correct if it meets the specification A using module depends only on the specification E.g. a sort routine sort(a) Benefits of Modularity Local reasoning Modifiability Independent development The Situation in 1970 Procedures were the only type of module Not powerful enough, e.g., a file system Not used very much Complicated connections Partitions B. -
MIT Turing Laureates Propose Creation of School of Computing an Open Letter to President Rafael Reif
9/26/2017 The Tech OPINION LETTER TO THE EDITOR MIT Turing laureates propose creation of School of Computing An open letter to President Rafael Reif By MIT Turing Laureates | Sep. 20, 2017 Facebook Dear Rafael, Twitter There comes a time, in the course of scientic evolution, when a discipline is ready to emerge from the womb of its parent disciplines and take its own place in the world. For Reddit computer science, or more accurately, for the eld of computing, this moment is now. Print Born from a combination of mathematics and electrical engineering, with the original intent of speeding up calculations, computer science has grown to encompass all information processing and most communications and now to provide an alternative evolutionary path to intelligence. Computer science is rapidly becoming an essential part of most academic disciplines, and students are voting with their feet. One third of MIT undergraduates are majoring in computer science. This trend is unlikely to slow down anytime soon. We, the 7 active MIT Turing Award winners, therefore write this open letter to recommend that you consider the bold step of establishing a School of Computing at MIT. The new school, a brother to the Schools of Engineering and Science, will allow the eld of computing, with its many https://thetech.com/2017/09/20/turing-laureates-open-letter-to-reif 1/4 9/26/2017 The Tech facets and sub-elds, to grow and interact naturally with the Institute’s scientic and engineering environment. The Tech Submit Campus Life Stories Today the study of computation is housed primarily in the EECS department within the School of Engineering, but departments are limited in their ability to hire and grow. -
How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CURVE/open How I learned to stop worrying and love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park Smith, C Author post-print (accepted) deposited by Coventry University’s Repository Original citation & hyperlink: Smith, C 2014, 'How I learned to stop worrying and love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park' History of Science, vol 52, no. 2, pp. 200-222 https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275314529861 DOI 10.1177/0073275314529861 ISSN 0073-2753 ESSN 1753-8564 Publisher: Sage Publications Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it. Mechanising the Information War – Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park Christopher Smith Abstract The Bombe machine was a key device in the cryptanalysis of the ciphers created by the machine system widely employed by the Axis powers during the Second World War – Enigma. -
Ada Lovelace Katherine Johnson
Who is thought to be the first computer Ada Lovelace programmer? Henrietta Swan Leavitt’s discovery of cepheid variable the expansion of the stars was used as evidence to universe prove what? What was the name given to Refrigerator Ladies or ENIAC the women who worked as girls, because they worked on computer programmers during the ENIAC computer. But WWII for the U.S. military? they were actually engineers and computer programmers. Because of this person, many key space missions were successful for the United Katherine Johnson States. Prioritizing tasks and monitoring call center activity Erna Schneider Hoover’s are the components of what telephone switching system system? In addition to pioneering computer programming languages, this person spent Grace Hopper their career in the United States Navy. Today, we have microprocessors because of Lynn Conway this person’s book on VLSI design. The Roomba, a small automated vacuum cleaner, a small multi-rotor drone is an example of what? In addition to being a remarkable inventor, this person also starred in films such as, Algiers (1938), Come Live With Me (1941), and Hedy Lamarr Samson and Delilah (1949). Thelma Estrin introduced the use of computer technology into what field? biomedical research Grace Hopper was the first person to do this when she “debug” a computer removed a moth from the Harvard Mark Icomputer. What was Erna Schneider given for her computerized the first patent for telephone switching system? computer software You can watch netflix on your laptop using an internet Radia Perlman connection because of this person’s invention of STP. -
Edutainment Case Study
What in the World Happened to Carmen Sandiego? The Edutainment Era: Debunking Myths and Sharing Lessons Learned Carly Shuler The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop Fall 2012 1 © The Joan Ganz Cooney Center 2012. All rights reserved. The mission of the Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop is to harness digital media teChnologies to advanCe Children’s learning. The Center supports aCtion researCh, enCourages partnerships to ConneCt Child development experts and educators with interactive media and teChnology leaders, and mobilizes publiC and private investment in promising and proven new media teChnologies for Children. For more information, visit www.joanganzCooneyCenter.org. The Joan Ganz Cooney Center has a deep Commitment toward dissemination of useful and timely researCh. Working Closely with our Cooney Fellows, national advisors, media sCholars, and praCtitioners, the Center publishes industry, poliCy, and researCh briefs examining key issues in the field of digital media and learning. No part of this publiCation may be reproduCed or transmitted in any form or by any means, eleCtroniC or meChaniCal, inCluding photoCopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop. For permission to reproduCe exCerpts from this report, please ContaCt: Attn: PubliCations Department, The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop One Lincoln Plaza New York, NY 10023 p: 212 595 3456 f: 212 875 7308 [email protected] Suggested Citation: Shuler, C. (2012). Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? The Edutainment Era: Debunking Myths and Sharing Lessons Learned. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop. -
Early Forms of Long-Distance Communication
EARLY FORMS OF LONG-DISTANCE COMMUNICATION In this material, you will learn about Telegraphy, Telephone and GSM architecture Before the development of the electric telegraph in the 19th century revolutionized how information was transmitted across long distances, ancient civilizations such as those in China, Egypt and Greece used drumbeats or smoke signals to exchange information between far-flung points. However, such methods were limited by the weather and the need for an uninterrupted line of sight between receptor points. These limitations also lessened the effectiveness of the semaphore, a modern precursor to the electric telegraph. Developed in the early 1790s, the semaphore consisted of a series of hilltop stations that each had large movable arms to signal letters and numbers and two telescopes with which to see the other stations. Like ancient smoke signals, the semaphore was susceptible to weather and other factors that hindered visibility. A different method of transmitting information was needed to make regular and reliable long-distance communication workable. Did You Know? SOS, the internationally recognized distress signal, does not stand for any particular words. Instead, the letters were chosen because they are easy to transmit in Morse code: "S" is three dots, and "O" is three dashes. The Electric Telegraph In the early 19th century, two developments in the field of electricity opened the door to the production of the electric telegraph. First, in 1800, the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) invented the battery, which reliably stored an electric current and allowed the current to be used in a controlled environment. Second, in 1820, the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted (1777-1851) demonstrated the connection between electricity and magnetism by deflecting a magnetic needle with an electric current. -
Well, She Sneaks Around the World from Kiev to Carolina She's a Sticky
1, 2, 3, yeah! Well, she sneaks around the world from Kiev to Carolina She's a sticky-fingered filcher from Berlin down to Belize She'll take you for a ride on a slow boat to China Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Steal their Seoul in South Korea, make Antarctica cry "Uncle!" From the Red Sea to Greenland, they'll be singing the blues Well, they never Arkansas her steal the Mekong from the jungle Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? She'll go from Nashville to Norway, Bonaire to Zimbabwe Chicago, to Czechoslovakia* and back! Well, she'll ransack Pakistan, and run a scam in Scandinavia Then she'll stick 'em up down under and go pick-pocket Perth She put the "miss" in misdemeanor when she stole the beans from Lima Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Whoa, tell me where in the world? Hey! Come on, tell me where can she be? Botswana to Thailand, Milan via Amsterdam Mali, to Bali, Ohio, Oa-wa-hu! Aaahhhh!** The warrant, the warrant** The warrant, ba-ba-ba-ba-the warrant** Ooh, the chase** Ooh-woo-woo-woo, the chase** Monday through Friday at 5! Well, she glides around the globe, and she'll flim-flam every nation She's a double-dealing diva with a taste for thievery Her itinerary's loaded up with moving violations Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Whoa, tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Tell me, where in the world is Where can she be, yeah? Whoa, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Tell me, where in the world is Carmen Sandiego? Watch your back! >> Look at a book about rocket ships. -
Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977
Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977 Interviewee: John H. Curtiss Interviewer: Henry S. Tropp Date: March 9, 1973 Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of American History TROPP: This is a discussion with Professor John H. Curtiss in his office at the University of Miami in Coral Gables. Professor Curtiss is Professor of Mathematics here at the University of Miami. [Recorder off]. I guess the first question is really quite a general one and that is: You were in the Navy during the war and on leave of absence from Cornell as a mathematician. How did you end up at the Bureau of Standards? CURTISS: Dr. W. Edward Deming, who is one of my best friends in Washington, at that time was a senior adviser, statistical adviser, at the Bureau of the Budget -- was friendly with Dr. E. U. Condon. Dr. Deming, like some other great statisticians at the time and before, was himself a trained physicist. I believe Karl Pearson was a physicist and I believe also R. A. Fisher was a physicist; and naturally the physicists more or less knew each other, and so Dr. Deming felt that there should be a statistical adviser in the Bureau of Standards just as there was one in the Census Bureau -- that is, a person qualified statistically who had the ... who had publications and who might, say, be a Fellow of the Institute and the Association, just as Morris Hanson had the same qualifications for a parallel job with Census. I believe that Dr. Deming actually brought Hanson, Mr. Hanson, to the Census Bureau. -
Hannes Werthner Frank Van Harmelen Editors
Hannes Werthner Frank van Harmelen Editors Informatics in the Future Proceedings of the 11th European Computer Science Summit (ECSS 2015), Vienna, October 2015 Informatics in the Future Hannes Werthner • Frank van Harmelen Editors Informatics in the Future Proceedings of the 11th European Computer Science Summit (ECSS 2015), Vienna, October 2015 Editors Hannes Werthner Frank van Harmelen TU Wien Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Wien, Austria Amsterdam, The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-319-55734-2 ISBN 978-3-319-55735-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-55735-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017938012 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits any noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. -
Carol Shaw Regnes Som Den Første Kvinnelige Videospill-Designeren For
Carol Shaw (1955 - ) Carol Shaw regnes som den første kvinnelige videospill-designeren for spillprototypen Polo og spillet 3D Tic-Tac-Toe ved dataselskapet Atari i henholdsvis 1978 og 1979. Hun studerte ved Universitetet i California, og ble uteksaminert i 1970 med en bachelorgrad innen elektroteknikk og en mastergrad i Computer Science, et fagområde som hadde et særdeles lavt antall kvinner på den tiden. Hun var ansatt som microprocessor software engineer ved Atari, Inc., et verdenskjent selskap innen spillindus- trien. I 1978 eide Warner Communications både Atari og Ralph Lauren, og Carol Shaw ble tildelt oppgaven med å designe et spill knyttet til markedsføringen av Ralph Laurens nye parfyme “Polo”. Visstnok ble flere prototyper og håndskrevne instruksjoner sendt til varehuset Bloomingdale’s i New York, men det ble ikke noe av kampanjen, og spillet Polo ble ikke lansert. Polo var en spillproto- type som kunne ha vært det første reklamespillet gjennom tidene. Carol Shaw sies å være den første kvinnelige videospill-designeren for dette spillet, og for 3D Tic-Tac-Toe i 1979 for spillkonsollen Atari 2600. Shaw forlot Atari i 1980 for å arbeide for Tandem Comput- ers. Senere startet hun hos Activision, den første uavhengige spill- programvareutvikler og -distributør. Her designet og utviklet hun spillene Happy Trails og River Raid. Sistnevnte videospill ble lansert av Activision i 1982 for Atari 2600, og er Carol Shaws mest kjente spill. River Raid var en stor suksess og over en million spillkasset- ter ble solgt. Senere overførte selskapet River Raid til en rekke ulike konsoller. Carol Shaw utviklet siden flere andre spill før hun gikk av med pensjon i 1990. -
Finding Aid to the Brøderbund Software, Inc. Collection, 1979-2002
Brian Sutton-Smith Library and Archives of Play Brøderbund Software, Inc. Collection Finding Aid to the Brøderbund Software, Inc. Collection, 1979-2002 Summary Information Title: Brøderbund Software, Inc. collection Creator: Douglas Carlston and Brøderbund Software, Inc. (primary) ID: 114.892 Date: 1979-2002 (inclusive); 1980-1998 (bulk) Extent: 8.5 linear feet Language: The materials in this collection are in English, unless otherwise indicated. Abstract: The Brøderbund Software, Inc. collection is a compilation of Brøderbund business records and information on the Software Publishers Association (SPA). The majority of the materials are dated between 1980 and 1998. Repository: Brian Sutton-Smith Library and Archives of Play at The Strong One Manhattan Square Rochester, New York 14607 585.263.2700 [email protected] Administrative Information Conditions Governing Use: This collection is open for research use by staff of The Strong and by users of its library and archives. Though the donor has not transferred intellectual property rights (including, but not limited to any copyright, trademark, and associated rights therein) to The Strong, he has given permission for The Strong to make copies in all media for museum, educational, and research purposes. Custodial History: The Brøderbund Software, Inc. collection was donated to The Strong in January 2014 as a gift from Douglas Carlston. The papers were accessioned by The Strong under Object ID 114.892. The papers were received from Carlston in 5 boxes, along with a donation of Brøderbund software products and related corporate ephemera. Preferred citation for publication: Brøderbund Software, Inc. collection, Brian Sutton- Smith Library and Archives of Play at The Strong Processed by: Julia Novakovic, February 2014 Controlled Access Terms Personal Names • Carlston, Cathy • Carlston, Doug, 1947- • Carlston, Gary • Pelczarski, Mark • Wasch, Ken • Williams, Ken Corporate Names • Brøderbund • Brøderbund Software, Inc. -
Parallel Program Graphs and Their Classi Cation
Parallel Program Graphs and their Classication Vivek Sarkar Barbara Simons IBM Santa Teresa Lab oratory Bailey Avenue San Jose CA fvivek sarkarsimonsgvnetib mcom Abstract We categorize and compare dierent representations of pro gram dep endence graphs including the Control Flow Graph CFG which is a sequential representation lacking data dep endences the Program Dep endence Graph PDG which is a parallel representation of a se quential program and is comprised of control and data dep endences and more generally the Parallel Program Graph PPG which is a parallel representation of sequential and inherently parallel programs and is comprised of parallel control ow edges and synchronization edges PPGs are classied according to their graphical structure and prop erties related to deadlo ck detection and serializabil i ty Intro duction The imp ortance of optimizing compilers has increased dramatically with the development of multipro cessor computers Writing correct and ecient parallel co de is quite dicult at b est writing such software and making it p ortable cur rently is almost imp ossible Intermediate forms are required b oth for optimiza tion and p ortability A natural intermediate form is the graph that represents the instructions of the program and the dep endences that exist b etween them This is the role played by the Parallel Program Graph PPG The Control Flow Graph CFG in turn is required once p ortions of the PPG have b een mapp ed onto individual pro cessors PPGs are a generalization of Program Dep endence Graphs PDGs which have