PROPERTY OF THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY PRESS MATERIAL COPYRIGHT PROPERTY OF THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY PRESS Multiple Modernities MATERIAL COPYRIGHT PROPERTY OF THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY PRESS MATERIAL COPYRIGHT PROPERTY OF THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY PRESS Multiple Modernities a tale of scandinavian experiences gunnar skirbekk MATERIAL COPYRIGHT the chinese university press PROPERTY OF THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY PRESS MATERIAL Multiple Modernities: A Tale of Scandinavian Experiences by Gunnar Skirbekk © The Chinese University of Hong Kong 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-962-996-487-0COPYRIGHT The Chinese University Press The Chinese University of Hong Kong Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong Fax: +852 2603 6692 +852 2603 7355 E-mail:
[email protected] Web-site: www.chineseupress.com Text layout by Tony Tang, Twin Age Ltd. Printed in Hong Kong PROPERTY OF THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY PRESS contents Acknowledgments vii chapter 1 1 Introduction How Do We Conceptualize Modernization Processes? chapter 2 19 Processes of Modernization in Norway in the 19th Century: 1814–1884. Interplay between Lutheran State Officials and Popular vementsMo chapter 3 45 The Interplay of Persons and Institutions: 1880–1920. A Local Case chapter 4 MATERIAL 61 Modernization Processes under Democratic Parliamentarianism until WWII: