Down Upon the Fold: Mercenaries in the Twelfth Century. Steven Wayne Isaac Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
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Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1998 Down Upon the Fold: Mercenaries in the Twelfth Century. Steven Wayne Isaac Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Isaac, Steven Wayne, "Down Upon the Fold: Mercenaries in the Twelfth eC ntury." (1998). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6784. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6784 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. 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DOWN UPON THE FOLD: MERCENARIES IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Steven Wayne Isaac B.A., Hardin-Simmons University, 1989 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1993 December 1998 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission UMI Number: 9909826 Copyright 1998 by Isaac, Steven Wayne All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9909826 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©Copyright 1998 Steven Wayne Isaac All rights reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments Having finally come to the end of one phase of this endeavor, I felt at first that I was emerging from a long isolation. As I considered all those whom I wished to thank for their help along the way, however, I realized how much I have been buoyed up and supported by fellow historians, friends, and family. Many more than I can effectively thank herein contributed either to the dissertation itself or to my own development. Before I name names, though, there is the usual caveat. 1 have, and am, a much better product because of their input; any mistakes that remain are doubtless the result of my own stubbornness. Within the historical community, many more of the faculty at LSU than I had any right to expect have nonetheless given their expertise and time. Bearing the heaviest end of this burden with unprecedented conscientiousness was Dr. Maribel Dietz, who more than once knew better than myself what I was trying to write. Dr. Christine Kooi rendered the invaluable service (not least for being so unbelievably quick) of pointing out much of the relevant literature on the Low Countries. The longest-serving member of my committee, Dr. Victor Stater, actually oversaw the genesis of this study in a research seminar. Besides tendering related information gleaned in his own scholarship, he has kept me from many missteps by his incisive critiques. Among the rest of LSU’s historians, I should like to thank Dr. Robert Becker iii permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. for graciously reading my early proposals and for a healthy dose of academic fear; Dr. John Henderson for always showing an interest in my studies; Dr. Paul Paskoff for his support, camaraderie, and much coffee. Among my fellow students, Kent Hare, Tracey KimbrelL, and especially Mark Dupuy, did me the great favor of asking the kinds of questions that forced me often to reconsider the material and my analysis. I owe a great deal to other historians and institutions outside LSU. First and foremost, the Hill Monastic Manuscript Library made a critical contribution to my studies by awarding me one of their Heckman Stipends in the summer of 1996. Besides the opportunity to use HMML’s extensive microfilms of Iberian ecclesiastical records, especially the Alcoba?a collection, the time spent there was one of the most intensely focused periods of all my research. I returned to Louisiana not only much wiser, but greatly refreshed by the experience. Earlier in my research, I enjoyed the opportunity to share some of my findings at Lamar University, courtesy of Dr. Howell Gwin. Dr. Gwin continued that support in the last year, kindly arranging borrowing privileges for me at the John Gray Library'. The staff of that library also deserve credit as one of the most obliging staffs with which I have dealt. My extensive debt to individual historians has often reminded me that the “community of scholars” need be no myth. Dr. Paul Madden of Hardin-Simmons University set me on the path to becoming a historian and has never ceased to support my efforts. Dr. Theresa Vann of HMML and Dr. Don Kagay of Albany State University have consistently encouraged my participation in conferences and the publication process. Criticism from Dr. Matthew Strickland of the University of Glasgow helped tighten the focus of my study as I first started writing. iv permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Many members and guests of the Haskins Society’s annual conferences have likewise sharpened my analysis. Of special note has been the extra effort by Dr. Stephen Morillo of Wabash College, who voluntarily read more draft versions of this dissertation than anyone should have had to and still gave extensive comments. Michael Gelven was gracious enough to unravel several of my confusions regarding his philosophy of war. Many people have enriched my life while I devoted it to the following pages. For their unstinting if uncomprehending support, I yet again owe my parents. Finally, I have some proof that I was working all that time you thought I was just staring off into space. Thanks also to Amy Brown for both distracting and motivating me. Although they are not historians, Dr. Donavan Hall and Dr. Patrick Wood deserve credit similar to that above for their contributions to my ability to argue my points succinctly and unrepentantly. Our discussions over the wires or over coffee have been invaluable to my maturation as a scholar and a friend. Finally, T.H. and Lucy Huckeba, whom chance and circumstance turned into such fervent supporters of medieval scholarship, cannot go without honorable mention. Far from forgotten is Dr. Randall Rogers. What was taken away can in no way compare to what was given already. If only we could rewrite the biggest “if’ of them all. v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..................................................................................................iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1 II THE SPORT OF KINGS....................................................................................... 33 III YEARS OF TRANSITION.................................................................................... 84 IV THE PROFESSIONALS......................................................................................113 V TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT.............................................................................. 180 VI THE ENTERPRISE OF WAR..........................................................................