May 18, 2012 Mary Gates Hall

that the Hanse’s use of piracy and the harassment of English SESSION 1J merchants represented a natural continuation of their founding principles. My research addresses questions of the moti- THE POLITICSOF PRACTICE: vations and internal dynamics of one of the most successful and longest-lasting international trade leagues to-date as it in- HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND teracted with more traditional state-entities in diplomatic and METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS economic contexts. ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY SESSION 1J Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of Ideas Mary Gates Hall 271 THE POLITICSOF PRACTICE: 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM HISTORICAL,PHILOSOPHICAL, AND * Note: Titles in order of presentation. METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS Merchants and Pirates: How the Hanseatic League’s Founding Principles Shaped its Conflicts with England ON CONFLICT AND COMMUNITY Jonah Bomgaars, Senior, History Session Moderator: Phillip Thurtle, Comparative History of Mentor: Charity Urbanski, History Ideas Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History Mary Gates Hall 271 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM From the late 14th through the 15th century, the German * Note: Titles in order of presentation. Hanse was a major player in economic, political, and mili- tary conflict –areas traditionally associated with state actors ”He is Hope for the Wretched, the Salvation of the –throughout northern Europe, despite being a decentralized, Desperate:” Miracles of Justice in Reginald of Durham’s non-sovereign, non-territorial entity. The Hanse was a late Libellus de Admirandis Beati Cuthberti Virtutibus medieval/early modern trade organization, the driving pur- Elizabeth Miller (Beth) Hasseler, Senior, History pose of which, from its founding and throughout its devel- Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History opment, was to provide for the mutual protection of its member cities’ merchants in the course of their business and en- In twelfth-century northern England, the historical imagina- sure and expand their rights and privileges in foreign ports; to tion was dominated by the region’s most powerful and most protect their merchants against the predations of both pirates popular saint. The bishops of Durham drew on St. Cuthbert’s and kings. It is thus one of the great historical ironies that renowned history and well-established authority to underline the Hanse became a source of piracy and mercantile harass- their own spiritual legitimacy. Involvement with the saint’s ment rivaling those of the sovereign states of Northern Eu- cult was not limited to the ecclesiastical elite or the monks of rope. The Hanse’s relations with England throughout the late the cathedral convent. Throughout the twelfth century, lay in- 14th and 15th century, especially in the decades surrounding terest in the religious life dramatically increased, and saints’ the English dynastic struggle of the Wars of the Roses and cults were a popular focus of lay religious energy. Reginald of concurrent Anglo-Hanseatic War, exemplify the Hanse’s role Durham’s Libellus de admirandis beati Cuthberti virtutibus, as a state-like actor in international conflict. Current schol- complied in the 1160s and 70s, provides a richly detailed arship on the Hanse focuses on cliometric trade analysis and glimpse of this period when the saint’s miracle working pow- linear narrative history, but I emphasize the unique nature of ers were claimed by religious and laity alike. Much schol- the Hanse and how it determined their actions on the inter- arly attention has already been paid to the increasing preva- national stage, critically reading Parliamentary records, royal lence of pilgrimage to Cuthbert’s shrine in the twelfth cen- appeals, and major secondary sources in light of my analysis tury. Pilgrims who visited Durham generally sought miracu- of the Hanse’s foundational documents. I explore the motiva- lous cures, and as we would expect there is a higher propor- tions of the Hanse in its conflicts with England and determine tion of stories about healing miracles in the Libellus than in

Undergraduate Research Program 1 exp.washington.edu/urp earlier Cuthbertine hagiography. But pilgrims were not the thentic and multi-layered relations of mutuality needed to re- only laity who became involved in St. Cuthbert’s cult in the build worker power in a neoliberal age. High-profile debates twelfth century. In addition to stories of miraculous healing, over free trade and globalization sparked an explosion in aca- Reginald’s Libellus contains accounts of the saint arbitrating demic literature in the 1990s that theoretically mapped out a the conflicts of lay inhabitants of the bishopric of Durham. ‘new labor internationalism,’ but the literature’s case studies My research examines these often overlooked “miracles of failed to live up to its expansive proposals. Drawing on union justice” in order to provide a fuller picture of lay interaction agreements, newsletters and interviews with officials, this pa- with St. Cuthbert in twelfth-century Durham. I analyze mir- per gives a deeper example of new labor internationalism in acle stories involving freeing from false imprisonment, pro- which the Steelworkers and Mineros are creatively continuing tection of lay interests, and punishment of immoral behavior the long tradition of industrial unionism as a transformative in order to explore how and why members of every social social force that bridges multiple physical and social borders. strata increasingly claimed the patronage of the saint in order to mediate secular conflict. What emerges is a clearer portrait of a distinctive local political and social culture underlined by POSTER SESSION 2 communal association with St. Cuthbert. Commons West, Easel 3 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM

SESSION 1P Robin Hood, Poaching, & Non-Noble Perceptions of Forest Law in Medieval England INTERESTS,ORGANIZATIONS, AND Erik Adam (Erik) Scheer, Senior, History Mentor: Charity Urbanski, History POLITICAL REFORM Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History Session Moderator: John Wilkerson, Political Science Mary Gates Hall 171 Following the Norman invasion of England in 1066, King William I instituted a new system of royal forests through- 1:00 PM to 2:30 PM out England. Intended as royal hunting preserves, these areas * Note: Titles in order of presentation. were vast in extent, and a distinct system of law restricting Industrial Unionism for the 21st Century: Transnational land usage and hunting rights applied within their bounds. Labor Solidarity and Organizing in North America While information on baronial reactions to this change is Leo Sun (Leo) Baunach, Junior, International Studies readily available, the attitudes of commoners and the lesser Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History gentry are more obscure. I argue that the primary audience of the ballads of the famed English outlaw Robin Hood was This paper examines cooperation between the United Steel- non-noble, and examines their earliest editions – and the ac- workers and the Mexican ‘Mineros’ Union, a relationship that tivities of historical outlaws in the 15th century – in the con- began in the early 2000s and evolved into a close alliance af- text of both forest law and the appearance of a non-noble ter 2006. The alliance moved beyond the limitations of prior “middle class” concurrent with the tales’ apparent origins. attempts at international labor solidarity that were constrained Beginning with the origins of forest law and its departures by a focus on symbolic gestures, a lack of connection with from Anglo-Saxon precedent, I focus on the symbolic signif- workers and domination by the Global North. I argue that icance of the deer-hunt as a royal or noble privilege and the confronting the corporate private sector through labor orga- way deer-poachers, fictional and historical, both mocked and nizing is central to contesting the economic and social land- mimicked noble hunting rituals – a tendency inexplicable by scape of NAFTA-era North America. The two unions un- the mere need for food. Most Robin Hood scholars seek ei- derstand this potential and have proposed integration into a ther to identify the tales’ primary audience, or to identify a single body, though this brings a new set of challenges. I “historical” Robin Hood; those few that address forest law do give a critical overview of the pitfalls of union mergers, par- not seek to tie these tales’ popularity to the resentment of no- ticularly issues of member alienation, organizational identity ble privilege rife at the time of their inception. Robin Hood’s and local autonomy. Flexibilized supply chains, the infor- portrayal as a paragon of justice, coupled with his direct defi- malization of work and other corporate schemes have com- ance of forest law, reveals a complex view of the matter: the pounded these impediments to building strong unions. This stories’ hero defies laws that are specifically royal while up- essay contends that joint action, particularly organizing drives holding the status quo values of his time, up to and including and corporate campaigns, effectively fights this erosion of the concept of kingship itself. Resentment is focused against working standards and engenders transnational solidarity as a the attempted royal monopoly of a symbolically-charged re- culture within union membership, thereby facilitating integra- source, rather than against the hierarchical structure of society tion. This strategy combines communication between leaders as a whole. with the tangible mobilization of workers, forming the au-

2 the inevitable collapse of capitalism and the global transfor- POSTER SESSION 2 mation of society through socialism. However, on August 4, Commons West, Easel 6 1914, the party’s representatives in the Reichstag stood side 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM by side with their conservative and liberal opponents in voting to provide funding for the war that had recently broken out in The ’Constant Victim’: The Transformation of Serbian Europe. Furthermore, in defiance of the party’s ideology and Identity and Nationalism from 1980-86 tradition of intransigence, a number of influential writers and Alyson Elizabeth (Alyson) Singh, Senior, History, intellectuals within the party had begun to articulate theories International Studies that attempted to harmonize German imperialism and Marx- Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History ism. Contrary to the principles of the international solidarity of the working class, these thinkers argued that the acquisi- Since WWII there has not been a major intra-European tion of overseas colonies was essential to secure Germany’s war, with the very large exception of the 1992-1995 wars continued prosperity and the well-being of German workers. of Yugoslav Succession. These wars were a conflict be- Many equated the so-called noble and civilizing values of tween the different ethnicities of the republics of former German culture with socialism. The triumph of German im- Yugoslavia: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, perialism thus laid the foundation for the coming socialist or- Macedonia, and Montenegro. The Serbs are widely viewed der. My research concerns a critical reading of primary source as the “aggressors” of this conflict, with their leader Slobo- documents from prominent socialist newspapers and treatises dan Milosevi??ˇ responsible for inciting nationalism. How- of the period in light of the relevant secondary source liter- ever, importantly I argue that nationalism was already in place ature to reconstruct the party’s transformation from intran- before Milosevi??ˇ rose to power. While most of the current sigence to imperialism. I seek to analyze these theories of scholarship focuses on the timeline of political developments, socialist imperialism within the context of the party’s growth my paper moves beyond the political events to look at the and bureaucratization, the rise of powerful trade unions, and cultural transformation of that nationalism from 1980-86 and the emergence of theories that challenged orthodox Marxism. the importance of nationalistic fervor. I argue that after 1980, Ultimately, these theories of socialist imperialism discredited socio-economic and political circumstances reacted with his- the party following the war with the disastrous consequence torical revisionism and a resurgence of WWII memories by of making its leaders and members unprepared to contest the a group of Serbian intellectuals to produce this new form of rise of Nazism in the 1930s. nationalism that the Serbian state has been “victimized”. This ”victimized” feeling is crucial to understand the later events of the Yugoslav wars under Milosevi??.ˇ This transformation POSTER SESSION 2 is evident in the individual works produced by these Intellec- Commons West, Easel 43 tuals culminating in 1986 SANU Memorandum, a dynamic 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM list of grievances that Serbian Intellectuals had with the Yu- goslav state. Because of this feeling of “victimization,” the The Struggle to Control the Story of the Everett Serbs felt that their group identity was being threatened by Massacre their “subordinate” position within the Yugoslav state. Matthew P. (Matthew) Anderson, Senior, History Zesbaugh Scholar Mentor: James Gregory, History POSTER SESSION 2 Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History Commons West, Easel 5 2:00 PM to 3:30 PM In the aftermath of the 1916 Everett Massacre, the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.), the City of Everett, and local Theories of Socialist Imperialism in the German Social newspapers struggled to control the story of this armed con- Democratic Party, 1875-1918 frontation, and the ensuing trial of I.W.W. member Thomas Marc Cameron Horan Spatz, Senior, History Tracy. There has been a great deal written about the Massacre Mentor: Ileana Rodriguez-Silva, History and trial, but limited research on the attempts of labor, politi- Mentor: Raymond Jonas, History cal parties, industrialists, and the local community to control the story. To research this topic, I have examined a number of Between 1875 and 1918, the German Social Democratic books, along with the Seattle Daily Times, the Everett Daily Party grew from an isolated and persecuted sect to become Herald, and various regional labor publications. I have also one of the largest, most well-organized, and most prestigious to conducted archival research in various documentary sites, socialist parties in the world. The party’s theoretical founda- as well as conducting informal interviews with archivists, and tion was Marxism. Its leaders, intellectuals, and many of its people in Everett. I argue that the rhetoric used by the attor- rank-and-file members espoused a doctrine that prophesied neys at the trial, the I. W. W. literature, along with coverage in

3 the local periodicals, provides an example of the larger battle waged for the control of the production of stories and historical memories. This paper uses the depictions of the massacre by various groups to raise broader questions about how mem- ory is produced, and the lengths to which people will go to further their cause, and to have their views elevated to the story of history.