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A Study of the Zo People Mizoram University Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences (A Bi-Annual Refereed Journal) Vol IV Issue 2, December 2018 ISSN: 2395-7352 eISSN:2581-6780 The Lost Identity: A Study of the Zo People C. Lalhmingliana* Abstract It is believed that China is the home of different ethnic groups that scattered in different parts of the worlds. Among these ethnic groups, some stocks of Mongoloids were also believed to be originated from China. The Zo/Dzo/Jo people who were believed to be one stock of Mongoloid race were also believed to be originated from China and migrated to different parts of the world. Because of their migration to different parts, nomenclature tussle occurred among them that hindered in the attempt of solid identity. Keywords: Ethnic, Tribe, Identity, Migration, Nomenclature. Introduction of the particular geographical area into The end of World War II led to different states led to the question of who decolonization in different parts of the we are and who they are? world and this decolonization somehow led The question of Identity arose in this to an Identity crisis. The merger of different context because, as mentioned earlier, the states/countries gave rise to the question change in geographical boundary led to of “Who are we?” within the state and the question of insider and outsider in the separation of one territory led to the context of Indian Identity today. One such question of “Where are they?” The question Identity problem that arose in India is the of “Who am I?” became very important and identity of Zo people. Therefore, the word its importance cannot be overlooked in Zo, Mizo, Chin, Lushai, Kuki etc will be today’s society. Colonization of India by used interchangeably in this paper to refer the British led to many changes not only in to this particular Mongoloid stock of race. the administrative system but also in the The history and Identity crisis of the Zo geographical boundary of India, both in the ethnic tribe should be analytically studied colonial period and post-colonial period. in this paper. The change in the administrative system and the geographical boundary of India led Different perspectives on the origin of to many questions today. The inclusion of Zo different ethnic tribes in the tribe Vumson in his Zo History states that recognition list of India and the separation the term Zo or Jo was used to refer the * Research Scholar, Department of Political Science, Mizoram University. Email: [email protected]. 158 The Lost Identity: A Study of the Mizo/Zo People Indo-Burman people. In 862 AD, Fan to the conclusion that the language of this ch’o, a diplomat of the Tang Dynasty of ethnic tribe is related to the Tibeto- China mentioned that there exists a Chinese language (Vumson, 1986: 26,27). Kingdom in the Chindwin Valley whose The subdivision of the Tibeto-Chinese Princes and Chief’s were called Zo. people clubbed the Zo people together with However, their lack of written record and the Burman, Meitei (Manipuri), Naga, their frequent contact with people at their Kachin, Lolo, Tibetans etc under Tibeto- surroundings made it more confusion Burmans, and this led to the belief that the about the ethnic stock who are termed Zo people originated in China. under the umbrella of Zo and this is also a Anthropologists believed that the Zo people factor that makes it more difficult to trace had a close relationship with the bones of their historical origin. (Vumson, 1986:1) “Peking Man” who possessed certain characteristics peculiar to the Mongoloid TH.Lewin who was the Political race found at the cave of Chou k’outien, Officer during the Lushai Expedition South of Peking, and the Peking Man is 1871-1872, after encountering with the earliest known man in China and different hill tribes in the Chittagong Hill surrounding areas (Vumson, 1986: 27). Tracts like the Sylo (Sailo), Lushai (Lusei), Shendus, Khumi, Kuki etc. came There are contesting theories to the conclusion that the generic name of regarding the origin of this ethnic tribes. the whole nation is Dzo which he There are also theories that these ethnic mentioned in his A Fly on the wheel. (T.H. tribes are one of the lost tribe of Israel, Lewin,1912:246) but these theories lack a valid proof and lost its momentum. The legends of the ethnic tribe who were known as Zo believe that their origin According to Eberhard, by about 4000 started from a cave called Chhinlung, BC, there were eight principle historical Shinlung, Khur, Khurpui, Khutu-bi-jur, cultures in China amongst which the Khor and Puk which is given different Ch’iang tribes, believed to be the ancestor location by different clans. But the legends of the Tibeto-Burman were found in could not be accepted as a fact because it Western China in the province of present- is contradictory with the known facts of day Szechuan and in the mountain regions human origination. The physical outlooks of Kansu and Shensi (Vumson, 1986: 27). of this ethnic tribes - yellowish or brown India, Burma skin, brown eye, black hair, slanted eye, B. Lalthangliana in his leh Bangladesh-a MizoChanchin, prominent cheekbone, wide nose and flat states face suggested that there may be a deep that the Ch’iang tribes migrated to a relation between this tribes and the different place in search of a better place Indonesian –Malay sub-race of the for practising rearing of Goat and Sheep Mongoloid race and anthropologist came whereas the Chinese practised rearing of 159 C. Lalhmingliana Buffalo, Cow and Pig. The difference in from China to Myanmar took place from the type of animals, they reared, became the very early centuries of the present era, one of the reasons for conflicts between and he believes that 600 AD may be the the two tribes and there were several fights year for which the last wave reach between them. It became a danger for the Myanmar (B. Lalthangliana, 2014: 64). Ch’iang tribes who were fewer and weaker to be dominated by the Chinese. B. Lalthangliana believes that the Zo Therefore, they abandoned their place and people live for several centuries at made Southward movement and reached Myanmar and built their own Kingdom Szechuan. This period is believed to be which was one of the most powerful between 1334-1281 BC (B. Lalthangliana, Kingdom at that time. He also believes 2014: 50,51). that there was a good relationship between the Zo and the Burmese King as there has According to Hall, the Ch’iang tribes been no record of any fights mentioned in served as the Tanguts- the Tibetan Tribal history between them. Federation, during the Han dynasty. This federation fought with the Chinese who The Zo people after settling for tried to conquer Turkistan, but the Chinese several centuries at the Kale-Kabaw valley got the upper hand and conquered of Myanmar were conquered by the Shan Turkistan that drove the Ch’iang to the who pushed them out from the plain and South. Hall believes that this southward hence migrated to different parts of the Zofate Lo movement by the Ch’iang took place Hills. F. Rongenga in his Khawsak Chhoh Dan during the first millennium BC and he believes that the states that they were further driven by the reason why the Zo people left the plain Chinese rulers to Tsin (Chin) through the was that of the cruel King of Shan, Soa Mountain towards the South (Vumson, Saw Ko who employed the Zo (Seifa) 1986: 28). forcefully; because of this cruel King, the Zo people left the plain and migrated to There is a belief that there must be different parts. Like other historians, F. some other reasons why the Zo ethnic Rongenga also believes that the migration tribes left China and this is mentioned by from Kale-Kabaw valley of Myanmar different Historians and Scholars, but happened in a different wave. Some tribes because of the absence of written records remain at present-day Chin Hills and some as mentioned earlier, one cannot point out crossed Run River and settled at present- exactly why and how they left China and day Mizoram. Some moved further down migrated to Burma (Myanmar). Historians and settled at different states of India like like Vumson and B. Lalthangliana believe Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, that the migration to Myanmar did not take Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. Some place as a group but in a different phase. B. of them reached Chittagong Hill Tracts of Lalthangliana believes that the migration Bangladesh. The last group that enter the 160 The Lost Identity: A Study of the Mizo/Zo People present Mizoram was the Lusei group and tribes have also been referred to by names F. Rongenga believes that 1600-1700 AD unknown to them (Carrey Tuck, 1932: 3). maybe the year which the Lusei people enter their present settlement (F. After the British access of Bengal and Rongenga, 2000: 22,26,27). had contact with the Zo people, the Bengali’s told them that the Zo was Kuki, From the above, we see that the Zo a Bengali word which means something ethnic tribes migrated to different places like savage or wild hill people. But after that led to emergence of different getting information from the Lusei people nomenclatures among the ethnic group. themselves, the British came to realized The people who live in Chin Hills of that they did not call themselves Kuki. The Myanmar today called themselves as British used the term Loosye initially. Chin. Carey and Tuck in The Chin Hills However, the British later adopted Vol-1.
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