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WIDE3 Stage1 Paper on Ethiopia's Rural Youth

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WIDE3 Stage1 Paper on Ethiopia's Rural Youth LONG TERM PERSPECTIVES ON DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS IN RURAL ETHIOPIA YOUTH ON THE PATH TO ADULTHOOD IN CHANGING RURAL ETHIOPIA September 2011 Philippa Bevan with Rebecca Carter and Agazi Tiumelissan Acknowledgements Contributions to the thinking and evidence behind this paper have come from many sources. Chief among them are Alula Pankhurst, Catherine Dom and the many Ethiopian field researchers who have been engaged in the Ethiopia Longitudinal Community Study since it began in 1994. Funding for the research in the mid-1990s came from the UK Overseas Aid Administration (DFID's predecessor) and in the mid-2000s from the UK Economic and Social Research Council. The 2010 research was funded by J-GAM and this paper was commissioned by DFID. The paper includes Annex 1 prepared by Agazi Tiumelissan and Annex 2 by Rebecca Carter. Table of contents Part I: Introduction and conceptual framework -------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 Motivation for the paper .................................................................................................................................... 7 Young people in Ethiopia.................................................................................................................................... 8 Youth and policy in Ethiopia ............................................................................................................................. 10 The structure of the paper ............................................................................................................................... 11 Research methods: evidence and conceptual frameworks ---------------------------------------------------- 14 Evidence base for the paper ............................................................................................................................. 14 Local cultural repertoires and incoming ideological repertoires ..................................................................... 15 Youth passages to adulthood ........................................................................................................................... 17 Contexts of youth passages: communities and households ............................................................................ 23 Policy and youth transitions ............................................................................................................................. 28 Youth and development ................................................................................................................................... 32 Part II: The WIDE 3 Stage 1 findings in the country context ---------------------------------------------------- 33 Transition experiences of gendered youth in rural Ethiopia: snapshots from the mid-2000s -------- 33 Government structures to implement policies ................................................................................................ 34 Inequalities potentially affecting youth and their transitions in the mid-2000s .............................................. 35 Rural youth: personal transitions in the mid-2000s ......................................................................................... 41 Rural youth: work-related transitions in the mid-2000s .................................................................................. 55 Rural youth: family-related transitions in the mid-2000s ................................................................................ 72 Rural youth: transitions to community adulthood in the mid-2000s ............................................................... 97 Changes in the communities since the mid-2000s: consequences for youth transitions ------------- 106 The WIDE3 communities in 2010: changes to livelihood and cultural drivers ............................................... 106 Changes in inequalities potentially affecting youth transitions since the mid-2000s .................................... 109 Rural youth: changes in personal transitions since the mid-2000s ................................................................ 113 Rural youth: changes affecting work-related transitions since the mid-2000s .............................................. 127 Rural youth: changes affecting family-related transitions since the mid-2000s ............................................ 139 Rural youth: changes affecting community-related transitions since the mid-2000s.................................... 145 Changes to youth passages between the mid-2000s and 2010: conclusions ................................................ 149 Part III: Looking to the future ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150 Learning from the ELCS rural and urban communities -------------------------------------------------------- 150 Looking to the future in the WIDE3 sites ....................................................................................................... 150 Potentially missing rural livelihood systems .................................................................................................. 153 Prospects for young urban migrants? ............................................................................................................ 153 Longer-term impacts on youth passages of government interventions 2003 - 2015 ------------------ 154 A top-down perspective: tracing the impacts of each sets of interventions on youth transitions ................ 154 A bottom-up perspective: the impact of the mix of policies on each transition............................................ 168 Key features of the evolving government ideology related to male and female youth transitions .............. 176 A youth-focused role for donors? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 179 i Youth and development since the mid-2000s ................................................................................................ 179 Donor mental models relating to youth and development ........................................................................... 180 A comparison of ideal-type donor, government and local youth-related mental models ............................. 183 Thinking about youth issues ........................................................................................................................... 186 Aid strategies for youth in rural developing contexts .................................................................................... 187 How might donors contribute to youth-oriented policies in Ethiopia? ......................................................... 189 Bibliography --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 Annex 1: Summaries of Theses Written at Addis Ababa University --------------------------------------- 196 Reproductive health services for youth ......................................................................................................... 196 Sexual behaviour and vulnerability to HIV infection ...................................................................................... 197 Unsafe abortion .............................................................................................................................................. 198 Emergency contraception .............................................................................................................................. 199 Rural youth employment and natural resource use ...................................................................................... 200 Youth entrepreneurship in urban contexts .................................................................................................... 201 Failure of urban youth participation in environmental protection ................................................................ 203 Irregular migration to South Africa ................................................................................................................ 204 Youth and disability ........................................................................................................................................ 205 Annex 2: Learning from other countries - case studies relating to selected youth transitions ----- 206 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 207 Circumcision ................................................................................................................................................... 207 Rape and other gender-based violence ......................................................................................................... 209 Sexually transmitted infections and diseases................................................................................................. 212 Problems associated with pregnancy and giving birth ................................................................................... 213 Improving reproductive health services generally ......................................................................................... 214 Towards a youth-friendly reproductive health service .................................................................................. 217 Targeting poor
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